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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Eduard Hromada (Vysoká ?kola CEVRO); Klara Cermakova (Vysoká ?kola CEVRO); Lucie Kurekova (Vysoká ?kola CEVRO); Bozena Kaderabkova (Vysoká ?kola CEVRO) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the evolving landscape of the real estate market in the Czech Republic from 2018 to 2023, focusing on apartment pricing trends, the impact of socio-economic factors, apartment sizes and layouts, energy efficiency in residential buildings, and distinctions between ownership types. The study categorises Czech cities into different price tiers and discusses the implications of these categories for potential investors, homebuyers and policymakers. It also examines the standardisation of apartment layouts across cities, the gradual improvement in energy efficiency ratings, and the shift from co-operative and state-owned/community owned to private ownership. The results show a general upward trend in house prices, interrupted by a slight decline in 2023 due to higher mortgage rates triggered by the Czech National Bank's anti-inflationary measures. The expected future easing of these rates should stimulate the market's recovery. This comprehensive analysis helps to delineate key trends and offers a deeper understanding of the factors shaping the Czech Republic's real estate market, providing valuable insights for stakeholders in the sector. |
| Keywords: | Real estate market, pricing trends, apartment layouts, energy efficiency, property ownership, socio-economic factors, market analysis, housing affordability, investment opportunities. |
| JEL: | O18 R31 R21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14416303 |
| By: | Elizabeth Setren |
| Abstract: | School assignment policies are a key lever to increase access to high performing schools and to promote racial and socioeconomic integration. For over 50 years, the Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) has bussed students of color from Boston, Massachusetts to relatively wealthier and predominantly White suburbs. Using a combination of digitized historical records and administrative data, I analyze the short and long run effects of attending a high-performing suburban school for applicants to the METCO program. I compare those with and without offers to enroll in suburban schools. I use a two-stage least squares approach that utilizes the waitlist assignment priorities and controls for a rich set of characteristics from birth records and application data. Attending a suburban school boosts 10th grade Math and English test scores by 0.13 and 0.21 standard deviations respectively. The program reduces dropout rates by 75 percent and increases on-time high school graduation by 13 percentage points. The suburban schools increase four-year college aspirations by 17 percentage points and enrollment by 21 percentage points. Participation results in a 12 percentage point increase in four-year college graduation rates. Enrollment increases average earnings at age 35 by $16, 250. Evidence of tracking to lower performing classes in the suburban schools suggests these effects could be larger with access to more advanced coursework. Effects are strongest for students whose parents did not graduate college. |
| JEL: | I20 I21 I23 I24 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32864 |
| By: | Lin, Yatang; McDermott, Thomas K.J.; Michaels, Guy |
| Abstract: | Construction on low elevation coastal zones is risky for both residents and taxpayers who bail them out. To investigate this construction, we analyze spatially disaggregated data covering the entire US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. We find that the 1990 housing stock reflects historical avoidance of locations prone to sea level rise (SLR) and flooding, but net new construction from 1990-2010 was similar in SLR-prone locations and safer ones; and within densely built coastal areas, net new construction was higher in SLR-prone locations. These findings are difficult to rationalize as mere products of moral hazard or imperfect information, suggesting that people build on risky locations to benefit from nearby urban agglomerations. To explain our findings, we develop a simple model of a monocentric coastal city, which we use to explore the consequences of sea level rise. This model helps explain cities’ role in expanding flood risks, and how future sea level rise may reshape coastal cities, creating significant challenges for policymakers. |
| Keywords: | cities; climate change; sea level rise; Elsevier deal |
| JEL: | R11 Q54 R14 |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124101 |
| By: | Rachma Indah Nurbani; Robert Justin Sodo; Asep Suryahadi; Rika Kumala Dewi; Kartawijaya; Abdul Ghofur; Prio Sambodho; Rizki Fillaili; Herry Widjanarko; Mona Sintia; Ratri Indah Septiana |
| Keywords: | urban spatial poverty, city spatial planning, urban poverty reduction |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:517 |
| By: | Hyland, Michael F. PhD; Pike, Susie PhD; Hu, Siwei; Berkel, Jacob; Xing, Yan PhD; Saha, Ritun; Vander Veen, Geoffrey; Yang, Dingtong PhD |
| Abstract: | Microtransit is a mobility service that dynamically routes and schedules 6- to 20-seat vehicles to serve passengers within a defined region. Microtransit services are similar to ride-pooling services operated by Transportation Network Companies (e.g., Uber, Lyft); however, microtransit services are owned by cities or transit agencies. Integrating microtransit services with traditional fixed-route transit (FRT) has been touted as a means to attract more riders to public transit generally, improve mobility and sustainable transportation outcomes (e.g., reduce greenhouse gasses and local pollutants), and provide better accessibility to disadvantaged travelers. However, few academic studies have evaluated these claims. To address this gap, we surveyed California transit agencies that currently operate or recently operated microtransit services to obtain insights into integration challenges. We also developed an agent- and simulation-based modeling framework to evaluate alternative system designs for integrating FRT and microtransit in downtown San Diego and Lemon Grove, a suburban area in San Diego County. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt60t9p45b |
| By: | Ofer Malamud; Andreea Mitrut; Cristian Pop-Eleches; Miguel Urquiola |
| Abstract: | We examine student, teacher, and peer perceptions of effort, ability, performance, and self-confidence in Romania’s highly tracked schools. We find that: (1) students just above a cutoff—tracked into high-achieving classes—have less favorable self-perceptions than those just below (“big-fish-little-pond” effects); (2) students perceive peers in their classes more favorably (“in-group bias”); (3) this bias is stronger in lower-achieving classes; (4) students perceive themselves more positively than others perceive them (“illusory superiority”); (5) this bias is stronger among lower-achieving students (“Krueger-Dunning effects”). In short, being tracked into lower-achieving classes does not appear to negatively affect self-perceptions. |
| JEL: | I21 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32892 |
| By: | Christian Schluter (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Southampton); Mark Trede (WWU - Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster) |
| Abstract: | Earnings inequality in Germany has increased dramatically. Measuring inequality locally at the level of cities annually since 1985, we find that behind this development is the rapidly worsening inequality in the largest cities, driven by increasing earnings polarisation. In the cross-section, local earnings inequality rises substantially in city size, and this city-size inequality penalty has increased steadily since 1985, reaching an elasticity of .2 in 2010. Inequality decompositions reveal that overall earnings inequality is almost fully explained by the within-locations component, which in turn is driven by the largest cities. The worsening inequality in the largest cities is amplified by their greater population weight. Examining the local earnings distributions directly reveals that this is due to increasing earnings polarisation that is strongest in the largest places. Both upper and lower distributional tails become heavier over time, and are the heaviest in the largest cities. We establish these results using a large and spatially representative administrative data set, and address the top-coding problem in these data using a parametric distribution approach that outperforms standard imputations. |
| Keywords: | Earnings inequality, Spatial inequality, inequality decomposition, local earningspolarisation, Earnings inequality spatial inequality inequality decomposition local earnings polarisation, spatial inequality, local earnings polarisation |
