|
on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Guoying Deng; Xuyuan Zhang |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of offline store expansion by Lianjia, China's leading real estate brokerage, within the framework of platform-mediated consolidation. By analyzing micro-level transactions of second-hand houses from Lianjia in ten major Chinese cities from 2016 to 2022, this research investigates how the transaction patterns of traditional brokerages, characterized by the strategic clustering of offline stores, transition towards platform-mediated consolidation, thereby facilitating the development of an extensive franchise network. Utilizing a regression discontinuity design (RDD), this study quantifies the optimal influence radius of offline stores (410 meters) on housing transactions. this study empirically estimates the effects of real estate brokerage's offline store expansion and platform-mediated consolidation on transaction properties. The results indicate that this strategy significantly boosts revenues and attracts more people to housing tours. Additionally, the results suggest that neither the platform-mediated strategy nor offline expansion affects the transaction period, but offline store expansion can reduce the price gap between sellers and buyers. Furthermore, this study introduces a measure of network effect, revealing that Lianjia's offline stores exhibit a local clustering pattern with moderate network strength. The analysis of platform-mediated consolidation indicates a significantly positive effect on network strength. This study provides valuable insights into the synergy between offline store expansion and online platform development, elucidating future trajectories in the evolving real estate brokerage market and analogous sectors. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.04326 |
| By: | Gibbons, Stephen; Heblich, Stephan; Pinchbeck, Edward W. |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the reversibility of the effects of transport infrastructure investments, based on a programme that removed much of the rail network in Britain during the mid-20ℎ century. We find that a 10% loss in rail access between 1950 and 1980 caused a persistent 3% decline in local population relative to unaffected areas, implying that the 1 in 5 places most exposed to the cuts saw 24 percentage points less population growth than the 1 in 5 places that were least exposed. The cuts reduced local jobs and shares of skilled workers and young people. |
| Keywords: | rail; infrastructure; beeching cuts |
| JEL: | H54 R10 R40 N74 |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124531 |
| By: | Paz-Pardo, Gonzalo; Castellanos, Juan; Hannon, Andrew |
| Abstract: | We build a model of the aggregate housing and rental markets in which houseprices and rents are determined endogenously. Households can choose their housingtenure status (renters, homeowners, or landlords) and the size of their homes dependingon their age, income and wealth. We use our model to study the impact of changesin credit conditions on house prices, rents and household welfare. We analyse theintroduction of policies that limited loan-to-value (LTV) and loan-to-income (LTI) ratiosof newly originated mortgages in Ireland in 2015 and find that, consistent with empiricalevidence, they mitigate house price growth but increase rents. Homeownership ratesdrop, and young and middle-income households are negatively affected by the reform.An unexpected permanent rise in real interest rates has similar effects – by makingmortgages more expensive and alternative investments more attractive for landlords, itincreases rents relative to house prices. JEL Classification: D15, E21, E30, E51, G51 |
| Keywords: | credit conditions, homeownership, house prices, life-cycle, macro-prudential policy, rental prices |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242977 |
| By: | Sirojuddin Arif; Rezanti Putri Pramana; Niken Rarasati |
| Keywords: | teacher professional development, teacher learning culture, teacher motivation, school leadership |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3309 |
| By: | Eshita Goswami (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | This study estimates the impact of teacher gender and tests for role model effects on various student outcomes such as test scores, transferrable skills, attendance and attitudes. We perform the analysis for subjects, such as Maths and English, which are male-dominated and female-dominated respectively as per traditional beliefs. We find that there is a presence of female role models when females teach English. However, female Maths teachers negatively affect students' outcomes. We attribute this to students' traditional perceptions regarding females being worse Maths teachers than males. We also perform a sub-sample analysis for co-ed sections and find that the role model effects get diluted, attributing to the influence of opposite gender peers in these sections. |
| Keywords: | Gender, Role Models, Test Scores, Attendance, Attitudes, Co-Educational Schools, Single-Sex Schools |
| JEL: | J16 I21 I24 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2024-016 |
| By: | Austin Zwick; Zachary Spicer; Aaron Eben (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | The rising popularity of smart city technology and digital government has prompted many national governments to attempt to spur municipal governments to adopt new tools aimed at digitalization, modernization, and innovation in a movement collectively known as “smart cities.” With few tools available to mandate that municipalities pursue a smart city approach, several national governments have turned to incentive-based competitions, launching state-led contests for their cities to upgrade their capabilities and offering millions of dollars in funding and organizational resources to incentivize communities to participate. Even for cities that do not win, these contests have created opportunities to critically assess their smart city aspirations and revisit long-term planning. Despite the intertwined histories of the smart city concept and urban competitions, limited research exists on the impact and influence of smart city competitions on city processes, plans, and operations. We ask the question “Is the competition model a good method to advance technological adoption in cities?” This paper addresses this gap by exploring in depth four different government-led smart city challenges – one each in the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, and Canada. By examining the program goals, competition mechanics, and publicized outcomes of each, then evaluating and comparing them through an urban change framework, this paper identifies the challenges inherent in a nationally driven, centralized approach to competition funding of municipal programs. It finds that these competitions were very effective at realizing the desired learning outcomes at the individual, organizational, and city levels: they helped generate new ways of thinking about technological solutions, and they supported the building of new relationships to address urban challenges for winners and non-winners alike. However, in terms of institutional and system change outcomes, the results of these competitions were much more limited. They were often most impactful for the city winners who were able to realize projects, and for national governments piloting a novel funding-by-competition model. We conclude by making policy recommendations on how to improve the implementation of this new model for the future. |
