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on South East Asia |
| By: | Petri, Heinrich; Hendrawan, Dienda; Bähr, Tobias; Asnawi, Rosyani; Mußhoff, Oliver; Wollni, Meike; Faust, Heiko |
| Abstract: | Three decades after the establishment of many smallholder oil palm plantations, large areas of oil palm will require replanting soon or are already overmatured. The process of replanting offers a unique opportunity to redesign plantations, close yield gaps, boost productivity and therefore secure income and livelihoods, but requires knowledge, inputs and financing. If postponed or done incorrectly, replanting could further exacerbate existing challenges in smallholder oil palm cultivation, both socioeconomic and environmental. In this review, we collect relevant literature on replanting of oil palm, especially in the realm of smallholder cultivation, to highlight the challenges smallholders will face when replanting. We find that access to inputs, finances and know-how differ greatly between groups of smallholders. This will likely affect smallholder's decisions when, how and what to replant. Information on replanting, proper training, access to high-quality seedlings as well as eligibility for public replanting funds will determine the success of smallholder replanting efforts in Indonesia but are distributed unevenly currently. We finish the review with recommendations for both policy-makers and researchers on how to overcome the challenges replanting holds and capitalize on the opportunity replanting offers rather than exacerbating existing issues. |
| Keywords: | oil palm, replanting, smallholder, livelihood, Indonesia, Sumatera |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:crc990:36&r=sea |
| By: | Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Uy, Jhanna; Puyat, Vicente Alberto R.; Antonio, Victor Andrew A.; Flaminiano, Clarisa Joy A. |
| Abstract: | In this study, a spatiotemporal analysis of trends and disparities in health service coverage indicators was conducted using PhilHealth data on insurance claims, membership, and accredited facilities merged with auxiliary datasets from the Department of Health and Philippine Statistics Authority. The results emphasize clear disparities in population coverage, facility coverage, service coverage, and financial protection across different subpopulations. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | universal health care;health service coverage;spatiotemporal analysis;PhilHealth;equity |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-42&r=sea |
| By: | , Susanti |
| Abstract: | Berbagai jenis e-commerce berkembang di Indonesia, termasuk Shopee. Shopee adalah platform belanja online berbasis mobile yang menawarkan berbagai produk untuk semua jenis konsumen. Berdasarkan kinerja Web for App serupa dari aplikasi e-commerce Indonesia, Shopee menduduki peringkat pertama platform e-commerce dengan jumlah daily active visitors tertinggi di Indonesia. Shopee merupakan toko online terpercaya yang memudahkan konsumen untuk mengunduh aplikasi ini melalui Playstore atau Appstore. Aplikasi Shopee menawarkan berbagai promosi yang dapat menarik perhatian konsumen seperti: gratis ongkos kirim ke seluruh wilayah, kupon tunai, paket diskon dan flash sale. Selain itu, shopee juga menawarkan fitur uang tunai. Kehadiran fitur ini memudahkan konsumen untuk melakukan pembayaran setelah barang yang dibeli sampai ke tangan konsumen. Hal-hal tersebut sangat mempengaruhi perilaku konsumen dalam mengambil keputusan pembelian di aplikasi Shopee. |
| Date: | 2022–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jds93&r=sea |
| By: | Pertiwie, Priska Junia (PT. Sanbe Farma) |
| Abstract: | Perkembangan industri farmasi di dunia dinilai berkembang cukup pesat mengingat kebutuhan serta tingkat kesehatan di seluruh bagian dunia. Di Indonesia sendiri, industri farmasi terus menerus berkembang dan meningkat penjualannya. Banyaknya pasar serta industri farmasi di Indonesia, menjadikan setiap industri farmasi di Indonesia perlu mengambil langkah khusus guna meningkatkan penjualan sehingga terhindar dari persaingan yang luas |
| Date: | 2022–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:qp4fr&r=sea |
| By: | Apriliani, Sinta |
| Abstract: | Marketing Research adalah pengumpulan, pencatatan dan analisis data kualitatif secara sistematis tentang isu isu yang berkaitan dengan pemasaran produk dan jasa. Saya menggunakan gambaran dari tempat saya bekerja yaitu Prima Freshmart adalah salah satu unit bisnis PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia melalui PT. Prima Food International. |
| Date: | 2022–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m8k5a&r=sea |
| By: | NINGSIH, VIVIH SRI; FEBRIANTI, WIDI |
| Abstract: | Rumah Mode Factory Outlet bergerak di bidang retail (fashion) memiliki banyak keuntungan dibandingkan dengan usaha lainnya karena tanpa modal anda tetap bisa menjalankan usaha ini, bila dibandingkan dengan usaha lainnya, resiko kerugian usaha ini masih minim karena peminatnya sangat banyak. Fashion menjadi objek bisnis yang menggiurkan apalagi ketika akan lebaran atau hari tertentu. Usaha fashion bisa dilakukan dimana saja sekalipun anda menjadi pekerja kantoran Berkembangnya fashion di negara Indonesia, memang tidak dapat dihindari lagi |
| Date: | 2022–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9zju6&r=sea |
| By: | sari, Sinta dewi purnama |
| Abstract: | Perkembangan jaman menuntut semua masyarakat untuk terus berinovasi. Salah satunya dalam bidang komunikasi pemasaran dimana banyak perusahaan maupun organisasi yang semakin melihat pentingnya suatu strategi komunikasi pemasaran yang terintegrasi. |
| Date: | 2022–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fmezs&r=sea |
| By: | FADILAH, RISA NURUL; , RISA |
| Abstract: | Bisnis kuliner secara online di indonesia semakin berkembang dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Hal ini salah satunya disebabkan oleh kebutuhan dan gaya hidup penduduk yang makin tinggi. Keanekaragaman kuliner menjadi salah satu kekayaan yang dimiliki oleh Indonesia. Kuliner yang ada di tanah air pun terus berkembang tidak hanya dari segi variasi dan keunikan cita rasa namun juga pemanfaatan teknologi dalam memperluas jangkauan konsumen serta memberikan pengalaman lebih bagi konsumen saat mengeksplorasi kuliner di Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vfh38&r=sea |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Manejar, Arvie Joy A.; Ocbina, John Joseph S. |
| Abstract: | The payment for ecosystem services (PES) emerges as part of an arsenal of tools for innovative domestic financing for otherwise absent markets relating to natural resource management. Its traditional framework aspects of conditionality, voluntary transaction, at least one buyer and seller, and an identified ecosystem service. However, most domestic cases in the Philippines do not meet the first two criteria. Further to this, existing templates remain dispersed and not harmonized. Common barriers that contribute to these are negotiation bottlenecks, missing policies, and institutions, weak sustainability measures, and data unavailability. Stronger integration with sector-specific initiatives involves pursuing in the long run a legal platform for PES at NGA and subnational levels alongside natural capital management, framing sustainable mechanisms, capitalizing on evolving definition, and riding on ongoing efforts at the national level. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | payments for ecosystem services;environment;ecological integrity;ecosystem services |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-49&r=sea |
| By: | Mulyati, Sri |
| Abstract: | Eksistensi Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) di Indonesia sebagai salah satu instrumen pemerintahan dalam pembangunan dirasakan sangat penting peranannya, tidak hanya oleh pemerintah, tetapi juga oleh masyarakat luas. Namun demikian BUMN dalam perjalanannya telah banyak mengalami pasang surut usaha. |
| Date: | 2022–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2pfbv&r=sea |
| By: | FADILAH, RISA NURUL; , RISA |
| Abstract: | Saat ini penggunaan produk kosmetik baik di kalangan perempuan maupun laki-laki dari berbagai usia cukup banyak, hal ini tentu berpengaruh pada meningkatnya jumlah permintaan bagi industri kosmetik. Di Indonesia sendiri sudah banyak perusahaan yang memproduksi produk kosmetik sehingga menimbulkan persaingan yang ketat. Hal ini menyebabkan perusahaan harus terus mengembangkan usahanya agar dapat terus bersaing dalam pasar. |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cjkv2&r=sea |
| By: | rere, selvia |
