|
on South East Asia |
| By: | afandi, syed agung |
| Abstract: | Luasnya hutan Indonesia serta lemahnya kapasitas politik pemerintah telah menyebabkan eksploitasi secara masif. Dalam konteks ini laju deforestasi tidak terbendung. Negara tidak mampu melakukan upaya pencegahan secara efektif sekalipun dampak yang ditimbulkan sudah sangat luas. Secara keseluruhan, deforestasi serta kabut asap telah merampas banyak ruang dan keadilan bagi seluruh mahluk hidup. |
| Date: | 2023–03–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:yjt7c_v1 |
| By: | Nobumichi Teramura (Universiti Brunei Darussalam); Luke Nottage (The University of Sidney); Bruno Jetin (Universiti Brunei Darussalam, CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | In parallel with their strong economic growth, Asian jurisdictions have scaled up campaigns against bribery and other illegal misconduct by foreign investors by adopting international anti-corruption frameworks. Nonetheless, corruption remains common in many places and there is also still a lack of consensus on the influence of corruption and illegality over foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as in investor–state arbitration cases. There is also a paucity of literature considering how Asian countries have dealt with such serious misconduct by foreign investors. The foregoing chapters have started to fill the gaps, finding that there are some ‘Asian approaches' to corruption and bribery in investment arbitrations: some individual jurisdictions have started to address the issues of corruption and illegality through treaty (re)drafting and/or investment disputes. However, a uniform Asian approach towards corruption and illegality in investment arbitration has not yet been established. Thus, this chapter proposes a roadmap for a more harmonised regional approach to corruption and illegality in Asian investment arbitration. It recommends that Asia should (1) establish a forum for all jurisdictions to discuss corruption and other serious misconduct involved in FDI, (2) develop more unified rules on corruption and illegality specifically in Asian investment arbitration and (3) consider creating an independent institution or permanent court to better handle Asian investment disputes—not necessarily limited to allegations of corruption and illegality. |
| Keywords: | Corruption, Bribery, International trade and investment agreements, Arbitration, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04554334 |
| By: | Gunawan, Ce |
| Abstract: | Teknologi digital telah mengubah kehidupan manusia di berbagai bidang dan mengikis kehidupan konvensional, salah satunya dalam hal mencari informasi. Hal ini memicu anggapan penting bagi pengusaha Indonesia bahwa media digital akan mengikis media konvensional dan perlunya untuk bertransformasi dari konvensional ke media digital. Perkembangan Teknologi digital mengubah gaya hidup masyarakat secara umum, dapat dilihat dari perubahan perilaku masyarakat, termasuk cara pembelian barang dan jasa, baik yang dilakukan secara online untuk meningkatkan pelayanan, efektifitas, kecepatan, maupun dari segi keamanan untuk memberikan kemudahan. bagi nasabah Hal tersebut memnicu usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah (UMKM) untuk beralih ke digital. |
| Date: | 2023–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:67wud_v1 |
| By: | Lontoh, Syaronika Patricia |
| Abstract: | Ketimpangan sosial ekonomi antara pedesaan dan perkotaan merupakan isu kompleks yang terus terjadi di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Ketidakseimbangan dalam distribusi sumber daya, akses layanan publik, dan peluang ekonomi menyebabkan perbedaan signifikan antara kualitas hidup masyarakat pedesaan dan perkotaan. Masyarakat perkotaan cenderung memiliki akses yang lebih baik terhadap infrastruktur, pendidikan, kesehatan, dan lapangan kerja, sementara masyarakat pedesaan sering terhambat oleh keterbatasan ini. Kondisi ini memicu migrasi dari desa ke kota, namun memperburuk masalah pengangguran di perkotaan dan depopulasi di pedesaan. Untuk mengurangi ketimpangan ini, diperlukan kebijakan inklusif yang fokus pada pemerataan pembangunan melalui investasi di sektor pendidikan, kesehatan, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi lokal di wilayah pedesaan. Hal ini bertujuan agar pertumbuhan ekonomi dapat dirasakan secara merata oleh seluruh masyarakat. |
| Date: | 2023–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:sfzak_v1 |
| By: | , Anwar; , Suhadarliyah; , Mariana; rahmawati, christina heti tri; Amelia, Dahlia; Fariantin, Erviva; Murjana, I Made; , Faisol; , Sushardi; Gunawan, Ce |