| Date: | 2024–01–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04678689 |
| By: | Luis Bauluz; Pawel Bukowski; Mark Fransham; Annie Lee; Margarita Lopez-Forero; Filip Novokmet; Sebastien Breau; Neil Lee; Clément Malgouyres; Moritz Schularick; Gregory Verdugo |
| Abstract: | Working Paper Series no. 957. The rise of economic inequalities in advanced economies has been often linked with the growth of spatial inequalities within countries, yet there is limited comparative research that studies the relationship between national and subnational economic inequality. This paper presents the first systematic attempt to create internationally comparable evidence showing how different countries perform in terms of geographic wage inequalities. We create cross-country comparable measures of spatial wage disparities between and within similarly-defined local labour market areas (LLMAs) for Canada, France, (West) Germany, the UK and the US from the 1970s to 2010s, and assess their contribution to national inequality. By the end of the 2010s, spatial inequalities in LLMA average primary wages are similar in Canada, France, Germany and the UK; the US exhibits the highest degree of spatial inequality. Over the study period, spatial inequalities have nearly doubled in all countries, except for France where spatial inequalities have fallen back to 1970s levels, after an increase in the 1990s. Due to a concomitant increase in within-place inequality, the contribution of places in explaining national wage inequality has remained fairly constant over the 40-year study period, except in the UK where we document a significant increase. Whilst common global social, economic and technological shocks are important drivers of spatial inequality, this variation in levels and trends of spatial inequality opens the way to comparative research exploring the role of national institutions in mediating how global shocks translate into economic disparities between places. |
| Keywords: | Regional Inequality, Wage Inequality, Local Labour Markets |
| JEL: | J3 R1 R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:957 |
| By: | Michiel Gerritse (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Zhiling Wang (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Frank van Oort (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | China’s Industrial Transfer Policy (ITP) is a novel place-based development policy of unprecedented scale. The policy targets a set of inland cities aiming to i) grow them in size and ii) restructure them into manufacturing hubs. These cities would eventually relieve pressure in China’s coastal manufacturing hubs. We use a detailed migrant survey to estimate the impact of ITP on targeted cities by matching cities on policy assignment propensities. The ITP status led to a rapid but short-lived growth of migrant inflows up to 60%, representing 2 to 7 million internal migrations. Migrants in manufacturing and from coastal origins show stronger migration and wage responses. However, high skilled migrants respond less elastically, and migrant employment in manufacturing is offset by the exit of native workers. Additionally, manufacturing industries in targeted cities show no development in terms of output, pollution or production strategies. The ITP expands the population of targeted cities, but the evidence for a restructuring of the cities is weak. |
| Keywords: | migration, urbanization, development, wage, place-based policy, China |
| JEL: | R58 H50 O20 P25 J38 |
| Date: | 2024–03–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20240020 |
| By: | Eric Brunner; Shaun Dougherty; Stephen Ross |
| Abstract: | Participation in Career Technical Education (CTE) programs has been proposed as a valuable strategy for supporting transition to independence among students with disabilities. We exploit a discontinuity created by admissions thresholds from a statewide system of CTE high schools. Our findings suggest attending CTE high schools has large positive effects on completing high school on time, employment, and earnings, including for individuals 22 years or older. Attending CTE schools also results in more time spent with non-disabled peers and higher 10th grade test scores. These results appear concentrated among male students, but the sample of female students is too small to support strong conclusions about outcomes. Notably, these estimates are for a system of CTE high schools operating at scale and serving students across a wide spectrum of disabilities, and the estimated effects appear broad based over disability type, time spent with non-disabled peers in 8th grade and previous academic performance. |
| JEL: | I14 I21 I24 I26 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32867 |
| By: | Lee, Neil |
| Abstract: | ‘Inclusive innovation’ has become an increasingly important subnational policy agenda. This paper reviews this agenda, critiques its current usage and presents a new framework for how the concept can be applied by city government. Efforts to shape the direction, improve participation in and share the benefits of innovation should be an important part of place-based innovation policy. Yet, inclusive innovation strategies face three related problems: neophilia, a tendency for technological fixes and the lack of local powers. The paper concludes with a framework for how the concept could be used by policymakers to link innovation with better distributional outcomes. |
| Keywords: | inclusive innovation; urban policy; inclusive growth; innovation behaviour; innovation |
| JEL: | R58 D63 O30 |
| Date: | 2023–02–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117818 |
| By: | Krantz, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | This paper characterizes economically optimal investments into Africa's road network in partial and general equilibrium - based on a detailed topography of the network, road construction costs, frictions in cross-border trading, and economic geography. Drawing from data on 144 million trans-continental routes, it first assesses local and global network efficiency and market access. It then derives a large network connecting 447 cities and 52 ports along the fastest routes, devises an algorithm to propose new links, analyzes the quality of existing links, and estimates link-level construction/upgrading costs. Subsequently, it computes market-access-maximizing investments in partial equilibrium and conducts cost-benefit analysis for individual links and several investment packages. Using a spatial economic model and global optimization over the space of networks, it finally elicits welfare-maximizing investments in spatial equilibrium. Findings imply that cross-border frictions and trade elasticities significantly shape optimal road investments. Reducing frictions yields the greatest benefits, followed by road upgrades and new construction. Sequencing matters, as reduced frictions generally increase investment returns. Returns to upgrading key links are large, even under frictions. |
| Keywords: | African roads, spatially optimal investments, big data, PE and GE analysis |
| JEL: | O18 R42 R10 O10 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:302186 |
| By: | Irving G\'omez-M\'endez; Chainarong Amornbunchornvej |
| Abstract: | Poverty is a serious issue that harms humanity progression. The simplest solution is to use one-shirt-size policy to alleviate it. Nevertheless, each region has its unique issues, which require a unique solution to solve them. In the aspect of spatial analysis, neighbor regions can provide useful information to analyze issues of a given region. In this work, we proposed inferred boundaries of regions of Thailand that can explain better the poverty dynamics, instead of the usual government administrative regions. The proposed regions maximize a trade-off between poverty-related features and geographical coherence. We use a spatial analysis together with Moran's cluster algorithms and Bayesian hierarchical regression models, with the potential of assist the implementation of the right policy to alleviate the poverty phenomenon. We found that all variables considered show a positive spatial autocorrelation. The results of analysis illustrate that 1) Northern, Northeastern Thailand, and in less extend Northcentral Thailand are the regions that require more attention in the aspect of poverty issues, 2) Northcentral, Northeastern, Northern and Southern Thailand present dramatically low levels of education, income and amount of savings contrasted with large cities such as Bangkok-Pattaya and Central Thailand, and 3) Bangkok-Pattaya is the only region whose average years of education is above 12 years, which corresponds (approx.) with a complete senior high school. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2408.09760 |