| Abstract: | This study aims to determine how the SWOT analysis as a planning strategy and to find out the obstacles in PT.OLX INDONESIA. The research method used is descriptive quantitative method. The SWOT analysis used is descriptive analysis method, SWOT matrix and SWOT diagram analysis. Data collection techniques in this study were interviews, questionnaires and literature. The results of this study are SWOT analysis as a strategy to increase competitiveness needs to be evaluated again, so that the formation of good performance from within and from outside PT. OLX INDONESIA . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana analisis SWOT sebagai strategi perencanaan serta untuk mengetahui hambatannya pada PT.OLX INDONESIA. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Analisis SWOT yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif, Matrik SWOT dan analisis diagram SWOT. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara, kuisioner dan kepustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah analisis SWOT sebagai strategi meningkatkan daya saing perlu dievaluasi lagi, agar terbentuknya kinerja yang baik dari dalam maupun dari luar PT. OLX INDONESIA |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tmnds&r=sea |
| By: | sari, Sinta dewi purnama |
| Abstract: | Dengan menyebut nama Allah SWT yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang. saya panjat kan puja serta puji syukur atas kehadirat-Nya yang telah melimpahkan rahmat, hidayah, dan inayah-Nya kepada saya, sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah tentang “Lifestyle Customer Behavior PT. Sebastian Citra Indonesia (Roti’o)” |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:drzgs&r=sea |
| By: | NINGSIH, VIVIH SRI; FEBRIANTI, WIDI |
| Abstract: | Bisnis di bidang retail (fashion) memiliki banyak keuntungan dibandingkan dengan usaha lainnya karena tanpa modal anda tetap bisa menjalankan usaha ini, bila dibandingkan dengan usaha lainnya, resiko kerugian usaha ini masih minim karena peminatnya sangat banyak. Fashion menjadi objek bisnis yang menggiurkan apalagi ketika akan lebaran atau hari tertentu. Usaha fashion bisa dilakukan dimana saja sekalipun anda menjadi pekerja kantoran Berkembangnya fashion di negara Indonesia, memang tidak dapat dihindari lagi. |
| Date: | 2022–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vdmau&r=sea |
| By: | Pitaloka, Ramila |
| Abstract: | Resesi global termasuk hingga Indonesia terjadi karena kondisi guncangan ekonomi yang tiba-tiba mengakibatkan inflasi terjadi dan tidak terkendalikan sehingga mengakibatkan kemerosotan kondisi menjadi menurun, atau bisa juga terjadi ketika pertumbuhan ekonomi riil memiliki nilai negatif rentang waktu terjadi dan berlangsung selama beberapa bulan bahkan hingga bertahun-tahun lamanya. Beberapa strategi yang bisa diterapkan untuk tetap bertahan dalam kondisi yang menyulitkan ini adalah mmembatasi pengeluaran, menyiapkan dana darurat, meningkatkan dan memiliki skill dan lebih dari satu, serta berbaur dan mendapatkan koneksi yang luas. |
| Date: | 2022–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:myehn&r=sea |
| By: | Brian McCaig; Nina Pavcnik; Woan Foong Wong |
| Abstract: | We investigate the long-term effects of export opportunities to a large destination market on multinational affiliates and domestic firms in a low-income host country. The US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement reduced US import tariffs on exports from Vietnam. Tariff reductions led to entry of foreign and private firms and to employment expansion in formal manufacturing, with foreign entrants contributing most to employment growth. State firms stall employment reallocation through slower contraction. Half of tariff-induced foreign entrant growth is post-entry and exporter-driven. Foreign entrants are from non-US sources, highlighting the importance of studying FDI from multiple source countries in a lower-income host. |
| Keywords: | trade liberalization, employment, foreign direct investment, exporting, firm dynamics, Vietnam |
| JEL: | F13 F14 O14 O19 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10168&r=sea |
| By: | Rahardjo, Wibisono Tegar |
| Abstract: | Seiring berkembangnya waktu, setiap bisnis mempunyai persaingan dalam bidangnya masing-masing, tidak terkecuali pada bidang usaha ritel. Seperti yang kita ketahui, bisnis ritel di Indonesia akhir-akhir ini berkembang sangat pesat dan memunculkan beberapa kompetitor bqru tiap tahunnya yang membuat persaingan antar bidang ritel semakin tinggi. Beberapa bidang usaha ritel yang kita ketahui diantaranya ada alfamart, indomaret, lawson, circle k dan lain sebagainya. Mereka bersaing dan berbondongbondong menciptakan inovasi pada bisnis usahannya masing-masing. Pada tahun 2022 ini Indonesia sedang melakukan pemulihan ekonomi pasca pandemi covid 19 dan hal ini juga membuat pandangan masyarakat terhadap “needs” mereka menjadi berubah, yang semula menempatkan fashion dan gengsi untuk di nomor satukan, berubah 180 derajat menjadi mengutamakan produk bahan pokok untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari. Hal ini tidak jauh dari beberapa faktor diantaranya” demand” bahan pokok yang tiap tahunnya terus meningkat dan harga yang juga ikut meningkat. Maka dari itu dalam hal ini para pengusaha di bidang ritel khususnya tidak menyianyiakan peluang yang ada. Mereka melakukan pertumbuhan bisnis serta inovasi pada bidang usahanya dengan membuka beberapa cabang toko baru di kota-kota besar maupun kota kecil, serta menambahkan opsi untuk pesan antar atau delivery sehingga para konsumen tidak perlu repot-repot untuk datang ke toko namun sebaliknya mereka bisa memesan melalui aplikasi yang bisa di install di handphone mereka masingmasing. Bahkan di beberapa kota sudah ada toko yang mempunyai sistem drive thru sehingga konsumen bisa membeli produk yang mereka mau tanpa keluar dari kendaraan. |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ra6cf&r=sea |
| By: | , CAHYADI; , CAHYADI |
| Abstract: | Kedelai, sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh Rukmana dan Herdi (2014: 4) adalah tanaman pangan terpenting ketiga setelah padi dan jagung. Kedelai merupakan salah satu komoditas pertanian yang mempunyai prospek yang baik untuk diusahakan. Kebutuhan kacang kedelai dunia cenderung meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Di Indonesia saja, berdasarkan proyeksi konsumsi kedelai tahun 2003-2025, pada tahun 2020 total konsumsi kacang kedelai diprediksi mencapai 3, 03 juta ton atas dasar konsumsi perkapita 10, 79 kg/tahun dengan proyeksi penduduk 280 juta jiwa dan pertumbuhan penduduk 1, 16%. Bahkan pada tahun 2025 diperkirakan konsumsi kedelai di Indonesia mencapai 3, 35 juta ton.Rukmana dan Yuyun (1996: 17) menjelaskan, bahwa dalam industripengolahan hasil pertanian, kedelai merupakan bahan baku pakan ternak, minyak nabati dan lain sebagainya. Bagian yang paling penting dari tanaman kedelai adalah bijinya. Biji kedelai dapat diolah menjadi berbagai produk olahan makanan, misalnya dibuat tahu, tempe, tauco, kecap dan susu sari kedelai serta aneka olahan lain yang berbahan baku kedelai sebagai sumber protein yang relatif murah |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xkajz&r=sea |
| By: | Sekininno, Justin Jordan |
| Abstract: | Resesi merupakan suatu kondisi dimana perekonomian suatu negara sedang mengalami penurunan. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari produk domestic bruto yang negative, jumlah angka pengangguran yang semakin meningkat, pertumbuhan ekonomi negara tersebut riil bernilai negative selama dua kuartal berturut turut dan aktivitas ekonomi mengalami penurunan yang signifikan dari waktu ke waktu dan hal ini akan sangat berdampak besar bagi masyarakat. Resesi ini bisa terjadi disebabkan oleh beberapa factor berikut ini seperti contohnya yaitu adanya gunacangan ekonomi, perkembangan teknologi, adanya inflasi, dan juga tingginya suku bunga. Alasan Indonesia dapat berpotensi terkena resesi pada tahun 2023 adalah karena adanya kenaikan laju inflasi. |
| Date: | 2022–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:y2x7g&r=sea |
| By: | Yaqin, Ainul |
| Abstract: | Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan Sistem Keuangan merupakan sistem yang Saling berkaitan dan memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian. Peraturan Bank Indonesia dan Pengawasan Makroprudensial menjelaskan bahwwa Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan adalah suatu kondisi yang memungkinkan sistem Keuangan nasional berfungsi secara efektif dan efisien serta mampu bertahan Terhadap kerentanan internal dan eksternal sehingga alokasi sumber pendanaan Atau pembiayaan dapat berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan dan stabilitas Pertumbuhan nasional. |
| Date: | 2022–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wxnva&r=sea |
| By: | Kimwell, Miharu Jay; Ngo, Frances Lois; Puyat, Vicente Alberto; Siton, George Douglas |
