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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Filippo Tassinari (Universitat de Barcelona & IEB) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to shed light on the effect of Low Emission Zones (LEZs) on traffic. LEZs are areas in which access is restricted for the most polluting vehicles. They have been found to be effective in reducing pollution, while the expected effect on traffic is not clear. Using high-frequency granular data on traffic for the city of Madrid, I analyse whether LEZ schemes are effective in reducing traffic within the area of implementation and whether they generate a displacement effect. Taking advantage of the exogeneity of the implementation timing, I develop a pre/post analysis based on time. Results suggest a reduction in traffic inside the restricted area and a displacement to all the other areas of the city. I find a switch to public transport for commutes directed towards the restricted area and rerouting of trips for destinations outside Madrid Central to be two of the possible mechanisms explaining these results. The reduction in transit inside the restricted area gradually decreases over time and disappears after 7 months. This is consistent with the renewal of the vehicles’ fleet with unrestricted and cleaner vehicles generated by the policy. |
| Keywords: | Traffic calming policy, low emission zone, traffic, cities, displacement |
| JEL: | R41 R48 H23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ieb:wpaper:doc2022-04&r=tre |
| By: | Dessouky, Maged; Yao, Siyuan |
| Abstract: | California has a long history of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and has been working to accelerate the adoption of battery electric heavy-duty trucks (BEHDTs). Unlike diesel heavy-duty trucks (DHDTs), which have hundreds of miles of range per refill, BEHDTs have a restricted, load-dependent driving range, which makes charging planning an important role in the use of BEHDTs as an alternative to DHDTs. This research study investigates a mixed fleet drayage routing problem (MFDRP) with non-linear charging times. The study extends existing mixed fleet drayage routing models by considering multiple charging locations and allowing for more flexible routes for freight pickup and delivery. We formulate the MFDRP as a mixed integer programming model. After linearization and variable elimination, the model can be solved by commercial optimization solvers. However, the model becomes inefficient to solve when the problem size increases. Therefore, we develop a modified adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm, which can solve the problem with hundreds of units of demand in a few CPU minutes. Finally, we simulate one-day drayage operations with different BEHDT shares in the fleet for the years 2022, 2025, and 2030 to assess the potential for substituting DHDTs with BEHDTs. The numerical experiments indicate that employing BEHDTs as substitutes for DHDTs will increase the fleet size under the same level of demand. To reach the maximum share of BEHDTs in the truck fleet, the fleet size increases by 47.2%, 3.4%, and 3.4% in 2022, 2025, and 2030, respectively. Over 50% (90%) CO2 (NOx) emission reductions can be achieved by employing BEHDTs to the maximum share in the fleet. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Drayage operations, routing, battery electric heavy-duty trucks |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1g17p2cj&r=tre |
| By: | Elbert, Ralf; Schwarz, Jessica; Rentschler, Johannes |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:136333&r=tre |
| By: | Alberto Agnelli; Hélia Costa; Damien Dussaux |
| Abstract: | The economic consequences for firms investing in green innovation, and therefore their incentives to innovate, are not well understood. This paper empirically assesses the economic returns on innovation in cleaner vehicles. The analysis uses data on passenger car market shares and patents for car manufacturers operating in eight countries for the period 2005-2021. The results show that, when vehicle fuel prices increase, firms having previously successfully filed patents related to both electric and hybrid vehicles and fuel efficiency experience an increase in their market share. This increase takes place between 7 and 8 years after the patent stock is accumulated for patents related to electric and hybrid vehicles and between 8 and 15 years for patents related to fuel efficiency. The analysis also finds that in contexts where fuel price salience is high, price increases generate larger and earlier competitiveness returns for firms having previously invested in cleaner technologies. |
| Keywords: | firm performance, fuel prices, fuel taxation, green technology, price salience, technological change |
| JEL: | O30 Q55 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:209-en&r=tre |
| By: | Pyddoke, Roger (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Algers, Staffan (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | European Union Member States may want to know how far towards their national climate goals currently enacted national policies and Fit for 55 policies can take them. This study compares CO2 emissions from future car fleets and car use in Sweden projected by three models: an application of the PRIMES-TREMOVE model for Sweden, the Swedish Car Fleet Model, and the Swedish Transport Administration model. The projections use official Swedish energy price and policy trajectories as of late 2021. The results of all three models indicate that the evolution of car fleets and car use would bring the emissions from cars close to Sweden’s national goal of reducing CO2 emissions from domestic transport by 70% relative to 2010. The models’ results are very similar, although the models appear to differ considerably. The source of the CO2 emissions, i.e. the car fleet, develops differently in the different models. We discuss the similarities and differences among the models related to emissions and car fleet effects. The discussion concerns conditions prevailing before the pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Two important policy implications follow from this. A government keen on achieving its national emission reduction goals may need to compensate for recent energy price changes occurring after forecasts were made by adjusting its policy instruments. Slower adjustments may create higher or even prohibitive costs of achieving goals. By regularly updating projections for exogenous price changes, such scenarios may be prevented. |
| Keywords: | Keywords CO2 emissions; Car fleet; Car use; Projection; Electrification; Biofuel |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2023–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2023_002&r=tre |
| By: | María Cervini-Plá (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and EQUALITAS); Mariona Tomàs; Javier Vázquez-Grenno (Universitat de Barcelona and IEB) |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically tests whether property owners react to the salience of taxes in terms of their consumption of public services. Exploiting a policy change that reduced fares on public transport in various municipalities of the metropolitan area of Barcelona, we find that salience of the tax to finance the fare reduction increases the consumption of public transportation. Our empirical findings support the hypothesis that the salience of taxes may affect the consumption behavior of taxpayers and our main results contribute to previous empirical evidence relating tax salience and consumption behavior regarding public services. |
