|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Jean-Pascal Bassino; Pierre van der Eng |
| Abstract: | This paper presents new estimates of the living standards of unskilled and skilled wage earners in Southeast Asia. It estimates welfare ratios in nine Asian cities (Bangkok, Hanoi, Jakarta, Penang, Rangoon, Saigon, Singapore, Surabaya and Tokyo) during 1880-1938 and compares them to those in two European cities (Milan and Paris). It finds that the welfare ratios in most Southeast Asian cities were close to or above the Italian and Japanese levels. By the 1930s those in Bangkok were even close to Paris. It also finds a wage premium for skilled labour that was higher than in Europe and Japan. These findings suggest that there was a sustained strong demand for skilled workers, as well as savings potentials and opportunities for the development of markets beyond basic commodities in these Asian cities. These findings are consistent with recent research into economic growth and living standards in pre-war East Asia. The paper synthesises these findings to argue that some of the foundations of modern economic growth, and therefore the second East Asian Economic Miracle since the mid-1960s, were being established before World War II. But it took most countries in Southeast Asia until the 1960s and after to draw the full benefits from these preconditions when their processes of modern economic growth accelerated. |
| Keywords: | East Asian Economic Miracle, welfare, wages, Southeast Asia |
| JEL: | I31 J30 N35 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:auu:hpaper:098&r= |
| By: | Choi, Jangho (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Choi, Yoojeong (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Han, Halin (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 본 연구는 동남아 CLMV 국가의 체제전환 과정과 성과를 두 가지 방법으로 분석 및 평가한 후, 북한의 체제전환 방향에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다. 먼저 유럽개발부흥은행(EBRD)의 체제전환지수를 검토하여 한계점을 분석하였고, 이를 바탕으로 CLMV 국가의 체제전환 성과를 평가하기 위한 체제전환지수 I과 5점 평가 척도를 만들었다. 다음으로 국가자본주의의 특성을 반영한 체제전환지수 II를 개발하고, 동남아 CLMV 국가의 체제전환 성과를 다시 한 번 평가하였다. 마지막으로 체제전환지수 I과 II의 평가 결과를 비교·분석하여 동남아 CLMV 국가의 체제전환이 갖는 특징을 규명하였다. 본 연구는 향후 북한 체제전환의 방향을 가늠할 로드맵의 토대가 될 것으로 기대된다. This study is conducted under the premise that the transition of the regimes of Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam (hereinafter referred to as CLMV countries), which have gone through transitions, can serve as a lighthouse for North Korea with uncertainties surrounding on how North Korea will open its economy. The study intends to derive the implications for the North Korea out of the CLMV country’s experience. To this end, two types of transition indicators are defined and the EBRD transition indicators are rearranged and restructured. The outcome out of it is the ‘Transition Indicator Ⅰ’, which is the basis of ‘Transition Indicators Ⅱ’ to evaluate the transition in the nature of state capitalism. Based on the two indices, the transition process and performance of the countries the Southeast Asia were evaluated, followed by the identification of the characteristics of the transition of the CLMV countries in Southeast Asia from perspectives of both market capitalism and state capitalism, and the similarities and differences were identified. Finally, we analyzed the implications of the CLMV country’s transition to North Korea in Southeast Asia, and also derived implications for future inter-Korean economic integration. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | Southeast Asia; Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Viet Nam; CLMV; North Korea; transition; EBRD |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2020_007&r= |
| By: | Nguyen Bang Nong (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 1 Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, 11106, Hanoi, Vietnam Author-2-Name: Van Hong Thi Ha Author-2-Workplace-Name: Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 1 Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, 11106, Hanoi, Vietnam Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - Vietnam is one of the world's most severely affected countries by climate change. The consequences of climate change reduce the goal of poverty alleviation and sustainable development of the country. Quang Ninh is a coastal province with vigorous development in industry and tourism and is the leading province in Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) in Vietnam in recent years. Methodology/Technique - However, for many years, Quang Ninh province has suffered many negative impacts of climate change. Based on empirical evidence, the article assesses the vulnerability in people's livelihoods under the impact of climate change in Quang Ninh province by using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) developed by Hahn, Riederer, and Foster. Findings - The paper also assesses livelihood vulnerability based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC.) The research results show that the components of responding well to climate change are not acceptable. Novelty - The study also shows that there should be different policies, strategies, and reduction components to improve the capacity to respond to climate change to ensure sustainable development goals. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Resources, Livelihood Vulnerability, Sustainable Development, Vietnam. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber207&r= |
