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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Thi Ngoc Nguyen; Felix Muesgens |
| Abstract: | The continued transition towards electric mobility will decrease energy tax revenues worldwide, which has substantial implications for government funds. At the same time, demand for transportation is ever increasing, which in turn increases congestion problems. Combining both challenges, this paper assesses the effectiveness of congestion pricing as a sustainable revenue stream to offset fuel tax loss in 2030 while simultaneously enhancing efficiency in the transport sector. A congestion-based toll that is road-and-time-variant is simulated for the greater Berlin area in Germany using the multi-agent transport simulation (MATSim) software. Through the simulation results, this paper quantifies the impacts of the toll on the governmental revenue, traffic management, environment, social welfare, and the distribution effects. We find that the revenue from congestion tolls in a metropolitan area can compensate the reduction in passenger car fuel tax. Furthermore, a remarkable welfare surplus is observed. The toll also successfully incentivises transport users to adjust their travel behaviour, which reduces traffic delay time by 28%. CO2 emissions as a key metric for decarbonisation of the transport sector decrease by more than 5%. The analysis of the distribution effects suggests that a redistribution plan with a focus on the middle-low-income residents and the outer boroughs could help the policy gain more public acceptance. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.20033 |
| By: | César Ducruet (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EconomiX - EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); In Joo Yoon (KMI - Korea Maritime Institute - Korea Maritime Institute) |
| Abstract: | The North Korean economy is experiencing a deepening economic and political crisis since the early 1990s. Although North Korea is not commonly seen as a shipping nation, its major cities are coastal, and it hosts nine international trading ports. However, little is known about the role of maritime transport in its development. This article uses vessel movement data to reconstitute the maritime network linking North Korean ports and other ports, over the period 1977-2021. Besides the drastic connectivity loss, main results conclude about a limited role of maritime transport in economic development, except for its participation to China's increasing grip on North Korea. This research brings new knowledge about North Korea and contributes to advance maritime network studies in general. |
| Keywords: | multivariate analysis, international trade, maritime connectivity, network analysis |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04689246 |
| By: | Christian Bontemps (ENAC-LAB - Laboratoire de recherche ENAC - ENAC - Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile, TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Cristina Gualdani (QMUL - Queen Mary University of London); Kevin Remmy (Universität Mannheim) |
| Abstract: | We develop a two-stage game in which competing airlines first choose the networks of markets to serve in the first stage before competing in price in the second stage. Spillovers in entry decisions across markets are allowed, which accrue on the demand, marginal cost, and fixed cost sides. We show that the second-stage parameters are point identified, and we design a tractable procedure to set identify the first-stage parameters and to conduct inference. Further, we estimate the model using data from the domestic US airline market and find significant spillovers in entry. In a counterfactual exercise, we evaluate the 2013 merger between American Airlines and US Airways. Our results highlight that spillovers in entry and post-merger network readjustments play an important role in shaping post-merger outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous market structure, Networks, Airlines, Oligopoly, Product repositioning, Mergers, Remedies |
| Date: | 2023–06–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04709707 |
| By: | Losert, Jakob; Paetzold, Jörg; Liebensteiner, Mario; Necker, Sarah; Neumeier, Florian; Wichert, Sebastian |
| JEL: | R12 R41 R42 R48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302337 |
| By: | Ivan Savchuk (GC (UMR_8504) - Géographie-cités - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité) |
| Abstract: | The question of the impact of positive radical transformations of small ports in large ports due to the war is not well studied in transport geography. An analysis of the theoretical approach to the positive impact of the development of small ports during a war has enabled me to distinguish two variants of these transformations – a rapid increase in goods traffic and the formation a naval base ultraperipheral in a small port. In both cases, there are the preliminary conditions to achieve them: the location on the seafront to escape the adversary's effective blockade, direct access to a sea for have free relations with the world, the existence of rail line for goods traffic. Ukrainian ports on the Danube are a good example, becoming the leading ports in terms of traffic in 2022. Local ports in the ultra-periphery were radically transformed in the big ports. Local ports in the ultra-periphery. Before the Russian invasion of 2022, the Ukrainian Danube ports were as very small ports. After the collapse of the communist system, they lost much of their traffic and were deprived of rail access. The soviet Odessa railway was divided. One part came under the control of the self-proclaimed Republic of Transnistria, other was formed Moldavian national railway company and other part was integrated in Odessa regional railway of Ukrainian national railway company – Ukrzaliznytsya. This has since prevented the transport of goods from these ports. There has also been a drastic reduction in the amount of goods that were transported by river to the Danube countries during the Soviet era. As a result, traffic in Ukrainian Danube ports ranks last among the ports of the independent period. What's more, in 2006 Moldova managed to create a small port on the Danube – Giurgiulești. The Ukrainian Danube ports thus