| Abstract: | Kegiatan wirausaha berbasis UMKM memberikan kontribusi bagi pertumbuhan perekonomian Indonesia. Selain sebagai jaring pengaman masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah, UMKM nyatanya juga membantu pemerintah dalam memperluas kesempatan dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Namun demikian masih banyak masyarakat yang kurang memahami bagaimana cara berwirausaha, mulai dari persiapan usaha, bentuk pengelolaan, hingga beberapa aspek legalitas usaha yang perlu diperhatikan. Menjawab hal di atas, maka buku ini hadir untuk membantu para pembacanya yang ingin memahami konseptual dasar kewirausahaan dalam lingkup UMKM dengan pembahasan yang lugas dan mudah dipahami. Adapun isi pembahasan dalam buku ini terdiri dari 15 bab yang saling terhubung, yaitu: Pengenalan Kewirausahaan dan UMKM; Analisis Pasar dan Pemahaman Pelanggan; Menyusun Perencanaan Bisnis; Manajemen Sumber Daya Modal dan Kerja; Pemasaran dan Promosi untuk UMKM; Dasar Manajemen Produksi dan Operasional; Dasar-dasar Manajemen Keuangan; Pembuatan Produk dan Inovasi; Manajemen Risiko dan Mitigasi; Pemanfaatan Website dan E-Commerce; Pengembangan Kompetensi Kewirausahaan; Pengembangan Bisnis dan Ekspansi Pasar; Networking dan Kerjasama Bisnis; Legalitas dan Perlindungan Hukum untuk UMKM; Pemberdayaan Ekonomi dan Perempuan dalam UMKM. |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:mpc3t_v1 |
| By: | Bruno Jetin (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jamel Saadaoui (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Haingo Ratiarison |
| Abstract: | This chapter looks at the effect of corruption on foreign direct investment (FDI) at the world and regional levels, with a focus on East, South and Southeast Asia. The academic literature is inconclusive because the nature of corruption can be different from one country to another and because various other factors can decide whether a foreign company will invest in a country or region despite a relatively high level of corruption. To shed light on the effect of corruption, the authors proceed to a panel econometrics investigation that assesses the relationship between the stock of FDI and the ‘control of corruption', published by the World Bank, for a sample of 180 countries over the period 2002–2019. The ‘control of corruption' index combines 23 different assessments and surveys capturing perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gains. A low score means that the authorities do not fight corruption or are not effective in fighting it, and therefore corruption is high; and vice versa. The authors include two control variables (real GDP and secondary school enrolment) to better estimate the specific role of corruption. Their results show that at the world level, the control of corruption is low and has a positive effect on FDI, which means that corruption is a stimulus to FDI, in line with Egger and Winner's findings. However, in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand, corruption has a ‘grabbing hand' effect. In the European Union, corruption is a helping hand. The authors' results confirm the importance of a regional approach to the analysis of the effect of corruption on FDI. |
| Keywords: | Foreign Direct Investments FDI, Corruption, Control of Corruption, Helping Hand, Grabbing Hand, Region, Asia, Pacific, Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Australia, New Zealand, European Union, Panel Econometrics, Fixed Effects |
| Date: | 2024–04–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04553636 |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The article analyzes IAEA's nuclear infrastructure development framework in the context of Vietnam restarting its nuclear program. The framework comprises 19 infrastructure elements developed through 3 milestones. The author compares this process to temple construction, requiring solid foundations and careful architecture. It assesses Vietnam's progress before the 2016 project suspension and current conditions, proposing 6 specific steps for systematically restarting the program. |
| Abstract: | L'article analyse le cadre de développement des infrastructures nucléaires de l'AIEA dans le contexte du redémarrage du programme vietnamien. Le cadre comprend 19 éléments d'infrastructure à développer à travers 3 jalons. L'auteur compare ce processus à la construction d'un temple, nécessitant des fondations solides et une architecture soignée. Il évalue les progrès du Vietnam avant la suspension du projet en 2016 et les conditions actuelles, proposant 6 étapes spécifiques pour relancer systématiquement le programme. |
| Abstract: | Bài báo phân tích khung phát triển hạ tầng điện hạt nhân của IAEA trong bối cảnh Việt Nam tái khởi động dự án này. Khung này gồm 19 yếu tố hạ tầng cần phát triển qua 3 cột mốc. Tác giả so sánh tiến trình này với việc xây dựng một ngôi đền, đòi hỏi nền móng vững chắc và kiến trúc cẩn thận. Bài viết đánh giá tiến độ của Việt Nam trước khi dừng dự án năm 2016 và các điều kiện hiện tại, đề xuất 6 bước cụ thể để tái khởi động chương trình một cách có hệ thống. |
| Date: | 2024–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04875078 |