| Abstract: | The Sin Tax Reform Act (STRA) of 2012 (RA 10351) and its amendments paved the way to revisit excise taxation for sin products, such as tobacco, alcohol, heated tobacco products and vapor products, and sweetened beverages. The ad valorem tax system reform has a two-fold aim: (1) increase revenues for public spending on health and (2) reduce the burden of tobacco smoking and alcohol use. This study has attempted to examine the quality of spending of earmarked funds by the Philippine public health sector and, in doing so, to identify constraints to efficient and effective use. In particular, this study utilized a modified intersectoral framework focusing on four key criteria for evaluating the implementation of the earmarking policy: adequacy, efficacy, equity, and effectiveness. Although the STRA has brought about improvements in program and health outcomes, there is a need to revisit policies and processes to reap the benefits of earmarked funds adequately, efficiently, equitably, and effectively in the public health sector. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | earmarking;Sin Tax;health financing;universal health coverage |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-41&r=sea |
| By: | khasanah, uswatun |
| Abstract: | Perkembangan ekonomi di Indonesia saat ini lebih pesat dibandingkan dengan beberapa tahun lalu. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan semakin meningkatnya jumlah lembaga keuangan yang ada. Dalam jangka panjang, keberadaan lembaga keuangan akan memberi manfaat berupa pengembangan ekonomi. Dapat kita ketahui lembaga keuangan dikenal ada dua macam, yaitu lembaga keuangan bank dan lembaga keuangan non bank. Adapun peranan utama dari kedua lembaga ini relatif sama, yaitu sebagai perantara keuangan (financial intermediation) antara surplus unit (ultimate lenders) dengan definisi unit (ultimate borrowers) . Lembaga keuangan bank adalah suatu lembaga keuangan yang memberikan jasa-jasa keuangan dan menarik dana dari masyarakat secara langsung. |
| Date: | 2022–12–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gf5sj&r=sea |
| By: | Rahardjo, Wibisono Tegar |
| Abstract: | Pertumbuhan ekonomi menunjukkkan sejauh mana aktivitas perekonomian akan menghasilkan tambahan pendapatan masyarakat pada suatu periode tertentu. Karena pada dasarnya aktivitas perekonomian adalah suatu proses penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi untuk menghasilkan output, maka proses ini pada gilirannya akan menghasilkan suatu aliran balas jasa terhadap faktor produksi yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat. Adanya pertumbuhan ekonomi maka diharapkan pendapatan masyarakat sebagai pemilik faktor produksi juga akan turut meningkat. Pemerintah Indonesia sampai dengan pertengahan tahun 1980-an menerapkan strategi inward looking di dalam pengembangan industrinya |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2uqcg&r=sea |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Epetia, Ma. Christina F. |
| Abstract: | Socioeconomic disparities run deep in the Philippines, but the COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated these inequities. Globally, there is a renewed sense of urgency to break these inequities and place social justice at the front and center of the post-COVID recovery. Social justice is about redressing power imbalances, assuring the protection of equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, and distributing the benefits, risks, and costs among peoples across generations. This paper examined the disproportionate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the following sectors: health, labor and education, and environment, as well as the deep-seated structural and systems challenges that could explain these disparities. Avenues for insightful discourses and genuine reforms are needed to address concerns on human capital development and social protection and environment resilience and climate change. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | social justice;inequality;COVID-19;social protection;labor;education;health;environment;resilience |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-36&r=sea |
| By: | putri, Aulia ananda |
| Abstract: | Sistem keuangan merupakan tatanan perekonomian dalam suatu Negara yang berperan dan melakukan aktivitas dalam berbagai jasa keuangan yang diselenggakan oleh lembaga keuangan. Tugas utama sistem keuangan adalah mengalihkan dana yang tersedia (loanable fands) dari penabung kepengguna dana untuk kemudian dibeli barang dan jasa-jasa disamping untuk investasi sehingga dapat tumbuh dan meningkatkan standar kehidupan. Oleh karena itu system keuangan memiliki peran yang sangat prinsipil dalam perekonomian dan kehidupan. Untuk menjalankan operasinya setiap perusahaan memiliki berbagai kebutuhan, terutama yang berkaitan dengan dana agar perusahaan dapat berjalan sebagaimana mestinya. Dana selalu dibutuhkan untuk menutupi seluruh atau sebagian dari biaya yang diperlukan, baik dana jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang Dana juga dibutuhkan untuk melakukan ekspansi atau perluasan usaha atau investasi baru. Artinya di dalam perusahaan harus selalu tersedia dana dalam jumlah tertentu sehingga tersedia pada saat dibutuhkan. Dalam hal ini, tugas manajer keuanganlah yang bertugas memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Dalam praktiknya untuk menutupi kekurangan akan kebutuhan dana, perusahaan memiliki beberapa pilihan sumber dana yang dapat digunakan. Pemilihan sumber dana ini tergantung dari tujuan, syarat-syarat, keuntungan, dan kemampuan perusa- haan tentunya. Sumber-sumber dana secara garis besar dapat diperoleh dari sendiri dan pinjaman (bank atau lembaga keuangan lainnya). Perusahaan dapat memilih dana dari salah satu sumber tersebut atau kombinasi dari keduanya. Setiap sumber dana memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangannya masing-masing. Misalnya penggunaan modal sendiri memiliki kelebihan, yaitu mudah diperoleh, (persyaratan ringan) dan beban pengembalian yang relatif lama. Di samping itu, dengan menggunakan modal sendiri, tidak ada beban untuk membayar angsuran termasuk bunga dan biaya lainnya. Sebaliknya, kekurangan penggunaan modal sendiri sebagai sumber dana adalah jumlahnya yang relatif terbatas, terutama pada saat membutuhkan dana yang relatif besar. Hal inilah yang terkadang membuat perusahaan sulit untuk memenuhinya. Di samping itu, kelemahannya adalah perusahaan (debitur) dibebani pembayaran angsuran atau cicilan (pokok pinjaman + bunga) dan biaya lainnya seperti biaya administrasi, biaya provisi dan komisi. Di Indonesia sendiri penyajian laporan keuangan telah diatur oleh Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia pada pernyataan standar akuntansi keauangan termasuk bank syariah. Laporan keuangan itu sendiri digunakan agar dapat mengukur bagaimana berjalannya kinerja perusahaan namun peneliti disini ingin melihat bagaimana penyajian laporan keuangan yang disajikan oleh bank syariah di Indonesia dan kesesuaiannya dengan standar akuntansi yang telah ditetapkan serta bagaimana analisis rasionya karena bank syariah sendiri memiliki pembiayaan dan aturan tersendiri yang berbeda dengan bank konvensional sehingga mampu bertahan dengan metode pembiayaannya sendiri. Oleh karena itu, mengingat penggunaan salah satu dari dana tersebut memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan, perlu disiasati agar dapat saling menunjang. Caranya adalah dengan melakukan kombinasi dari masing-masing jumlah sumber dana. Besarnya penggunaan masing-masing sumber harus dipertimbang- kan agar tidak membebani perusahaan, baik jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Dengan kata lain, penggunaan dana yang bersumber dari pinjaman harus dibatasi. Kombinasi dari penggunaan dana dikenal dengan nama rasio penggunaan dana pinjaman atau utang atau dikenal dengan nama rasio solvabilitas atau rasio leverage . Nah pada makalah ini, akan dibahas mengenai “ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN MENGGUNAKAN RASIO SOLVABILITAS” |
| Date: | 2022–12–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:69b53&r=sea |
| By: | Fadhilah, Elfa Nur |
| Abstract: | Perkembangan zaman dan kemajuan teknologi semakin membuat gaya hidup, pola pikir, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat Indonesia ikut berubah dan semakin maju, khususnya di bidang pemasaran. Kecanggihan teknologi, terutama teknologi komunikasi juga sekaligus membuat persaingan bisnis menjadi sangat tajam, baik di pasar domestik maupun pasar internasional, untuk dapat merebut pelanggannya. Saat ini masyarakat semakin pintar dan selektif dalam membeli sebuah produk. Berbagai produk ditawarkan kepada masyarakat mulai dari kebutuhan primer, sekunder dan tersier. Dengan kemajuan masyarakat terutama dari segi perekonomian maka pendapatan mereka semakin bertambah sehingga kebutuhan mereka pun sudah pasti berbeda-beda, semua itu dibuktikan dengan semakin banyaknya produk-produk yang beredar dipasaran. |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4skja&r=sea |
| By: | Fadhilah, Elfa Nur |
