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on Sports and Economics |
| By: | Dilger, Alexander; Vischer, Lars |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has led to massive restrictions and changes in many areas of life, including professional sports. In football, many games were cancelled and then five instead of three substitutions were allowed with the unchanged maximum of three time-outs. This initially temporary, but now permanent rule change affects the possibilities and thus the decisions of the coaches of the teams. We analyse 836 games with three possible substitutions and 1, 000 games with five possible substitutions in the six seasons from 2017/2018 to 2022/2023 of the Bundesliga (first division of German men's football). In addition to team statistics, data on substitutions was collected. The results show that the rule change changed the behaviour of coaches regarding the number of substitutions made and, in some cases, the timing of substitutions. More substitutions generally have a positive effect on the result of the game. |
| Keywords: | Bundesliga, Football, Ghost Game, Rule Change, Substitution |
| JEL: | Z20 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:umiodp:72023&r=spo |
| By: | Bastien Soulé (L-VIS - Laboratoire sur les Vulnérabilités et l'Innovation dans le Sport (EA 7428) - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon); Julie Hallé (L-VIS - Laboratoire sur les Vulnérabilités et l'Innovation dans le Sport (EA 7428) - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon); Eric Boutroy (L-VIS - Laboratoire sur les Vulnérabilités et l'Innovation dans le Sport (EA 7428) - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon); Bénédicte Vignal (L-VIS - Laboratoire sur les Vulnérabilités et l'Innovation dans le Sport (EA 7428) - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon) |
| Abstract: | While it is common thought that innovating is likely to procure competitive advantage within the industry of sports goods, it is also a risky activity which may lead to damaging consequences for companies. It therefore seems relevant to take an interest in the potential detrimental effects of innovation processes within small, particularly creative, companies in the sports sector. In this paper, we seek to know if, and how, engaging in an innovation process leads to singular forms of organizational vulnerability. Case studies were carried out in five French companies specializing in the outdoors: three small or medium entreprises (SME) and two very small (or micro) entreprises (VSE). We conducted a total of 48 interviews with different actors in the innovation processes, accompanied by field observations and analysis of secondary data. The priority frequently given to meeting technical challenges is likely to distance the product from the customer and real use. In certain cases, "innovation fever" generates internal imbalance. Second, some companies are too dependent on a key figure in their functioning, the inventor-entrepreneur; it sometimes implies a weakening of the innovation network during its vital decoupling stage. Finally, although the creation of innovation networks is necessary, it heightens the dependence on stakeholders and exposes to specific threats. Excessive confidence in the benefits of innovation can prove problematic. Innovators should not be discouraged, but reminded of the contingent and uncertain nature of the processes in which they engage, requiring anticipation and measure. The challenge consists in managing both the present and the future, while acknowledging that the exploitation of a routine does not prevent the exploration of new solutions. |
| Abstract: | Au sein de l'industrie des articles de sport, il est convenu d'affirmer que l'innovation est susceptible de procurer un avantage concurrentiel. Il s'agit cependant aussi d'une activité risquée qui peut entraîner des conséquences moins vertueuses pour les entreprises. Quitte à s'inscrire à contre-courant de l'injonction contemporaine à innover, il semble pertinent de s'intéresser aux potentiels effets néfastes des processus d'innovation au sein des petites entreprises du secteur du sport, particulièrement créatives. Dans cet article, nous cherchons donc à savoir si, et le cas échéant comment, l'engagement dans un processus d'innovation conduit à des formes singulières de vulnérabilité organisationnelle. Des études de cas ont été réalisées dans cinq entreprises françaises spécialisées dans l'outdoor (trois PME et deux TPE). Nous avons mené un total de 48 entretiens avec différents acteurs des processus d'innovation, accompagnés d'observations de terrain et d'analyses de données secondaires. Plusieurs résultats marquants ressortent. La priorité fréquemment donnée à la réponse aux défis techniques est susceptible d'éloigner le produit du client et de son utilisation réelle. Dans certains cas, une forme de « fièvre de l'innovation » génère des déséquilibres internes. Par ailleurs, certaines entreprises sont trop dépendantes de l'inventeur-entrepreneur, acteur clé de leur fonctionnement, mais aussi de son réseau de proximité ; cela peut impliquer un affaiblissement du réseau d'innovation, notamment lors de la phase cruciale de découplage. Enfin, si la création de réseaux d'innovation est nécessaire, elle accentue la dépendance vis-à-vis des parties prenantes et expose à des menaces spécifiques. En termes d'implications managériales, il ressort qu'une confiance excessive dans les avantages de l'innovation peut s'avérer problématique. Il ne s'agit pas de décourager les innovateurs, mais de rappeler la nature contingente et incertaine des processus dans lesquels ils s'engagent, ce qui nécessite anticipation et mesure. Le défi consiste à gérer à la fois le présent et l'avenir, tout en reconnaissant que l'exploitation d'une routine n'empêche pas l'exploration de nouvelles solutions. |