| By: | Rizal Mawardi (Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Perbanas Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Sylvi Angelia Author-2-Workplace-Name: Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Perbanas Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - The purpose of this study is to examine the effect between financial distress, corporate governance, auditor switching and audit delay. This research sample using data on a manufacturing company on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Methodology – The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis technique. Findings – The research finding show that financial distress and the size of the audit committee have a significant effect on audit delay, while the concentration of ownership, managerial ownership, change of directors, and auditor switching has no significant effect on audit delay. Second finding explain that consideration for companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange to pay attention to the timeliness of submitting financial reports and independent auditor reports so as not to get sanctions from the Financial Services Authority. Novelty – Our novelty research using the relationship of Financial Distress, Corporate Governance and Auditor Switching on new research model to Audit Delay. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Financial Distress, Corporate Governance, Auditor Switching, Audit Delay |
| JEL: | M41 M42 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr189&r= |
| By: | Yasuyuki Todo; Keita Oikawa (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Masahito Ambashi (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Fukunari Kimura (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Shujiro Urata (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | Using a unique firm-level data set from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and India collected from November 2020 to February 2021, this paper examines how the robustness and resilience of supply chain links – i.e. maintaining links and substituting another for a disrupted partner, respectively – were determined when firms faced economic shocks due to the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Focusing on the role of the characteristics of firms’ supply chains, we find that homophily, i.e. the tendency to form a group with similar agents, was often associated with the robustness of supply chain links, most likely because of the strength of homophilous ties. In particular, when a foreign-owned firm had a supply chain link with a firm located in the same country as its home country, the link was quite robust. We also find that the geographic diversity of customers and suppliers creates resilience of supply chains. When the demand or supply from a partner of a firm was disrupted because of COVID-19, the firm likely mitigated the damage from the disruption through substitution of partners if its supply chains were well diversified across countries. In addition, larger or younger firms tended to be resilient and robust. The robustness and resilience of supply chains are found to have led to higher performance. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; Robustness of supply chains; Resilience of supply chains; Homophily; Asia |
| JEL: | F14 F23 L14 |
| Date: | 2021–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-40&r= |
| By: | Keita Oikawa (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Yasuyuki Todo; Masahito Ambashi (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Fukunari Kimura (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Shujiro Urata (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has created unprecedented difficulties for the economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States (AMS) and India. It has provided three types of shocks – negative supply shocks, negative demand shocks, and positive demand shocks – to the AMS and Indian economies. In this mixed environment of positives and negatives, AMS and India have shown vigorous private dynamism in their ability to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic downturn and advance to a growth path. To take advantage of private dynamics, firstly, the labour market should be flexible enough so that firms may employ the necessary workers and use the COVID-19 shock to improve their businesses. Secondly, encouraging firms to invest in digital technology to enhance supply chain resilience is necessary in order to maintain and increase regional industrial competitiveness during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Lastly, human resources development, in particular strengthening digital skills, is critical. Governments should provide firms, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, with technical and financial assistance to enhance employees’ digital skills through education and training. |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:pb-2021-02&r= |
| By: | an Ha Truong (USTH - University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, VIET - Vietnam Initiative for Energy Transition); Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, VIET - Vietnam Initiative for Energy Transition); Hoang Anh Tran (University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Viet Nam, VIET - Vietnam Initiative for Energy Transition) |