have a competitor that absorbs the majority of Moldovan goods. Before 2022, goods were transported by local roads. Only one road connected the Ukrainian Danube ports to the national network. However, part of this motorway crosses Moldovan territory, which sometimes causes problems with traffic control and the fight against smuggling. Gateways to the world during the blockade. The role of these ports changed radically after the start of the Russian invasion in 2022. They became Ukraine's only window to the world. This was due to their favorable location on the cross-border river linking the Ukrainian ports with the Romanian port of Constanţa. Ukraine and Moldova have signed an agreement to reactivate rail freight traffic on the border line between the two countries (2022), which has been reconstructed by Ukrzaliznytsya. As a result, new terminals and silos have been built or are under construction, and the traffic in the Danube ports increased rapidly. Since 2022, small ports have become the main sea ports of the country as a result of the Russian invasion. More than half of grain exports in 2022 were loaded in the ports of the Great Odessa, and a quarter of in the Danube ports. New war's logistics chains have created in new conditions for port operations in Ukraine. For this reason, the operators must radically change their logistics. A regular 50-container train has been launched between Constanţa (Romania) and Reni (Ukraine) in 2022. Maersk has launched new container barge services from Constanța to Reni in 2023, one via the Danube Canal and the other in Romanian territorial waters. United Global Logistics has launched a container vessel service between Constanţa and Izmail in 2022. During the naval blockade, only Viking Alliance container terminal in the port of Reni continues to operate. The port of Constanța will become very important for Ukraine. The uncertain future. The radical changes in the role of the three Ukrainian Danube ports – Reni, Izmail and Ust-Dunaysk – as a result of the actual situation are a good example of contradictory developments: large-scale negative processes have a positive effect at the local level. But what will happen after the war: will these ports maintain the same level of traffic as during the war, or will it return to the previous state? |
| Abstract: | Deux facteurs peuvent avoir une influence positive sur le développement des petits ports pendant une guerre, l'augmentation rapide du trafic des marchandises et la formation d'une base navale. Dans les deux cas, des conditions préliminaires sont nécessaires : une localisation ultrapériphérique sur la façade maritime, un accès direct à mer libre, la présence d'un accès ferroviaire. Les ports ukrainiens du Danube avaient, avant l'invasion russe de 2022, une fonction de ports locaux. En raison de la chute de système soviétique ils avaient perdu une grande partie de leur trafic et de ports moyens ils se sont transformés en petits ports. En effet, la fragmentation du chemin de fer soviétique de la région d'Odessa pénalise le transport des marchandises envoyées précédemment vers ces ports. Jusqu'en 2022, les marchandises étaient acheminées en général par la route. Un seul axe routier reliait les ports ukrainiens du Danube au réseau national, avec un tronçon de cette route traversant le territoire moldave, ce qui crée de temps en temps des problèmes de contrôle de circulation et de lutte contre la contrebande. Le rôle de ces ports a été radicalement bouleversé après l'introduction du blocus de la façade maritime de l'Ukraine en 2022. Ils sont devenus les portes d'accès au monde du pays grâce à leur localisation sur le fleuve transfrontalier. L'Ukraine et la Moldavie ont signé le 25.03.2022 un accord de réactivation de la circulation en Transdanubie sur la ligne ferroviaire transfrontalière qui, de plus, a été reconstruite en 2022. Ceci a entraîné une augmentation rapide du trafic et de nouveaux terminaux ont été construits ou sont en chantier dans les ports du Danube. Autre particularité à noter : le port d'Ust-Dunaysk a été privatisé, et c'est le premier cas en Ukraine. Les changements radicaux du rôle des trois ports ukrainiens du Danube (Reni, Izmail, Ust-Dunaysk) à cause de la guerre, sont un bon exemple de transformations contradictoires : les processus négatifs au niveau national provoquent au niveau local un impact positif. La question est néanmoins posée de l'après-guerre : ces ports conserveront-ils des trafics aussi élevés ou retourneront-ils à la situation antérieure ? Tous dépendent de l'activité militaire et de l'efficacité de la défense pour garantir la libre circulation des navires de commerce dans les eaux territoriales de l'Ukraine en mer Noire |
| Keywords: | Ust-Dunaysk, small port, war, Russian invasion, Ukraine, geopolitics, Transdanubia, Reni, Izmail, Petit port, guerre, invasion russe, géopolitique, Transdanubie |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04680042 |
| By: | Angela Stefania Bergantino (UNIBA - Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro); Christian Bontemps (ENAC-LAB - Laboratoire de recherche ENAC - ENAC - Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile, TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mario Intini (UNIBA - Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro); Ada Spiru (UNIBA - Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of Lufthansa's bid to acquire the Italian airline ITA Airways. On the basis of different scenarios, we aim to estimate the impact on the supply of air products and on consumers. To simulate the impact of such a merger on the European market, we rely on standard structural models of demand and supply used in the empirical IO literature. Since Berry (1994), many papers have used them to estimate demand in various sectors, including the airline sector, mostly at the US level. In particular, Berry et al. (2006) use a random coefficients model to study the role of hubs, while Berry and Jia (2010) compare the years 1999 and 2006. We want to compare the variation in consumer surplus and equilibrium fares under different scenarios. In particular, we need to model different possibilities for the range of products offered by the new merged entity. We also want to compare these scenarios with others in which ITA Airways could have merged with another airline, such as Air France. In our paper, in our attempt to simulate the impact of the merger on consumer surplus and fares, we face an additional challenge due to the possibility of repositioning the products offered by the competitors of ITA Airlines and LuftHansa. A particular feature of the European market is the presence of many low-cost carriers. These airlines are more likely to react to a reduction in the number of competitors and we need to model their strategies too. |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04709659 |