| Keywords: | smart city, urban competitions, funding |
| JEL: | O36 O38 H76 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mfg:wpaper:68 |
| By: | Rodriguez, Daniel A. PhD; Pike, Susie PhD; McNally, Michael PhD; Li, Meiqing |
| Abstract: | During the pandemic, California’s four major rail systems— Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS), Sacramento Regional Transit (SacRT), and Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro)—experienced an average ridership decline of 72 percent between 2019 and 2021. BART had the greatest decrease (87 percent) and MTS the lowest (47 percent). However, ridership changes varied significantly across individual stations, with stations located in the central business district or at the end of lines having the highest ridership losses. Land use, development density, and the pedestrian environment are strongly associated with station-level transit ridership. We examined how these characteristics affect transit ridership pre- and post-COVID and how they differ across station types based on longitudinal data collected between 2019 and 2021 for 242 rail stations belonging to BART, MTS, SacRT, and LA Metro. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3km8b4jw |
| By: | Bruna Campisano; Giuseppe Migali; Steve Bradley |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of Covid-19 on spatial variations in gender differences in educational attainment in English secondary schools. Spatial variations in various measures of Covid-19 incidence rates at the Travel-to-Work-Areas are explored. Since all parts of the UK were affected by Covid-19, spatial variations in Covid-19 are regarded as variations in the ’dose’ of the virus - the higher the dose the greater the impact. Employing a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) framework with fixed effects for year, school and TTWA, and controlling for selection effects, we estimate the causal effect on the gender gap in high school test scores at age 16. We find that, when comparing schools in TTWAs in the treatment to their counterparts in the control group, there is a statistically significant and positive effect on the educational gender gap in favor of females of between 0.3 and 0.6 points. Girls at the upper end of the attainment distribution achieved much better scores. Robustness checks show that school composition and area effects are important. We explore the implications for education policy. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, Educational Gender Gap, School Performance |
| JEL: | I2 I24 I19 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lan:wpaper:415678839 |
| By: | Xiaoxuan Zhang (University of Waikato); John Gibson (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | High-resolution gridded population estimates are increasingly used to support public health, disaster, and socio-economic research. These gridded data allow phenomena to be studied at a finer spatial scale than the usual survey or administrative data (spatialization) and with higher frequency than typical decadal census data allow (temporal interpolation). However, little is known about how accurately these gridded data follow actual changes in population. Therefore, we use China's census data for 2000, 2010, and 2020 to test predictive accuracy of four popular gridded population data products, conducting our tests at three spatial levels (county/district, prefectural city, and province). The gridded population data are accurate cross-sectional predictors at all three spatial levels, with less than five percent of variation unexplained. They far less accurately predict temporal changes in population, especially for disaggregated spatial units (counties and districts) where just one fifth of the variation in population changes is predicted by the gridded data. Predictive performance of gridded data for population changes has fallen substantially in the last decade. We illustrate how these inaccurate predictions could distort analyses that examine trends in spatial inequality. Overall, our results suggest that caution is required in using these gridded data products as proxies for the actual changes in local population. |
| Keywords: | gridded population datal; cross-sectional; time-series; Census; China |
| JEL: | R12 |
| Date: | 2024–09–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:24/07 |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet |
| Abstract: | New empirical research shows that the so-called lagging regions in the U.S. have prospered in the post-Covid-19 era. Drawing on this research, we describe the sense in which these lagging regions have prospered. Next, we discuss how these same regions compare with the non-lagging regions in the U.S. Finally, we offer a preliminary explanation for this documented prosperity. |
| Keywords: | Business Growth, County, Federal Assistance, Job Creation, Lagging Region |
| JEL: | R11 R23 R58 |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121984 |
| By: | Ramirez Chaparro, Maria Nathalia; Chacón Mejía, Catalina |
| Abstract: | The article critiques the linear, economically focused definitions of poverty that objectify individuals and perpetuate inequality, advocating for a nuanced understanding of poverty as an adaptive, dynamic phenomenon shaped by systemic instabilities and market failures. It highlights how urban poverty manifests through inadequate housing, lack of services, unemployment, and social exclusion, despite economic growth. Viewing cities as complex systems with interconnected components and feedback loops, the article suggests using complexity theory to understand urban poverty's emergent properties like self-organization and resilience. It connects urban poverty to globalization, technological changes, spatial segregation, and inadequate social safety nets, calling for a holistic approach that integrates economic systems, social structures, and public policies to foster equitable urban development and mitigate poverty. |