| Abstract: | As governments forced electricity producers to use more renewable energy sources, over a hundred thermal power plants in high-income countries turned to biomass as a partial or complete replacement for coal. Is the co-firing technology appropriate for Vietnam? To assess the technology we build an integrated model simulating the economics, environmental and social implications of blending 5% of rice straw in two existing coal power plants in Vietnam. The business value of co-firing is positive –straw is cheaper than coal– but not large enough to motivate the stakeholders. The external social benefit of co-firing –reduced air-borne pollution– are several times larger than the business value. Within that external benefit, the social value of avoided PM2.5 and NOx emissions dominates the social value of avoided CO2 emissions. The net job creation effect is positive: collecting straw creates more employment than using less coal destroys. This is the first technology assessment of co-firing biomass in coal power plants in Vietnam and one of the first for a subtropical middle-income country. The study only considers rice straw, and it does not address the role of government nor the biomass market functioning. The price of coal is the primary determinant of co-firing business value. There is an empirical economic justification for a public intervention to promote co-firing biomass in Vietnam, mainly as a way to reduce open-field straw burning. Local air quality goals, rather than greenhouse gas reduction policy, can justify such regulations. |
| Keywords: | Biomass cofiring,Emission control,Coal power,Lifecycle Assessment LCA,Technology assessment |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03277278&r= |
| By: | Shandre Thangavelu; Shujiro Urata (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Dionisius A Narjoko (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | This policy brief highlights the impact of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement on ASEAN and ASEAN least developed countries (LDCs) in the post-pandemic recovery. RCEP has key elements that will be crucial for the post-pandemic recovery and regional transformation, such as (a) a single rule-of-origin framework for the 15 member countries, which could have an accelerating and enhancing impact on global value chains in the region; (b) the key element of the China–Japan–Republic of Korea effect, where the RCEP agreement sets the first free trade arrangement for trade and investment for these countries; (c) key elements for digital transformation and services liberalisation in key services trade in e-commerce, financial, professional, and telecommunication services; and (d) ASEAN centrality, which is critical for the post-pandemic recovery and structural transformation of the region in terms of sustainable and inclusive growth. |
| Date: | 2021–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:pb-2021-01&r= |
| By: | Kurniawati (Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Fadhel Audia Yusran Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - The rapid development of information technology brings a significant change in society. The presence of social media makes a shift in people's behavior. From various circles and almost everyone owns and uses social media as a means to obtain and convey information to the public. The purpose of this research is to test and analyst the factors that affect positive eWOM intention on social media. Methodology/Technique - The sample used in this study were 225 respondents using purposive sampling method. The sample used in this study are customers who have social media, access social media for the last 6 (six) months and make online purchases on these social media. Findings - Hypothesis testing is done by using the structural equation model (SEM) method with the help of AMOS software. Novelty - For further research, we can also add and analyze additional factors that affect positively eWOM intention on social media, namely CSR engagement. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| JEL: | M31 M3 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr277&r= |
| By: | Andrzej Blachowicz; Nia Hunjan; Lillian Lochner; Azka Azifa; Aidy Halimanjaya; Aidy Halimanjaya; Tari Lestari; Kuki Soejachmoen |
| Abstract: | Este informe avanza los hallazgos de la investigación sobre Estrategias climáticas del Documento de Reflexiones de 2020: Incorporación de estrategias de transición justa en las Contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional de los países en desarrollo. Al centrar nuestro compromiso a nivel nacional, las recomendaciones de este informe se han diseñado para ayudar a coordinar el desarrollo de la política climática nacional de la transición justa. La investigación adoptó un enfoque de métodos mixtos en la que se incluyó una revisión de la bibliografía pertinente, así como casos prácticos en tres países. Las metodologías del país utilizaron una combinación de participación directa de las partes interesadas, que incluyó entrevistas semiestructuradas y encuestas, adaptadas a sus circunstancias nacionales individuales. El objetivo del proyecto consiste en abordar la necesidad apremiante de introducir estrategias de transición justa en países en desarrollo y menos desarrollados, alineando el aumento de las Contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) y las estrategias de transición justa con las respuestas de recuperación de la COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | Cambio Climático, Desigualdad Social. Desigualdad Económica, Estrategias de Transición, Estrategias Climáticas, Países en Desarrollo, COVID-19, Ghana, Colombia, Indonesia |
| JEL: | Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:019662&r= |
