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on South East Asia |
| By: | Le, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Since the 1986 Doi Moi reform, an increasing number of labor migrants and students leave Vietnam every year for better opportunities abroad. During the same period, members of the diaspora have been returning to the country. According to government estimates, over 500, 000 Vietnamese return to Vietnam each year to work, live, and retire. Among these returnees are a group who have made Vietnam their home: the Western-born, second generation. This paper explores the significance of online community memberships in the construction of identity and belonging among Western-born Vietnamese who “return” to their ancestral homeland. Drawing on 32 online in-depth interviews with second generation Vietnamese living in Vietnam, from 11 disparate Western countries, it underscores how identity and belonging, state policies, and information communication technologies (ICTs) intersect to prompt and obscure the ethnic returns of western-born Vietnamese migrants. |
| Date: | 2023–08–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8m3vj_v1 |
| By: | Antonio, Ronald Jeremy; Valera, Harold Glenn; Durant-Morat, Alvaro; Hoang, Hoa; Diagne, Mandiaye; Malakhail, Fazal; Pede, Valerien |
| Abstract: | This Handbook aims to provide a global coverage of policy instruments used by governments to realize objectives related to rice production and supply, rice markets, and trade. The handbook covers major rice markets in Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East. There are similarities in policies in general and within regions. Given the importance of food security to all countries, policies are designed to increase and supplement farm income to sustain domestic production while ensuring access to and availability of affordable rice for consumers. Rice trade is still regulated mainly through import tariffs to protect domestic producers. Import tariffs are implemented in several countries in Southeast and South Asia and Africa, and in all countries reviewed in East Asia and the Americas. Based on the summary tables below, we can also see that two-tier tariffs are most common in East Asia, with them being implemented in all four of the countries reviewed. Several Asian countries procure rice through state-owned enterprises (SOEs). These countries provide significant control to SOEs to ensure stable domestic prices and control of foreign trade. From the recent developments brought about by the export restrictions imposed by India, state trading as well as government-to-government procurement have both been used to ensure that domestic supplies remain adequate. Asian importers such as Indonesia and Bangladesh have set up government-to-government trade agreements with major Asian exporters such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar to ensure domestic food availability. India has also secured several exemptions to its trade restrictions for some of its trade partners, most of which are for African countries to provide them with access to lower-priced rice while allowing India to remain as the top rice exporter in the world. Subsidies also remain prevalent, especially in South and Southeast Asia, as well as in some African countries. These subsidies are aimed toward raising farmer income and providing aid for farmers to produce efficiently and continuously. Recent subsidies have been implemented to help farmers navigate increases in fertilizer prices. Aside from providing incentive and aid to farmers, ensuring consistent production also leads to higher domestic supply, less reliance on imports, and lower consumer prices. † Published by the International Rice Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14799014. To protect domestic farmers, several countries in Asia and the Americas also implement minimum support prices. Similar to subsidies, minimum support prices are used to encourage domestic production for both rice-importing and -exporting countries. Major exporting countries such as Thailand and India implement them to ensure their place in the world market while importers such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Laos, Nepal, and Sri Lanka implement them to secure food availability in their domestic markets. Lastly, measures such as temporary export bans and price controls are implemented in several African countries. Such measures are usually implemented to control volatile domestic prices and ensure domestic food access. |
| Keywords: | Rice policies, global rice economy, export and import restrictions, subsidies |
| JEL: | F13 Q11 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123642 |
| By: | Jiranyakul, Komain |
| Abstract: | Asymmetric impacts of oil price shocks on key macroeconomic variables are caused by some important effects, such as income effect, uncertainty effect, precautionary saving effect, irreversible investment and reallocation effects. Due to these effects, output and prices respond diferently to oil price increases and decreases. This asymmetry hypothesis has been empirically tested by many economists. This paper surveys recent empirical studies on the asymmetric impacts of oil price shocks on economic activity and inflation in Asia. The empirical findings in Asian economies shows that the responses of output growth oil price shocks in Japan and South Korea tend to be asymmetric while the responses of inflation seem to be symmetric. For China, the largest oil-importing in Asia, the empirical results show that asymmetry is increasingly discovered. The results of the responses of inflation to oil price shocks in China do not favor the asymmetry hypothesis. The findings in the ASEAN5 economies are likely to support the symmetry hypothesis. In South Asian economies, only few studies favor the asymmetry hypothesis. Because empirical results for other Asian countries are not widely investigated, it is too early to draw some conclusions. One important finding is that Asian oil-exporting countries, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam, might not escape the adverse impacts of oil price shocks on output growth. Since output and inflation can be unfavorably affected by oil price shocks, some researchers will recommend accommodative monetary policy along with exchange rate policy to stabilize the responses of output and prices when oil price tends to increase. |
| Keywords: | Oil price shocks, output growth, inflation, asymmetric and symmetric impacts, Asian economies |
| JEL: | E31 E32 Q43 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123664 |
| By: | David G. Blanchflower; Alex Bryson |
| Abstract: | We examine the age profile of subjective wellbeing and illbeing in nine Asian countries (Bangladesh, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka) and seven Middle Eastern countries (Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Yemen). We find the relationship between age and reported wellbeing differs according to the way the survey is conducted. In the Gallup World Poll, where the data are collected by interviewers face-to-face or by telephone (computer-aided telephone interviews, or CATI) the young are the happiest and the results are the same across the two survey modes. We find the same result in CATI surveys in the Global Flourishing Survey (GFS) of 2022-2024 in 7 Asian and Middle Eastern (AME) countries. However, when the GFS survey is conducted on the web (computer-aided web interview, or CAWI) wellbeing is u-shaped in age, and is highest among the oldest respondents. If we turn to negative affect measures (loneliness, anxiety, depression, worry) these rise with age using CATI but fall with age using CAWI. We look for survey mode switching in the age coefficient across 40 outcomes. In general, the switch is confined to subjective wellbeing and illbeing metrics. Switching does not occur when respondents are asked about their physical health, bodily pain, unemployment status, drinking and smoking, or personality-related questions. It appears that the mode effect is largely confined to how individuals rate their subjective wellbeing and illbeing. The results are suggestive of social desirability response bias which leads young people to under-report socially undesirable affective states to interviewers. |
