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on South East Asia |
| By: | Emeline Bezin (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bastien Chabé-Ferret (Middlesex University); David de la Croix (UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain) |
| Abstract: | Fertility becomes a strategic choice for minorities when having a larger share of the population helps to increase power. If parents invest resources to educate their children, then raising fertility for strategic reasons might be at the cost of future human capital. We dispel this view using census data from several developing countries. We show that religious and ethnic minorities in Indonesia, China, and Malaysia tend to invest more in both education and fertility compared to larger groups. Solving for the Nash equilibrium of an appropriation game between two groups with education and fertility being prescribed as group-specific behavioral norms, we offer a rationale for the observed patterns provided that human capital is an important input to appropriation. |
| Keywords: | Human Capital, Nash equilibrium, Indonesia, Fertility, Quality-quantity trade-off, Minorities, Conflict, Population engineering |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04877862 |
| By: | Lyons-White, Joss (University of Cambridge); Spencer, Matthew; Arif, Joko; Balmford, Andrew; Barlow, Jos; Brandão, Joyce; Börner, Jan; Camara, Gilberto (INPE - Brazilian National Institute for Space Research); Chandra, Adelina (ETH Zurich); Cleary, David |
| Abstract: | What factors have been most important for protecting the two-thirds of tropical forests that remain standing? Qualitative factors like politics and governance are challenging to assess using existing statistical methods. To address this gap, we conducted a Delphi study with 36 experts to identify factors that contributed to forest protection in the Brazilian Amazon and Indonesia. Our results unpacked the complex dynamics affecting forest protection in both regions and highlighted the importance of political will, advocacy by civil society, and intergovernmental diplomacy, as well as shifts in factors' importance over time. Our analysis in Brazil emphasised the central importance of the state, while our findings in Indonesia revealed a complex and evolving mix of public, private and civil society factors. These results shed new light on the critical intersections of international advocacy and local policy contexts to generate enabling conditions for conservation. |
| Date: | 2025–01–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bpgsm |
| By: | Namugumya, Brenda Shenute; Fakhry, Hager; Herens, Marion; Huynh, Tuyen; Duong, Thanh Thi; Pham, Huong; Mengesha, Belay Terefe; Khatun, Wajiha |
| Abstract: | The CGIAR Research Initiative on Sustainable Healthy Diets through Food Systems Transformation (SHiFT) recognizes the urgency of early stakeholder engagement to facilitate systemic changes towards sustainable healthy diets. This qualitative exploratory study aimed to provide insights about where stakeholders are active in food systems in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Viet Nam and their characteristics. The conceptual framework of food systems for diets and nutrition proposed by the High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition was used to map all stakeholders using a network analysis approach, in particular applying the degree centrality measure. This measure shows the food system domains with the largest number of stakeholder connections. The analysis reveals that centralization is spread across various food system domains. In Bangladesh, the areas with the most stakeholder connections are observed in the policy and governance and food environment domains. In Ethiopia, more connections were observed under the food environment, and production system domains and the outcomes related to diets, nutrition and health. In Viet Nam, it is the production system, storage and trade, packaging and processing, and food environment domains with the most stakeholder connections. Overall, platforms are active in policy and governance in all countries, suggesting that engaging with multi-stakeholder platforms is beneficial for SHiFT to advance the national agendas aimed at realizing sustainable healthy diets. Considering connectivity with food system domains, SHiFT can collaborate with all sectors. Moreover, focusing on stakeholders in the food environment, particularly on overseeing foodscapes for people, is essential. However, implementing food systems transformation requires identifying and engaging with other actors as well. However, there is limited representation of stakeholders in processing, transport, and retail, especially in Ethiopia and Bangladesh. International stakeholders emerge prominently from our analysis, suggesting that the food system narrative may still be primarily driven from an international/global perspective, resonating with the United Nations Food Systems Summit dialogues. To realize the ambitions of transitioning towards sustainable healthy diets for all, efforts must extend beyond projects/programs and engage national-level stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | stakeholder engagement; sustainability; diet; food systems; nutrition; network analysis; policies; Southern Asia; Eastern Africa; South-eastern Asia; Africa; Asia; Bangladesh; Ethiopia; Vietnam |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163759 |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | Loan loss provision is an important accounting number in the banking sector. This study investigates the determinants of loan loss provisions in non-crisis years in 28 countries from 2011 to 2018. The countries consist of African, European, and Asian countries. Using the generalized linear model regression and the quantile regression methodology, the results show that institutional quality is a significant determinant of bank loan loss provisions, indicating that the presence of strong institutions decrease the size of bank loan loss provisions. In the regional analyses, it was found that economic growth is a significant determinant of bank loan loss provisions in African and Asian countries. Loan loss provisions are higher in times of economic prosperity in African and Asian countries. This might be due to counter-cyclical provisioning which require African and Asian banks to keep higher loan loss provisions in good economic times so that the high provisions that was set aside in good times could be used as a safety buffer during times of economic downturns in African countries. Bank overhead cost is also a significant determinant of bank loan loss provisions only in Asian countries. |
