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on Sports and Economics |
| By: | Arne Lauber; Christoph March; Marco Sahm |
| Abstract: | We conduct a laboratory experiment to compare the fairness and intensity of round-robin tournaments with three symmetric players, a single prize, and two alternative match formats. Matches are either organized as lottery contests or all-pay auctions. Whereas we confirm the theoretical prediction that tournaments are less fair if matches are organized as all-pay auctions, we reject the predicted difference in tournament intensity. Moreover, the reason for the reduced fairness of tournaments based on all-pay auctions is also at odds with theory. In the lab, such tournaments heavily disfavor (in payoff-terms) the player acting in the final two matches. The reason is the substantially weaker than predicted discouragement of this player when competing first against the loser of the first match. Subjects try to exploit a perceived negative psychological momentum in such situations but only manage to end up in a dissipation trap: an effort-intense, final-like last match which significantly reduces their payoffs. |
| Keywords: | sequential round-robin tournaments, lottery contest, all-pay auction, laboratory experiment, discouragement effect, dissipation trap |
| JEL: | C72 C91 D72 Z20 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11677 |
| By: | Butler, David (University College Cork); Butler, Robert (University College Cork); Singleton, Carl (University of Stirling) |
| Abstract: | We study the objectivity of officiating under extreme pressure by analysing additional time played at the 2022 FIFA World Cup and 2024 UEFA European Championship. Controlling for within-match events, rules should be applied consistently across both halves of a football match. However, we argue that second-half time allocations could be increased by greater social pressure, intensity, and stakes, as final payoffs become imminent. Our analysis shows that, even after accounting for major stoppages and events – and despite identical rules – referees add substantially more time in the second half than the first. Moreover, referees allow more stoppage time when the scoreline is close in the second half, but only at the World Cup because tight contests were cut short there in the first halves. These discrepancies raise concerns about the effectiveness of time-wasting strategies in the sport. More broadly, our results contribute to the discussion of decision-making under pressure and implicit biases in high-stakes environments. |
| Keywords: | decision making, judgement, bias, pressure, additional time |
| JEL: | D01 D91 L83 Z20 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17718 |
| By: | Chaymaa Lotfy (Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences, Hassan II University, Morocco.); Yasmina Bennis Bennani (Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences, Hassan II University, Morocco.); Annie Cornet |
| Abstract: | This study explores the dynamics of career anchors shaped by organizational, individual, and societal determinants in relation to women's access to leadership positions in Moroccan sports federations. In a historically male-dominated setting, understanding these dynamics is essential for promoting more equitable and sustainable career progression. Between January and June 2024, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 female leaders from 12 federations, employing a qualitative interpretive approach and thematic analysis using NVivo 14. The findings highlight two anchors specific to the Moroccan socio-cultural context (family and social support and religious and cultural beliefs), which reveal the impact of cultural pressures and familial responsibilities that may hinder women's advancement. Additionally, six other career anchors prevail in sports: emotional and professional security, managerial competencies, resilient challenge, technical skills, transformative commitment, and global outlook. The interplay of individual, organizational, and societal factors, along with these career anchors, shows that older women seek to make a lasting impact, while younger women prioritize challenges. Family and cultural support helps balance personal life and ambitions, while the development of managerial skills and a supportive work environment proves crucial. Moreover, the economic context, religious beliefs, cultural norms, and international legal frameworks heavily influence women's career choices, prompting them to pursue stability, ethical alignment, and global opportunities. This study provides decision-makers with a clear understanding of the factors shaping women's career trajectories and suggests tangible actions (fostering inclusive governance, advancing gender equality, and shifting mindsets) that can enhance the overall performance of the Moroccan sports sector. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude explore la dynamique des ancres de carrière façonnées par des déterminants organisationnels, individuels et sociétaux en relation avec l'accès des femmes aux postes de direction dans les fédérations sportives marocaines. Dans un contexte historiquement dominé par les hommes, la compréhension de ces dynamiques est essentielle pour promouvoir une progression de carrière plus équitable et durable. Entre janvier et juin 2024, des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés auprès de 28 femmes dirigeantes de 12 fédérations, en utilisant une approche interprétative qualitative et une analyse thématique à l'aide de NVivo 14. Les résultats mettent en évidence deux ancres spécifiques au contexte socioculturel marocain (le soutien familial et social et les croyances religieuses et culturelles), qui révèlent l'impact des pressions culturelles et des responsabilités familiales qui peuvent entraver l'avancement des femmes. De plus, six autres ancres de carrière prévalent dans le sport : la sécurité émotionnelle et professionnelle, les compétences managériales, le défi résilient, les compétences techniques, l'engagement transformateur et la vision globale. L'interaction des facteurs individuels, organisationnels et sociétaux, ainsi que ces ancres de carrière, montre que les femmes plus âgées cherchent à avoir un impact durable, tandis que les femmes plus jeunes privilégient les défis. Le soutien familial et culturel permet de concilier vie personnelle et ambitions, tandis que le développement des compétences managériales et un environnement de travail favorable s'avèrent cruciaux. De plus, le contexte économique, les croyances religieuses, les normes culturelles et les cadres juridiques internationaux influencent fortement les choix de carrière des femmes, les incitant à rechercher la stabilité, l'alignement éthique et les opportunités mondiales. Cette étude fournit aux décideurs une compréhension claire des facteurs qui façonnent les trajectoires de carrière des femmes et suggère des actions concrètes (favoriser une gouvernance inclusive, faire progresser l'égalité des sexes et changer les mentalités) qui peuvent améliorer la performance globale du secteur sportif marocain. |