| Abstract: | Perkembangan zaman dan kemajuan teknologi semakin membuat gaya hidup, pola pikir, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat Indonesia ikut berubah dan semakin maju, khususnya di bidang pemasaran. Kecanggihan teknologi, terutama teknologi komunikasi juga sekaligus membuat persaingan bisnis menjadi sangat tajam, baik di pasar domestik maupun pasar internasional, untuk dapat merebut pelanggannya. Saat ini masyarakat semakin pintar dan selektif dalam membeli sebuah produk. Berbagai produk ditawarkan kepada masyarakat mulai dari kebutuhan primer, sekunder dan tersier. Dengan kemajuan masyarakat terutama dari segi perekonomian maka pendapatan mereka semakin bertambah sehingga kebutuhan mereka pun sudah pasti berbeda-beda, semua itu dibuktikan dengan semakin banyaknya produk-produk yang beredar dipasaran |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hecpv&r=sea |
| By: | , Susanti; Fadhilah, Elfa Nur |
| Abstract: | Perkembangan zaman dan kemajuan teknologi semakin membuat gaya hidup, pola pikir, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat Indonesia ikut berubah dan semakin maju, khususnya di bidang pemasaran. Kecanggihan teknologi, terutama teknologi komunikasi juga sekaligus membuat persaingan bisnis menjadi sangat tajam, baik di pasar domestik maupun pasar internasional, untuk dapat merebut pelanggannya. Saat ini masyarakat semakin pintar dan selektif dalam membeli sebuah produk. Berbagai produk ditawarkan kepada masyarakat mulai dari kebutuhan primer, sekunder dan tersier. Dengan kemajuan masyarakat terutama dari segi perekonomian maka pendapatan mereka semakin bertambah sehingga kebutuhan mereka pun sudah pasti berbeda-beda, semua itu dibuktikan dengan semakin banyaknya produk-produk yang beredar dipasaran. |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:z9peb&r=sea |
| By: | Fadhilah, Elfa Nur |
| Abstract: | Perkembangan zaman dan kemajuan teknologi semakin membuat gaya hidup, pola pikir, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat Indonesia ikut berubah dan semakin maju, khususnya di bidang pemasaran. Kecanggihan teknologi, terutama teknologi komunikasi juga sekaligus membuat persaingan bisnis menjadi sangat tajam, baik di pasar domestik maupun pasar internasional, untuk dapat merebut pelanggannya. Saat ini masyarakat semakin pintar dan selektif dalam membeli sebuah produk. Berbagai produk ditawarkan kepada masyarakat mulai dari kebutuhan primer, sekunder dan tersier. Dengan kemajuan masyarakat terutama dari segi perekonomian maka pendapatan mereka semakin bertambah sehingga kebutuhan mereka pun sudah pasti berbeda-beda, semua itu dibuktikan dengan semakin banyaknya produk-produk yang beredar dipasaran. |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fc7ay&r=sea |
| By: | Rahman, Alhadid; ROHIMAH, IRMA; |
| Abstract: | Bahasa memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam pembelajaran. Pembelajaran Bahasa indonesia ada empat aspek keterampilan, seperti mendengar, berbicara, membaca dan menulis. Menulis merupakan satu aspek yang tersulit karena dibutuhkan keterampilan dalam memahami segala aspek yang ada dalam EYD. Salah satu jenis kata depan dan awalan adalah di, ke, dari dan di-, ke, dari-, . Kata tersebut serupa tapi tak sama cara penulisannya, dan masih banyak kekeliruan baik itu pemahaman maupun penulisannya. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah kesalahan pilihan kata depan yang digunakan oleh admin dalam proses menyebarluaskan berita pada surat kabar di instagram. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi literatur atau library research. |
| Date: | 2022–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4yj87&r=sea |
| By: | Sa'adah, Dewi Nur |
| Abstract: | Analisis SWOT adalah metode analisis perencanaan strategis yang digunakan untuk memonitor dan mengevaluasi lingkungan perusahaan baik lingkungan eksternal dan internal untuk suatu tujuan bisnis tertentu. SWOT merupakan akronim dari kata: kekuatan (strengths), kelemahan (weaknesses), peluang (opportunities), dan ancaman (threats) dalam suatu proyek atau suatu spekulasi bisnis. Keempat faktor itulah yang membentuk akronim SWOT. SWOT melibatkan penentuan tujuan spekulasi bisnis atau proyek yang spesifik dan mengidentifikasi faktor internal dan eksternal yang mendukung dan yang tidak mendukung dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut. Proses ini akan lebih baik dibahas dengan menggunakan tabel yang dibuat dalam kertas besar sehingga dapat dianalisis dengan baik hubungan dari setiap aspek. |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:5hb2c&r=sea |
| By: | , Rahmadana |
| Abstract: | Kesehatan bank merupakan gambaran kondisi kinerja bank sehingga dapat menjadikan media pengawasan terhadap bank. Kesehatan bank berfungsi sebagai informasi bagi kepentingan semua pihak terkait baik pemilik, pengelola (manajemen), dan masyarakat pengguna bank. Penilaian kesehatan bank dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatan berdasarkan resiko dan menyesuaikan faktor-faktor penilaian tingkat kesehatan bank. Industri perbankan yang sehat sangat dibutuhkan dalam sebuah negara termasuk Indonesia, karena dengan adanya industri perbankan yang sehat, fungsi bank dapat berjalan dengan baik yang akhirnya dapat berdampak positif terhadap perekonomian negara. Bank merupakan suatu lembaga yang mendapatkan izin untuk mengarahkan dana yang berasal dari masyarakat berupa simpanan dan menyalurkan dana kepada masyarakat yang berupa pinjaman, sehingga bank berfungsi sebagai alat untuk menghimpun dan menyalurkan dana kepada masyarakat. Masyarakat pada umumnya memerlukan adanya mekanisme yang dapat dijadikan perantara penyaluran tabungan dari penabung ke investor, berdasarkan kesepakatan mengenai pembayaran dan pelunasannya. |
| Date: | 2022–12–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:qht6b&r=sea |
| By: | Akter, Sonia (Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore); Fauzia, Talitha (Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore); Pundit, Madhavi (Asian Development Bank); Schroder, Marcel (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This study presents a gender-specific assessment of medium-term disaster recovery following a series of earthquakes in Indonesia’s Aceh Province on 7 December 2016. For this assessment, we combine the village-level nighttime radiance data obtained from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite instrument, distance from the earthquake epicenters collected from the United Nations Satellite Centre and the Village Potential Statistics (PODES) 2014 and 2018—administrative data collected by Indonesia’s Central Statistics Bureau. We develop a novel index to represent women’s welfare in the context of a disaster—the Women’s Welfare after Disasters Index (W2DI). The nighttime radiance scores are used as indicators of overall economic welfare, while the W2DI specifically represents women’s welfare. Using the difference-indifferences method, we compare the average monthly nighttime radiance and W2DI scores in earthquake-affected and unaffected villages of the Aceh Province before and after the 2016 earthquake series. Similar to studies using the nighttime radiance to monitor disaster recovery and relief, our findings reveal that, on average, the monthly nighttime radiance scores of the earthquake-affected villages 2 months after the earthquakes were brighter relative to the changes of the unaffected villages, implying an improvement in overall economic well-being of the earthquake-affected population. However, findings from the W2DI give us richer insights related to women’s welfare. While an important domain of women’s welfare—particularly, availability and access to the health infrastructure—improved significantly after the earthquake series, there was substantial deterioration in access to basic needs (e.g., water, fuel, sanitation). Such access plays an essential role in women’s well-being as they are directly linked to women’s role in the society. This study demonstrates that women in disaster-affected areas may experience a setback in some domains of their welfare in the medium term even when the economic welfare in the disaster-affected areas, in general, improved because of the gradual increase of human activities after reconstruction work occurred. The study also shows how a gender-specific disaster assessment tool can be developed and applied to monitor and assess disaster recovery for a subgroup of population and identify areas that require intervention. |
| Keywords: | disaster relief; recovery; climate injustice; socioeconomic vulnerability; gender |
| JEL: | I30 J16 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0674&r=sea |
| By: | Rianti, Herisma |
| Abstract: | Berdasarkan uraian pada pendahuluan dan pembahasan riset pasar dan dasar manajemen perusahaan Myrubylicious Indonesia yang bergerak di bidang fashion. Perkembangan teknologi dan dasar manajemen mengenai rencana juga organisasi yang di lakukan sangatlah penting bagi proses meningkatknya potensi perkembangan usaha yang berjalan. Dan berjalannya suatu bisnis yang dimana harus kita lihat perihal riset pemasaran itu sendiri sangat menjadi tumpuan untuk dapat melihat sebuah grafik pembeli atau customer yang dapat kita lihat bagaimana perkembangannya, untuk tetap ada dan menjadi konsumen tetap dengan terus di fokuskan kepada hal hal penting untuk mempertahankan konsep, pemasaran, dan organisasi pada perusahaan tersebut. Kinerja dan focus yang benar jika berjalan dengan sesuai tujuan maka akan menghasilkan sebuah potensi pada perkembangan usaha yang dimiliki, akan terlihat perkembangan juga kemajuan yang dapat dirasakan oleh konsumen, bahkan pekerja itu sendiri jika semua sudah atau dapat kita tata dengan benar mengenai dasar manajemennya juga memperhatikan riset pasar yang ada saat ini apalagi dengan era masa kini , dimana teknologi pasar yang terus maju dan berkembang membuat perusahaan harus terus mengikuti zaman dan terus update |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ypz3n&r=sea |