| By: | Prause, Gunnar (Ed.) |
| Keywords: | Belt and Road Initiative, Transportation infrastructure, Geopolitics, International economic relations, Eurasia |
| JEL: | F60 L91 L92 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hswwdp:301869 |
| By: | Veronica Backer-Peral (Princeton); Jonathon Hazell (London School of Economics (LSE)); Atif Mian (Princeton; Natioanl Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)) |
| Abstract: | Every month, a fraction of UK property leases are extended for another 90 years or more. We build a new dataset of thousands of these natural experiments from 2000 onwards to estimate the expected long term housing yield, y∗. Starting from a level of 5.3%, y∗ starts to fall during the Great Recession, reaching a low of 2.8% in 2023. Real time data shows y∗ has not risen since 2021, despite rising shorter term yields. Cross-sectional estimates show that y∗ is higher in areas with more housing risk, and falls by more in areas with more inelastic housing supply. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:2428 |
| By: | Melissa Arnold Lyon; Matthew A. Kraft; Matthew P. Steinberg |
| Abstract: | The U.S. has witnessed a resurgence of labor activism, with teachers at the forefront. We examine how teacher strikes affect compensation, working conditions, and productivity with an original dataset of 772 teacher strikes generating 48 million student days idle between 2007 and 2023. Using an event study framework, we find that, on average, strikes increase compensation by 8% and lower pupil-teacher ratios by 0.5 students, driven by new state revenues. We find little evidence of sizable impacts on student achievement up to five years post-strike, though strikes lasting 10 or more days decrease math achievement in the short-term. |
| JEL: | I22 J30 J45 J52 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32862 |
| By: | Tomohiro Hirano (Royal Holloway, University of London; Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM)); Alexis Akira Toda (University of California San Diego) |
| Abstract: | We analyze equilibrium housing prices in an overlapping generations model with perfect housing and rental markets. The economy exhibits a two-stage phase transition: as the income of home buyers rises, the equilibrium regime changes from fundamental to bubble possibility, where fundamental and bubbly equilibria can coexist. With even higher incomes, fundamental equilibria disappear and housing bubbles become a necessity. Even with low current incomes, housing bubbles may emerge if home buyers have access to credit or have high future income expectations. Contrary to widely-held beliefs, fundamental equilibria in the possibility regime are inefficient despite housing being a productive non-reproducible asset. |
| Keywords: | bubble, expectations, housing, phase transition, welfare |
| JEL: | D53 G12 R21 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:2427 |
| By: | Bhattacharjee, A.; Ditzen, J.,; Holly, S. |
| Abstract: | The literature on panel models has made considerable progress in the last few decades, integrating non-stationary data both in the time and spatial domain. However, there remains a gap in the literature that simultaneously models non-stationarity and cointegration in both the time and spatial dimensions. This paper develops Granger representation theorems for spatial and spatio-temporal dynamics. In a panel setting, this provides a way to represent both spatial and temporal equilibria and dynamics as error correction models. This requires potentially two different processes for modelling spatial (or network) dynamics, both of which can be expressed in terms of spatial weights matrices. The first captures strong cross-sectional dependence, so that a spatial difference, suitably defined, is weakly cross-section dependent (granular) but can be nonstationary. The second is a conventional weights matrix that captures short-run spatio-temporal dynamics as stationary and granular processes. In large samples, cross-section averages serve the first purpose and we propose the mean group, common correlated effects estimator together with multiple testing of cross-correlations to provide the short-run spatial weights. We apply this model to house prices in the 375 MSAs of the US. We show that our approach is useful for capturing both weak and strong cross-section dependence, and partial adjustment to two long-run equilibrium relationships in terms of time and space. |
| Keywords: | Spatio-temporal dynamics, Error Correction Models, Weak and strong cross sectional dependence, US house prices, Spatial Weight matrices, Common Correlated Effects Estimator. |
| JEL: | C21 C22 C23 R3 |
| Date: | 2024–08–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2447 |
| By: | Manuela Pulina (University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy); Alessandro Salis (University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; visiting at Masaryk university, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Masaryk University Experimental Economics Laboratory (MUEEL), Brno, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | This study provides a dynamic analysis of illegal drug trafficking in the Italian region of Sardinia, using the Local Labour Systems (LLS, ISTAT) framework. Data from major regional newspapers (January 2017 - De-cember 2022) were validated through institutional reports. A multivariate biplot analysis reveals an increase in drug seizures and the Island's role as a hub for national and international drug trade, facilitated by local and traditional mafia organizations. Related crimes are also infiltrating the le-gal economy, particularly in the coastal real estate market. This study high-lights the urgent need for targeted institutional and community strategies to protect younger people, who are increasingly involved in trafficking. |
| Keywords: | Drugtrafficking; Organized Crime; Local Labour Systems; Multivariate Biplot |
| JEL: | K42 O17 R12 C38 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mub:wpaper:2024-05 |
| By: | McQuinn, Kieran |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp778 |
| By: | Chen, Katherine L.; Tsai, Bor-Wen; Fortin, Garrett; Cooper, Jill F. |
| Abstract: | Bicycling is becoming more popular across the country, for commuting, exercise, and leisure. In 2017, there were 783 bicyclists killed in a traffic collision in the US. In citing concern about the level of bicycle fatalities, the Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA) identified key recommendations for improving safety, including collection of better crash data, increased training for law enforcement to understand laws designed to protect bicyclists, partnerships with bicycling and community organizations regarding safety messaging and public education campaigns about infrastructure improvements. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–08–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt1d62d2kn |
| By: | Xiyuan Ren; Joseph Y. J. Chow; Venktesh Pandey; Linfei Yuan |
| Abstract: | As an IT-enabled multi-passenger mobility service, microtransit has the potential to improve accessibility, reduce congestion, and enhance flexibility in transportation options. However, due to its heterogeneous impacts on different communities and population segments, there is a need for better tools in microtransit forecast and revenue management, especially when actual usage data are limited. We propose a novel framework based on an agent-based mixed logit model estimated with microtransit usage data and synthetic trip data. The framework involves estimating a lower-branch mode choice model with synthetic trip data, combining lower-branch parameters with microtransit data to estimate an upper-branch ride pass subscription model, and applying the nested model to evaluate microtransit pricing and subsidy policies. The framework enables further decision-support analysis to consider diverse travel patterns and heterogeneous tastes of the total population. We test the framework in a case study with synthetic trip data from Replica Inc. and microtransit data from Arlington Via. The lower-branch model result in a rho-square value of 0.603 on weekdays and 0.576 on weekends. Predictions made by the upper-branch model closely match the marginal subscription data. In a ride pass pricing policy scenario, we show that a discount in weekly pass (from $25 to $18.9) and monthly pass (from $80 to $71.5) would surprisingly increase total revenue by $102/day. In an event- or place-based subsidy policy scenario, we show that a 100% fare discount would reduce 80 car trips during peak hours at AT&T Stadium, requiring a subsidy of $32, 068/year. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2408.12577 |