| By: | Al Saqib Majumder, Abdullah |
| Abstract: | Mortality and economic consequences during the 1968 H3N2 Influenza pandemic provide plausible lower bounds for outcomes under the coronavirus (COVID-19). Data for the H3N2 pandemic mortality rate in the United States imply deaths of around 361, 000 when applied to current US population. We evaluate the 1968 H3N2 Influenza pandemic’s economic effects in the United States, using annual economic indicator data for the country from 1961-1990. Using excess mortality rate as a proxy for the severity of the pandemic and Vietnam war mortality rate as a proxy for the effects of war, we find that the pandemic is associated with decline in net exports while Vietnam war is associated with decline in unemployment, private consumption and total factor productivity. Our main findings highlight the different nature of war and pandemic and reveals economic mechanisms of pandemic diffusion. |
| Date: | 2024–11–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:n2kd9_v1 |
| By: | Allen , Emma (Asian Development Bank); Leuangkhamsing , Soulinthone (Asian Development Bank); Rola-Rubzen, Maria Fay (University of Western Australia); Sarmiento , Jon Marx (University of the Philippines); Zafar , Omer (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Two-thirds of people in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic live in rural areas, yet agriculture contributes less than one-fifth of gross domestic product. As such, farm incomes remain low and many lack access to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and risk falling into poverty and food insecurity. Food insecurity has risen to as many as one-in-ten households, with most food-insecure households dependent on rice farming and lacking educational attainment. Gender, household size, and livelihood are also important determinants in whether one is food insecure. Long-term food security challenges relate to agricultural productivity, market infrastructure, and climate factors. In addition, food security is diminished by macroeconomic instability that has elevated inflation and limited fiscal space for investing in health and education services which manifests in high rates of malnutrition. This multidimensional challenge calls for integrated solutions that strengthen foundations for a food and nutrition secure future. |
| Keywords: | food security; Lao PDR; availability; accessibility; utilization; stability; agency and sustainability; recommendations for investment in priority areas |
| JEL: | H50 Q10 Q50 |
| Date: | 2025–02–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0770 |
| By: | Nobumichi Teramura (Universiti Brunei Darussalam); Luke Nottage (The University of Sydney); Bruno Jetin (Universiti Brunei Darussalam, CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This open access book explores Asian approaches towards investment arbitration—a transnational procedure to resolve disputes between a foreign investor and a host state—setting it in the wider political economy and within domestic law contexts. It considers the extent to which significant states in Asia are, or could become, "rule makers" rather than "rule takers" regarding corruption and serious illegality in investor-state arbitration. Corruption and illegality in international investment are widely condemned in any society, but there remains a lack of consensus on the consequences, especially in investment arbitration. A core issue addressed is whether a foreign investor violating a host state's law should be awarded protection of its investment, as per its contract with the host state and/or the applicable investment or trade agreement between the home state and the host state. Some suggest such protection would be unnecessary as the investor committed a crime in the host state, while others attempt to establish an equilibrium between the investor and the host state. Others claim to protect investment, invoking the sanctity of promises made. The book starts with a deep dive into economic and legal issues in corruption and investment arbitration and then explores the situation and issues in major countries in the region in detail. It is a useful reference point for lawyers, economists, investors, and government officials who are seeking comprehensive and up-to-date information on anti-bribery rules in Asian investment treaties. It is of particular interest to students and researchers in economics, finance, and law, who are undertaking new research relating to the multifaceted impacts of corruption. |
| Keywords: | Corruption, Bribery, Arbitration, International commercial Law, Foreign Direct Investment, Helping hand, Grabbing hand, Asian Economics, Business Law, Dispute Resolution, Mediation, Political Economy/Economic Systems, Macroeconomics, Monetary Economics, Financial Economics, International Economic Law, Trade Law |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04553647 |