| By: | Toman Barsbai; Vojtech Bartos; Victoria Licuanan; Andreas Steinmayr; Erwin Tiongson; Dean Yang |
| Abstract: | International migrant workers are vulnerable to abuses by their employers. We implemented a randomized controlled trial of an intervention to reduce mistreatment of Filipino women working as domestic workers (DWs) by their household employers in Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia. The intervention -- encouraging DWs to show their employers a photo of their family while providing a small gift when starting employment -- caused DWs to experience less mistreatment, have higher satisfaction with the employer, and be more likely to stay with the employer. DWs' families in the Philippines also come to view international labor migration more positively, while they generally remain unaware of the intervention. An online experiment with potential employers in Hong Kong and the Middle East suggests that a mechanism behind the treatment effect is a reduction in the employer's perceived social distance from the employee. |
| JEL: | J50 O15 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30804&r=sea |
| By: | Ramadhan, Rahmat Afdhal |
| Abstract: | Kemajuan teknologi di bidang transportasi, menjadi kebenaran sosial budaya yang terjadi di masyarakat, bahwa saat ini internet sangat mempengaruhi warga masyarakat dalam menjalani aktivitas di masyarakat. Banyaknya pengguna ponsel pintar atau smartphone, baik pada sistem android ataupun iOS membuat masyarakat menjadi ketergantungan pada smartphone dan internet. Kesempatan tersebut yang membuat pengagas bidang usaha Ojek online (Gojek) memperkenalkan ojek berbasis aplikasi online. Fenomena transportasi online saat ini sedang ramai diperbincangkan, karena pemesanan berbasis aplikasi yang mudah di unduh oleh pengguna smartphone baik sistem android ataupun iOS. Pemesanan melalui aplikasi yang sederhana membuat Ojek online diterima dengan cepat di kalangan masyarakat, serta berbagai macam pilihan layanan yang diberikan sehingga mampu memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat dalam bidang jasa (Anis Agustin, 2017). Gojek menjadi jalan penyambung untuk pengendara dan penumpang. Perusahaan Gojek memiliki komitmen untuk memberikan dampak sosial yaitu kesejahteraan bagi mitra kerjanya, tidak terkecuali kepada pengendara. Gojek memulai komitmen dengan menyampaikan kepada seluruh masyarakat bahwa Gojek adalah perusahaan rintisan atau startup asli Indonesia yang mempunyai misi sosial. Gojek ingin meningkatkan kesejahteraan sosial melalui ketepatan pasar. Dalam bidang teknologi, Gojek berusaha menyebarluaskan dampak sosial yaitu kehidupan untuk masyarakat yang lebih baik dengan menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan guna meningkatkan jumlah pendapatan mereka. Melalui bidang teknologi, Gojek berusaha menyebarluaskan dampak sosial yaitu kehidupan yang lebih baik untuk masyarakat dengan menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan guna meningkatkan jumlah pendapatan mereka. Adanya layanan seperti ojek online atau gojek sangat penting untuk kota dengan tingkat lalu lintas yang begitu ramai seperti Kota Jakarta dan kota lainnya di mana mereka beraktivitas. Gojek menawarkan manfaat besar baik untuk para pelanggan dan penyedia jasa |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uc6jn&r=sea |
| By: | Lathaporn Ratanavararak; Sommarat Chantarat |
| Abstract: | Majority of Thai agricultural households have been at risk of trapping in persistent debt problems, which could in turn impede their development prospects. Over the past decade, debt moratoriums have been one of the most extensive policies aiming to help Thai agricultural households – resulting in 44.1% of households being in debt moratoriums for more than 4 years. This paper estimates the impacts of agricultural debt moratoriums on households’ debt, saving and agricultural investment dynamics using a unique panel data of 1 million representative households nationwide. We found that while the debt moratoriums could decrease delinquency propensity in the short run, they significantly resulted in higher debt accumulation, especially among those with larger debt and those with higher program intensity. The moratoriums had no significant impact on saving, while could increase agricultural investment especially among those with smaller debt. The findings imply that design of Thailand’s popular debt moratoriums should be revisited, especially they should be more targeted and limited to short-term relief. |
| Keywords: | Farmer debt; Debt moratorium; Debt relief; Debt accumulation; Agriculture; Thailand |
| JEL: | G28 G51 Q12 Q14 O16 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:195&r=sea |
| By: | Yee, Sherryl A.; Abrigo, Michael R.M.; Astilla-Magoncia, Danika; Tam, Zhandra C. |
| Abstract: | This study provides new evidence of the heterogeneous impact of the Philippines’ conditional cash transfer (CCT) program designed to improve human capital investments among children from poor households. Using a regression discontinuity design, the moderation analysis shows that the distance to and quality of education and health facilities matter in child schooling and vaccination behaviors. Conditional cash transfers provide some, but incomplete, protective effects against the adverse influence of suboptimal facility conditions on these child outcomes. The study also documents no crowding out effects from some elective affirmative actions directed toward CCT beneficiaries. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | conditional cash transfer;4Ps;education;health;impact evaluation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-45&r=sea |
| By: | Debuque-Gonzales, Margarita; Corpus, John Paul P. |
| Abstract: | This study presents a small macroeconometric model with a fiscal sector, extending the model presented in Debuque-Gonzales and Corpus (2022). The model retains the original core blocks of domestic demand, international trade, employment, prices, and monetary sectors and adds a fiscal sector consisting of equations for government revenues, expenditures, and debt. Behavioral equations are estimated in error-correction form (using ARDL methodology) on quarterly data from 2002 to 2019. In-sample simulations demonstrate acceptable levels of predictive accuracy for most macroeconomic variables, even when producing dynamic forecasts. The model also shows plausible outcomes on the fiscal side in response to shocks in world oil prices, the exchange rate, and primary expenditure, showing the expanded model’s policy simulation capabilities. The next steps for developing the model include adding a detailed financial block, modeling the aggregate supply side, and incorporating expectations. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | macroeconometric model;Philippine economy;forecast;simulation;fiscal sector |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-43&r=sea |
| By: | Robles Mengoa, Eugenia; Geenen, Sara; Verbrugge, Boris; Besmanos, Beverly; López Valverde, Rafael |
| Abstract: | In 2019, the InForMining project of the Institute of Development Policy (IOB, University of Antwerp, Belgium) carried out a survey in three artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) areas in the Philippine region of Mindanao (provinces of Agusan del Sur, South Cotabato, and Davao de Oro). The objective of this survey was to understand the profile of the informal miner and the work he/she performs from his/her own experience. In this sense, we were able to gather data that allowed us to identify important challenges faced by the three mining provinces, which are analyzed in this policy brief. This document suggests some recommendations for sustainable solutions, that were validated and adjusted by the communities themselves. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, mining, working conditions, Mindanao, gold mining |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:apbrfs:202203&r=sea |
| By: | Bacasmas, Jill Angeli V.; Katigbak, Jovito Jose P.; Carlos, Jean Clarisse T. |