| By: | Nadeem Naqvi (KIMEP University, Almaty, Kazakhstan); Eldar Madumarov (KIMEP University, Almaty, Kazakhstan); Henrik Egbert (Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of a major exogenous shock—the inflow of Russian migrants into Almaty, Kazakhstan, after the Russia-Ukraine conflict began in 2022—on the city's restaurant industry. A large proportion of the migrants moving into Almaty pushed the price for housing significantly upward. Given the dual residential and commercial nature of ground-level real estate, the rapid increase in rental costs spilled into the restaurant industry as one of its most burdensome fixed expenses. By adopting the setup of perfect competition, we can trace how this escalation in fixed costs sets off a sequence of market responses: an initial fall in profit experienced universally by firms, exit of restaurants from the market, a drop in total market supply, increase in meal prices, and changes in the output behavior of restaurants that remain in business. The models show that the number of restaurants declined, meal prices rose, each restaurant served more customers, and industry output fell. Our work also clearly shows, as is consistent with the literature on narratives and economic results, that economic theory does not exist in a vacuum. Our results provide empirical content to a realization that very stylized models—those based on the strongest assumptions, and therefore quite far from complex realities—may supply testable predictions of firm and industry behavior under exogenous shocks. The analysis advanced our understanding of the economic consequences of abrupt migration events but also provided pedagogical value in showing the applicability of theoretical models to real-world scenarios. |
| Keywords: | exogenous shock, real estate rent, restaurant industry, emigration from Russia, Kazakhstan economy |
| JEL: | D22 D41 L83 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sko:wpaper:bep-2024-05 |
| By: | Bhan, Prateek Chandra; Wen, Jinglin |
| Abstract: | Historical monuments and statues mediate a conversation between the past and present. In this randomised controlled trial, we test the presence of such communications and their consequences. Focusing on a cohort of primary school students in India, we study the role modelling effect of historical statues. Students in the treatment group were exposed to a short virtual tour of otherwise locally present yet then inaccessible statues due to the Covid pandemic. The placebo group watched a video on the same role models, comprising of images of these role models instead of their statue. There was a third pure control group. Immediately after the 6-minute intervention, students watching the treatment video performed better than the placebo and control groups in a memory test. We detect improvements in treated students' academic performance after a month, which are sustained after 6-months. The treatment affects only boys suggesting that the lack of female role models and their statues may attribute to this gender gap in academic performance. |
| Keywords: | Statues, role models, aspirations, education, gender, India |
| JEL: | D10 D90 O15 I25 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cexwps:301858 |
| By: | Navarro, Adoracion M. |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the adequacy of school infrastructure in the Philippine basic education sector while benchmarking it against developmental targets and other countries’ performance. It finds that with respect to classrooms, there has been progress in decongesting schools, but spatial inequality in the classroom-student ratio persists and requires attention. Spatial inequality is evident, given the congested classrooms in some administrative regions. Moreover, additional classrooms are needed, given that school buildings in certain remote areas do not meet quality and safety standards, enrollment is increasing, and existing classrooms deteriorate due to wear and tear and natural calamities. In terms of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities, the gaps are huge and become more evident when benchmarked against other countries. The Philippines is lagging behind most Eastern and South-Eastern Asian countries in providing WASH facilities to schools, even when compared to neighboring countries with lower per capita incomes. Schools’ access to electricity is also an issue. Many countries in the Eastern and South-Eastern Asia region have already achieved universal access, yet the Philippines still struggles to complete the electrification of schools. This challenge is compounded by the need to upgrade the electricity connections of schools to stabilize electric current fluctuations and meet digital learning requirements. Information and communications technology (ICT) access is another area where the gaps are huge. Computer package delivery targets were not met, and to make things worse, the percentage of schools with computer packages declined. Philippine schools have low computer and internet access rates, unlike those in neighboring countries that have achieved universal access to computers and the internet. Moreover, efforts to increase computer and internet access rates have been marred by poor implementation of programs for ICT infrastructure in schools. All these imply the need to invest more in school infrastructure and pursue policy improvements. Both the public and private sectors must assume responsibility for improving the students’ learning environment through adequate and quality school infrastructure. After all, a good learning environment is a good investment, resulting in better student learning outcomes, higher productivity of workers in the future, and higher potential for endogenous economic growth. |
| Keywords: | human capital;school infrastructure;school buildings;WASH facilities;electricity access;ICT access |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2024-06 |
| By: | Binelli, Chiara (University of Bologna); Comi, Simona Lorena (University of Milano-Bicocca); Meschi, Elena (Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia); Pagani, Laura (University of Milan Bicocca) |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its side effects on the academic achievement of students in a large university located in a northern Italian region severely affected by the pandemic. Thanks to the richness of our data, we can investigate for the first time the role of two specific channels: the increase in study time due to the exceptionally strict confinement measures adopted and the availability of class recordings. We use administrative data on four cohorts of students merged with original survey data. We adopt a fixed-effect difference-in-differences approach, where we compare the outcomes of students from different enrolment cohorts observed in the same semester of their academic career before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. We find a generalized positive effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on students' academic achievement in terms of both earned credits and GPA. We provide evidence that both increased study time and the availability of class recordings contributed to mediating this positive effect. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, university education, distance learning, study time |
| JEL: | I23 I24 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17173 |
| By: | Eirik E. Brandsaas; Jens Kvaerner |
| Abstract: | Partial Ownership (PO), which allows households to buy a fraction of a home and rent the remainder, is increasing in many countries with housing affordability challenges. We incorporate an existing for-profit PO contract into a life-cycle model to quantify its impact on homeownership, households’ welfare, and its implications for financial stability. We have the following results: 1) PO increases homeownership rates. 2) Willingness to pay increases with housing unaffordability and is highest among low-income and renting households. 3) PO increases aggregate debt as renters become partial owners but also reduces the average leverage ratios as indebted homeowners become partial owners. |
| Keywords: | Partial Homeownership; Housing Affordability; Financial Innovation; Financial Stability |
| JEL: | G28 G23 E20 R20 E21 |
| Date: | 2024–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2024-70 |
| By: | Sofoklis Goulas (Economic Studies, Brookings Institution); Bhagya N. Gunawardena (School of Economics, Finance, & Marketing, RMIT); Rigissa Megalokonomou (Department of Economics, Monash University); Yves Zenou (Department of Economics, Monash University) |