| JEL: | I31 J13 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33475 |
| By: | Tanaka, Nobuyuki; Sondergaard, Lars M. |
| Abstract: | Too many children are not learning to read in the East Asia and Pacific region’s middle-income countries. In some countries in the region, such as the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and the Philippines, more than 90 percent of 10-year-olds cannot read and understand an age-appropriate text. To accelerate learning in these countries, better teaching will be needed. To improve teacher quality in the next 10 years, where should countries focus their attention On improving the teaching skills and content knowledge of their existing stock of teachers, on recruiting and better training new teachers, or on doing both This paper contributes to this discussion by addressing two policy questions: (i) will East Asia and Pacific’s middle-income countries need more or fewer teachers in the coming decade, and (ii) quantitatively, how important will the newly recruited teachers be (the flow) relative to the teaching workforce who have already been recruited (the stock) To answer these questions, the paper uses a simple model that projects the required number of primary school teachers in each of the East Asia and Pacific region’s 22 middle-income countries. The model is based on several factors, such as: (i) the size of future cohorts of children, (ii) the proportion of those cohorts who end up in school, (iii) the pupil-to-teacher ratio, and (iv) teacher attrition. Two key messages emerge with an important policy implication. First, significant heterogeneity exists across the 22 countries, with seven countries projected to need fewer teachers overall in the next 10 years relative to the teacher stock in 2020, while the rest will need to expand their teacher workforce. Second, despite this heterogeneity, in every East Asia and Pacific country, teachers who are already “in the system” are expected to constitute the majority of teachers still employed in 2030. In some countries, teachers who have already been recruited will constitute more than 70 percent of those who will be in schools in 2030. The findings has an important policy implication, namely: if countries want to improve the quality of teaching in schools, their primary focus in the next 10 years should be on improving the stock, that is, the quality of their current teacher workforce (through more and better teacher professional development). |
| Date: | 2023–06–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10479 |
| By: | Manogna R. L.; Nishil Kulkarni |
| Abstract: | The financialization of agricultural commodities and its impact on food security has become an increasing concern. This study empirically investigates the role of financialization in global food markets and its policy implications for a stable and secure food system. Using panel data regression models, moderating effects models, and panel regression with a threshold variable, we analyze wheat, maize, and soybean futures traded on the Chicago Board of Trade. We incorporate data on annual trading volume, open interest contracts, and their ratio. The sample consists of five developed countries (United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany) and seven developing countries (China, Russia, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Vietnam, Thailand), covering the period 2000 to 2021. The Human Development Index (HDI) serves as a threshold variable to differentiate the impact across countries. Our findings indicate that the financialization of agricultural commodities has negatively affected global food security, with wheat and soybean showing a greater adverse impact than maize. The effects are more pronounced in developing countries. Additionally, we find that monetary policy has the potential to mitigate these negative effects. These results provide insights for policymakers to design strategies that ensure a secure and accessible global food supply. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.05560 |
| By: | Rodriguez Takeuchi, Laura Kiku; Trzcinski, Kajetan Wladyslaw; Wai-Poi, Matthew Grant |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the distributive and poverty reducing effects of Vietnam’s fiscal system in 2018. The paper looks at the incidence across the distribution and the effect of (direct and indirect) taxes, subsidies, and social spending (in cash and in-kind) on inequality and poverty in Vietnam using the Commitment to Equity methodology. The overall pattern of taxes and transfers in Vietnam is moderately progressive, but most households pay more in taxes and co-payments than what they receive in cash benefits, and the fiscal system results in a small increase in poverty. The progressivity of the fiscal system and its inequality-reduction impact mostly comes from in-kind health and education spending. This reduction in inequality is about average for lower-middle-income countries, but Vietnam could do more to increase the progressivity of its fiscal system. |
| Date: | 2023–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10538 |
| By: | Le, Daniel |
| Abstract: | The subject of ethnic return migration has garnered growing attention within the realm of international migration research. While much of the existing literature has centered on the movement of individuals returning from low-income to high-income nations, this paper illuminates the inverse trajectory by scrutinizing the trend of second-generation, Western-born Vietnamese migrants who return to their ancestral country of Vietnam. Drawing on 32 in-depth interviews from participants from 11 different Western countries, the current online ethnography explores the phenomenon of ethnic return migration of the second generation. Through an analysis of the interplay between the birth home and ancestral home, identity and belonging, this paper elucidates the factors that both encourage and obstruct the ethnic return migration of Western-born Vietnamese migrants. |
| Date: | 2023–08–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ykjr9_v1 |
| By: | Seftyono, Cahyo |
| Abstract: | Handling the COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for all countries, including Indonesia. Each country has a strategy according to its capacity. Likewise, each region with various potentials and limitations in Indonesia creates different policy strategies. The elaboration of policy contextualization issues is explained through several concepts: scientific communication, evidence-based policy, the valley of death and policy innovation, and knowledge brokers and expert citizens. These key concepts are strengthened by literature research and qualitative-based field research complemented by surveys and interview to strengthen the argument. The handling of the pandemic study in Indonesia is complemented by information at the local level, which is considered capable of representing the picture of handling pandemics on a national scale. Researchers chose Depok City and Surakarta City as the locus of deepening information by surveiing the general public and health workers. Researchers also conducted in-depth interviews with science activists, health educators and health workers at the national level and in both cities. Two important things were found in this