| By: | Zahir Osman (Open University Malaysia, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Ratna Khuzaimah Mohamad Author-2-Workplace-Name: Open University Malaysia, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Liana Mohamad Author-3-Workplace-Name: Open University Malaysia, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study evaluates the direct relationships among online learning attitude, online peer collaboration, psychological motivation, digital readiness, and online engagement among students in Malaysia's online distance learning (ODL) higher education institutions. Methodology/Technique - The structural Equation Model (SEM) method was employed to evaluate the direct influence of online learning attitude, online peer collaboration, and psychological motivation on digital readiness and the direct influence of digital readiness on online engagement. The model was developed based on the conceptual development and subsequently analysed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) technique on 391 data acquired during the survey. Finding - The outcomes from the statistical data analysis have clearly shown that the online learning attitude, online peer collaboration, and psychological motivation have positively and significantly influence digital readiness. Novelty - The model of this study is the first model been used by utilising Smart-Pls version3 for data analysis to study students' engagement in ODL higher institutions in Malaysia. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr598&r= |
| By: | Sharon Esther Anak Donny Sita ("School of Tourism, Hospitality and Event Management, COLGIS, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah DarulAman, Malaysia" Author-2-Name: Nor Ashikin Mohd Nor Author-2-Workplace-Name: School of Tourism, Hospitality and Event Management, COLGIS, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah DarulAman, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - The purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of the leadership style practiced by leaders in small and medium-sized enterprises. Methodology/Technique - Following the protocol guidance known as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart, a total of six articles were reviewed and analysed after meeting inclusion criteria and being deemed relevant to the goals of this paper. Findings - The results of the study suggested that the leadership styles of leaders in the context of small and medium enterprises are based on the following elements: 1) the background of an organization; 2) the characteristics of the leader; 3) the relationship between leader and followers; and 4) the position of the followers. Novelty - This paper contributes to the knowledge on leadership style in general, specifically in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises. Type of Paper - Review." |
| JEL: | L20 L29 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr278&r= |
| By: | Sasiwooth Wongmonta |
| Abstract: | Education is a crucial component of human capital and make a contribution to social welfare. In rural developing countries, shocks and financial constraints on households are generally recognized as obstacles to children’s schooling opportunities. This paper investigates the effects of income shocks and borrowing constraints on household demand for education in rural Thailand, using the Townsend Thai panel data spanning from 2013 to 2017. Information on annual rainfall at provincial level is used to estimate a transitory income component for Thai rural households. Estimation results indicate that income risks and borrowing constraints have a substantial negative impact on child schooling outcomes, including educational attainment and years delayed in school. However, it finds that the transitory income results in an increase in household education expenditures conditional on child’s attendance at school. Further evidence shows that the interaction between income risk and borrowing constraints has no effect on household schooling decision. These findings suggest that in addition to household socioeconomic status, children’s human capital is at risk mainly due to income uncertainty and the absence of well-developed financial and insurance markets. |
| Keywords: | Income Shocks; Borrowing Constraints; Education; Child Schooling; Thailand |
| JEL: | D10 I21 I25 O15 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:161&r= |
| By: | Zahara Tussoleha Rony (Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, Jl. Raya Perjuangan, 17121, Bekasi, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Mahmuddin Yasin Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Krinadwipayana, Jalan Jatiwaringin Raya No. 227 F, 171411, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Tatar Bonar Silitonga Author-3-Workplace-Name: Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya No. 14, 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Faroman Syarief Author-4-Workplace-Name: Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, Jl. Raya Perjuangan, 17121, Bekasi, Indonesia Author-5-Name: Raden Achmad Harianto Author-5-Workplace-Name: Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, Jl. Raya Perjuangan, 17121, Bekasi, Indonesia Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - The development of the Indonesian residential business sector in recent years has experienced rapid changes and developments. For example, landed-house housing has now decreased in favour of high-rise developments. This has had an impact on the needs for various competencies of employees of construction company X, therefore, the company needs to empower employees, beginning with mapping employees of construction X. Mapping of employees has not been widely carried out by the company. Various elements are needed to describe employee strengths and the results can be used to develop a competency development program to achieve long-term targets. The purpose of this research is to describe an employee mapping process that has been carried out by the consultant group. Methodology/Technique - The research method used is qualitative narrative research. Consultants who directly handle and provide assistance to employee mapping are the participants in this study. Researchers collaborate with participants and involve them actively in the data collection. Finding - The results of this study illustrate that the number of employees who are ready to serve as project managers is still limited. Human resource managers need to implement efficient strategies to recruit and hire candidates and carry out a number of development programs to accelerate competency improvement and develop a talented management system. Novelty - This research contributes to the knowledge of empowerment strategies for the company and to human resource management knowledge for construction company X and other similar companies. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr599&r= |