| Abstract: | Using Greek administrative data, we examine the impact of being randomly assigned to a classroom with a same-gender top-performing student on both short- and long-term educational outcomes. These top performers are tasked with keeping classroom attendance records, which positions them as role models. Both male and female students are influenced by the performance of a same-gender top performer and experience both spillover and conformist effects. However, only female students show significant positive effects from the presence of a same-gender role model. Specifically, female students improved their science test scores by 4 percent of a standard deviation, were 2.5 percentage points more likely to choose a STEM track, and were more likely to apply for and enroll in a STEM university degree 3 years later. These effects were most pronounced in lower-income neighborhoods. Our findings suggest that same-gender peer role models could reduce the underrepresentation of qualified females in STEM fields by approximately 3 percent. We further validate our findings through a lab-in-the-field experiment, in which students rated the perceived influence of randomized hypothetical top-performer profiles. The results suggest that the influence of same-gender top performers is primarily driven by exposure-related factors (increased perception of distinction feasibility and self-confidence) rather than direct interactions. |
| Keywords: | gender gap, lab-in-the-field experiment, natural experiment, random peer group formation, role models |
| JEL: | J24 J16 I24 I26 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2024-15 |
| By: | Ioannou, Petros; Wang, Zheyu |
| Abstract: | As urban areas grow and city populations expand, traffic congestion has become a significant problem, particularly in regions with substantial truck traffic. This study presents a coordinated freight routing system designed to optimize network utility and reduce congestion through personalized routing guidance and incentive mechanisms. The system customizes incentives and payments for individual drivers based on current traffic conditions and their specific routing preferences. Using a mixed logit model with a linear utility specification, the system captures drivers' route choice behaviors and decisions accurately. Participation is voluntary, ensuring most drivers receive a combined expected utility, including incentives, exceeding their anticipated utility under User Equilibrium (UE). This structure encourages drivers to follow suggested routes. Data collection on drivers' routing choices allows the system to update utility parameter estimates using a hierarchical Bayes estimator, ensuring routing suggestions remain relevant and effective. The system operates over defined intervals, where truck drivers submit their intended Origin-Destination (OD) pairs to a central coordinator. The coordinator assigns routes and payments, optimizing overall system costs and offering tailored incentives to maximize compliance. Experimental results on the Sioux Falls network validate the system's effectiveness, showing significant improvements in the objective function. This study highlights the potential of a coordinated routing system to enhance urban traffic efficiency by dynamically adjusting incentives based on drivers’ choice data and driver behavior. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Congestion Reduction, Utility Learning, Travel Demand Management, Freight Routing |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6qb516n9 |
| By: | Kim, Edward (Bentley University); Goodman, Joshua (Boston University); West, Martin R. (Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | The increasing prevalence of private tutoring has received minimal scholarly attention in the United States. We use over 25 years of geocoded data on the universe of U.S. private tutoring centers to estimate the size and growth of this industry and to identify predictors of tutoring center locations. We document four important facts. First, from 1997 to 2022, the number of private tutoring centers more than tripled, from about 3, 000 to 10, 000, with steady growth through 2015 before a more recent plateau. Second, the number and growth of private tutoring centers is heavily concentrated in geographic areas with high income and parental education. More than half of tutoring centers are in areas in the top quintile of income. Third, even conditional on income and parental education, private tutoring centers tend to locate in areas with many Asian American families, suggesting important differences by ethnic or cultural identity in demand for such services. Fourth, we see only marginal evidence that prevalence of private tutoring centers is related to the structure of K-12 school markets, including the prevalence of private schools and charter or magnet school options. The rapid rise in high-income families' demand for this form of private educational investment mimics phenomena observed in other spheres of education and family life, with potentially important implications for inequality in student outcomes. |
| Keywords: | education, tutoring |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17178 |
| By: | Chen, Katherine L.; Tsai, Bor-Wen; Fortin, Garrett; Cooper, Jill F. |
| Abstract: | Restraint devices such as seat belts are a key element of motor vehicle occupant protection systems. Each year, NHTSA conducts the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) that measures, among many variables, the daytime use of seat belts by occupants age eight and older. The 2020 NOPUS reported that seat belt use was 90.3 percent among front-seat passengers, a slight decrease from the 90.7 percent observed in 2018. This change, along with the changes in subsets such as time of day or day of the week, was not statistically significant. The United States Department of Transportation uses the Safe System Approach to work towards zero roadway fatalities and serious injuries. The Safe System Approach recognizes human mistakes and vulnerabilities, and designs a system with many redundancies in place to protect everyone. The Federal Highway Administration names safe road users, safe vehicles, safe speeds, safe roads, and post-crash care as key elements of a Safe System. Proper use of seat belts and other occupant safety devices is an important component of the “Safer Vehicles” and “Safer People” layers of protection. Analyses presented in the occupant protection program area include fatal and serious injuries where a driver or passenger in a passenger vehicle was unrestrained. Occupant protection crashes in this report are defined as crashes where one or more occupants in a passenger vehicle was unrestrained. Under this program area, there is additional analyses that address aging road users and child passenger safety. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–08–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3016572j |
| By: | Andrés Barrios Fernández; Christopher Neilson; Seth Zimmerman |
| Abstract: | Do elite colleges help talented students join the social elite, or help incumbent elites retain their positions? We combine intergenerationally-linked data from Chile with a regression discontinuity design to show that, looking across generations, elite colleges do both. Lower-status individuals who gain admission to elite college programs transform their children's social environment. Children become more likely to attend high-status private schools and colleges, and to live near and befriend high-status peers. In contrast, academic achievement is unaffected. Simulations combining descriptive and quasi-experimental findings show that elite colleges tighten the link between social and human capital while decreasing intergenerational social mobility. |
| Keywords: | elite universities, intergenerational mobility, human capital, social capital |
| Date: | 2024–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2026 |
| By: | Hurst, Erik; Rubinstein, Yona; Shimizu, Kazuatsu |
| Abstract: | We develop a task-based model of occupational sorting to identify and quantify the effect of discrimination, racial skill gaps, and aggregate task prices on Black-White differences in labor market outcomes over time. At the heart of our framework is the idea that the size and nature of racial barriers faced by Black workers vary by the task requirements of each job. We define a new task that measures the extent to which individuals interact with others as part of their job. We show that this measure is a good proxy for the extent of discrimination in the economy. |
| JEL: | J15 J23 J31 J71 M51 |
| Date: | 2024–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124544 |
| By: | Syaikhu Usman; M. Sulton Mawardi; Nina Toyamah; Vita Febriany; Sudarno Sumarto; Roger D. Montgomery; Jacqueline L Pomeroy |