study. First, there are formal non-legal aspects in policy implementation that need to be accommodated to maximize a policy in addition to guidelines and rules. Grindle (2017) suggests that policy is not only about the regulation or text, but also highly context-dependent. Second, what is also important and has not been widely disclosed is the role of science communication in the policy. As Hoover (2018) and Zhang (2021) explain, the process of bridging science or research to policy is the critical role of good science communication in translating the ideas to be realized. Theoretically, the novelty in this research is the role of science communication which can bridge the implementation of contextual policies. The city of Depok and the city of Surakarta as representatives of Indonesia are better able to handle the pandemic well. The role of expert citizens is a node in optimizing their scientific communication, both to the government as policymakers directly to the public who must carry out these policies well, and through volunteer networks. Thus, the government and the public need to receive and construct scientific information both produced from scientific studies (hard science) and social humanities (soft science) as the basis for handling the pandemic. The attitude to handling the pandemic must be strengthened with collaborations across institutions and scientific backgrounds. |
| Date: | 2023–06–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:wm64a_v1 |
| By: | Antonio, Ronald Jeremy; Valera, Harold Glenn; Mishra, Ashok; Pede, Valerien; Yamano, Takashi; Vieira, Bernardo Oliva |
| Abstract: | In recent years, prices fertilizer, cereals and rice prices have increased significantly due to the Russia-Ukraine war and the export restrictions imposed by India. Thus resulting in higher rice prices in the Philippines. This paper examines the dynamic relationship between rice price inflation and key drivers in the Philippines by estimating a panel vector auto-regression model using monthly data from 1994 to 2023. We find evidence that the effect of world rice price shock is generally the larger and more persistent than the effects of other factors. We also find that movements in rice price inflation are explained by domestic fuel price shocks and to a lesser extent by the world urea price shocks. The impulse response functions driven by those three shocks vary over the sample, especially before a change in food policy such as the imposition of the rice tariffication in 2019. Further analysis suggests that El Niño Southern Oscillation shocks tend to induce an inflationary effect on rice prices in high-poverty and rice-sufficient regions. Our results have important food policy implications for rice markets, and offer timely insights into the desirability of current proposals to reduce rice prices for consumers and improve existing support for famers to boost rice production. |
| Keywords: | Panel data, consumer price index, input prices, weather, fuel price persistence shocks, commodities |
| JEL: | C23 E31 N35 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123641 |
| By: | Nakamura, Shohei; Abanokova, Ksenia; Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Takamatsu, Shinya; Pei, Chunchen; Prospere, Dilou |
| Abstract: | While urbanization has great potential to facilitate poverty reduction, climate shocks represent a looming threat to such upward mobility. This paper empirically analyzes the effects of climatic risks on the function of urban agglomerations to support poor households to escape from poverty. Combining household surveys with climatic datasets, the panel regression analysis for Chile, Colombia, and Indonesia finds that households in large metropolitan areas are more likely to escape from poverty, indicating better access to economic opportunities in those areas. However, the climate shocks offset such benefits of urban agglomerations, as extreme rainfalls and high flood risks significantly reduce the chance of upward mobility. The findings underscore the need to enhance resilience among the urban poor to allow them to fully utilize the benefits of urban agglomerations. |
| Date: | 2023–03–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10383 |
| By: | Granata, Julia; Moroz, Harry Edmund; Nga Thi Nguyen |
| Abstract: | This paper describes a new survey designed to collect comprehensive and granular information about required skills and tasks for detailed occupations in Vietnam. The Survey of Detailed Skills asks workers in Vietnam about their skills and tasks for a set of 30 occupations that are in demand or of strategic importance for economic growth. In doing so, the survey generates practical, detailed information at the occupation level that policy makers and practitioners can use to inform their efforts to build skills in Vietnam. The Survey of Detailed Skills makes several contributions. Most existing efforts to profile occupational skills and tasks in developing countries draw on data from other countries, most frequently the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) in the United States. However, recent research has shown that translating these data across countries via occupational crosswalks yields inaccurate results. The Survey of Detailed Skills is among the first surveys to collect detailed O*NET-type information at the detailed occupational level in a developing country setting. The collection of information about detailed skills means that these skills can be flexibly grouped into different categories (for example, socioemotional skills, digital skills, routine skills, and interpersonal skills) as needed. The use of a consistent scale anchored to the time spent using or performing a skill or task creates clarity for respondents while also yielding a measure of skill and task importance that is easily interpreted. The Survey of Detailed Skills requires outlays on administering the survey, and inclusion of all occupations in Vietnam with regular updating would require ongoing investment. |
| Date: | 2023–09–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10565 |
| By: | Ghose, Devaki; Montfaucon, Angella Faith Lapukeni |
| Abstract: | Using detailed monthly firm-level trade data from Indonesia from February 2019 to June 2021, this paper shows that firm-level exports were overall more resilient than imports during Covid-19. Firms that participated in global value chains were more resilient to the Covid-19 shock beyond the immediate short-run compared to firms that did not. However, among global value chain firms, those that faced certain types of non-tariff measures on their import products, notably port of entry restrictions, on average faced larger reductions in export quantities and number of transactions compared to firms that did not face such restrictions, consistent with the evidence of major port congestion during Covid-19. Therefore, although international connectedness could be a source of vulnerability to global shocks in the immediate short run, policies that enable firms to be more globally engaged through global value chains could enhance resilience. Relatedly, tackling measures such as port of entry restrictions can ensure fast and efficient port and customs procedures, especially during periods of high port congestion, as global value chain trade requires goods to cross borders many times. |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10514 |
| By: | Borin Keo; Bin Li; Waqas Younis |