| Abstract: | Operationalizing a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) framework to process data gathered from an adapted diagnostic toolkit entitled “Women-Owned Businesses in Cross-border E-commerce: a Diagnostic Toolkit, ” this study reveals that regional and national policy landscapes have put utmost interest in promoting and fostering an enabling environment for women-led micro, small, and medium enterprises and digitalization. However, there are gaps in public-private sector coordination, access to enabling and support programs such as financing and capacity building, awareness due to informality, and scaling-up and sustainability of their e-commerce businesses. Moreover, the results also show that the cross-border e-commerce environment is promising from the point of view of (a) networks, representation, and visibility and (b) digital literacy, e-payments, e-commerce, and digital trade regulations. However, there are areas for improvement, such as in (a) digital literacy, e-payments, and e-commerce and digital trade regulations; (b) discrimination on online platforms; (c) trade facilitation agreement; and (d) logistics and customs duties. Given the diagnostic toolkit and SWOT results, the authors identified key practical policy recommendations for consideration. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | MSMEs;e-commerce;cross-border;trade;digitalization;women-led MSMEs |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-40&r=sea |
| By: | ZHANG Hongyong |
| Abstract: | Using multiple government statistics, this paper first outlines trends in the reshoring of manufacturing industries to Japan and the relocation of overseas production bases (friend-shoring) from China to ASEAN countries. Overseas production and offshoring have stagnated in recent years, but it does not mean that the return to domestic production is progressing. Since the deterioration of Japan-China relations in 2012, the degree of dependence on China for overseas production has decreased, and production in ASEAN countries has expanded. Recently, the number of new entrants to the ASEAN countries has substantially increased. Next, using a data set that links government statistics with information on subsidy projects for supply chain resilience and diversification, this paper documents the characteristics of firms that obtained supply chain subsidies (hereinafter referred to as SCS firms) with a focus on their trade, investment, and performance before and after the COVID-19 crisis. There are four findings as follows: (1) Compared to non-SCS firms, SCS firms are more dependent on imported inputs in the years before COVID-19, but the concentration of imports from specific countries/regions is not so high. (2) Both the overseas production ratio of SCS firms and the concentration of production bases in specific countries/regions are high. In recent years, the overseas production ratio (especially in China since FY2018) has declined slightly, but a declining concentration of production bases was not observed. (3) Overseas manufacturing affiliates of SCS firms tend to a) be larger in scale than those of non-SCS firms, b) rely on Japan and third countries for procurement and sales, and c) function as export platforms. Since 2018, their capital investment and profit margin have been low, and the probability of withdrawal has increased. (4) After COVID-19, SCS firms did not show an upward trend in capital investment compared to non-SCS firms, despite the increase in domestic sales and employment. At the same time, there were no significant changes in capital investment, sales, or employment of SCS manufacturing affiliates in ASEAN countries. These results suggest that some firms have become less dependent on China for trade and investment since before COVID-19. After COVID-19, the return to domestic production was limited until Q2 2021, and relocations from China to ASEAN were limited until the end of FY2020. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:23001&r=sea |
| By: | Francisco, Kris A. |
| Abstract: | Electricity serves as a vital input to modern economies. Many critical infrastructures such as transportation, telecommunications, banking, and others depend on continuous electricity supply to perform their functions. However, as modern economies continue to move towards digitalization and the adoption of technologies, part of the population still deals with electricity supply interruptions, which greatly hinders productivity. In this study, we analyzed the monthly interruption reports of electric cooperatives submitted to the National Electrification Administration to uncover some interesting trends related to electricity supply interruptions in the Philippines. The analysis provides a fundamental landscape for understanding the intricacies of supply interruptions for the benefit of formulating more appropriate and realistic policy recommendations for the power sector. It also sets the direction for future research work. Overall, the results of this study show that the causes of electricity supply interruptions in the country can be broadly categorized into environment, supply, and technical issues. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | electric power industry;electric cooperatives;electric power infrastructure;power interruptions;electricity supply;energy policy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-48&r=sea |
| By: | Alya.A, Nur |
| Abstract: | This study aims to determine the application of accounting systems to control costs incurred by companies in the value chain. This research uses quantitative methods with research objects, namely manufacturing companies. Data sources were obtained from several companies in Indonesia. Data collection methods used are documents analysis and literature analysis. From the results of the analysis it was found that the application of accounting science is very important in the efficiency and effectiveness of the company financial reportingcycle so as to minimize the occurrence of errors and data loss. |
| Date: | 2022–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:v2yt4&r=sea |
| By: | Arief, A. Anggie Zabrina |
| Abstract: | Bank health is assessed as the ability of a bank to carry out normal banking operations and be able to fulfill all of its obligations properly, in accordance with applicable regulations. With regard to the health of Islamic banks, the Islamic Financial Authority (OJK) is the agency authorized to supervise bank health in Indonesia. A healthy bank is a bank that can carry out its functions properly, such as being able to maintain public trust, being able to carry out the intermediary function, being able to help smooth payment traffic, and being able to carry out monetary policy. There are several ways to measure the soundness of a bank, one of which is using the CAMEL (Capital, Asset Quality, Management, Earning and Liquidity) method. |
| Date: | 2022–12–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:sezng&r=sea |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | This study aims to estimate the short-term impact of the recent rounds of food price inflation and the COVID-19 crisis by estimating a household food demand system converted to energy and nutrient intakes. It demonstrates that recent food and nutrition surveys conducted by the Philippine government are a valuable source of information about household behavior and the impact of economic shocks. It offers a novel methodology for incorporating computing selection effects in determinants in estimating price and income elasticities. The study was nevertheless able to determine that the COVID-19 social protection programs played a significant role in preventing further deterioration in nutrient intakes and worsening of malnutrition. Notwithstanding rapid economic growth, the recent inflation episodes pose a major threat to nutrient intakes and nutrition security. Income policies in the form of targeted cash transfers are an important, albeit expensive, way to counter adverse nutrition impacts of economic contraction. Ameliorating the impact of price increases during inflation episodes should assume priority in policy research and response. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | food demand;economic contraction;price inflation;price and income elasticity;nutrient intake;food policy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-44&r=sea |
| By: | Chonnakan Rittinon; Boontida Sa-ngimnet; Suparit Suwanik; Tanisa Tawichsri; Thiti Tosborvorn |
| Abstract: | Polarization deteriorates social trust and hinders economic development. Interestingly, it has been previously shown that one of the factors driving polarization is the mere perception of polarization. Using data from an original survey done in Thailand in 2021 (N = 2, 016), this paper provides an empirical evidence that people with extreme political identity and those who consume media from outlets similar to their political peers tend to exaggerate the degree of polarization in the society. We also show that those exaggerations increase negative feelings toward members of the opposite group. |
| Keywords: | Perceived polarization; Out-group animosity; Media bias; Echo chamber |
| JEL: | D72 D74 P48 Z13 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:194&r=sea |