| Keywords: | complexity studies, poverty, economics of poverty |
| JEL: | O1 O10 O3 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121007 |
| By: | Surabhi Garg (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research); Srijit Mishra (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | A novelty of this study is to examine the effect of both demand and supply side factors on school education outcomes in India for 6-18 age group in 2019 by combining three different data sets, viz., Time Use Survey (TUS) 2019, Unified District Information Systems for Education Plus (UDISE+) 2019-20, and sub-group consistent population for 2019 extrapolated from Census of India. The proxies for demand side factors are gender, caste, religion and parents' education and the proxies for supply side factors are pupil-teacher ratio, infrastructure facilities and number of schools per school going age population. A two-stage Heckman Selection Model is used for the analysis. The model does a probit estimation at the first stage, with the dependent variable as whether the child attended the school or not. At the second stage, a least square estimation is done with the dependent variable as instructional time of the child in school. It is observed that both demand and supply side factors affect the probability of a child attending the school. However, at the second stage, it is observed that a higher number of proxies for supply side factors turn out to be significant in affecting the instructional time spent by the child in school. Given that the two-stage Heckman regression is based on the premise that higher instructional school time is associated with better education outcomes, it is difficult to place a cap on school time, especially for children with different characteristics and capabilities. Instead, a cap on the time mandated by schools is used for a robustness check. These estimation results also resonate with the baseline analysis. To wit, while both demand and supply side factors are relevant, the role of the State in facilitating the supply side factors has important public policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Demand Side Factors, Heckman Selection Model, India, School Education Outcomes, Supply Side Factors |
| JEL: | C30 C55 C81 C82 I21 I24 I25 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2024-013 |
| By: | Nina Toyamah; Syaikhu Usman; Vita Febriany; M. Sulton Mawardi |
| Keywords: | regional autonomy, decentralization, governance |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3675 |
| By: | Daniel Suryadarma; Menno Pradhan; Amanda Beatty; Goldy Fariz Dharmawan; Emilie Berkhout |
| Keywords: | student composition, education policy, zoning policy, school admissions, public schools |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3318 |
| By: | Lapardhaja, Servet; Doig Godier, Jean; Cassidy, Michael J; Kan, Xingan David |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5w46m77f |
| By: | Asri Yusrina; Luhur Bima; Daniel Suryadarma; Emilie Berkhout |
| Keywords: | teacher selection, teacher education, admission criteria, student learning outcomes |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3386 |
| By: | Xhiselda Demaj (Department of Economics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice) |
| Abstract: | School-based policies may influence children's non-cognitive development, a strong predictor of future life outcomes. This article investigates the short-run impact of the Universal Infant Free School Meal Policy on children's non-cognitive skills relying on a sample of children aged five from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). To identify the causal effect of the policy, we use a difference-in-difference strategy by exploiting exogenous variations in the timing and location of switching from a means-tested to a universal provision of free school lunches. Our results show that exposure to universal free school lunches improves children's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) by 0.21 standard deviation points. The effect seems to be driven by pupils living in medium-income households, for whom the policy change seems more relevant. A potential explanatory mechanism has to do with the reduction in social stigma associated with the transition from means-tested to universally provided school lunches. |
| Keywords: | non-cognitive development, school meals, universalism |
| JEL: | H42 I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2024:11 |
| By: | Muñoz, Ercio |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates intergenerational mobility in education using data from 91 censuses in 24 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean spanning over half a century. It measures upward mobility as the likelihood that individuals will complete one educational stage more than their parents (primary education for those whose parents did not finish primary school, or secondary education for those whose parents did not complete secondary school). It measures downward mobility as the likelihood that an individual will fail to complete a level of education (primary or secondary) that their parents did attain. In addition, the paper explores the geography of educational intergenerational mobility using nearly 400 “provinces” and more than 6, 000 “districts, ” finding substantial cross-country and within-country heterogeneity. It documents a decline in the mobility gap between urban and rural populations and small differences by gender. It also finds that upward mobility is increasing and downward mobility is decreasing over time. Within countries, the level of mobility correlates closely to the share of the preceding generation that completed primary school. In addition, upward mobility is negatively correlated with distance to the capital and the share of the workforce employed in agriculture, but is positively correlated with the share of the workforce employed in industry. The opposite is true of downward mobility. |
| Keywords: | Socioeconomic mobility;Education;Latin America and the Caribbean |
| JEL: | D63 I24 J62 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13623 |