| Keywords: | deregulation, market distortion, monopoly removal, regional levies |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3667 |
| By: | Claudio Schilter; Samuel Luethi; Stefan C. Wolter |
| Abstract: | We merge experimental data on competitiveness of a large sample of students with their complete educational history for up to ten years after the initial assessment. Exploiting quasi-random class assignments, we find that having competitive peers as classmates makes students choose and secure positions in higher-paying occupations. These occupations are also more challenging and more popular. On the cost side, competitive peers do not lead to a lower probability of graduating from the subsequent job-specific education, but they significantly increase the probability of requiring extra time to do so. |
| Keywords: | Peer effects, competitiveness, occupational choice |
| JEL: | C93 D91 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0228 |
| By: | Federico S. Mandelman (Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta); Yang Yu (Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Francesco Zanetti (University of Oxford; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)); Andrei Zlate (Federal Reserve Board) |
| Abstract: | We document a steady decline in low-skilled immigration that began with the onset of the Great Recession in 2007, which was associated with labor shortages in low-skilled service occupations and a decline in the skill premium. Falling returns to high-skilled jobs coincided with a decline in the educational attainment of native-born workers. We develop and estimate a stochastic growth model with endogenous immigration and training to account for these facts and study macroeconomic performance and welfare. Lower immigration leads to higher wages for low-skilled workers and higher consumer prices. Importantly, the decline in the skill premium discourages the training of native workers, persistently reducing aggregate productivity and welfare. Stimulus policies during the COVID-19 pandemic, amid a widespread shortage of low-skilled immigrant labor, exacerbated the rise in consumer prices and reduced welfare. We show that the 2021-2023 immigration surge helped to partially alleviate existing labor shortages and restore welfare. |
| Keywords: | Immigration, skill premium, task upgrading, heterogeneous workers |
| JEL: | F16 F22 F41 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:2429 |
| By: | Xiaojuan Yu (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Zhongnan University); Vincent A.C. van den Berg (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Erik T. Verhoef (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | We study how preference heterogeneity affects travel behavior and congestion pricing in a dynamic flow congestion model. We formulate and solve a multi-point optimal control problem using a Hamiltonian-based method to derive the social optimum. The properties of the travel equilibrium are explored analytically, particularly for travelers' arrival rates, arrival intervals, congestion externalities, and tolls. In the absence of tolling, the arrival order is determined by the ratio of the value of time (VOT) to the value of schedule delay, as in the bottleneck model. However, unlike the bottleneck model, the same holds for the social optimum when only the VOT differs across users, as travel delays will not be fully eliminated. In social optimum, the arrival rate, travel delay, and toll jump discontinuously at the boundary time between user types, but these discontinuities do not undermine the stability of the socially optimal equilibrium. Assessment of the distributional effects indicates that users with a lower VOT always lose from tolling, whereas users with a higher VOT may gain or lose from tolling. The latter depends on the type and degree of heterogeneity, the elasticity of travel delay with respect to arrival rate, and the number of users for both types. Compared to the bottleneck model, tolling is less beneficial for society and hurts users more. Our findings reveal the significance of the type of congestion and preference heterogeneity when assessing the implementation of congestion tolling. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic flow congestion; Bottleneck model; Preference heterogeneity; Congestion pricing; Distributional effects; Optimal control |
| JEL: | D62 H23 R41 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20240025 |
| By: | Syaikhu Usman; Ilyas Saad; Vita Febriany; Nina Toyamah; M. Sulton Mawardi; Musriyadi Nabiu; Hudi Sartono; Sri Budiyati; Bambang Sulaksono |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3727 |
| By: | Michail St. Fountoulakis (National School of Public Administration, Greece) |
| Abstract: | This research explores the integration of literature, Information and Communication Technology, and positive psychology in English as a Foreign Language classrooms within the Greek educational context. Employing a mixed-methods approach with 198 participants from Greek primary and high schools, the study reveals a 20% increase in student engagement and a 15% improvement in test scores compared to traditional methods. Despite potential biases, especially from teachers' involvement, findings indicate enhanced motivation, well-being, and learning outcomes among students. The cultural specificity of this context highlights the need for further exploration across diverse environments and educational levels to validate these approaches universally. This study underscores the potential of integrating literature, ICT, and positive psychology in EFL instruction, emphasizing the creation of dynamic, inclusive environments that prioritize holistic student development. These findings encourage educators to foster well-being-centred learning, with implications for a broader, culturally responsive educational landscape, adaptable to various global settings. |
| Keywords: | EFL education, literature integration, ICT, positive psychology, Greek educational context |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:scmowp:01284 |
| By: | Gambaro, Ludovica (London School of Economics); Huebener, Mathias (Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB)); Schmitz, Sophia (Federal Institute for Population Research); Spieß, C. Katharina (Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB)) |
| Abstract: | In armed conflicts, it is common for women, children, and the elderly to flee, leaving the men behind. While refugee women face particular challenges in caring for children in host countries, there is only limited evidence on the impact of childcare services on their integration. This paper examines the role of childcare services in the integration, employment, and well-being of refugee mothers. We focus on the displacement caused by the Russian invasion in Ukraine. Our analysis is based on a unique, large, and representative panel data set of Ukrainian refugees in Germany. We find a strong correlation between childcare attendance and the participation of refugee mothers in language courses, labour market activity, and social interaction. To establish causality, we leverage exogenous regional differences in childcare availability and excess demand. Our results reveal significant positive effects of childcare services on the participation of refugee mothers in language and integration programs, as well as employment and their interactions with Germans. However, we find no effects on maternal well-being. Our findings emphasize the importance of providing childcare services to refugee mothers to facilitate their integration. |
| Keywords: | childcare services, refugees, forced migration, integration, employment, Ukraine |
| JEL: | I26 J13 J15 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17181 |
| By: | Bietenbeck, Jan (Department of Economics, Lund University); Irmert, Natalie (Department of Economics, Lund University); Nilsson, Therese (Department of Economics, Lund University, and) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role of individualism in explaining cross-country differences in working from home (WFH). Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) of the United States and the European Social Survey (ESS), we isolate the influence of individualism by comparing immigrants from different cultural backgrounds residing in the same location. We find that a 10-point increase in country-of-origin individualism, measured on a 0-100 scale, is associated with a 3.9 percentage point (pp) higher likelihood of WFH and 1.12 more weekly WFH hours in the CPS, and a 2 pp higher likelihood of frequent WFH in the ESS. Our analysis of potential mechanisms suggests that individualism influences WFH through higher educational attainment and occupational selection. |