| Keywords: | financial reporting, accruals, loan loss provisions, banks, income smoothing, earnings management, noninterest income, overhead costs, institutional quality |
| JEL: | G1 G18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123289 |
| By: | Tomoki Fujii (Singapore Management University); Christine Ho (Singapore Management University); Rohan Ray (National University of Singapore); Abu S. Shonchoy (Department of Economics, Florida International University) |
| Abstract: | Extended school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted students' study habits and routine educational engagement, specially in low-income settings where distance education often fails to reach disadvantaged populations. We use a field experiment in rural Bangladesh to determine whether increasing parental engagement can mitigate these disruptions, particularly in the post-pandemic recovery stage. Our findings reveal that a high-frequency information intervention—delivered through weekly text messages and automated voice calls—significantly increases parents' awareness and children's self-study hours, particularly in households lacking access to technology. By disseminating information on available learning resources, teachers' contact details, and the benefits of education, the intervention boosts daily self-study hours by 15 percent. Although Bangladesh's simplified post-pandemic school promotion and shortened syllabus constrained our ability to measure academic improvements, the intervention narrowed study-hour inequalities, promoting upward mobility (and reducing downward mobility) among households without technology access. Shapley-value decomposition analyses indicate that 5-20 percent of the reduced inequality is attributable to the direct treatment effect. Better parental involvement—encouraging children to use learning resources and more household investment in private tutoring—appears to be an important causal channel. Our findings underscore the potential of scalable, low-cost, parent-focused programs to bolster learning continuity under adverse conditions — particularly important for low- and middle-income countries. |
| Keywords: | high-frequency information, study hours, post-pandemic recovery |
| JEL: | D91 H75 I24 I25 O15 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fiu:wpaper:2501 |
| By: | Christian Morabito,; Miguel Niño-Zarazúa |
| Abstract: | Persistent economic and social inequalities constrain the inclusive development of nations. The internationally agreed Sustainable Development Goal 10 (SDG10) and its targets, aim to address these constraints through the promotion of equalising policies. This paper tests the validity of the Inequality Marker and Distributional Impact Assessment (DIA) tools that have been developed to assess the contribution of development projects to inequality reduction using as case studies four AFD and European Commission funded projects in Benin, Djibouti-Ethiopia, Uganda, and Vietnam. The DIA analyses have been carried out in two cases: in Benin (ex-post) and Uganda (ex-ante). Overall, the study shows how the Inequality Marker and DIA methodology can provide relevant information on the potential contribution of development projects to inequality reduction. The study identifies critical issues for the implementation of the DIA analysis that reflect both organisational constraints in donor agencies internal procedures, and external contextual factors. The study also provides a set of policy recommendations to mitigate these threats. |
| Keywords: | Bénin, Djibouti, Éthiopie, Ouganda, Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2025–01–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en17833 |
| By: | Zhang, Yuqian |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the multifaceted dynamics of economic growth in India and Singapore over a span of 50 years, utilizing the Solow and Romer models to decompose growth into its core components: total factor productivity (TFP), capital, and labor. Through a detailed growth accounting methodology, we analyze how these elements contribute distinctly to the GDP trajectories of these two contrasting economies. Our analysis reveals that while both labor expansion and capital accumulation play pivotal roles in short-term growth, it is the enhancement of TFP that emerges as the crucial determinant of sustainable economic progress over the long term. In Singapore, a developed economy characterized by its status as one of the Asian Tigers, TFP and labor productivity have been the primary drivers of its more consistent and long-term growth. Conversely, Indias growth has been more influenced by capital accumulation, particularly following economic liberalizations that spurred foreign investment and industrial diversification. The findings underscore the importance of TFP growth in both developing and mature economies, highlighting its significance in policy formulation aimed at stimulating economic development. This study not only charts a historical analysis of growth patterns but also aligns them with theoretical underpinnings that suggest pathways for future economic strategies in similar emerging and developed markets. |