| Keywords: | Tax salience, Public transportation, Fare policy |
| JEL: | D12 H24 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ieb:wpaper:doc2022-05&r=tre |
| By: | Dunja Demmler-Schunk |
| Abstract: | Purpose: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of the newly build Doha Metro System in Qatar onto property values using a unique data set. We compare property values at two significant points in time during the delivery process of the Doha Metro Red Line: Announcement stage and construction phase.Methodology: To our knowledge this is the first quantitative study using panel data collected from the Doha Ministry of Municipality on property values. The data set was compiled using Geodata and classified data provided by the Ministry. We use attributes from established Hedonic Pricing Models as well as spatial characteristics (distance to metro). We amend the econometric model by comparing the impact on and respective deviation on land values at two significant points in time, announcement of metro and end of construction, using statistical methods.Findings: In contrast to the expected we find that there is a positive effect on land values in the 500m to 1.000m distance band in comparison to the 0m to 500m band to new Metro stations in Doha. We also find that the announcement phase has a significant positive impact on property values in Doha. This contrasts with the related work of Grass (Grass, 1992) or Damm et al. (Damm David, 1980). Originality and Value: The meta-analysis on “Impact of Railway Stations on Residential and Commercial Property Value” Debrezion et al (Debrezion, 2007) finds mixed results ranging from negative to positive impact on property values due to spatial characteristics, temporal effects, and methodology. For the first time the impact of Rail Infrastructure on Land Values in Qatar was analysed. We found that impact on Land Value is correlated to specific project live cycle phases and to complement Hedonic Pricing models with its explanatory power. |
| Keywords: | Hedonic Pricing; Infrastructure; Property Value; Rail Stations / Metro |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_147&r=tre |
| By: | Martínez, Rodrigo; Maldonado, Carlos; Schönsteiner, Judith |
| Abstract: | The quality of life, well-being and enjoyment of rights by people who live in and around cities are closely linked to urban mobility. From that perspective, how can we ensure that policies implemented in mobility systems and other related sectors adopt a human rights and gender approach? This document addresses urban mobility from a social perspective in which human rights, the gender approach and the social inequality matrix converge. The objective is to identify policy areas and instruments that favour universal enjoyment of human rights and prevent their violation in urban mobility systems in Latin America, as well as in other sectors related to their infrastructure and sustainability (renewable energies, new technologies, automotive industry, construction among others). To achieve this, it offers policy guidelines for the various public and private actors with responsibilities in this area. |
| Keywords: | CIUDADES, ZONAS URBANAS, DESARROLLO URBANO, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, DERECHOS HUMANOS, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, TRANSPORTE URBANO, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, CITIES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL ASPECTS, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SOCIAL WELFARE, HUMAN RIGHTS, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, GENDER EQUALITY, URBAN TRANSPORT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS |
| Date: | 2023–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48646&r=tre |
| By: | Soumi Roy Chowdhury (The George Washington University, USA); Sanjib Pohit (National Council of Applied Economic Research); Rishabh Singh (JPAL, South Asia) |
| Abstract: | Many cities in urban India, particularly the metros, are major hotspots of air pollution with a PM 2.5 concentration level ranging above the permissible limits defined by the WHO for most of the year. Since the transport sector is a major source of air pollution in urban India, the Government of India adopted BS-VI emission standards in 2016 for all major on-road vehicle categories. The rollout of clean fuel (BS-VI) in India began in the capital city Delhi, the most polluted city of India. In this context, this paper attempts to analyse the economic cost of air pollution in the States of Delhi/Haryana through a primary survey of households in order to understand whether the introduction of clean fuel has reduced the pollution. While Delhi is our treatment group for this analysis, Haryana is our control group, as clean fuel was still not rolled out in the latter State when the primary survey was undertaken. We find a decreasing trend in the self-reported short and long-term health illnesses among respondents in Delhi while similar differences have not been noted in Narnaul, Haryana. Moreover, the cumulative economic cost of pollution from health expenditure, productivity loss, and contingent valuation is found to be lower in Delhi than in Haryana. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Delhi, Health and Economic Cost, Haryana, BS-VI fuel |
| JEL: | I18 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nca:ncaerw:144&r=tre |
| By: | Alessandra Migliore; Cristina Rossi-Lamastra; Chiara Tagliaro |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic has forced most workers to work from home (WFH). At a first glance, this seems not a big change for academics, who, even in normal time, are used to performing their research activities autonomously and to balancing on-campus and off-campus locations. Instead, exactly for their flexible habits it is interesting to study where academics have worked during the Covid-19 pandemic and which factors relate to their location choices. This paper addresses these issues by relying on survey data from a sample of 7, 865 Italian tenured academics. First, cluster analysis unveils four main location choices of Italian academics during the Covid-19 pandemic depending on the frequency of access to home, university or other spaces, namely Home-centric, University-centric, Between home and university and Multi-located. Second, multinomial probit models reveal a nuanced picture of the factors associated to the belonging to each cluster. Decisions over location choice depend, mostly, on work-related factors (i.e., discipline); then on space-related factors (i.e., satisfaction towards campus workspace characteristics and the need of a laboratory); finally, on, life-related factors (i.e., living with school children or a partner) and other factors (i.e., commuting times and gender). However, each of the four location patterns depend on different determinants. The results offer university and practice-wide implications anticipating future changes in how work in academia is spatially organized. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; Knowledge-work; Location Choice; University |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_139&r=tre |