| Abstract: | High trade costs pose substantial barriers to the process of trade liberalization. This study aims to measure trade costs and explore the driving forces behind the growth of bilateral trade between Cambodia and its top 30 trading partners from 1993 to 2019. Using a micro-founded measure of trade costs derived from the gravity model, we find that Cambodia's average trade costs decreased by 35.43 percent between 1993 and 2019. Fluctuations in average trade costs persisted until 2014, despite Cambodia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2004. Since then, these costs have declined more rapidly. Cambodia's bilateral trade costs are lower with its major trading partners in Southeast Asia and East Asia than with those in South Asia, Oceania, Europe, and North America. Cambodia's average trade costs with developing and emerging economies are lower than those with developed economies. Between 2014 and 2019, Cambodia experienced a notable decline in average trade costs with trading partners along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) corridors by 34.78 percent, twice as fast as with non-BRI trading partners. Regarding the decomposition of trade growth, we find that the expansion of Cambodian trade over the period from 1993 to 2019 was driven by three factors: the rise in income (59.65 percent), the decline in trade costs (56.69 percent), and the decline in multilateral resistance (minus 16.34 percent). The findings of this study have significant implications for a better understanding of Cambodia's development process toward global trade integration over the past two decades. Our results suggest that Cambodia can optimize its trade expansion potential by focusing on its relations with trading partners exhibiting high economic growth potential and those showing substantial reductions in trade costs. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.18916 |
| By: | Nie, Ou; Regelink, Martijn Gert Jan; Wang, Dieter |
| Abstract: | Climate change and environmental risks are increasingly recognized as a concern for financial authorities, yet empirical evidence of the damage for bank balance sheets is relatively scant. This paper provides preliminary estimates of the aggregate impact of physical risks from climate and environmental-related natural disasters on bank balance sheets across 184 countries over nearly 40 years. Using the local projection method, the analysis finds that severe disaster episodes lead to an increase in the level of systemwide non-performing loans, which is persistent over time. The paper complements the cross-country results with a country-specific example, which finds that typhoon damages lead to a significant increase in non-performing loans in the Philippines between 2011 and 2018. The results suggest a role for financial policy and supervision to monitor, assess, and mitigate climate and environmental related physical risks to the banking sector. |
| Date: | 2023–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10326 |
| By: | Ahsan, Md. Nazmul; Emran, M. Shahe; Shilpi, Forhad J. |
| Abstract: | From 1965 to 1985, the number of schools doubled in developing countries, but little is known about their impacts on intergenerational educational mobility. This paper studies the effects of 61, 000 public primary schools constructed in the 1970s in Indonesia on intergenerational educational mobility, using full-count census data and a difference-in-differences design. The educational mobility curve is concave in most cases, and school expansion reduced the degree of concavity. Evidence on primary completion suggests contrasting effects across the distribution: relative mobility improved irrespective of gender in the uneducated households, but it worsened in the highly educated households. For completed years of schooling, there are striking gender differences, with strong effects on sons, but no significant effects on girls. This surprising finding reflects an unintended bottleneck at the secondary schooling level which created fierce competition among the Inpres primary graduates. The girls suffered an 8.5 percentage points decline in the probability of completing senior secondary schooling, while the boys reaped a 7.7 percentage points gain. The gender-based crowding out occurred across the board, suggesting mechanisms unrelated to family background such as low labor market returns for girls and gender norms in a patrilineal society. Available evidence on returns to education of girls rejects a labor market-based explanation. The authors test and find evidence consistent with gender norms as a mechanism by exploiting data from the “Matrilineal island” West Sumatra. In West Sumatra, girls are not crowded out at the secondary level; instead, boys face significant crowding out. |
| Date: | 2023–04–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10418 |
| By: | Halim, Daniel Zefanya; Seetahul, Suneha |
| Abstract: | Work-related migration has many potential drivers. While current literature has outlined a theoretical framework of various “push-pull” factors affecting the likelihood of international migration, empirical papers are often constrained by the scarcity of detailed data on migration, especially in developing countries, and are forced to look at few of these factors in isolation. When detailed data is available, researchers may face arbitrary choices of which variables to include and how to sequence their inclusion. As male and female migrants tend to face occupational segregation, the determinants of migration likely differ by gender, which compounds these data challenges. To overcome these three issues, this paper uses a rich primary household survey among migrant communities in Indonesia and employs two supervised machine-learning methods to identify the top predictors of migration by gender: random forests and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator stability selection. The paper confirms some determinants established by earlier studies and reveals several additional ones, as well as identifies differences in predictors by gender. |
| Date: | 2023–04–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10396 |
| By: | Pede, Valerien; Valera, Harold Glenn; Mishra, Ashok; Balié, Jean |
| Abstract: | To meet the rice demand 2050, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) estimates that an extra 75 million tons of rice will need to be produced worldwide compared to 2020. This represents a substantial leap forward when rice yields are plateauing in most countries. Several factors are likely to drive the supply response, including the actual surface planted to rice when the competition for land is fierce, the extent of adoption of high-yielding varieties when variety turnover has remained low, farmer's access to and price of inputs especially fertilizers as the price of fossil energy soars, rapidly changing consumers preference with a growing rice market segmentation that calls for shorter and more responsive value chains, evolving public incentives to address production but also consumption environmental policy objectives, and the more or less rapid integration of rice market in Asia but also the rice market outlook in Africa. Authors borrow from foresight methods and rely on quantitative models such as the IRRI Global Rice Model (IGRM) to analyze projections in terms of supply, demand, trade, and prices. Under the climate change adaptation and mitigation imperative, the paper also discusses the likely tradeoffs between food and nutrition security and methane emission reduction and higher water use efficiency in Asian rice-based agri-food systems. |
| Keywords: | Rice, food security, foresight, Asia |
| JEL: | Q11 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123639 |