| Keywords: | Solow growth model; growth accounting; TFP growth; Romer model |
| JEL: | O47 O53 O40 C82 E23 |
| Date: | 2024–12–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127021 |
| By: | [Andrews, Stanley]; [Office of the Secretary, U. S. Department of Agriculture] |
| Abstract: | [Contents:] The Country --- The Government --- Education and Religion --- The U. S. Programs in Thailand --- Distinct Features of Program --- U. S. Expenditures Balance Out --- Wide Use of Contracts --- Outside Funds Listed --- About the Country --- The ICA Staff and Organization --- Agricultural Projects --- Livestock and Poultry --- True Extension Service Slow in Coming --- Why the Extension Lag? --- Young Men with Rice Department --- Fisheries --- Public Works Division --- Public Education --- Participant Training. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:349228 |
| By: | Elmira, Elza Samantha; Suryahadi, Asep |
| Abstract: | Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are experiencing a nutrition transition from traditional diets to high-energy, processed foods, increasing non-communicable disease risks. Digitalization of food systems plays a significant role in shaping this transition. This paper investigates the impact of super app expansions (including food delivery, ridesharing, and other daily life assistance) on nutritional outcomes and the underlying mechanisms. Staggered district-level adoption of Indonesia's two largest digital platforms, Gojek and Grab from 2015 to 2018, is used. This information is combined with the health dataset from Indonesia’s Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) and food consumption data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas). To address the endogeneity issue associated with the correlation between super app entry decisions and nutritional outcomes, we use doubly robust difference-in-differences, which incorporates baseline covariates ensuring a conditional parallel trend. The results show that super apps contribute to an increase in BMI scores, particularly among individuals who are already overweight and obese. This effect is especially driven by the online food delivery feature and is more pronounced in cities than regencies and among individuals with employment, above median income, and education beyond primary school. These increases could be attributed to unhealthy food consumption (i.e., salty and prepared foods). Our findings suggest that super apps may exacerbate malnutrition. On the other hand, we find underweight reduction in the cities and an overall increase in fruit and meat consumption, indicating super apps’ potential to improve malnutrition. These findings highlight the role of super apps in the nutrition transition in LMICs. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2025–01–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:349215 |
| By: | Abdul Rahim, Mohamad Syafiqe |
| Abstract: | The Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 (IFSA) came into force on 30 June 2013 with the objective to pave way for the development of an end-to-end Shariah compliant regulatory framework for the conduct of Islamic financial operation in Malaysia. A key concern among Islamic banks is regarding the reclassification and requirements in differentiating between Islamic deposit and investment account. IFSA has introduced two major classifications of products for the acceptance of money from customers by the Islamic banks, namely Islamic deposits and investment accounts. This paper retrospectively analyses the development of Islamic deposit products following the enforcement of the IFSA. This paper explores the industry's response to these requirements and outlines the prevailing structures of Islamic deposit products used by Malaysian Islamic banks. It also assesses the impact of IFSA regulations on these structures. This study is based on qualitative research approach which is purely based on primary data gathered through library research and interview. The paper highlights that, while the reclassification requirement under IFSA 2013 necessitates additional efforts from Islamic banks, it aligns Islamic banking more closely with the objective of underlying Shariah contract (maqasid al-aqd). This initiative, though still in its early stages, represents a departure from conventional banking practices and emphasizes the significance of ijtihad in the development of novel financial products. |
| Keywords: | Islamic Financial Services Act, Transition, Islamic Deposit, Investment Account, Shariah contract |
| JEL: | G21 K1 K10 K20 |
| Date: | 2025–01–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123343 |
| By: | Pundit, Madhavi (Asian Development Bank); Ramayandi, Arief (Asian Development Bank Institute); Simba, Patrick Jaime (Asian Development Bank); Sorino, Dennis (Asian Development Bank); Tan, Sharyl Rose (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Timely updates of business cycle fluctuations—commonly represented by movements in the output gap—help policymakers make informed decisions on the appropriate course of action. Unfortunately, business cycle assessments often suffer from lags in actual gross domestic product data releases. This paper proposes the use of an Economic Activity Index, developed to monitor monthly business cycle fluctuations in Asia. The index summarizes a selection of updated monthly economic indicators to gauge movements in the output gap. The paper shows that the application of machine learning models substantially improves the ability of the index to track actual fluctuations of the business cycle compared with models constructed using a traditional principal component analysis. Grouping the information used to construct the index into six categories—consumption, investment, trade, government, financial, and the external sector— makes it possible to break down and explain drivers of movements in the business cycle. |