| By: | Brice Fabre (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Marc Sangnier (UNamur - Université de Namur [Namur], AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses French data to simultaneously estimate the impact of two types of connections on government subsidies allocated to municipalities. Investigating different types of connection in a same setting helps to distinguish between the different motivations that could drive pork-barreling. We differentiate between municipalities where ministers held office before their appointment to the government and those where they lived as children. Exploiting ministers' entries into and exits from the government, we show that municipalities where a minister was mayor receive 30% more investment subsidies when the politician they are linked to joins the government, and a similar size decrease when the minister departs. We show that these effects are driven by ministers who will participate in local elections after their time in the central government. In contrast, we do not observe these outcomes for municipalities where ministers lived as children. These findings indicate that altruism towards childhood friends and family does not fuel pork-barreling and suggest that future electoral prospects account for at least one quarter of reported pork-barreling. The remaining share can indistinctly be attributed to sentimental attachment or political favouritism at large. |
| Keywords: | Local favouritism, distributive politics, political connections, personal connections |
| Date: | 2024–09–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ipppap:halshs-04687331 |
| By: | Daniel R. Ringo |
| Abstract: | Despite the widespread use of fixed-rate mortgages in the United States, I show that monetary policy is effectively passed through to aggregate outstanding mortgage debt service. Using credit bureau, lender, and servicer data on mortgage payments and originations and exogenous monetary policy shocks, I estimate a mortgage rate semi-elasticity of payments over 10. Inframarginal borrowers---households whose choice to buy a home or refinance does not depend on the particular monetary policy decision under consideration---are the most important conduit, explaining over half of the pass-through. Consistently large flows of inframarginal borrowing relative to the stock of outstanding debt account for the strength of this channel. Households with adjustable-rate mortgages and marginal refinancers, the focus of much of the literature on monetary policy's effect on mortgage borrowers, each explain about 20 percent of the pass-through. I show the mortgage payment channel induces a lag in the operation of policy, as the cumulative effects on debt service build over time in response to persistent shocks to longer-term rates. Estimated magnitudes suggest that mortgage payments are a primary channel by which monetary policy affects consumption. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy; Interest rates; Refinancing channel; Debt service |
| JEL: | G21 E43 E52 |
| Date: | 2024–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2024-69 |
| By: | Hirandas, Lekshmy |
| Abstract: | The Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Training Program (CPBST) is a collaborative effort between the Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC) at the University of California Berkeley and California Walks (Cal Walks(link is external)), established in 2009, with funding from the California Office of Traffic Safety. Its main objective is to promote pedestrian and bicycle safety by educating residents and safety advocates, empowering community partners to advocate for safety improvements in their neighborhoods, and fostering collaborations with local officials and agency staff. The Planning Committee, consisting of local safety stakeholders, works with SafeTREC and Cal Walks to organize a workshop tailored to the community’s needs and priorities. During the workshop, participants assess priority areas for walking and biking, learn about the Safe System Approach and strategies from the framework to address concerns and formulate an action plan with short, mid-, and long-term recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt19j469fp |
| By: | Anita Sanchez (University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, USA) |
| Abstract: | The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is responsible for supporting approximately 80, 000 miles of road across the state (Texas Department of Transportation n.d.). In addition, TxDOT plays a key role in providing safe and dependable transportation results for the State of Texas. This includes sustaining a safe system approach throughout the State to keep Texas roads secure. Currently, the number one cause of accidents on Texas highways is excessive speed (Texas Department of Transportation 2023b). Regrettably, excessive speed is not the only shortcoming burdening Texas drivers. Wrong-way drivers on highways and other roads present a serious risk to all motorists. Collisions involving vehicles traveling the wrong way on divided highways are the most serious type of accident often resulting in fatalities (NTSB 2012). According to KRIS 6 News (2023a), 60, 000 people travel across the Harbor Bridge in Corpus Christi every day. Eight people have died in wrong-way collisions on the southbound stretch of road between the Harbor Bridge and US Highway 181, connecting Portland and Corpus Christi, in the last eight years (KRIS 6 News 2023b). These fatalities prompted research into Harbor Bridge easy access exits. In Corpus Christi, Department of Public Safety (DPS) troopers and local police departments find averting wrong-way drivers commonplace. To detour wrong-way drivers, TxDOT has closed numerous off-ramps in the area indefinitely. This analysis report of freeway-related wrong-way collisions will explore problems, issues, and countermeasures TxDOT has encountered in Corpus Christi, Texas. |
| Keywords: | Texas, Department of Transportation, TxDOT, drivers, wrong way, Corpus Christi, Portland, accident, Harbor Bridge |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0362 |
| By: | Nichols, Aqshems; Balderrama, Areli A.; Chen, Katherine L. |
| Abstract: | The Community Pedestrian Safety Training Program (CPST), funded by the California Office of Traffic Safety (OTS), was established in 2009 to help promote informed community awareness, advocacy, planning, and programming in reducing pedestrian injuries and fatalities. Originally considering pedestrian safety only, the program was expanded to include bicycle safety in 2016 and became known as the Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Training Program (CPBST). The program is a statewide project of the Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC), a research center created in collaboration with the Institute of Transportation Studies and the School of Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley, and California Walks (Cal Walks), a nonprofit organization that specializes in promoting communities that are more just, inclusive, and walkable. SafeTREC and Cal Walks have worked with dozens of communities across California to develop localized recommendations to improve the safety of walking and biking in their respective communities. The CPBST includes a series of planning meetings and site visits that culminate in a community-centered workshop that details crash data trends, walking and biking assessments and includes programmatic and infrastructure strategies to ameliorate traffic safety concerns. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3pf6g2q1 |