| By: | Tan, Yong Le |
| Abstract: | This study aimed to explore the experiences and views of Singaporean professionals on time-spatial job crafting in an Asian context when they work from home. Nine professionals working in various functions in the financial services industry were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Analysis of the narratives uncovered three main themes, which are “Proactive planning”, “Conservative designing” and “Work-home adjustment”, with corresponding subthemes respectively. Participants shared their opinion on how they decided on their job tasks, and how they decided on when and where to carry out their job tasks when they worked from home. Additionally, they shared their views and experiences with work from home arrangements and hybrid work arrangements. Participants demonstrated the three components of time?spatial job crafting which are reflection, selection, and adaptation, to a certain extent when they worked from home. They highlighted their preferences for a balance between work from home and going back to office in view of the flexibility that working from home brings and the social connection with colleagues in the office. They were conservative in their choice of work location and workspace and tended to plan private activities without affecting work hours and requirements. Participants demonstrated adjustment of activities within the workday to cater to familial and personal needs. The discussion includes recommendations for organizations to build an organizational climate which clearly communicates the expectations of work from home arrangements to improve employees’ remote working experiences, and to enhance employees’ job crafting knowledge and behaviour through training. |
| Date: | 2024–07–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:xjqgu_v1 |
| By: | Hung Q. Tran |
| Abstract: | As geopolitical competition among superpowers intensifies, fragmenting the global economy and financial system, the role of middle powers has attracted much attention from policymakers and analysts. While there is no generally agreed list of middle powers, the term is intuitively understandable and has been used widely as referring to countries ranked below a handful of great powers, but significant enough to be able to act in response to external stimuli with some agency and with some impact, especially regionally. This group of countries will likely be put under pressure by the twin shocks of Trump 2.0 and China’s ever growing manufacturing prowess. The twin shocks have been well documented in the case of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in a Hinrich Foundation report (January 2025), but the pressure is also on middle powers in general, especially those aspiring to promote their manufacturing sectors to spur growth. In his second term as U.S. President, Donald Trump faces far fewer constraints than in his first term to his unilateral and transactional approach to promote his ‘America First’ agenda. The already strained international situation is likely to become more uncertain, unpredictable, and divisive. Moreover, the U.S. administration will likely be more assertive in dealing with countries seen as taking advantage of the U.S. These developments should incentivize countries that can to take measures to limit their vulnerability and sustain their economic development, while navigating the difficult geopolitical situation. Their efforts will turn a spotlight on them. To monitor middle powers’ reactions, areas to monitor include efforts to reconfigure trade and investment flows to manage the impacts of tariffs while dealing with China’s growing manufacturing exports; measures to benefit from the great power race to secure access to critical minerals; navigating the intensified geopolitical conflict potentially at higher costs; and more ad-hoc coalition building among middle powers and other countries to deal with the challenges. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:pb05_25 |
| By: | Siar, Sheila V.; Lorenzo, Pauline Joy M. |
| Abstract: | Local government units (LGUs) are at the forefront of the Philippine government’s COVID-19 pandemic response. One of their crucial functions is crisis and risk communication to ease public fear, mitigate the pandemic’s damage, and promote the adoption of health and safety protocols. However, only a few studies have examined LGUs’ COVID-19 experience, and no study has delved deeply into the crisis and risk communication strategies of Philippine LGUs. To fill this gap, this study investigated how LGUs communicated with their residents during the pandemic, particularly from 2020 to 2021, following the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication model. It utilized a mixed method approach encompassing desk review, a cursory audit of national COVID-19 plans