| By: | Thegeya, Aaron (World Data Lab); Mitterling, Thomas (World Data Lab); Martinez Jr., Arturo (Asian Development Bank); Bulan, Joseph (Asian Development Bank); Durante, Ron Lester (Asian Development Bank); Mag-atas, Jayzon (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Roads are vital to support the transportation of people, goods, and services, among others. To yield their optimal socioeconomic impact, proper maintenance of existing roads is required; however, this is typically underfunded. Since detecting road quality is both labor and capital intensive, information on it is usually scarce, especially in resource-constrained countries. Accordingly, the study examines the feasibility of using satellite imagery and artificial intelligence to develop an efficient and cost-effective way to determine and predict the condition of roads. With this goal, a preliminary algorithm was created and validated using medium-resolution satellite imagery and existing road roughness data from the Philippines. After analysis, it was determined that the algorithm had an accuracy rate up to 75% and can be used for the preliminary identification of poor to bad roads. This provides an alternative for compiling road quality data, especially for areas where conventional methods can be difficult to implement. Nonetheless, additional technical enhancements need to be explored to further increase the algorithm’s prediction accuracy and enhance its robustness. |
| Keywords: | road quality; road maintenance; Sustainable Development Goals; remote sensing; deep learning |
| JEL: | O18 R42 |
| Date: | 2022–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0675&r=sea |
| By: | An Huang (Monash University); Paulo Santos (Monash University); Russell Smyth (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of agricultural technology, in the form of paddy rice cultivation, on contemporary levels of prejudice. Using environmental suitability for paddy as an instrumental variable, we find that people living in areas where paddy rice farming has been long practiced exhibit lower prejudice towards outgroup members. This relationship is mediated by greater exposure to markets and trade, itself derived from paddy’s higher land productivity, likely reflecting the opportunities for interpersonal contact created by markets. In contrast, the irrigation needs and high labour demands of paddy galvanize local cooperation, likely fostering prejudice directed to outsiders. |
| Keywords: | paddy rice, prejudice, market, contact hypothesis, group identity |
| JEL: | J15 N55 Z1 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-02&r=sea |
| By: | Robert Reinhardt (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne - Université Paris1 Pantheon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates which effect earthquakes have on the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) within a country from a temporal, spatial and sectoral dimension. It uses a dynamic difference-indifference model of physical disaster exposure in 416 Indonesian districts between 2003 and 2019 in order to quantify the impact on investment behavior from abroad. Drawing geolocated data from a variety of sources, the results indicate that FDI inflows are temporarily reduced of around 90% in the year after the disaster. In this case study, spatial effects play a subordinate role, yet earthquake shocks affecting upstream industries tend to have substantial negative effects. Manufacturing appears to be the most affected sector |
| Keywords: | Foreign Direct Investment; Disasters; Risk; Economic Growth; Input-Output |
| JEL: | F21 O12 Q54 C67 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:22024&r=sea |
| By: | Shin, Hyun Bang; Zhao, Yimin; Koh, Sin Yee |
| Abstract: | The assembled papers in this special issue jointly explore the urban manifestation of “Global China” at different scales and involving diverse actors, discussing the ways in which the urban has been reconfigured by China’s global expansion and uncovering the differentiated modes of speculative and spectacular urban production at present. Observing from Ghana, India, Malaysia and China, these papers collectively make theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions to recognise the dynamics of speculation, articulation and translation in global capitalism, where China plays an increasingly significant role. In this introduction, we first set out to explain our standing point with China as method, which is an attempt to situate China in our comparative studies endeavour and to make self-reflection on what it means to study China as both an optic and a process. We then introduce the three main themes that have guided our interrogation of what global China implies. These include: (a) transplanting models and urbanism; (b) multi-scalar construction of temporality; and (c) situating the urban China model in global capitalism. These aspects are at the core of our engagement with the contributing papers in this special issue that together extend the critique of our changing urban conditions at present. |
| Keywords: | global China; China as method; urbanisation; global capitalism; China; urbanism; Tackling the UK’s International Challenges Programme (Grant Number IC3\100155). |
| JEL: | J1 N0 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117180&r=sea |
| By: | Rainald Borck; Philipp Schrauth |
| Abstract: | We use worldwide satellite data to analyse how population size and density affect urban pollution. We find that density significantly increases pollution exposure. Looking only at urban areas, we find that population size affects exposure more than density. Moreover, the effect is driven mostly by population commuting to core cities rather than the core city population itself. We analyse heterogeneity by geography and income levels. By and large, the influence of population on pol-lution is greatest in Asia and middle-income countries. A counterfactual simulation shows that PM2.5 exposure would fall by up to 36% and NO2 exposure up to 53% if within countries population size were equalized across all cities. |
| Keywords: | population density, air pollution, gridded data |
| JEL: | Q53 R12 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10171&r=sea |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | After suffering a recession during the pandemic, the Cambodian economy was on a steady recovery path, but is facing new pressures in 2022 that have buffeted external demand and increased inflation rates. The authorities have largely continued with crisis policy responses and have pressed on with policy reforms. The recovery is projected to continue, notwithstanding external stresses. Risks of public debt distress remain low. However, the level of private debt raises concerns about potential debt overhang. |
| Date: | 2022–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/371&r=sea |
| By: | Benjamin Chipperfield (Monash University); Paulo Santos (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of Lao PDR’s 2009 policy of fisheries decentralization on the nutritional status of children under 2 years old, using a double robust estimator that combines propensity score and OLS regression. Fisheries decentralization led to important gains in height-for-age in young children living in environments that, due to seasonal absence of local markets, are highly dependent on local natural resources. The analysis of the impact of this policy on older children and on health behaviors that are unlikely to be influenced by natural resource management (vaccination) supports the causal interpretation of these estimates. We identify higher consumption of fish as one mechanism that explains these gains. This change is not accompanied by greater allocation of time to fishing or investment in fishing assets, suggesting that decentralization of fisheries management likely led to better management of the resource, rather than its over-exploitation. |
| Keywords: | Fisheries decentralization , height-for-age z-score , propensity score, placebo |
| JEL: | Q22 Q28 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-01&r=sea |
| By: | Wandan dan Iarmasa, Hilarius, Mariana |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT Basically, the village is the beginning for the formation of political society and government in Indonesia. Long before this modern state was formed, social units such as villages or indigenous peoples had become social institutions that held a very important position. They are autonomous institutions with their own traditions, customs and punishments that are deeply rooted and relatively independent from interference from outside powers. In an effort to realize good governance, it takes the Government's seriousness to achieve it, one of the aspects that must be fulfilled is the existence of community participation or good cooperation between the two parties, namely the community and the government so that in the future government services and community participation can run in balance for improvement. and village development in a better future. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between Village Government Services and Community Participation. This is based on the results of calculating the product moment correlation which is known that the correlation between Village Government Services is 2,660. That is, every time there is a change or increase of 7,428 in Community Participation in Welutu Village, Wermaktian District, Tanimbar Islands Regency, there will also be a change or increase in Village Community Participation by 7,428 as well. Meanwhile, at the significant level, the t-table is greater than the t-count 7,428 > 2,660 Keywords: Village Government Services and Community Participation |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zkm7f&r=sea |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | A new administration took office in July with a blueprint to secure an inclusive, sustainable, and green recovery. While the economy remains fundamentally sound, the new administration will face three important challenges: (1) striking the right policy mix to secure the recovery and safeguard price stability; (2) building fiscal buffers as insurance against downside risks; and (3) raising the Philippine’s long-term growth. |