| By: | Jahn, Elke Jutta; Janeba, Eckhard; Agrawal, David |
| JEL: | H20 H31 J20 J61 R23 R48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302425 |
| By: | Tegetmeyer, Inga; Neumeier, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Urbanization and demographic change are also having an impact on the demand for basic services. As a result, private and public service providers are gradually abandoning economically unattractive locations, whereby rural areas are generally more affected by these developments than urban areas. Against the backdrop of the norma-tive political goal of maintaining equivalent living conditions in all parts of the country, an important political objective in Germany is to counteract such processes. Unfortunately, apart from a few, usually spatially highly aggregated, supply indicators, there is hardly any small-scale differentiated data below the municipal level that provides information on whether, where and for whom the accessibility of basic services may be problematic. One of the areas for which there is hardly any data to date – although minimum service provision is defined by law – is the postal service. This working paper therefore examines the question of whether, where and, if so, for whom there are spatial inequalities in the accessibility of Deutsche Post AG post offices in Germany. The aim of the working paper is to create a data basis that allows us to assess the basic accessibility of Deutsche Post AG post offices, as it appears to households, for the whole of Germany. To this end, we examined the accessibility of post offices by the various means of transport – foot, bicycle, car and public transport – on a small scale in a 250×250 meters analysis grid using a GIS accessibility model from the perspective of the "households". We found that, contrary to popular belief, the accessibility or inaccessibility of post offices in Germany is not so much a spatial phenomenon that favors non-rural regions and disadvantages rural regions, as is often assumed. Instead, our study showed that the accessibility of post offices in Germany depends heavily on people's individual mobility in both rural and non-rural areas. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:347202 |
| By: | Akhil Rao |
| Abstract: | Traffic systems are becoming increasingly automated. How will automated objects interact with non-automated objects? How will partially-automated systems handle large disruptions? Low-Earth orbit (LEO) -- filled with thousands of automated and non-automated satellites and many more uncontrollable pieces of debris -- offers a useful laboratory for these questions. I exploit the COSMOS-1408 (C1408) anti-satellite missile test of November 2021 -- a large and exogenous shock to the orbital environment -- to study how an unexpected disruption affects a partially-automated traffic system. I use publicly-available close approach data, network theory, and an econometric analysis of the C1408 test to study the effect of close encounters with new fragments on the configuration of objects in orbit. I document spillover effects of close encounters with C1408 fragments, heterogeneity in impacts across operators, and changes in system-level resilience to new shocks. These results shed light on the nature of partially-automated traffic systems, and provide a basis for new models to anticipate and mitigate space traffic disruptions. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.04599 |
| By: | Carmen Sillero Illanes (European Commission - JRC); Rosa Gallardo Cobos; Pietro Moncada Paterno' Castello (European Commission - JRC); Karel Haegeman (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | To enhance EU competitiveness and foster the transition to sustainability, the Draghi Report underscores the necessity of enhanced policy coordination across EU Member States and European institutions. This paper advocates a systemic approach that integrates subnational governance to expedite sustainability transitions, applying the concept of climate neutrality to the European aviation system. In 2023, Europe’s top 40 airports handled 10.2 million flights and 1.19 billion passengers, driving mobility, tourism, and economic growth. However, aviation is classified by the IPCC as a ‘hard-to-abate’ sector, contributing 2% of global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2022, with a total warming impact 2.6 times that of CO2 alone. With an expected annual passenger increase of 4.7%, emissions could triple in coming decades, threatening net-zero goals by 2050. Following a systematic literature review on sustainable aviation, policy initiatives at European, national, and regional levels are mapped and classified according to transition intervention points. Gaps and barriers are identified, and a place-based dimension of the sociotechnical transition is introduced using smart specialisation strategies. The paper argues that effective sustainability transition pathways require a deep understanding of problems and solutions from the perspective of those directly affected, suggesting a place-based approach to align territorial policies with European initiatives. The conclusions emphasize the need for systemic, transformative, and place-based policies to achieve aviation climate neutrality. Coordinating efforts across local, regional, national, and European levels is vital. The paper illustrates that considering place-based dimensions early in EU policies can enhance sustainability transitions for competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | aviation, Net Zero Industry Act, sustainability, transition, multilevel perspective, transformative innovation, competitiveness |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:trater:202401 |