| By: | Seo, Eunsook (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Yoo, Kyeongwon (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | Since the 2008 global financial crisis, including the recent COVID 19 pandemic, low interest rates and low economic growth have continued around the world. In spite of this low interest rate trend, as the economic downturn prolongs, there is a situation of concern called the “new normal” of low interest rates and low economic growth, and low prices. In this new normal economic structure, the rapid progress of aging is increasing the necessity and desire for asset accumulation. In addition, digital finance such as Fin-tech with the evolution of the underlying technologies and the emergence of new technologies has replaced or improved many functions of existing finance in the advent of the 4th industrial revolution era. These changes are expected to bring benefits to the individual and corporate finance sectors, which have been subject to financial inclusion. On the other hand, digital finance, which is changing at such a rapid pace, may further isolate some individuals who were in the blind spot of finance, such as the elderly, and a support system for this is an issue that should be included in the policy of financial inclusion in each country. In this paper we find that Asian countries like other regions have achieved tangible results in financial inclusion while achieving financial deepening. When looking through various financial inclusion indicators such as holding accounts and loans, ATMs, and bank branches, the Asian region has achieved similar or superior performance to other regions. Compared to the income level, the growth of financial inclusion in Asia was found to be attributable to better performance in middle-income countries than in other similar regions. High-income countries in Asia are performing somewhat lower than similar peer groups in other regions, but this seems to be due to stagnation of growth. More seriously, financial inclusion in low-income countries in Asia is not appearing faster than in other income groups. In Asian countries there appears to be a wide variation in regional financial inclusion. However, Asian countries are expanding around the younger generation in the use of ICT technology that is helpful in spreading financial inclusion so if digital inclusive finance centered on Fintech is properly applied, Asian countries will become a new model for digital financial inclusion. However, since the gap in the use of Fintech in the region is large, how to fill this gap is being raised as an important policy task for each country as well as the whole region. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | Fintech; Digital Finance; Financial Inclusion; Comparative Studies of Countries |
| JEL: | O33 |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepas:2020_003&r= |
| By: | Mercy Musakwa; Nicholas M Odhiambo (University of South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of foreign capital inflows on poverty in Vietnam, using annual time series data from 1990 to 2018. The study was motivated by the need to establish if burgeoning foreign capital inflows in Vietnam can support the poverty alleviation agenda. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and external debt were used as proxies for foreign capital inflows; and infant mortality rate, Human Development Index (HDI) and household consumption expenditure were used as poverty proxies. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the study found foreign direct investment to reduce poverty in the short run and long run when household consumption expenditure was used as a poverty measure. However, the study found FDI to worsen poverty in the short run when infant mortality rate and HDI were used as poverty proxies. The study found external debt to have poverty mitigating effect in the short run regardless of the poverty measure used and in the long run only when household consumption expenditure was used as a poverty measure. |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afa:wpaper:aeri0221&r= |
| By: | Goh Mei Ling (Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, 75450, Melaka, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Ho Sew Tiep Author-2-Workplace-Name: Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, 75450, Melaka, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Ng Zhu Er Author-3-Workplace-Name: Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, 75450, Melaka, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - The objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of customer satisfaction towards the mobile food delivery apps during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology/Technique - Website quality, service quality, price, and convenience were hypothesised to explain customer satisfaction towards mobile food delivery apps. 200 respondents were recruited using convenience sampling. Due to COVID-19, the data collection was done using Google Form which consisted of respondents' profile and measurements for all the constructs in this study. All the instruments of the variables were adapted from previous studies. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was performed to assess the measurements' validity and test the relationship among the variables. Findings - Convergent validity and discriminant validity which were assessed via measurement model were satisfactory. The R-square value obtained was 0.565. This indicates that, the model explains customer satisfaction by 56.5% towards mobile food delivery apps during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show that website quality and convenience have significantly influenced customer satisfaction towards mobile food delivery apps. Service quality and price, however, were found insignificant. Website quality has been found as the most important predictor of customer satisfaction. Novelty - This study provided an insight into the customer satisfaction towards the mobile food delivery apps from the new norm of COVID-19 measured perspective. The apps' website quality and the convenience of using the apps were revealed as important factors that impact customer satisfaction significantly during the pandemic period. Type of Paper - Empirical." |
| JEL: | M15 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr281&r= |
| By: | Alden, Christopher; Méndez, Álvaro |
| Abstract: | This study provides a cross-country comparative analysis of China’s development finance policies and foreign policy practices to identify patterns of conduct within the sector and across regions as well as of differences in this conduct. Using both primary and secondary sources, we analyze the cases of Costa Rica, Argentina, Malaysia, and Djibouti and their complex relationship with Beijing. We find that China’s modus operandi in these countries has some telling similarities that help us understand how Beijing operates in the global South. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112461&r= |
| By: | Upalat Korwatanasakul |
| Abstract: | This study provides a comprehensive analysis of informal workers in Thailand by utilising the 2006-2019 Thai Informal Employment Survey data. The estimated results reveal the adverse effects of informal employment on workers’ economic and social conditions as follows: 1) the wages gap working against informal employment, confirming that informal employment is not a choice but rather an unavoidable constraint (Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition), 2) a negative relationship between informal employment and wages, particularly among workers in the lowest tail of the wage distribution (quantile regression), and 3) a positive association between informal employment and occupational risks, particularly injury with high severity (logit and probit models). Therefore, policies to smooth informal workers’ mobility to the formal sector is crucial. Furthermore, the analyses manifest the importance of schooling in reducing the tendency to work in the informal sector, narrowing the wages gap, and lowering occupational risks and injury severity. However, the estimated results from the pseudo-panel fixed effects regression show no relationship between schooling and informal workers’ wages but a positive relationship between their wages and working experience. Thus, policymakers may adopt schooling-related policies to improve informal workers’ welfares and mobility to the formal sector. On the other hand, to help workers who inevitably remain in the informal sector, the government may resort to policies regarding working experience, e.g. on-the-job training programmes, to help informal workers earn more wages and, in turn, become less vulnerable. |
| Keywords: | Informal Worker; Occupational Risk; Sectoral Transition; Thailand; Wage Inequality |
| JEL: | J16 J21 J31 J71 O17 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:160&r= |
| By: | Bruns, Selina JK; Musshoff, Oliver |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313914&r= |
| By: | Bak Aun Teoh (Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Wei Hong Ling Author-2-Workplace-Name: Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Amlus Ibrahim Author-3-Workplace-Name: Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - The article presents the concept between the relationship of knowledge management adoption in global new product development. The growth in new knowledge and technology has substantially increased the complexity of the projects that is strongly influencing the time, cost, and quality of the project management. Due to the volatility of the current market, the effectiveness of knowledge management could reduce the project uncertainties, project life cycle costs, and risks of new product development. Since new product development is regarded as the key to innovation due to its strong connection between the knowledge and core competence, the ways how the knowledge will be captured, created, and shared among the project teams is important to remain competitive in today's business and market competition. Hence, the modes of how they are created and shared between the project team members as well as the impact of knowledge management towards new product development will be discussed in this paper. knowledge management are normally created and transferred through the conversion between explicit and tacit knowledge, which can be further applied into the project management. Methodology/Technique - The paper embarks a conceptual review of present literatures which specifically address the perspectives of project management, and simultaneously explains the relationship between the knowledge management (namely knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, knowledge utilization and key success factor) and new product development. Finding - This research ascertains the conceptual framework that relate to knowledge management and new product development that contribute to increase the probability of project success in project management. Novelty - Present study aims to shed light on the existing knowledge of the organization can be evaluated by the actions of decision makers and introduce a conceptual framework that a better knowledge can lead to measurable efficiencies in production and product development. Type of Paper - Review" |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr597&r= |