| By: | Ahmed Khalid (Department of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan); Bruno Jetin (ACT - Analyse des Crises et Transitions - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This is an Open Access book. The international political economy is confronted by a number of overlapping crises. These include the climate emergency, rapid technological advancement, the high volume of globalised trade and financial flows, cross-border labour movement, rising inequality, geopolitical tensions, and frequent economic crises and natural disasters. Many developing countries are going through a period of urgent transformation and transition to adopt new policies to cope with such challenges and achieve and maintain sustainable and inclusive socioeconomic development. This path-breaking volume explores the issues shaping the response of Brunei Darussalam, long dependent on its oil and gas sector, to these challenges. The discussions presented here are framed by the notion of ‘development in transition'—a mix of well-designed policies driven by timely implementation, enforcement and monitoring, as well as international cooperation to ensure sustainable development and distribution of benefits on an equitable basis. Through fine-grained analyses of key economic sectors—including natural resources, employment patterns, financial services, global value chains, international trade, tourism and the role of the public sector—the contributors offer a critical assessment of Brunei's policy responses. This transitional policy mix is situated in relation to the overarching development strategy called Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035), which broadly maps onto the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. Academic scholars, university students and others interested in the study of contemporary Brunei and broader questions of economic transition in Asia will find this volume an invaluable resource for a deeper understanding of how development paths and priorities are being managed to meet pressing global and local challenges. |
| Abstract: | Il s'agit d'un ouvrage en libre accès. L'économie politique internationale est confrontée à un certain nombre de crises qui se chevauchent. Il s'agit notamment de l'urgence climatique, des progrès technologiques rapides, du volume élevé des échanges commerciaux et des flux financiers mondialisés, des mouvements de main-d'œuvre transfrontaliers, de la montée des inégalités, des tensions géopolitiques et des crises économiques et catastrophes naturelles fréquentes. De nombreux pays en développement traversent une période de transformation et de transition urgente pour adopter de nouvelles politiques afin de faire face à ces défis et d'atteindre et de maintenir un développement socio-économique durable et inclusif. Ce volume novateur explore les questions qui façonnent la réponse du Brunei Darussalam, longtemps dépendant de son secteur pétrolier et gazier, à ces défis. Les discussions présentées ici sont encadrées par la notion de « développement en transition » – un mélange de politiques bien conçues, guidées par une mise en œuvre, une application et un suivi opportuns, ainsi que par une coopération internationale pour assurer un développement durable et une répartition des bénéfices sur une base équitable. À travers des analyses détaillées des principaux secteurs économiques – notamment les ressources naturelles, les modèles d'emploi, les services financiers, les chaînes de valeur mondiales, le commerce international, le tourisme et le rôle du secteur public – les auteurs proposent une évaluation critique des réponses politiques du Brunei. Ce mix de politiques de transition s'inscrit dans la stratégie de développement globale appelée Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035), qui s'inscrit dans les grandes lignes dans le cadre des objectifs de développement durable à l'horizon 2030 de l'Agenda 2030 des Nations Unies. Les universitaires, les étudiants et les autres personnes intéressées par l'étude du Brunei contemporain et les questions plus larges de la transition économique en Asie trouveront dans cet ouvrage une ressource inestimable pour mieux comprendre comment les voies et les priorités de développement sont gérées pour répondre aux défis mondiaux et locaux urgents. |
| Abstract: | Ini adalah buku Akses Terbuka. Ekonomi politik internasional dihadapkan pada sejumlah krisis yang saling tumpang tindih. Krisis-krisis ini meliputi darurat iklim, kemajuan teknologi yang pesat, tingginya volume perdagangan global dan arus keuangan, pergerakan buruh lintas batas, meningkatnya ketimpangan, ketegangan geopolitik, serta krisis ekonomi dan bencana alam yang sering terjadi. Banyak negara berkembang sedang menjalani periode transformasi dan transisi yang mendesak untuk mengadopsi kebijakan-kebijakan baru guna mengatasi tantangan-tantangan tersebut dan mencapai serta mempertahankan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang berkelanjutan dan inklusif. Volume yang inovatif ini mengeksplorasi isu-isu yang membentuk respons Brunei Darussalam, yang telah lama bergantung pada sektor minyak dan gasnya, terhadap tantangan-tantangan ini. Pembahasan-pembahasan yang disajikan di sini dibingkai oleh gagasan 'pembangunan dalam transisi'—campuran kebijakan-kebijakan yang dirancang dengan baik yang didorong oleh implementasi, penegakan, dan pemantauan yang tepat waktu, serta kerja sama internasional untuk memastikan pembangunan berkelanjutan dan distribusi manfaat secara adil. Melalui analisis mendalam terhadap sektor-sektor ekonomi utama—termasuk sumber daya alam, pola ketenagakerjaan, layanan keuangan, rantai nilai global, perdagangan internasional, pariwisata, dan peran sektor publik—para kontributor menawarkan penilaian kritis terhadap respons kebijakan Brunei. Campuran kebijakan transisi ini terkait dengan strategi pembangunan menyeluruh yang disebut Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Visi Brunei 2035), yang secara luas memetakan Agenda PBB 2030 untuk Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Cendekiawan akademis, mahasiswa, dan pihak lain yang tertarik pada studi tentang Brunei kontemporer dan pertanyaan yang lebih luas tentang transisi ekonomi di Asia akan menganggap volume ini sebagai sumber yang sangat berharga untuk pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang bagaimana jalur dan prioritas pembangunan dikelola untuk memenuhi tantangan global dan lokal yang mendesak. |
| Abstract: | Ini ialah buku Akses Terbuka. Ekonomi politik antarabangsa berhadapan dengan beberapa krisis yang bertindih. Ini termasuk kecemasan iklim, kemajuan teknologi pesat, jumlah perdagangan global dan aliran kewangan yang tinggi, pergerakan buruh rentas sempadan, ketidaksamaan yang semakin meningkat, ketegangan geopolitik, dan krisis ekonomi dan bencana alam yang kerap. Banyak negara membangun sedang melalui tempoh transformasi dan peralihan segera untuk menerima pakai dasar baharu bagi menghadapi cabaran tersebut dan mencapai serta mengekalkan pembangunan sosioekonomi yang mampan dan inklusif. Jumlah pemecah laluan ini meneroka isu yang membentuk respons Negara Brunei Darussalam, yang telah lama bergantung kepada sektor minyak dan gasnya, terhadap cabaran ini. Perbincangan yang dibentangkan di sini dirangka oleh tanggapan 'pembangunan dalam peralihan'—campuran dasar yang direka bentuk dengan baik didorong oleh pelaksanaan tepat pada masanya, penguatkuasaan dan pemantauan, serta kerjasama antarabangsa untuk memastikan pembangunan mampan dan pengagihan faedah secara saksama. Melalui analisis terperinci sektor ekonomi utama—termasuk sumber asli, corak pekerjaan, perkhidmatan kewangan, rantaian nilai global, perdagangan antarabangsa, pelancongan dan peranan sektor awam—penyumbang menawarkan penilaian kritikal terhadap tindak balas dasar Brunei. Campuran dasar peralihan ini terletak berhubung dengan strategi pembangunan menyeluruh yang dipanggil Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Wawasan Brunei 2035), yang secara amnya dipetakan ke Agenda 2030 Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan. Cendekiawan akademik, pelajar universiti dan lain-lain yang berminat dalam kajian Brunei kontemporari dan persoalan yang lebih luas tentang peralihan ekonomi di Asia akan mendapati jilid ini sebagai sumber yang tidak ternilai untuk pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang bagaimana laluan pembangunan dan keutamaan diuruskan untuk menghadapi cabaran global dan tempatan yang mendesak. |