| Keywords: | innovation management, organizational vulnerability, outdoor sports, product innovation, small companies, management de l’innovation, vulnérabilité organisationnelle, sports outdoor, innovation de produit, petites entreprises |
| Date: | 2023–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03360833&r=spo |
| By: | Muhammad Shah, Saif |
| Abstract: | This research paper introduces the Women Freedom Index (WFI), a novel measure designed to assess women's domestic freedom across various geographic levels, including districts, cities, provinces, countries, counties, states, and subcontinents. While existing indices gauge global women's empowerment and discrimination, they often neglect the specific aspect of domestic freedom. The WFI incorporates key dimensions of women's freedom like sports, work, travel, politics, education, justice, and domestic decision-making, using independent indicators for a comprehensive evaluation. Built on primary data collection with meticulous data cleaning, the index provides an accurate representation of women's actual freedom levels. Initial findings reveal significant domestic discrimination, with 65% reporting gender-based discrimination from fathers, 60% facing restrictions on sports participation under paternal influence, and 32% of educated women being denied careers in the electronic media by their husbands. The WFI is vital for recognizing and promoting women's domestic freedom, enhancing overall well-being. Policymakers, researchers, and advocates can leverage the index to advance gender equality and inclusivity. By addressing the often-overlooked domestic sphere, the WFI offers insights to achieve sustainable development goals and improve women's autonomy and well-being, emphasizing the pivotal role of domestic environments in shaping women's freedom and empowerment. |
| Keywords: | Women, Freedom, Primary Data, Empowerment, Discrimination, Index |
| JEL: | O12 |
| Date: | 2023–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117916&r=spo |
| By: | Ortiz-Merchan, Silvia; Lee-Ocampo, Maria; Cuéllar-Harker, Sebastián; Bolívar-Bernal, Maria F.; Barriga, Diana; Hernandez-Muñoz, David; Villasmil, Alexander; Mantilla, Cesar |
| Abstract: | In the growing literature connecting parents and child's economic decision-making remains unclear whether children's competitive performance is affected by their guardian's presence. We conducted a field experiment in which over 150 children were assigned to one of three tasks (i.e., trivia, a speed stacking game, or jumping a rope) and then chose to compete. Simultaneously, we elicited the guardians' beliefs about their child's willingness to compete in the three tasks and their expected performance. We randomize whether the guardian was encouraged to remain close and support the child during the task or, by contrast, the guardian should remain distant. Our findings suggest that the guardians' presence did not improve performance. Instead, the reduced performance in one task suggested some pressure effects. Mothers' beliefs about competitive behavior and performance across tasks are more correlated than fathers' beliefs. Mixed-sex pairs (i.e., girls with a male guardian and boys with a female guardian) are more likely to compete than same-sex pairs. |
| Date: | 2023–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m24yh&r=spo |
| By: | Bartmann, Nina; Rayburn-Reeves, Rebecca Marie (Duke University) |
| Abstract: | Having good financial well-being, which looks different for everyone and depends on what makes you happy, is an essential component of overall well-being, yet many adolescents and young adults don’t feel adequately prepared to make good financial decisions in the real world. Not only are financial literacy levels low, but their effects on everyday financial decisions aren’t adequate to overcome biases that often result in suboptimal in-the-moment financial choices. In light of these issues, the NOVA Financial Lab was designed to provide a safe and feedback-rich environment that allows players to experience making financial decisions in contexts that encourage balancing current and future well-being. This document serves as the report for the research conducted on the NOVA Financial Lab from February 2022 to May 2023. In this report, we summarize two main research lines: 1) research conducted via a survey linked on the main page of the website and 2) within-game data gathered on decisions and learning outcomes across the three mini-games. We find that, for each mini-game, we see benefits of repeat play on performance across games, and that participants are more accurate at responding to the survey questions after playing the games, as compared to before. Learning objectives were supported by data showing increases in optimal performance for each game, and in survey data showing better understanding of behavioral biases and tools to overcome them. Our findings offer support of serious games as effective methods for teaching financial well-being and helping adolescents and emerging adults balance the life choices that provide immediate and long- term financial security, and personal happiness. Though geared toward adolescents, the Financial Lab includes information relevant to anyone making financial decisions, regardless of their age. |
| Date: | 2023–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:vkexr&r=spo |