|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Marion Leroutier (Paris School of Economics, Universite Paris I/Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (CIRED)); Philippe Quirion (CIRED, CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Urban road transport is an important source of local pollution and CO2 emissions. To tackle these externalities, it is crucial to understand who contributes to emissions today and what are the alternatives to high-emission trips. We estimate individual contributions to transport-induced emissions, by bringing together data from a travel demand survey in the Paris area and emission factor data for local pollutants and CO2. We document high inequalities in emissions, with the top 20% of emitters contributing 75-85% of emissions on a representative weekday, depending on the pollutant. Top emissions result from a combination of high distances travelled, a high reliance on car and, mainly for local pollutants, a higher emission intensity of cars. We estimate with counterfactual travel times that 53% of current car drives could be shifted to electric bikes or public transport with a limited time increase. This would reduce the emissions from daily mobility by 19-21%, with corresponding annual health and climate benefits of around €245m. |
| Keywords: | environmental inequalities, externalities, empirical analysis, |
| JEL: | R40 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2021.07&r= |
| By: | Bonnefon, Jean-François; Shariff, Azim; Rahwan, Iyad |
| Abstract: | Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) promise of a multi-trillion-dollar industry that revolutionizes transportation safety and convenience depends as much on overcoming the psychological barriers to their widespread use as the technological and legal challenges. The first AV-related traffic fatalities have pushed manufacturers and regulators towards decisions about how mature AV technology should be before the cars are rolled out in large numbers. We discuss the psychological factors underlying the question of how safe AVs need to be to compel consumers away from relying on the abilities of human drivers. For consumers, how safe is safe enough? Three preregistered studies (N = 4,566) reveal that the established psychological biases of algorithm aversion and the better-than-average effect leave consumers averse to adopting AVs unless the cars meet extremely potentially unrealistically high safety standards. Moreover, these biases prove stubbornly hard to overcome, and risk substantially delaying the adoption of life-saving autonomous driving technology. We end by proposing that, from a psychological perspective, the emphasis AV advocates have put on safety may be misplaced. |
| Keywords: | autonomous vehicles; automation; algorithm aversion; safety; illusory superiority |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:125618&r= |
| By: | Berliant, Marcus |
| Abstract: | We examine the fine microstructure of commuting in a game-theoretic setting with a continuum of commuters. Commuters' home and work locations can be heterogeneous. A commuter transport network is exogenous. Traffic speed is determined by link capacity and by local congestion at a time and place along a link, where local congestion at a time and place is endogenous. The model can be reinterpreted to apply to congestion on the internet. We find sufficient conditions for existence of equilibrium, that multiple equilibria are ubiquitous, and that the welfare properties of morning and evening commute equilibria differ on a generalization of a directed tree. |
| Keywords: | Commuting; Internet traffic; Congestion externality; Efficient Nash equilibrium |
| JEL: | L86 R41 |
| Date: | 2021–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107937&r= |
| By: | Hartleb, J.; Schmidt, M.E.; Huisman, D.; Friedrich, M. |
| Abstract: | We present a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) for line planning with integrated mode and route choice. In contrast to existing approaches, the mode and route decisions are modeled according to the passengers' preferences while commercial solvers can be applied to solve the corresponding MILP. The model aims at finding line plans that maximize the profit for the public transport operator while estimating the corresponding passenger demand with choice models. Both components of profit, revenue and cost, are influenced by the line plan. Hence, the resulting line plans are not only profitable for operators but also attractive to passengers. By suitable preprocessing of the passengers' utilities, we are able to apply any choice model for mode choices using linear constraints. We provide and test means to improve the computational performance. In experiments on the Intercity network of the Randstad, a metropolitan area in the Netherlands, we show the benefits of our model compared to a standard line planning model with fixed passenger demand. Furthermore, we demonstrate with the help of our model the possibilities and limitations for operators when reacting to changes in demand in an optimal way. The results suggest that operators should regularly update their line plan in response to changes in travel demand and estimate the passenger demand during optimization. |
| Keywords: | line planning, mixed-integer linear program, MILP |
| Date: | 2021–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureri:135542&r= |
| By: | Giao, Ha Nam Khanh; Vuong, Bui Nhat |