| Keywords: | macroeconomic monitoring; tracking business cycles; economic fluctuations; nowcasting |
| JEL: | C32 C63 E32 E37 |
| Date: | 2025–01–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0766 |
| By: | Clément Marinos (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], MARSOUIN - Môle Armoricain de Recherche sur la SOciété de l'information et des usages d'INternet - UR - Université de Rennes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | The paper examines proximity, both physical and digital, within Bali's digital nomad landscape. Despite the allure of business prospects, unregulated digital nomadism poses challenges. Using AI, an image illustrates physical closeness but underscores social isolation, lacking community bonds. The beach, typically a social hub, appears solitary, reflecting a future depicted by the AI—an interplay of prophecy and uncertainty. This highlights the significance of visual representations in grasping the nuances of proximity, both physical and digital. |
| Abstract: | Cet article propose de s'emparer de l'outil de génération d'image par intelligence artificielle en vue de mettre en perspective les proximités géographiques et organisées, en l'espèce celles des nomades numériques. L'idée générale consiste à analyser comment à partir d'un simple texte, ou prompt, l'on peut offrir une meilleure représentation visuelle et concrète de ces concepts, les rendre utiles et leur donner du sens. L'exemple des nomades numériques nous semble dans ce cadre pertinent car l'une des caractéristiques de ces individus est qu'ils souffrent de solitude (Miguel et al., 2023), forme de distance sociale inhérente à leur forte mobilité. Paradoxalement, ils ont tendance à se rassembler en communauté dans les mêmes destinations comme l'île de Bali en Indonésie (Thompson, 2019). |
| Keywords: | proximités nomades numériques intelligence artificielle tourisme Bali proximities digital nomads artificial intelligence tourism Bali, proximités, nomades numériques, intelligence artificielle, tourisme, Bali proximities, digital nomads, artificial intelligence, tourism, Bali |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04876885 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Cambodia’s economy is at a crossroads. While the economic recovery continues, its pace remains uneven. The sharp slowdown in credit growth has exposed the economy to increased financial sector vulnerabilities. Policy formulation must ensure a durable and inclusive recovery in the near term and achieving development goals over the medium term. The path forward will require a refocus on more resilient and diversified growth drivers, with the graduation from Least Developed Country (LDC) status expected by 2030. |
| Date: | 2025–01–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/022 |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the general level of interest in financial inclusion information using global data. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were used to assess the global interest in financial inclusion information. Using Google Trends monthly data from 2004 to 2021, the results show that the term ‘financial inclusion’ was more popular on the web in year 2017 than in any other year. Secondly, the highest level of interest in the term ‘financial inclusion’ by internet users was recorded in non-crisis months particularly after the global financial crisis but before the COVID-19 pandemic while the lowest interest in the term ‘financial inclusion’ by internet users was recorded in crisis months particularly during the global financial crisis and during the COVID-19 period. Thirdly, web search for information about financial inclusion was more popular in Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Fiji, Uganda and Zambia, while news search for information about financial inclusion was more popular in Fiji, India, Malaysia, Kenya, Singapore and Nigeria. This suggests that there was more interest in the term ‘financial inclusion’ among internet users in developing countries than in developed countries. Also, there is a negative correlation between interest in financial inclusion information and the level of country development. |
| Keywords: | Google Trends, financial inclusion, web search, development, internet. |
| JEL: | G21 G23 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123298 |
| By: | Han Qiu; Hyun Song Shin; Leanne Si Ying Zhang |
| Abstract: | The latest firm-level network data reveal that global value chains have lengthened, although without the accompanying network densification that might indicate that supplier relationships are diversifying. Lengthening of supply chains is especially significant for supplier-customer linkages from China to the United States, where firms from other jurisdictions, notably in Asia, have interposed themselves in the supply chain. Nevertheless, these recent developments have not so far reversed the long-running trend toward greater regional integration of trade in recent decades, especially in Asia. |
| Date: | 2023–10–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:bisblt:78 |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | The study examines the effect of financial inclusion on bank stability, and the effect of bank stability on financial inclusion from 2011 to 2020. The study analyses 33 countries which are divided into Asian countries, African countries, European countries, and countries in the region of the Americas and using the panel regression method. It was found that high levels of financial inclusion have a significant positive impact on bank stability. The regional results show that financial inclusion improves bank stability in African countries and in countries in the region of the Americas while financial inclusion impairs bank stability in European countries. The analysis for the impact of bank stability on financial inclusion shows that bank stability has a significant effect on financial inclusion. The regional analysis shows that greater bank stability decreases financial inclusion in European and African countries while greater bank stability increases financial inclusion in countries in the Americas region. The results suggest that the effect of financial inclusion on bank stability, and the effect of bank stability on financial inclusion, depends on how financial inclusion and bank stability are measured and the region examined. |