and policies, key informant interviews with representatives from Pasay, Manila, Caloocan, and Navotas, and a content analysis of COVID-19-related Facebook posts from these LGUs. The results revealed the LGUs’ lack of a strong preparation phase, highlighting their reactive approach to the pandemic. All four LGUs did not have a communication plan and a monitoring and evaluation system, which hindered the systematic implementation, monitoring, and assessment of their communication strategies. A closer look at their interventions showed that they used a combination of traditional, electronic, and digital communication channels. Digital channels, such as social media, virtual meetings and groups, and online messaging platforms, were largely used and proved useful amid mobility restrictions and the need for physical distancing. Traditional channels remained useful, particularly face-to-face communication whenever possible, printed materials, and interpersonal channels on the ground like barangay officials and health personnel. While social media was largely used, LGUs failed to maximize its potential to combat fake news and enhance their responsiveness to the public. The analysis of the LGUs’ Facebook messages indicated a need for clearer communication by using local languages more frequently, simplifying technical terms, and increasing the use of visual communication. Several contextual factors affected the LGUs’ communication functions during the pandemic. These included delays in receiving official memos on new policies from the national government, rapidly changing guidelines, difficulty in communicating a novel disease, inadequate training in science, risk, and crisis communication, insufficient resources, personal health risks of COVID-19, and spread of false information. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19;crisis and risk communication;social media;pandemic response |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2025-01 |
| By: | Pataranutaporn, Pat (Massachusetts Institute of Technology); Powdthavee, Nattavudh (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore); Maes, Pattie (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether artificial intelligence can address the peer review crisis in economics by analyzing 27, 090 evaluations of 9, 030 unique submissions using a large language model (LLM). The experiment systematically varies author characteristics (e.g., affiliation, reputation, gender) and publication quality (e.g., top-tier, mid-tier, low-tier, AI-generated papers). The results indicate that LLMs effectively distinguish paper quality but exhibit biases favoring prominent institutions, male authors, and renowned economists. Additionally, LLMs struggle to differentiate high-quality AI-generated papers from genuine top-tier submissions. While LLMs offer efficiency gains, their susceptibility to bias necessitates cautious integration and hybrid peer review models to balance equity and accuracy. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence, peer review, large language model (LLM), bias in academia, economics publishing, equity-efficiency trade-off |
| JEL: | A11 C63 O33 I23 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17659 |
| By: | Simon Bittmann (SAGE - Sociétés, acteurs, gouvernement en Europe - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sebastian García Cornejo (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we provide an estimate of "colonial returns" in the French Empire, using a case study on Indochinese rubber plantations between 1910 and 1945. While French colonial capitalism is often distinguished from British and Dutch cases as purely mercantilist and speculative, we show that capital investments and profits were sustained and long-lasting for a number of firms in this context. Relying on an exhaustive list of listed and non-listed companies, along with capital stock, equity prices, surfaces, tonnage, and labor usage, we explain how rubber became, in less than three decades, the colony's primary crop in export value. In doing so, this paper makes three contributions to the economic history of late colonialism. First, we provide a comparison to recent studies of "colonial returns" in South East Asia: as a late-comer to the industry, Indochina benefited from innovations implemented elsewhere, and remained insulated from global limitations on production during the 1920s and 1930s, along with a rise in the global demand. Second, we show that the main driver of capital flows was a new iteration of the concession regime -the mise en valeur -, which provided firms a lenient access to land and unfree, contract labor in exchange for strict equity and cultivation clauses. As a result, Indochinese plantations had much larger surfaces than elsewhere and a more limited share of smallholder production, but also experienced less speculation than in other parts of the Empire. Third, we show that much of the gains happened after 1935, following a massive support from the French government during the Great Depression and a shift of exports from France to the U.S. These gains persisted well into the war, following a wave of concentration at the benefit of a small number of firms; pointing to the long, postcolonial legacies of colonial capital. |