| By: | Fetzer, Thiemo (University of Warwick and Bonn & CEPR); Guin, Benjamin (Bank of England); Netto, Felipe (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | This paper uncovers if and how insurance companies react to shocks to collateral in their portfolio of securitized assets. We address this question in the context of commercial real estate cash flow shocks, which are informationally opaque to holders of commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS). Using detailed micro data, we show that cash flow shocks during the COVID-19 pandemic predict CRE mortgage delinquency, especially those stemming from lease expiration of offices, reflecting lower demand for these properties. Insurers react to such cash flow shocks by selling more exposed CMBS—mirrored by a surge in small banks holding CMBS—and the composition of their CMBS portfolio affects their trading behavior in other assets. Our results indicate that institutional investors actively monitor underlying asset risk, and even gain an informational advantage over some banks. |
| Keywords: | Insurance Sector ; Risk Management ; Mortgage Default ; Commercial Real Estate ; CMBS ; Work-from-home JEL Codes: G20 ; G21 ; G22 ; G23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1514 |
| By: | Michelle Andrina; Dimitri Swasthika Nurshadrina; Arjuni Rahmi Barasa; Ana Rosidha Tamyis; Arif Budi Darmawan |
| Keywords: | principal leadership, teacher teaching practice, parental involvement, impact evaluation, student learning outcomes |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3881 |
| By: | Berman, Josh; Cauchois, Camille; Lucchesi, Dominic; McGee, Mary; Peck, Christina |
| Abstract: | The looming mass transit fiscal cliff threatens the viability of long term operations of BART and future Link21 projects. BART’s historic reliance on farebox recovery for financial stability necessitates an evaluation of available funding sources in an effort to increase funding for both long term project planning and ongoing operations. Given existing State and Federal policies that call for increased investment in public transit and rail and California’s stated goals around greenhouse gas emission reductions and equity improvements, the time is ripe for changes to the current funding mechanisms which have long favored highway and road projects over transit and rail. A streamlined process to ensure continuous and advanced planning is necessary for the successful completion of megaregional transit and rail projects that cross political jurisdictions. Further, this type of planning and funding is necessary for California to remain competitive for Federal funding opportunities, especially given the unprecedented amount of funding currently available from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (2021). |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt2s98b0wr |
| By: | William Kratochwill (PhD Student, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Economics); Paulino Teixeira (University of Coimbra, CeBER, Faculty of Economics, and IZA Bonn) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the wage curve in Brazil, considering the unique characteristics of the country’s labor market, marked by significant regional and socioeconomic disparities. Using a robust econometric model with fixed effects and control for endogeneity, the analysis covers both the standard wage curve and an extended version that includes additional labor force underutilization measures, such as time-related underemployment (TRU) and potential labor force (PLF). The results indicate that a 10% increase in the unemployment rate (UR) results in a reduction of approximately 0.4% in wages. The wage elasticity is higher for male and young workers, while workers with a college degree show no wage sensitivity with respect to the unemployment rate. Interestingly, model estimation with regional versus group-specific labor underutilization reveals no cross effects of women’s UR on men’s wages, for example. However, there are cross-effects when the PLF and TRU variables are included in the model, as the estimated differences between the two models are statistically significant. Within this comparative exercise, cohorts of workers from low-density areas have their wages affected by labor underutilization observed in high-density areas. Our results also show significant differences for workers in either rural or non-metropolitan areas, while the converse is not true, that is, the wage elasticity in urban or metropolitan areas depend exclusively on the labor underutilization rate observed in the corresponding area, without any significant cross effects from the rural or non-metropolitan areas, respectively. Finally, there is no statistically significant difference between the model with group-specific versus the overall (regional) measure in the case of young workers. In other words, there is evidence that the salary of young workers is not affected by variations in the UR, PLF, and TRU of other age groups. |
| Keywords: | Wage curve, labor underutilization, econometric model, unemployment, time-related underemployment..; Wage curve, labor underutilization, econometric model, unemployment, time-related underemployment |
| JEL: | C23 C26 J21 J31 J64 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gmf:papers:2024-03 |
| By: | Paul H\"unermund; Ann Hipp |
| Abstract: | This study examines the inter-organizational and spatial mobility patterns of East German inventors following the fall of the Berlin Wall. Existing research often overlooks the role of informal institutions in the mobility decisions of inventors, particularly regarding access to and transfer of knowledge. To address this gap, we investigate the unique circumstances surrounding the dissolution of the German Democratic Republic, which caused a significant shock to establishment closures and prompted many inventors to change their jobs and locations. Our sample comprises over 25, 000 East German inventors, whose patenting careers in reunified Germany post-1990 are traced using a novel disambiguation and matching procedure. Our findings reveal that East German inventors in technological fields where access to Western knowledge was facilitated by industrial espionage were more likely to pursue inter-organizational mobility and continue their inventive activities in reunified Germany. Additionally, inventors from communities with strong political support for the ruling socialist party encountered difficulties in sourcing knowledge through weak ties, resulting in a lower likelihood of continuing to patent. However, those who overcame these obstacles and continued to produce inventions were more likely to relocate to West Germany, leaving their original social contexts behind. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.01861 |