| By: | Nada Wasi; Chinnawat Devahastin Na Ayudhya; Ponpoje Porapakkarm; Nuarpear Lekfuangfu; Suphanit Piyapromdee |
| Abstract: | Thailand has several old-age income support schemes, ranging from contributory schemes for the formal sector, voluntary savings schemes for the informal sector to the universal noncontributory social assistance scheme. Although these schemes together can cover almost all Thai citizens, several challenges remain. This article focuses on the inadequacy of the mandatory Social Security system for the formal workers (known as Article 33). We identify four key reasons leading to low pension benefits: (i) a non-trivial fraction of workers left the formal sector before being eligible for annuity; (ii) those who left Article 33 but voluntarily joined Article 39 would receive unfair reduced pension benefits; (iii) the scheme did not use any indexation, meaning that the specified amount of past earnings, wage ceiling and benefits have lower value over time; and (iv) the scheme has no income redistribution mechanism. The scheme’s financial sustainability is also a concern. We proposed some adjustments to solve the inadequacy problem, as well as a strategy to delay claiming while minimizing the impact to beneficiaries in a hope to alleviate its financing pressure. In addition, broader issues of lack of a unified authority on pension policies, weak incentives of voluntary schemes, and complicacy of adjusting Civil Servants’ pension scheme are briefly discussed. |
| Keywords: | Old-age income; Social Security; Pension; Thailand |
| JEL: | H55 J26 D14 D02 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:157&r= |
| By: | ADAMOU HADJI Mohamadou (Department of International Economic IRIC/University of Yaounde II - Cameroon Author-2-Name: KUATE KAMGA Sangeniss Leblanc Author-2-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and Management FSEG/University of Dschang - Cameroon Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - The research focuses on analysing the TV advertising in an environment dominated by social networks and its ever-increasing cost in order to evaluate the influence of its content and form on consumer attitudes in Cameroon. Methodology/Technique - A survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 337 individuals in the cities of Douala, Yaoundé, and Maroua. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression were used to assess the results. Findings - The results reveal the significant influence of the content (character and language) and even the form (traditional advertising and placement) of television advertising on consumer attitudes. Novelty - It contributes to the development of the study of television advertising in relation to the attitude of the consumers in Cameroon by integrating the content and form aspect. Type of Paper - Empirical." |
| JEL: | D1 M31 M37 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr279&r= |
| By: | Bryan Teoh Phern Chern (Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Klang, 53300, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Author-2-Name: Author-2-Workplace-Name: Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - The personal financial planning and advice industry has been a growing industry for the past years and will continue to experience growth as the general wealth of the public increases, along with the economic recovery post Covid-19. This industry includes registered investment advisors (RIA) which are licensed by a locally approved institution, and financial educators and influencers that do not require licensing by a regulatory body. Methodology – There are many benefits that these parties can bring towards the financial health of their clients and viewers such as having a thorough personal financial plan, investment strategies, and retirement planning. However, this industry has also received many negative feedbacks and experiences from clients regarding the general system of the industry or specific areas within the sector. One of the objectives of this article is to evaluate the evolution of the personal financial planning industry over the years, how it has transitioned from traditional methods into current industry standards, and where it might be heading in the coming years. Findings – The findings of the paper provide clarity and insight into the mature industry which can benefit current and potential consumers, promoting healthier industry development. Novelty – The next objective is to investigate the risk and rewards of the current personal financial planning and advice industry towards consumers. This paper will critically review the past literature and evaluate contemporary views from various perspectives to achieve the above objectives. Type of Paper - Review" |
| Keywords: | Conflicts of interest; Financial advice; Financial planning; Influencers; Personal finance |
| JEL: | G20 I22 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr186&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Vietnam's recent energy transition experience shows that grid congestion issues limit how fast a country can turn to solar PV and wind power. Utility-scale battery storage could alleviate problems by time-shifting the variable electricity production, deferring the urgency to upgrade the transmission network. However, the technology is hardly bankable now in low and middle-income countries. We propose that forming a collective of transmission network operators may accelerate access to this technology. |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03361262&r= |