| Keywords: | financial inclusion, bank stability, capital adequacy ratio, capital buffer, financial inclusion index, automated teller machines, deposits, commercial banks |
| JEL: | G21 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123301 |
| By: | Tambunan, Alrin; Wiyono, Satrio Bagus |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the legal frameworks and practical challenges associated with immigration travel documents, including passports, visas, and emergency travel certificates. These documents play a critical role in facilitating international mobility while upholding national security and compliance with immigration laws. The study employs a normative-empirical approach to examine the issuance, use, and management of travel documents in the context of Indonesian immigration regulations and international standards such as the 1951 Refugee Convention and ICAO guidelines. Key findings reveal significant administrative barriers, legal inconsistencies, and human rights concerns, particularly for vulnerable groups like refugees and stateless individuals. The paper concludes with recommendations to enhance global collaboration, streamline administrative processes, and integrate advanced technologies for more effective travel document management. |
| Date: | 2025–01–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m2euv |
| By: | Ahn, Jiyeon (Sogang University); Ahn, Taehyun (Sogang University); Kim, Seonghoon (Singapore Management University and IZA) |
| Abstract: | Using 20 years of nationally representative panel data in South Korea, we estimate how life satisfaction responds to income shocks. We document that unexpected income changes significantly impact an individual’s life satisfaction, and the magnitudes depend on the persistence of income shocks. We find that permanent income shocks substantially penetrate life satisfaction, while transitory income shocks have minimal impact. We also find that life satisfaction regarding external factors such as family income and leisure activities is more sensitive to income shocks than life satisfaction related to social relationships. Our findings imply that it is critical for the government to address persistent income losses in the economy (e.g., long-term unemployment driven by skill-biased technological changes or work-limiting disability) as a means to improving social welfare. |
| Keywords: | life Satisfaction; Insurance; Income shocks; KLIPS |
| JEL: | D31 D60 I31 |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:2024_016 |
| By: | Elghafiky Bimardhika; Firman Witoelar |
| Abstract: | We study the causal effects of a labor law that governs child workers on labor market outcomes and the well-being of individuals. We exploit the timing of the national legislation to identify the causal effects of child labor reform using the Regression Discontinuity Design. We find that individuals who entered adulthood after the reform are less likely to have participated in the labor market during childhood. The reform also lowers the likelihood of poor health and improves the probability of working in paid jobs when children have reached adulthood. Our heterogeneity analysis highlights the importance of complementing regulation with enforcement and support programs to minimize unintended consequences that plagued many similar reforms. |
| JEL: | C21 J08 J80 I15 I25 J21 O15 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2025-04 |
| By: | Vishalie Shah; Julia Hatamyar; Taufik Hidayat; Noemi Kreif |
| Abstract: | This paper uses instrumental causal forests, a novel machine learning method, to explore the treatment effect heterogeneity of Indonesia's conditional cash transfer scheme on maternal health care utilisation. Using randomised programme assignment as an instrument for enrollment in the scheme, we estimate conditional local average treatment effects for four key outcomes: good assisted delivery, delivery in a health care facility, pre-natal visits, and post-natal visits. We find significant treatment effect heterogeneity by supply-side characteristics, even though supply-side readiness was taken into account during programme development. Mothers in areas with more doctors, nurses, and delivery assistants were more likely to benefit from the programme, in terms of increased rates of good assisted delivery outcome. We also find large differences in benefits according to indicators of household poverty and survey wave, reflecting the possible impact of changes in programme design in its later years. The impact on post-natal visits in 2013 displayed the largest heterogeneity among all outcomes, with some women less likely to attend post-natal check ups after receiving the cash transfer in the long term. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.12803 |
| By: | [Andrews, Stanley]; [Office of the Secretary, U. S. Department of Agriculture] |
| Abstract: | [Contents:] The Country --- Resources and Industries --- History and Government --- Education and Religion ---Review of U. S.–Philippine Programs In Economic Development and Technical Assistance --- Original Objectives Largely Achieved ---ICA Staff and Programs --- Need for Better Phase-Out --- Soil Conservation --- Land Tenure and Development --- Crop Development and Diversification --- Favorable Factors --- Industry --- Labor --- Health and Sanitation --- Education. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Health Economics and Policy, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:349227 |