| By: | Turati, Riccardo |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes whether natives with a network abroad have a distinctive cultural stance compared to similar individuals without such connections within the same region. Using individual-level data on connectedness from the Gallup World Poll across 2, 256 within-country regions over 148 countries, it characterizes the cultural stance based on three traits: pro-social behavior, religiosity and gender-egalitarian attitudes. The paper shows that natives who have a connection abroad are characterized by stronger pro-social behavior, religiosity and genderegalitarian attitudes. To address potential biases arising from omitted variables, it controls for an extensive array of individual characteristics and region-by-year fixed effects. The results are also consistent after employing comprehensive measures of connectedness, employing matching techniques, and assessing selection biases related to unobservable factors. Finally, by leveraging both country and individual-level heterogeneity, the analysis indicates that the pro-social behavior stance of connected individuals is fairly consistent across different contexts and individuals, while the findings on religiosity and gender-egalitarian attitudes are more sensitive to local and individual factors. The paper therefore shows that factors enhancing or dampening this relation are cultural trait specific. |
| Keywords: | Cultural traits, Connectedness, Network, Social Remittances, International Migration |
| JEL: | F22 O15 Z10 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1488 |
| By: | Nichols, Aqshems; Cooper, Jill F.; Chen, Katherine L. |
| Abstract: | Preventing roadway deaths and injuries due to motor vehicle crashes continues to be a prevailing public health challenge in the United States. Included in this challenge is improving the safety of pedestrians on street and road networks. Researchers and other professionals continue to develop best practices for ameliorating the outcomes of pedestrian crashes by conducting studies that examine why these crashes occur and what steps can be taken to prevent them in the future. To do this, many researchers have employed a systems approach to addressing pedestrian safety by acknowledging that the causal factors leading to a pedestrian crash are multifaceted. The systems approach can include an analysis of factors related to the operator of a motor vehicle involved in a crash, the pedestrian involved in crash, or the elements of the built environment and their potential association with the crash. Given the high incidence of alcohol-related traffic incidents on roadways (CDC, 2022), the potential association between the presence of alcohol outlets in neighborhoods and pedestrian injuries has garnered attention in the research literature. This research brief explores that relationship further by reviewing past work from the literature and developing key insights that should be considered in future research on this topic |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9n2201st |
| By: | Hamlin, Daniel; Peltier, Corey (University of Oklahoma); Reeder, Stacy |
| Abstract: | Rigorous evaluations have consistently demonstrated that high impact tutoring is one of the most effective ways to accelerate student learning. However, few studies compare the effects of high impact tutoring to alternative interventions, and even less scholarship tests for differences within tutoring models based on tutoring group size. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a university-led high impact tutoring model on ninth-grade mathematics achievement at seven high schools. A randomized controlled trial design was used for three separate cohorts of ninth-grade students. In the pooled sample, students (n = 524) in the treatment group participated in high impact tutoring (i.e., student-tutor groups of 2:1 or 3:1) three times a week for an entire academic year. In the control group, students (n = 438) attended a remediation mathematics course. The treatment group showed a difference of approximately a half-year of additional learning (0.14 SD) compared to the control group although both groups achieved academic growth that considerably exceeded expected growth trajectories for ninth-grade students. Results also showed that 2:1 student-tutor groups did not outperform 3:1 student-tutor groups, suggesting that 3:1 student-tutor ratios can be used to expand high impact tutoring with no detrimental effects on academic performance. Considering the well-documented logistical and financial barriers to high impact tutoring, our work indicates that remedial courses may also be a cost-effective alternative in cases when resources for high impact tutoring are limited. |
| Date: | 2024–08–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:edarxi:kqdfp |
| By: | M. Sulton Mawardi; Syaikhu Usman; Vita Febriany; Rachael Diprose; Nina Toyamah |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3720 |
| By: | Cooper, Jill; UC Berkeley SafeTREC |