| Date: | 2022–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/369&r=sea |
| By: | Jin, Ruining; Hoang, Giang; Nguyen, Thi-Phuong; Nguyen, Phuong-Tri; Le, Tam-Tri; La, Viet-Phuong; Nguyen, Minh-Hoang; Vuong, Quan-Hoang |
| Abstract: | Working in academia is challenging, even more so for those with limited resources and opportunities. Researchers around the world do not have equal working conditions. The paper presents the structure, operation method, and conceptual framework of the SM3D Portal’s community coaching method, which is built to help Early Career Researchers (ECRs) and researchers in low-resource settings overcome the obstacle of inequality and start their career progress. The community coaching method is envisioned by three science philosophies (cost-effectiveness, transparency spirit, and proactive attitude) and established and operated based on the Serendipity-Mindsponge-3D knowledge (SM3D) management framework (i.e., mindsponge thinking and Bayesian Mindsponge Framework analytics serve as the coaching program’s foundational theory and analytical tools). The coaching method also embraces Open Science’s values for lowering the cost of doing science and encouraging the trainees to be transparent, which is expected to facilitate the self-correcting mechanism of science through open data, open review, and open dialogue. Throughout the training process, members are central beneficiaries by gaining research knowledge and skills, acquiring publication as the training’s product, and shifting their mindsets from “I can’t do it” to “I can do it, ” and at the same time transforming a mentee to be ready for a future mentor’s role. The coaching method is thus one of the members, for the member, by the members. |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:qabhj&r=sea |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Date: | 2022–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/372&r=sea |
| By: | Athiphat Muthitacharoen; Trongwut Burong |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates inequality and intragenerational economic mobility in a developing country with large inequality. Understanding economic mobility is important because it shapes our perception of inequality. Despite its significance, evidence on intragenerational mobility, especially that based on administrative data, is relatively limited in developing countries. Using Thailand’s tax return data, we study the evolution of earnings inequality, estimate medium-term earnings mobility, and examine the heterogeneity of mobility across age, gender and employment arrangement. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, annual earnings inequality rises during the 2009-2018 period. We find that the inequality is largely permanent, and its increase is primarily driven by top-earnings workers. Second, we find that medium-term mobility follows a Ushaped pattern across the earnings distribution, with extremely high persistence at the top. Our suggestive comparison indicates that Thailand’s earnings mobility is among the lowest in the pool of evidence from both developed and developing countries. Third, there is a considerable heterogeneity in mobility regarding employment arrangement. Workers in less-formal jobs have much lower upward mobility than those in more-formal employment. Our findings also indicate significant heterogeneity in mobility with respect to gender and age. These findings highlight the importance of ensuring that any increase in inequality caused by the Covid-19 crisis does not become permanent, as well as improving access to opportunities for vulnerable workers. |
| Keywords: | Intragenerational earnings mobility; Inequality |
| JEL: | D31 D63 H20 J31 J60 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:196&r=sea |
| By: | Lander, Laura; Tagnon, Chris; Nguyen-Tien, Viet; Kendrick, Emma; Elliott, Robert J.R.; Abbott, Andrew P.; Edge, Jacqueline S.; Offer, Gregory J. |
| Abstract: | The electrification of the transport sector is a critical part of the net-zero transition. The mass adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries in the coming decade will inevitably lead to a large amount of battery waste, which needs handling in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. Battery recycling is a sustainable treatment option at the battery end-of-life that supports a circular economy. However, heterogeneity in pack designs across battery manufacturers are hampering the establishment of an efficient disassembly process, hence making recycling less viable. A comprehensive techno-economic assessment of the disassembly process was conducted, which identified cost hotspots in battery pack designs and to guide design optimisation strategies that help save time and cost for end-of-life treatment. The analyses include six commercially available EV battery packs: Renault Zoe, Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model 3, Peugeot 208, BAIC and BYD Han. The BAIC and BYD battery packs exhibit lower disassembly costs (US$50.45 and US$47.41 per pack, respectively), compared to the Peugeot 208 and Nissan Leaf (US$186.35 and US$194.11 per pack, respectively). This variation in disassembly cost is due mostly to the substantial differences in number of modules and fasteners. The economic assessment suggests that full automation is required to make disassembly viable by 2040, as it could boost disassembly capacity by up to 600 %, while substantially achieving cost savings of up to US$190 M per year. |
| Keywords: | battery pack design; battery pack disassembly; circular economy; electric vehicles; techno-economics |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117716&r=sea |
| By: | Christian Creed (Monash University); Paulo Santos (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | Can behavioural characteristics explain the low adoption of profitable technologies? We explore this question by quantifying the importance of present bias on the decision to vaccinate cattle against foot-and-mouth disease, a simple and well-known technology that despite its high returns is largely overlooked. Our results show that livestock producers who exhibit a stronger present bias are much less likely to vaccinate their cattle, an effect which is robust to a large set of control variables (including wealth and access to information), larger than the effect of any other observed covariate and robust to plausible assumptions about the importance of unobserved determinants of adoption. We discuss some of the potential implications of these results for the design of vaccine delivery and to other policies that aim to overcome self-control problems. |
| Keywords: | Technology adoption , vaccination, Foot and Mouth disease, Present bias |
| JEL: | O10 O13 Q16 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-03&r=sea |
| By: | Meg Adachi-Sato (Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University Faculty of Business Administration, JAPAN and Accountancy, Khon Kaen University, THAILAND); Hiroshi Osano (Faculty of Economics, Konan University, JAPAN) |
| Abstract: | This paper considers how profit-motivated fund managers of sustainable and passive funds govern the firms in the portfolios they construct using the capital collected from socially responsible investors. The fund managers endogenously choose their level of engagement with these firms to increase their profit, while reducing the negative externality. Using the search model framework between fund managers and investors, we derive several theoretical and empirical implications regarding the effects of improvement in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information quality, sustainable fund growth, and passive fund growth on ESG and monetary performances generated by portfolio firms. |
| Keywords: | Delegated asset investment; ESG; Passive fund; Social impact; Socially responsible investing; Sustainable fund |
| JEL: | D83 G23 G32 M14 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2023-01&r=sea |