| Keywords: | Gender, Leadership, Career anchors, Sports federations, Morocco, Cultural barriers, Inclusive governance, Professional equity |
| Date: | 2025–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04962731 |
| By: | Olivier Boissin (CREG - Centre de recherche en économie de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this manual is to transmit knowledge relating to the management of innovation in an industrial production sector. Based on a practical case on sports cycles, the analysis is part of a broad spectrum ranging from the design, production and distribution of industrial goods marketed in large series and seeking to engage in the least possible in terms of sustainability. |
| Abstract: | Ce manuel a pour objet la transmission des connaissances relatives au pilotage de l'innovation dans une filière de production industrielle. Sur la base d'un cas pratique sur les cycles de sport, l'analyse s'inscrit dans un spectre large allant de la conception, de la production et de la distribution de biens industriels commercialisés en grande série et cherchant à s'engager le moins mal possible en soutenabilité. |
| Keywords: | acteur international des énergies renouvelables, ACV, analyse de la valeur, circularité industrielle, Costing, coût objectif, compétitivité, économie circulaire, éco-conception, empreinte matière, empreinte carbone, externalité, industrialisation, OEM-ODM, organisation industrielle, politique d’achat, qualification de fournisseurs, soutenabilité, valeur |
| Date: | 2024–07–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04697577 |
| By: | Kyung Hwan Baik; Dongwoo Lee |
| Abstract: | We study contests in which two groups compete to win (or not to win) a group-specific public-good/bad prize. Each player in the groups can exert two types of effort: one to help her own group win the prize, and one to sabotage her own group's chances of winning it. The players in the groups choose their effort levels simultaneously and independently. We introduce a specific form of contest success function that determines each group's probability of winning the prize, taking into account players' sabotage activities. We show that two types of purestrategy Nash equilibrium occur, depending on parameter values: one without sabotage activities and one with sabotage activities. In the first type, only the highest-valuation player in each group expends positive effort, whereas, in the second type, only the lowest-valuation player in each group expends positive effort. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.08100 |
| By: | Felix Reichel |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the causal effects of open-water swim drafting by leveraging a natural experiment induced by staggered race starts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before 2020, athletes started in groups, enabling drafting benefits, while pandemic-related restrictions significantly reduced these opportunities. Using agglomerative hierarchical clustering of swim-out times, I analyze optimal drafting positions and estimate their impact on Swim-Out performance. Our empirical findings reveal that swim drafting benefits were statistically insignificant in 2020 but persisted post-pandemic at slightly reduced levels. I find that drafting becomes advantageous only from the third trailing position onward, with earlier positions primarily serving to minimize fatigue. To mitigate endogeneity, I employ athlete and event fixed effects. The seemingly inverse decaying nature of drafting benefits partially addresses some concerns of simultaneous reverse causality and omitted variable bias. This study provides the first largescale causal estimate of drafting effects in real-world triathlon race settings. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.09277 |
| By: | Kreziak Dominique (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Savoie Mont-Blanc); Rémi Ardiet (UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Mots-clés : Comité RSE, Grands événements sportifs internationaux, Dynamiques collectivesUn nombre conse quent de recherches a explore les impacts e conomiques et sociaux des grands e ve nements sportifs (Barget et Gouguet, 2010 ; Bourbille res et Djaballah, 2024), tandis qu'un nombre croissant de chercheurs s'efforce de sormais d'identifier les leviers permettant de rendre ces e ve nements plus « durables » (Barreau, 2006 ; Vial et Barget, 2018). Par ailleurs, les comportements des organisateurs d'e ve nements sportifs en matie re de Responsabilite Socie tale des Entreprises (RSE) ont e galement e te l'objet de quelques e tudes approfondies (Dovergne, 2012 ; François, Bayle et Mutter, 2019). Ces travaux se concentrent principalement sur l'analyse des pratiques de RSE et des actions concre tes mises en oeuvre par les organisateurs de ces e ve nements. |
| Date: | 2024–12–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04919173 |
| By: | Shinohara, Hajime (Keio University) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the potential and impact of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in an organization with extremely limited financial and human resources, exemplified by the Japan Korfball Association (JKA). Despite operating on an annual budget of just 300, 000 yen and overseeing a sport with only around 1, 000 active participants, the JKA must fulfill strict compliance requirements akin to those expected of major corporations. Through a participant observation case study, we analyzed JKA’s work processes and organizational performance before and after AI implementation. Two highly cost-effective AI tools—Claude 3.5 Sonnet and Perplexity Pro—were strategically selected to address various organizational needs. The findings reveal five notable outcomes: Significant Improvement in Operational Efficiency: Major tasks experienced an average time reduction of approximately 90%. Dramatic Reduction in Human Error: For instance, typographical and clerical mistakes decreased by 98%, enhancing organizational credibility. Greater Focus on Strategic Tasks: Freed-up resources enabled an increase in new project proposals and more strategic initiatives. Rapid Development of New Services: AI-assisted coding cut app development times from weeks to mere hours, achieving over 99% in time savings. Organizational Ripple Effects: News postings increased by a factor of ten, signaling a broader revitalization of communication and outreach. These outcomes underscore AI’s remarkable capacity to boost operational efficiency and energize organizations burdened by resource constraints. Equally crucial is the delineation of appropriate responsibilities between AI and human staff: AI excels at routine or analytic tasks, while human members concentrate on strategic planning and creative activities. This study provides a practical model for resource-limited entities, including small and medium-sized enterprises, demonstrating how low-cost, high-impact AI solutions can foster sustainable growth and robust organizational performance. |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q9ym5_v1 |