| Keywords: | Working from home; Individualism; Culture; Epidemiological approach |
| JEL: | D22 E24 J20 L23 |
| Date: | 2024–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1498 |
| By: | Shaheen, Susan PhD; Wolfe, Brooke; Cohen, Adam; Broader, Jacquelyn |
| Abstract: | Throughout the U.S., app-based gig drivers provide valuable services for courier network services (CNS) like Instacart, Uber Eats and DoorDash, and transportation network companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft. In California, gig labor classification is governed among other things by Assembly Bill 5 (AB 5), which passed in 2019, and Proposition 22 (Prop 22) adopted in 2020. AB 5 established the ABC Test for worker classification in California labor law. The ABC Test results in most app-based drivers being classified as employees, who are due full labor rights and benefits in California. However, gig drivers were exempted from the ABC Test when California voters approved Prop 22. As a result, under Prop 22, most CNS and TNC drivers in California are classified as independent contractors. Understanding the nuances of California labor law as it applies to app-based gig drivers is critical to addressing areas such as: worker flexibility, the need for high-quality jobs, and driver pay variability due to the lack of transparency with algorithm-based platforms. To better understand evolving CNS and TNC labor policy, we conducted interviews with experts (n=8) across the U.S. representing labor, academia, and regulators between June 2022 to February 2024 and examined policy approaches of other cities and states on this issue. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt514205n7 |
| By: | Kit Baum (Boston College); Hans Lööf (Royal Institute of Technology); Andreas Stephan (Linnaeus University); Klaus Zimmermann (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | In this case study, we examine the wage earnings of fully employed previous refugee immigrants in Sweden. Using administrative employer–employee data from 1990 onward, about 100, 000 refugee immigrants who arrived between 1980 and 1996 and were granted asylum are compared with a matched sample of native-born workers using coarsened exact matching. Employing recentered influence function (RIF) quantile regressions to wage earnings for the period 2011–2015, the occupational-task-based Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach shows that refugees perform better than natives at the median wage, controlling for individual and firm characteristics. The RIF-quantile approach provides better insights for the analysis of these wage differentials than the standard regression model employed in earlier versions of the study. |
| Date: | 2024–08–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:usug24:10 |
| By: | Uwababyeyi Doris; Munyakazi Isaac |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to help students, parents, secondary teachers, school’s kitchen managers and Head teachers to master the methods and their role in encouraging learners to take lunch at school; especially improve student’s learning outcomes in twelve years’ basic education. The objectives are to assess the influence of food ratios and the timing of the meals on learning outcomes in Twelve Years basic education schools of Rubavu district, to assess the influence of food quality on learning outcomes in twelve years basic education schools of Rubavu district and. The study employed a descriptive research design Questionnaires to enable the researcher to bring out the details of the exact situation on the ground. This study was being done at 4 twelve years basic education located in the Rubavu district targeting 2112 students. Therefore, 336 respondents were the target population of this study and the composition of the participants. To validate and ensure reliability of the questionnaire, a test retest was conducted in a space of two weeks between the test’s correlation coefficient using SPSS version 22.0 (V. 22.0) was established and after which necessary adjustments on the content and its reliability was ensured before the main study. In this way, sampling technique was a simple purposive sampling technique was employed in this study, where every participant was given an equal and independent chance to participate. Recommendations of the study were: Government has to mobilize more stakeholders or non-government organization to orient their funds in the implementation of school feeding program, Parents must participate in school feeding program rather than thinking that this program should only be sponsored by government, Government has to develop continuous professional development that are related to the effective implementation of school feeding program and Government should make monitoring and evaluation of school feeding program because some of the school do not put more effort in its implementation. Key words: learning outcomes, school feeding program, Twelve Years Basic of Education and quality of education. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2023-48-02 |
| By: | Blerta (Kristo) Nazarko (European University of Tirana) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the productivity of the active enterprises that operate with their influence on the dynamics of the economic and social development processes on a county and regional basis. The performance evaluation aims to investigate their contribution to mitigating negative social aspects such as migration (net internal migration and external migration) with an impact on GDP growth, etc. The trend of displacement in large urban centers and departures from the country requires a special study evaluation. The study pertains to the period 2017-2021, which includes some variable factor sizes such as the number of economic enterprises per 1000 inhabitants that operate according to the economic structure, the rate of internal and external migration, the nominal GDP growth (in %) on a county basis and the region. The analysis based on counties and regions evaluates the efficiency and operational development potential of active enterprises classified according to the branches of their operating economic structure such as agriculture, industry and services. The conclusions found contribute to the improvement and the visions of the further expansion of the value capacity of economic enterprises, the need to expand classified micro, small and medium enterprises that enable greater employment, but also with premises for large operational enterprises. business. This study is also an alternative for more in-depth managerial studies on the role and impact of active enterprises and for the support they need in investments and the application of new technologies. |
| Keywords: | active enterprise, DEA method, rate of internal migration and external migration, county, region |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14316290 |
| By: | Daniel M. Hungerman; David C. Phillips; Kevin Rinz; James X. Sullivan |
| Abstract: | We examine the labor supply effects of short-term income transfers for families experiencing a housing crisis. We link callers of an emergency assistance homelessness prevention hotline to their federal tax records and measure their employment & earnings in years surrounding their calls. Our methodology exploits quasi-random variation in the availability of assistance to compare similar families receiving and not receiving funds. Looking up to four years post-assistance, we find evidence, especially for the lowest earners, of earnings and employment gains, and overall we find no evidence that assistance lowers earnings or employment. Our results indicate that any income effect of temporary transfers for those in crisis is minimal and that these transfers may convey labor market benefits for the poorest of the poor. |
| JEL: | I38 I39 R20 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32856 |
| By: | Althoff, Lukas; Reichardt, Hugo |
| Abstract: | This article studies the long-run effects of slavery and restrictive Jim Crow institutions on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. We track individual-level census records of each Black family from 1850 to 1940 and extend our analysis to neighborhood-level outcomes in 2000 and surname-based outcomes in 2023. We show that Black families whose ancestors were enslaved until the Civil War have considerably lower education, income, and wealth than Black families whose ancestors were free before the Civil War. The disparities between the two groups have persisted substantially because most families enslaved until the Civil War lived in states with strict Jim Crow regimes after slavery ended. In a regression discontinuity design based on ancestors’ enslavement locations, we show that Jim Crow institutions sharply reduced Black families’ economic progress in the long run. |