| Abstract: | The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of service quality on passenger loyalty as well as the mediating roles of relationship quality (perceives value, passenger trust, and satisfaction). The survey was conducted with a total of 321 passengers who have used low-cost airline service in the domestic terminal in Tan Son Nhat airport, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; then the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was estimated using the SmartPLS 3.0 program. The results indicated that service quality positively impacted passenger loyalty. Moreover, this study provided empirical evidence about the mediating roles of perceived value, airline image, passenger trust, and satisfaction. The finding also suggested that airline managers should understand the customers’ expectations and passenger loyalty regarding low-cost airlines to attract new customers as well as retain their existing customers. |
| Date: | 2021–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9rbp8&r= |
| By: | Liu, Shiqin; Higgs, Carl; Arundel, Jonathan; Boeing, Geoff (Northeastern University); Cerdera, Nicholas; Moctezuma, David; Cerin, Ester; Adlakha, Deepti; Lowe, Melanie; Giles-Corti, Billie |
| Abstract: | Pedestrian accessibility is an important factor in urban transport and land use policy and critical for creating healthy, sustainable cities. Developing and evaluating indicators measuring inequalities in pedestrian accessibility can help planners and policymakers benchmark and monitor the progress of city planning interventions. However, measuring and assessing indicators of urban design and transport features at high resolution worldwide to enable city comparisons is challenging due to limited availability of official, high quality, and comparable spatial data, as well as spatial analysis tools offering customizable frameworks for indicator construction and analysis. To address these challenges, this study develops an open source software framework to construct pedestrian accessibility indicators for cities using open and consistent data. It presents a generalized method to consistently measure pedestrian accessibility at high resolution and spatially aggregated scale, to allow for both within- and between-city analyses. The open source and open data methods developed in this study can be extended to other cities worldwide to support local planning and policymaking. The software is made publicly available for reuse in an open repository. |
| Date: | 2021–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:cua35&r= |
| By: | Oliver Vanden Eynde (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Liam Wren-Lewis (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Complementarities between infrastructure projects have been understudied. Our paper examines interactions in the impacts of large-scale road construction, electrification, and mobile phone coverage programs in rural India. We find strong evidence of complementary impacts between roads and electricity on agricultural production: dry season cropping increases significantly when villages receive both, but not when they receive one without the other. These complementarities are associated with a shift of cropping patterns towards market crops and with improved economic conditions. In contrast, we find no consistent evidence of complementarities for the mobile coverage program. |
| Keywords: | infrastructure,complementarities,agriculture |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03225063&r= |
| By: | Patrick Plane (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the domestic transport and logistics costs of importing a 20-foot container into Africa. We run regressions on a panel of 50 African countries for the period 2006–2014 using the RE-2SLS estimator. Distance from port of arrival to the point of delivery is an important explanatory factor of cost. Time-varying variables yield additional and valuable information. Reducing processing times and adjusting the ratio of the purchasing power parity conversion factor to the market exchange rate would contribute to save on the cost to import. |
| Date: | 2021–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03224307&r= |
| By: | Hakan Yilmazkuday (Department of Economics, Florida International University) |
| Abstract: | Using daily county-level travel data within the U.S., this paper investigates the welfare costs of travel reductions due to COVID-19 for the period between January 20th and September 5th, 2020. Welfare of individuals (related to their travel) is measured by their inter-county and intra-county travel, where travel costs are measured by the corresponding distance measures. Important transport policy implications follow regarding how policy makers can act to mitigate welfare costs of travel reductions without worsening the COVID-19 spread. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Travel Reductions, Welfare Costs, U.S. Counties |
| JEL: | J61 I10 I31 R11 R13 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fiu:wpaper:2114&r= |
| By: | Klauber, Hannah (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Holub, Felix (University of Mannheim); Koch, Nicolas (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Pestel, Nico (IZA); Ritter, Nolan (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Rohlf, Alexander (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)) |
| Abstract: | We examine the persistence of the impact of early-life exposure to air pollution on children's health from birth to school enrollment using administrative public health insurance records covering one third of all children in Germany. For identification, we exploit air quality improvements caused by the implementation of Low Emission Zones, a policy imposing driving restrictions on high-emission vehicles. Our results indicate that children exposed to cleaner air around birth require less medication for at least five years. The initially latent health response materializes only gradually in lower medication usage, leaving important but subtle health benefits undetected in common measures of infant health. |
| Keywords: | policy evaluation, cohort study, air pollution, health, children, Low Emission Zone |
| JEL: | I18 Q51 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14376&r= |