| Keywords: | Finance, Colonialism, Indochina, Profits, French history |
| Date: | 2025–01–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:hal-04866671 |
| By: | Steven Goldfinch (Center for Global Development, on secondment from the Asian Development Bank); Sam Huckstep (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | Planned relocation of highly climate-vulnerable communities is becoming increasingly necessary as climate shocks become more frequent and intense. It is also becoming more feasible as modelling of future scenarios improves and adaptation limits become clearer. Despite this, many governments are underprepared for planning and implementing planned relocation projects. In the absence of an intergovernmentally agreed framework or set of principles on planned relocation, development finance, and specifically climate finance, is not well positioned to respond to this emerging demand from countries. This is heightened by a widespread absence of coherent domestic policies, and by institutional gaps in international assistance. Multilateral development banks, in particular, could be well-placed to fill this gap. They have extensive experience in undertaking relocation projects, including in contexts of climate adaptation. Multilateral development banks will increasingly field borrower country demand for both technical and financial assistance. They are, however, not yet prepared to meet this demand, nor are countries adequately equipped to make applications for support. This paper outlines emerging public policy regarding planned relocation, draws from existing standards on development-forced displacement and resettlement, and explores entry points for development financiers in providing technical assistance and finance. The paper proposes recommendations to multilateral development banks and the global climate funds on engaging in this emerging area. |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:352 |
| By: | Ramachandran, Rajesh (Monash University Malaysia); Rustagi, Devesh (University of Warwick); Soldani, Emilia (OECD) |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether discrimination by teachers explains the large gap in educational outcomes between students from marginalized and non-marginalized groups. Using the context of India, we start with a correspondence study to show that teachers assign 0.29 standard deviations lower grade to an exam of equal quality but with a lower caste surname. We then conduct incentivized surveys, behavioral experiments, and vignettes to highlight some of the invisible elements that are critical to understanding discrimination. We find that teachers hold biased attitudes and beliefs about lower caste individuals, which are associated with poor grading outcomes. We conduct a mechanism intervention based on invoking empathy among teachers to mitigate discrimination. We find that discrimination disappears in the treatment group, and the effect is largest for teachers with higher baseline empathy. These findings are not due to social desirability. Our findings offer a proof-of-concept to understand mental processes that could be instrumental in designing policies to mitigate discrimination. |
| Keywords: | Discrimination, Correspondence study, Caste, Attitudes, Beliefs, Empathy, India JEL Classification: C90, I24, J15, J16, Z13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:743 |
| By: | Pierre Bardier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bach Dong-Xuan (Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University); Van-Quy Nguyen (NEU - National Economics University [Hanoï, Vietnam], EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | We propose and axiomatize a new model of incomplete preferences under uncertainty, which we call hope-and-prepare preferences. Act f is considered more desirable than act g when, and only when, both an optimistic evaluation, computed as the welfare level attained in a best-case scenario, and a pessimistic one, computed as the welfare level attained in a worst-case scenario, rank f above g. Our comparison criterion involves multiple priors, as best and worst cases are determined among sets of probability distributions, and is, generically, less conservative than Bewley preferences and twofold multi-prior preferences, the two ambiguity models that are closest to ours. |
| Keywords: | Decision theory, Incomplete preference, Multiple-selves, Non-obvious manipulability |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04615290 |