| Abstract: | 2023 marked the fourteenth year of the California Office of Traffic Safety’s (OTS) Annual Traffic Safety Study. The study is intended to create a better understanding of trends in traffic safety behaviors and help focus traffic safety programs, which include enforcement efforts along with public education campaigns to ensure they are effective in targeting areas with disproportionate traffic safety injuries. The survey is sponsored by the OTS and administered by Ewald and Wasserman Research Consultants, along with University of California Berkeley Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC). The 2023 wave of data collection for the statewide traffic safety survey was conducted with an online panel of California drivers instead of an intercept interview, as were previous waves of data collection. The survey questions and data analysis of survey items presented in this report are largely similar to previous waves of the survey, including survey items on traffic safety opinions and knowledge on traffic safety campaigns, distracted driving and perceptions about pedestrian and bicycle traffic interactions. In 2022, the survey underwent a revision with new survey items added to gain understanding of opinions about the Safe System approach, which was introduced by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). The participants for the online survey panel were obtained through Qualtrics, a commercial panel vendor utilizing multiple subcontractors, to provide a representative cross-section of pre-screened and qualified respondents. SafeTREC paid attention to matching age and gender distributions with previous years. Below are the results from the 2023 California Traffic Safety Public Opinion Study. Overall, 2, 815 eligible panelists completed the online survey in 2023. Panelists consisted of California drivers who were forwarded to an online survey portal. The criteria for eligibility included a valid California driver’s license and being at least 18 years of age. Numbers in the tables below may not add to 100% due to rounding error. |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9zb0f714 |
| By: | Roodman, David |
| Abstract: | Hjort and Poulsen (2019) frames the staggered arrival of submarine Internet cables on the shores of Africa circa 2010 as a difference-in-differences natural experiment. The paper finds positive impacts of broadband on individual- and firm-level employment and nighttime light emissions. These results largely are not robust to alternative ge-ocoding of survey locations, to correcting for a satellite changeover at end-2009, and to revisiting a definition of the treated zone that has no clear technological basis, is narrower than the spatial resolution of nearly all the data sources, and is empirically suboptimal as a representation of the geography of broadband. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:148 |
| By: | Luhur Bima; Ulfah Alifia; Rezanti Putri Pramana; Shintia Revina; Asri Yusrina |
| Keywords: | pedagogical content knowledge, student learning outcomes, teacher professional education, programme evaluation, content knowledge |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3390 |
| By: | Bassetto, Jacopo (University of Bologna); Ippedico, Giuseppe (University of Nottingham) |
| Abstract: | Brain drain is a key policy concern for many countries. In this paper we study whether tax incentives are an effective policy to attract high-skilled expatriates back to their home country, exploiting a generous income tax break for Italian returnees. Using administrative data and a Triple Differences design, we find that eligible individuals are 27% more likely to return to Italy. Additionally, we uncover significant effects throughout the wage distribution, revealing that tax-induced migration is a broad phenomenon beyond top earners. A cost-benefit analysis shows that the tax scheme can pay for itself by targeting young high-skilled individuals. |
| Keywords: | brain drain, tax incentives, return migration, personal income tax |
| JEL: | F22 H24 H31 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17224 |
| By: | Hastuti; Nina Toyamah; Syaikhu Usman |
| Keywords: | innovation, learning, teacher, student, literacy, numeracy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3685 |
| By: | Veto Tyas Indrio; Ana Rosidha Tamyis; Wandira Larasati; Sylvia Andriyani Kusumandari |
| Keywords: | community development, regional development, socioeconomic |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3978 |
| By: | Chennai, Nishok; Wang, William |
| Abstract: | In recent years mental health has become a prominent topic in society. Mental health has often been ignored or integrated very minimally within society. However, one place in society constantly finds itself within the spotlight and forefront of mental health, educational institutions. These places have always been a prevalent part of this field due to their ability to help society at large through primary and secondary prevention. Primary prevention involves providing interventions to stop mental health issues from arising in the first place. This form of prevention teaches students healthy habits for their mental health and helps prevent illnesses. Secondary prevention involves preventing the further growth of mental health issues through prevention after the issue has already been diagnosed. Both prevention methods are utilized across the broad spectrum of students schools carry. Due to this broad spectrum, schools have been the grounds for many famous studies conducted by many famous scientists. In recent years, more and more money has been put into furthering mental health resources at schools. Legislation such as the Mental Health Services Grant Program provided 144 million to schools for mental health resources. However, the question becomes, how are these mental health resources being utilized? This correlational study aims to address the current gap in research for a need for data that is not diluted due to many confounding variables and provides information on trends of utilization of resources provided by school districts. To accomplish this we utilized vast surveys with each high school's Ohio State University clinician and Social Worker. This study collected responses from each staff member each time they met with a student on topics discussed and general demographics. This data was finally analyzed and tested to find general trends within the central Ohio school district. Some of the major findings and trends included that sophomores are most likely to go to the staff for help, the number of students that made a certain number of staff visits decreases exponentially for each increasing visit, women are more likely to go for help, and Caucasians are most likely to go for mental health. Further analysis by the school’s OSU Clicican and Social worker revealed more data such as Asians almost always are the least represented in mental health cases despite their proportion of the student body. Further anxiety and stress are the most commonly discussed topics between staff and students. This data provides a basic understanding of the relationship between mental health and high school students. This could be the gateway to the effective application of solutions presented in primary and secondary prevention studies. Furthermore, a better understanding of how mental health issues affect the student body can result in more efficient utilization of funding and resources by school districts and allow for more targeted interventions. Further research could be conducted on how mental health affects high school students who are first-generation immigrants compared to those not. This could provide insight into how culture and societal norms impact the mental health of developing minds. |