| Keywords: | OUP deal |
| JEL: | N31 N32 H70 J15 J70 O15 P16 |
| Date: | 2024–08–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124335 |
| By: | Milhan Chaze (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Iwan Le Clec’h (Géoarchitecture : Territoires, Urbanisation, Biodiversité, Environnement - UR - Université de Rennes - UBO - Université de Brest) |
| Abstract: | In the context of significant changes in commerce and consumer practices, such as the e-commerce boom, discount development, increased household mobility, and consumption relocation, small and medium-sized towns are experiencing similar market structure evolutions to those of large conurbations. These changes include the shrinkage of shopping centres and the growth of peripheries and transit trade, which are accompanied by urban structure evolutions, such as peri-urbanization. This article aims to examine the reciprocal effects of urban development and commercial changes in small and medium-sized cities. It is based on French literature in the geography of commerce, as well as related disciplines such as sociology and urbanism. The objective of this article is to present the epistemological evolution of studies on the subject and current key research issues. |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte de profondes mutations du commerce et des pratiques de consommation (essor du commerce électronique, développement du discount, accroissement de la mobilité des ménages, relocalisation de la consommation, etc.), les petites villes connaissent, à l'instar des grandes agglomérations, une évolution de leurs structures marchandes (rétraction des centres commerçants, essor des périphéries et du commerce de transit). Ces évolutions vont de pair avec celles des structures urbaines (périurbanisation). Cet article vise à questionner les effets réciproques du développement urbain et des changements commerciaux dans le cas spécifique des villes petites et moyennes. En s'appuyant sur la littérature francophone en géographie du commerce, mais aussi dans quelques disciplines connexes (sociologie, urbanisme), l'objectif de cet article est de présenter l'évolution épistémologique des études réalisées sur le sujet, ainsi que les principaux enjeux de recherche actuels. |
| Keywords: | small and medium-sized cities, retail trade, rural areas, peri-urbanization, mobilities, e-commerce, shopping practices, France, villes petites et moyennes, commerce de détail, espaces ruraux, périurbanisation, mobilités, pratiques d’achats |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04667706 |
| By: | Kumar Verma, Akhilesh; McQuinn, Kieran |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp783 |
| By: | Eduwin Pakpahan; Asri Yusrina; Bambang Sulaksono; Nina Toyamah; Meuthia Rosfadhila; Sirojuddin Arif; Silvia Devina; Stella Aleida Hutagalung |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:617 |
| By: | Luhur Bima; Armand Arief Sim; Phillip McKenzie; Dita Nugroho; Clare Ozolins; Julie McMillan; Sudarno Sumarto; Nina Toyamah; Vita Febriany; Robert Justin Sodo |
| Keywords: | teacher absenteeism |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:269 |
| By: | Patire, Anthony PhD; Dion, Francois PhD |
| Abstract: | The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) collects megabytes of data every day using a dedicated traffic sensing infrastructure. The collected data provide support for traffic management and system performance monitoring activities that are crucial for supporting the agency’s mission, vision, and strategic goals to strengthen stewardship and drive efficiency. Operating this vast detection system requires extensive resources in the form of engineering and maintenance support, along with millions in capital funds to keep the system running. Within the above context, alternate hybrid data collection models utilizing purchased or third-party data to augment existing data collection system capabilities may enable a reduction in the number of physical detection stations required while maintaining suitable accuracy for Caltrans’ purposes. In addition to the potential for cost savings, the reliance on fewer physical sensors also offers the potential to reduce the exposure of Caltrans employees to the occupational hazard of maintaining roadside detection stations, in alignment with the agency’s “safety first” strategic goal. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2023–10–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3s7751sb |
| By: | Kansikas, Carolina (University of Warwick); Bagues, Manuel (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether term limits can help historically underrepresented groups, such as women, gain faster access to positions of political power. We exploit evidence from Italian local elections where, in a context of rapidly increasing women's presence in politics, mayoral term limits were extended from two to three five-year terms in municipalities with less than 3, 000 inhabitants in 2014 and in those with a population between 3, 000 and 5, 000 in 2022. Using as control group slightly larger municipalities, we find that longer term limits delay younger cohorts' access to mayoral roles, significantly slowing the increase in female representation. The magnitude of the effect is substantial; the share of female mayors would be 4-10 percentage points higher if term limits had not been extended. The impact is stronger in municipalities with a larger presence of women at lower political levels and where gender quotas are in place, suggesting a complementarity between these policies. Our findings suggest that term limits help bridge the representational gap between entry and top-level political positions, especially in times of rapid societal change. |
| Keywords: | term limits, female political representation, Italian local elections |
| JEL: | J16 J18 J48 D72 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17175 |
| By: | Burlig, Fiona PhD; Bushnell, James PhD; Rapson, David PhD; Wolfram, Catherine PhD |
| Abstract: | The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EV) is a centerpiece of California’s strategy to reach net-zero carbon emissions, but it is not fully known how and where EVs are being used, and how and where they are being charged. This report provides the first at-scale estimate of EV home charging. Previous estimates were based on conflicting surveys or extrapolated from a small, unrepresentative sample of households with dedicated EV meters. We combined billions of hourly electricity meter measurements with address-level EV registration records from California households, including roughly 40, 000 EV owners. The average EV increases overall household load by 2.9 kilowatt-hours per day, well under half the amount assumed by state regulators. Results imply that EVs travel less than expected on electric power, raising questions about transportation electrification for climate policy. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Electric vehicles, electric vehicle charging, energy consumption, households, automobile ownership, low income groups |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt8c20q0rf |
| By: | Rachma Indah Nurbani; Hastuti; Dyan Widyaningsih; Akhmad Ramadhan Fatah; Elza Elmira; Nina Toyamah; Laskar Rianto; Steve Christiantara |
| Keywords: | stunting, budget, intervention program |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:3885 |
| By: | Abraham, Katharine G. (University of Maryland); Haltiwanger, John C. (University of Maryland); Hou, Claire (Congressional Budget Office); Sandusky, L. Kristin (U.S. Census Bureau); Spletzer, James R. (Independent Researcher) |
| Abstract: | Using rich administrative tax data, we explore the effects of the introduction of online ridesharing platforms on entry, employment and earnings in the Taxi and Limousine Services industry. Ridesharing dramatically increased the pace of entry of workers into the industry. New entrants were more likely to be young, female, White and U.S. born, and to combine earnings from ridesharing with wage and salary earnings. Displaced workers have found ridesharing to be a substantially more attractive fallback option than driving a taxi. Ridesharing also affected the incumbent taxi driver workforce. The exit rates of low-earning taxi drivers increased following the introduction of ridesharing in their city; exit rates of high-earning taxi drivers were little affected. In cities without regulations limiting the size of the taxi fleet, both groups of drivers experienced earnings losses following the introduction of ridesharing. These losses were ameliorated or absent in more heavily regulated markets. |
| Keywords: | Gig Economy |
| JEL: | J20 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17179 |