| Keywords: | Brunei Darussalam, Economic development, social development, demographics, History, Geopolitics, China, tourism, Economic diversification, Ressource curse, Rentier State |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04965913 |
| By: | Cali, Massimiliano; Presidente, Giorgio |
| Abstract: | This paper unveils a novel externality of product market regulation in the labor market. It shows theoretically and empirically that higher barriers to entry in product markets translate into higher employers’ labor market power, measured by the wage markdown—the ratio between the marginal product of labor and the wage. The literature suggests that this wedge can distort factor allocation, resulting in lower aggregate output and employment, but also in higher inequality through a reduction in the labor share of national output. Using variation in investment restrictions across 346 manufacturing product markets in Indonesia, the analysis finds that wage markdowns increase by 25 percent in product markets that become subject to investment restrictions. The result is rationalized using a simple oligopsony model in which higher entry costs reduce the equilibrium number of firms, thereby limiting employment options for workers and, hence, their labor market power. Instrumental variable estimates support the model’s prediction that lower entry is the main driver of the positive relationship between investment restrictions and wage markdowns. |
| Date: | 2023–03–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10388 |
| By: | Karamba, R. Wendy; Myck, Michal; Trzcinski, Kajetan Wladyslaw; Tong, Kimsun |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the short-term impact of fiscal policy, and its individual elements, on poverty and inequality in Cambodia as of 2019. It applies the Commitment to Equity methodology to data from the Cambodia Socio-economic Survey of 2019/20 and fiscal administrative data from various government ministries, departments, and agencies for the assessment. The study presents among the first empirical evidence on the impact of taxes and social spending on households in Cambodia. The study finds that: (i) Cambodia’s 2019 fiscal system reduces inequality by 0.95 Gini index points, with the largest reduction in inequality created by in-kind transfers from spending on primary education; (ii) while Cambodia’s fiscal system reduces inequality, the degree of inequality reduction is small in international comparison; and (iii) low-income households pay more in indirect taxes than they receive in cash benefits in the short term to offset the burden. As a result, the number of poor and vulnerable individuals who, in the short term, experience net cash subtractions from their incomes is greater than the number of poor and vulnerable individuals who experience net additions. Fiscal policy can deliver more net benefits to poor and vulnerable households through expanding social assistance spending. Cambodia has embarked on this expansion during the coronavirus pandemic, bringing it closer in line with comparators. |
| Date: | 2023–09–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10570 |
| By: | Ahmed M Khalid (Department of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan); Bruno Jetin (ACT - Analyse des Crises et Transitions - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This chapter provides a summary of the contributions in this book. One key argument presented throughout is that economies going through a transitional phase face several challenges such as rising unemployment, a lack of entrepreneurial and innovative skills, a dearth of expertise in economic planning and management and more. The recent economic changes experienced by Brunei Darussalam are driven by a structural transformation that occurs in all emerging countries during their development process. This shifting global Asia offers many opportunities for growth if Brunei accelerates policy implementation to innovate and diversify its economy. This is necessary to meet the challenges of the energy transition and the digital economy that are propelled by shocks like climate change and global pandemics. Brunei must also be ready for a demographic change, and invest in and modernise its education system to provide young people with the new skills that companies need. The contributions provide clear evidence that Brunei is increasingly committed to taking on the responsibility of being a more productive state. Oil and gas rents, which are an important driver of the long-run economic growth process, have been increasingly used to finance diversification and socioeconomic development, including generous welfare benefits. This chapter highlights certain niche areas, such as the development of financial sector including a focus on Islamic finance, strengthening agritourism, the services sector, an efficient public sector and more vibrant business sector, which are all key to the future success of Brunei and its ability to meet the anticipated targets as set out in Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035). |
| Abstract: | Ce chapitre résume les contributions de cet ouvrage. L'un des principaux arguments avancés tout au long de ce chapitre est que les économies traversant une phase de transition sont confrontées à plusieurs défis tels que la hausse du chômage, le manque de compétences entrepreneuriales et innovantes, le manque d'expertise en planification et gestion économiques, etc. Les récents changements économiques qu'a connus le Brunei Darussalam sont motivés par une transformation structurelle qui se produit dans tous les pays émergents au cours de leur processus de développement. Cette Asie mondiale en mutation offre de nombreuses opportunités de croissance si le Brunei accélère la mise en œuvre de politiques visant à innover et à diversifier son économie. Cela est nécessaire pour relever les défis de la transition énergétique et de l'économie numérique, propulsés par des chocs tels que le changement climatique et les pandémies mondiales. Le Brunei doit également se préparer à un changement démographique et investir dans son système éducatif et le moderniser pour fournir aux jeunes les nouvelles compétences dont les entreprises ont besoin. Les contributions démontrent clairement que le Brunei est de plus en plus déterminé à assumer la responsabilité d'être un État plus productif. Les rentes pétrolières et gazières, qui sont un moteur important du processus de croissance économique à long terme, sont de plus en plus utilisées pour financer la diversification et le développement socio-économique, y compris des prestations sociales généreuses. Ce chapitre met en évidence certains domaines de niche, tels que le développement du secteur financier, notamment en mettant l'accent sur la finance islamique, le renforcement de l'agritourisme, le secteur des services, un secteur public efficace et un secteur des affaires plus dynamique, qui sont tous essentiels au succès futur du Brunei et à sa capacité à atteindre les objectifs prévus tels qu'énoncés dans Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035). |
| Date: | 2025–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04965841 |
| By: | Klein, Thilo |
| Abstract: | Microcredit, a financial tool providing uncollateralized loans to low-income individuals, has seen a shift from joint-liability (JL) to individual liabil- ity (IL) lending models. This article tests a theory explaining this shift, focusing on borrowers matching into groups exposed to similar economic shocks under JL, diminishing its effectiveness. I reconcile conflicting theo- retical predictions and propose an empirical strategy to distinguish adverse selection from moral hazard effects. Using data from Thailand, I find that increasing diversity within borrower groups leads to a 10 percentage point improvement in timely repayment. These results inform contract design and strategies to reduce information asymmetries in lending practices |