| Date: | 2024–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gdbjf |
| By: | Vasile Priala (Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to highlight the significance of religious education in shaping the character and personality of young individuals. It emphasizes the need to make religious education relevant in the contemporary world, whether or not the country has a denominational religious education system. Educational models must be suitable for all pupils, as society is becoming more diverse and the world more globalized. Religion is about beliefs and behaviors, not just the school teaching of a subject. Educating also involves the spiritual formation of children, which takes place in public schools, but also within the family or in local churches. The communities in which we live must be inclusive and learning must be based on Christian values and the promotion of healthy behavior. By incorporating these values into everyday life, we can have strong communities where people live in harmony with each other, regardless of their differences. |
| Keywords: | God, education, religion, education religious, schools, society |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0412 |
| By: | Syaikhu Usman; M. Sulton Mawardi; Jacqueline L Pomeroy; Roger D. Montgomery |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3701 |
| By: | Thomas Hagedorn (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Jan Wessel (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Marlena Meier (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes (i) the influence of electric bicycle (“e-bike†) ownership on transport mode choice and (ii) how a change in e-bike ownership affects carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Germany. Using longitudinal data from household surveys from 2016 to 2022, we first conduct a trip-level analysis with a mixed multinomial logit model (MMNL model) to estimate mode choice probabilities. The results show that the change in e-bike ownership significantly affects travel behavior, by increasing the likelihood of choosing an e-bike as means of transportation by 14.6 percentage points (p.p.), while correspondingly decreasing the likelihood of choosing other modes, especially conventional bicycles by 5.6 p.p., as well as car and public transportation by about 4 p.p. each. Second, by using observed changes in individual distances traveled and transport-mode-specific emissions values, we calculate net emissions savings per person after acquiring an e-bike. These savings amount to 526.9kg CO2 per person and year. |
| Keywords: | E-Bikes, transport mode choice, CO2 emissions, longitudinal data, mixed multinominal logit model |
| JEL: | R40 C33 Q59 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mut:wpaper:40 |
| By: | Spiller, Beia (Resources for the Future); Wilwerding, Rachel; Russo, Suzanne (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Major investments in electric vehicle (EV) charging station networks will be required to support widespread adoption of EVs. Increasing EV adoption can help improve air quality and, in turn, health outcomes, particularly for communities overburdened by transportation pollution. The creation of a widespread public EV charging station network presents new economic and business opportunities. Thus, an opportunity exists for society to leverage expenditures associated with the electric transition, particularly federal infrastructure investments through programs like the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), to improve equity outcomes for communities and households that have been overburdened by transportation pollution due to compounding inequities and structural racism across society. We provide a framework (developed through a literature review and interviews with community-based and non-governmental organizations, EV charging station companies, utilities, and leading researchers) for understanding how charging station investments in urban areas could help reduce existing inequities or may inadvertently exacerbate inequities if a careful approach is not taken. |
| Date: | 2024–08–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-14 |
| By: | Meuthia Rosfadhila; Daniel Suryadarma; Adri Poesoro; Sri Budiyati; Akhmadi |
| Keywords: | impact evaluation, traditional market, supermarket, urban, Indonesia |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:646 |
| By: | USENGIMANA Gerard; HABIYAREMYE Jean de Dieu |
| Abstract: | This paper examined the effective use of learner centered method in teaching and learning biology in upper secondary schools of Rusizi district. The current paper gathered qualitative and quantitative data using questionnaires, interview guides and observation. A descriptive research design has been used. Quantitative data was presented, analyzed and interpreted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Qualitative data was presented and analyzed in form of extracts, explanations and interpretations. In addition this study was guided by the Constructivism Learning Theory. Although previous researchers revealed that the usage of learner-centered approach plays a great role in biology teaching and learning, the findings of the current paper evidenced that learner-centered approach is not used effectively in upper secondary schools of Rusizi district in Rwanda due to limited time, scarcity of teaching and learning resources, teachers’ heavy workload, lack of knowledge about learner-centered instruction, biology subject culture, teachers’ attitude toward learner-centered instruction, lack of funding and limited ability to afford adequate resources for biology teaching and learning. Furthermore, the current paper identifies strategies that can be used to alleviate the challenges associated to the effective use of learner-centered method in teaching and learning biology within upper secondary schools of Rusizi district which are increasing teacher training and professional development about using learner centered method, availing enough resources for biology teaching and learning, teachers’ workload alignment, integrating technology in biology teaching and learning as well as the implementation of CBC. Key words: Learner-Centered Approach, Teaching and Learning Biology, Uper Secondary Schools. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2023-48-03 |
| By: | Menno Pradhan; Arya Gaduh; Jan Priebe; Dewi Susanti |
| Keywords: | Teacher incentives, community-based monitoring, performance pay, remote-area policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3379 |