| Keywords: | microcredit, joint liability, diversification, market design, stable matching, endogeneity, selection model, agriculture, Thailand |
| JEL: | C11 C31 C34 C36 C78 C57 D02 D47 D82 G21 O16 Q14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312189 |
| By: | Bruno Jetin (ACT - Analyse des Crises et Transitions - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord); Ahmed Khalid (Department of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan) |
| Abstract: | The global economy is experiencing a major transformation which requires countries, specifically developing countries, to adopt new policies for economic development. Many developing economies need policies to cope with the emerging challenges of environmental change, technological revolution, the high volume of globalised trade and financial flows, cross-border labour movement, rising inequality, and frequent occurrences of economic crises and natural disasters. The United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) suggests that economic development should have a multidimensional context that includes economic, social and environmental aspects and not just income. Given the recent trends of globalisation, such development is also linked to regional and global factors. Although the development experience of some emerging economies since the 1990s suggests that the fast pace of economic reforms has led to high gross domestic product (GDP) growth, the benefits are not equally distributed. As a consequence, the notion of ‘development in transition' (DiT) requires not only a mix of well-designed policies but also timely implementation, enforcement and monitoring of such policies, as well as international cooperation to ensure sustainable development and distribution of benefits on an equitable basis. This introductory chapter discusses the evolution of development models suggested in the literature and practised by developing countries. It then provides an overview of Brunei Darussalam's transitions towards development. Finally, it presents a summary of all the chapters in this volume. The deliberations suggest that more commitments towards policy implementation would help the country achieve the targets set out in its Wawasan Brunei 2035 development blueprint. |
| Abstract: | L'économie mondiale connaît une transformation majeure qui oblige les pays, en particulier les pays en développement, à adopter de nouvelles politiques de développement économique. De nombreuses économies en développement ont besoin de politiques pour faire face aux nouveaux défis que sont le changement environnemental, la révolution technologique, le volume élevé des échanges commerciaux et des flux financiers mondialisés, les mouvements de main-d'œuvre transfrontaliers, la montée des inégalités et la fréquence des crises économiques et des catastrophes naturelles. L'Agenda 2030 des Nations Unies pour les Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) suggère que le développement économique doit s'inscrire dans un contexte multidimensionnel qui inclut les aspects économiques, sociaux et environnementaux et pas seulement les revenus. Compte tenu des tendances récentes de la mondialisation, ce développement est également lié à des facteurs régionaux et mondiaux. Bien que l'expérience de développement de certaines économies émergentes depuis les années 1990 suggère que le rythme rapide des réformes économiques a conduit à une forte croissance du produit intérieur brut (PIB), les bénéfices ne sont pas répartis de manière égale. En conséquence, la notion de « développement en transition » (DTT) requiert non seulement un mélange de politiques bien conçues, mais aussi une mise en œuvre, une application et un suivi opportuns de ces politiques, ainsi qu'une coopération internationale pour assurer un développement durable et une répartition équitable des bénéfices. Ce chapitre introductif examine l'évolution des modèles de développement suggérés dans la littérature et pratiqués par les pays en développement. Il donne ensuite un aperçu des transitions du Brunei Darussalam vers le développement. Enfin, il présente un résumé de tous les chapitres de ce volume. Les délibérations suggèrent que davantage d'engagements en faveur de la mise en œuvre des politiques aideraient le pays à atteindre les objectifs fixés dans son plan de développement Wawasan Brunei 2035. |
| Keywords: | Brunei Darussalam, economic development, Asia, globalisation |
| Date: | 2025–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04965807 |
| By: | Crawford, Michael F.; Rutkowski, David Joseph; Rutkowski, Leslie Ann |
| Abstract: | This paper provides results from the randomized control trial project, Promoting Development and Home Reading of Supplementary Texts for Young Readers in Cambodia. One control and three treatment groups were assessed on how literacy and reading habits changed when households were provided a variety of high-quality and low-cost early reading materials along with varying degrees of encouragement toward building better reading habits. The findings show that providing books in isolation was not enough. Rather, books in conjunction with a network of reading supports was found to be an effective means to boost reading outcomes, including reading proficiency measures, frequency of reading, and attitudes toward reading. The results highlight the need for at-home reading materials in poor households as an integral step to improve early reading. |
| Date: | 2023–04–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10416 |
| By: | Bruno Jetin (ACT - Analyse des Crises et Transitions - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This chapter looks at the growing mismatch between the labour force and employment in Brunei Darussalam and the policies that could lead to a better fit. The discussion is conducted from an international perspective to better understand the problems common to countries abundant in natural resources and the specificities of Brunei. Section 4.2 starts with an analysis of the demographic trends which shows that the labour force will peak around 2030 and decline slowly afterwards. Unemployment will get less severe in the long term. However, the total dependency rate will become more acute, which raises the issue of financing the social cost of an ageing population. In Sect. 4.3, we describe the highly segmented job structure that has been shaped by the Bruneian growth regime and the social context it has created. We look at unemployment and underutilisation of the labour force and show that labour market segmentation is one of their root causes. Section 4.4 is dedicated to a second driver of unemployment: the lack of diversification of the economy, despite the long-standing efforts of the Brunei government. We conclude with a discussion of the policies that could be adopted to contribute to better diversification of the economy that turns its small size into the basis for a new sustainable growth regime. |
| Abstract: | Ce chapitre examine l'inadéquation croissante entre la main-d'œuvre et l'emploi au Brunei Darussalam et les politiques qui pourraient conduire à une meilleure adéquation. La discussion est menée dans une perspective internationale pour mieux comprendre les problèmes communs aux pays abondants en ressources naturelles et les spécificités du Brunei. La section 4.2 commence par une analyse des tendances démographiques qui montre que la main-d'œuvre atteindra un pic vers 2030 et diminuera lentement par la suite. Le chômage deviendra moins grave à long terme. Cependant, le taux de dépendance totale deviendra plus aigu, ce qui soulève la question du financement du coût social d'une population vieillissante. Dans la section 4.3, nous décrivons la structure d'emploi très segmentée qui a été façonnée par le régime de croissance brunéien et le contexte social qu'il a créé. Nous examinons le chômage et la sous-utilisation de la main-d'œuvre et montrons que la segmentation du marché du travail est l'une de leurs causes profondes. La section 4.4 est consacrée à un deuxième facteur de chômage : le manque de diversification de l'économie, malgré les efforts de longue date du gouvernement du Brunei. Nous concluons par une discussion sur les politiques qui pourraient être adoptées pour contribuer à une meilleure diversification de l'économie qui transforme sa petite taille en base d'un nouveau régime de croissance durable. |
| Date: | 2025–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04965740 |
| By: | Halim, Daniel Zefanya; Hambali, Sean; Purnamasari, Ririn Salwa |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesia’s labor market by exploiting the exogeneous timing of the pandemic in a seasonal difference-in-differences framework. The analysis uses multiple rounds of Indonesia’s National Labor Force Survey from 2016 to 2020 to establish a pre-pandemic employment trend and then attribute any excess difference in employment outcomes from this trend as the estimated effect of the pandemic on individual employment outcomes. The results suggest that the pandemic has had mixed effects on the Indonesian labor market. While the pandemic has narrowed the gender gaps in employment participation through the “added worker effect” among women, it has also lowered the overall employment quality among both gender groups. The findings show that the increase in female employment is primarily driven by women in rural areas without high school education, entering informal work, agricultural employment, or unpaid family work. For men, the pandemic has had adverse impacts on their employment across the board in all sub-populations. Consistent with findings from other studies, steeper employment declines are observed in urban areas, particularly among males. Among those employed, both women and men work fewer hours and earn lower wages. |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10337 |
| By: | Hasanbasri, Ardina Roosiany; Kilic, Talip; Koolwal, Gayatri B.; Moylan, Heather G. |
| Abstract: | Over the past decade, national statistical offices in low- and middle-income countries have increasingly transitioned to computer-assisted personal interviewing and computer-assisted telephone interviewing for the implementation of household surveys. The byproducts of these types of data collection are survey paradata, which can unlock objective, module- and question-specific, actionable insights on respondent burden, survey costs, and interviewer effects. This study does precisely that, using paradata generated by the Survey Solutions computer-assisted personal interviewing platform in recent national household surveys implemented by the national statistical offices in Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Across countries, the average household interview, based on a socioeconomic household questionnaire, ranges from 82 to 120 minutes, while the average interview with an adult household member, based on a multi-topic individual questionnaire, takes between 13 to 25 minutes. Using a multilevel model that is estimated for each household and individual questionnaire module, the paper shows that interviewer effects on module duration are significantly larger than the estimates from high-income contexts. Food consumption, household roster, and non-farm enterprises consistently emerge among the top five household questionnaire modules in terms of total variance in duration, with 5 to 50 percent of the variability being attributable to interviewers. Similarly, labor, health, and land ownership appear among the top five individual questionnaire modules in terms of total variance in duration, with 6 to 50 percent of the variability being attributable to interviewers. These findings, particularly by module, point to where additional interviewer training, fieldwork supervision, and data quality monitoring may be needed in future surveys. |
| Date: | 2023–05–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10456 |
| By: | Montfaucon, Angella Faith Lapukeni; Senelwa, Victor Kidake; Doarest, Aufa |
| Abstract: | The Indonesian government implemented comprehensive investment reforms in 2021 to encourage investment inflows and related positive impacts. Compared to the previous investment regulation in 2016, the new decree removed foreign direct investment restrictions in over 500 business activities. By estimating the difference in difference in difference event study model, this paper empirically assesses the response in (realized and planned) foreign direct investment and realized domestic direct investment to the reforms. The paper also assesses whether there was growth in investments in fully liberalized sectors linked to Sustainable Development Goals as a proxy for the quality of investment. The results suggest that the investment reforms were associated with increases in realized foreign direct investment, realized direct domestic investment, and planned foreign direct investment, especially in fully liberalized sectors, while there was a decline in all three types of investments in the non-liberalized sectors. The results for planned foreign direct investment suggest that the increase in fully liberalized sectors is likely to continue. The results on direct domestic investment suggest a possible crowding-in effect. Among the fully liberalized sectors, the base metal industry was a key driver of growth, and s ectors linked to Sustainable Development Goals sectors had mixed results. The findings provide suggestive evidence of the complementary effect of trade reforms, although the analysis does not specify which of the several reforms may have led to the increase. These results are robust when the possible effects of Covid-19 recovery and other macroeconomic factors are controlled for. These results are also robust to alternative event study models. Further analysis would be needed to observe the trajectory in both the quality and quantity of investment going forward, the distributional effects and the needed complementary reforms to ensure sustainable gains beyond the short run. |
| Date: | 2023–06–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10478 |
| By: | Wong, Kang Li |
| Abstract: | Functional motivations are closely linked to important volunteer outcomes, yet more socio-political forms of civic participation (CP) besides volunteering are growing. There is little attention on the applicability of functional motivations to such CP, including in disasters. Using a critical realist grounded theory methodology, 39 in-depth interviews were conducted with Singapore residents who had engaged in a diverse range of CP before and during COVID-19. A key mechanism, Individual Identity Integration, was found to relate to functional motivations. Overlapping functions were found, but there are differences in how these functions were fulfilled depending on the nature of the person’s engagement. Perceived accessibility, the subjective mental state about one’s potential to engage, mediated the effectuation of motivations in actual engagement. COVID-19 contributed to CP by fulfilling functions for personal coping and increasing perceived accessibility. These theoretical developments inform policy and research agenda in understanding and leveraging CP. |
| Date: | 2023–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:upw43_v1 |