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on South East Asia |
| By: | Brenneis, Karina; Wollni, Meike |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312691&r= |
| By: | Andi Djemma, FE. Universitas |
| Abstract: | Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat suku bunga terhadap pemberian kredit Briguna (kredit pegawai) pada PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (persero) Tbk Unit Sidomukti. Kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan pada PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (persero) Tbk Unit Sidomukti, Kec. Bone-Bone, Kab. Luwu Utara. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama dua bulan terhitung dari bulan Februari sampai dengan bulan April 2020. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yaitu teknik pengambilan sampel berdasarkan kriteria-kriteria tertentu yang akan dijadikan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam pemilihan sampel. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah variabel Tingkat Suku Bunga (X) berpengaruh terhadap Pemberian Kredit Briguna (Y) pada Bank Rakyat Indonesia (persero) Tbk, Unit Sidomukti Kec. Bone-Bone, Kab. Luwu Utara, pengaruh tersebut dapat dilihat pada tabel koefisien hasil regresi yang menunjukkan nilai signikannya sebesar 0,037 lebih kecil dari 0,05 atau 0,037 < 0,05, artinya hipotesis diterima. Besarnya pengaruh atau kontribusi dari variabel bebas dapat dilihat dari nilai R Square sebesar 0,812. Hal ini berarti bahwa kemampuan variabel tingkat suku bunga memberikan kontribusi terhadap variabel Pemberian Kredit Briguna pada Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, Unit Sidomukti, Kec. Bone-Bone, Kab. Luwu Utara sebesar 81,2%, sedangkan 18,88% dipengaruhi variabel lain yang tidak diteliti |
| Date: | 2021–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:t6q3h&r= |
| By: | Sarah Y Tong; Yao Li; Tuan Yuen Kong (East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores modules and articles on cooperation concerning the digital economy that are applicable for Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries under certain circumstances. It investigates the progress of and obstacles to ASEAN’s digital connectivity, as well as features of existing Digital Economic Agreements and digital economy-related articles in other agreements. We propose the use of a differentiated strategy and steps to promote integration for ASEAN countries covered in this research. This research was conducted as a part of the project ‘ERIA Research on COVID-19’ at the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). |
| Keywords: | Digital Economic Agreement; Digital Connectivity; ASEAN |
| JEL: | F15 F23 |
| Date: | 2021–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-24&r= |
| By: | Lili Yan Ing (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Junianto James Losari (UMBRA - Strategic Legal Solutions) |
| Abstract: | The European Union (EU) and China have recently reached an agreement: the EU–China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI). As one of the most recent investment agreements concluded by the EU, the paper aims to assess specific concessions made in the agreement, and provides lessons learnt for Indonesia on the ongoing negotiations of the Indonesia–EU free trade agreement, the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IEU CEPA). The paper will present an overview of the main areas covered under the CAI, assess the potential impacts of the CAI on EU investment into Indonesia, and set out lessons that can be learnt from the CAI. |
| Keywords: | Investment agreement, FTA, China, European Union, Indonesia |
| JEL: | F F15 F21 F23 |
| Date: | 2021–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-29&r= |
| By: | Urata, Shujiro (Asian Development Bank Institute); Baek, Youngmin (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of local firms’ participation in global value chains (GVCs) on productivity by considering three different patterns of GVC participation. We conducted a DID-PSM estimation involving three countries, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam, and 17 manufacturing sectors in 2009 and 2015. We found an endogenous relationship between firm productivity and GVC participation: firms that enter GVCs have high productivity before participating in the GVCs (selection effect), and only Indonesian firms which entered GVCs had a high productivity growth after joining GVCs (learning effect). These two effects were only found for firms which both import intermediate goods and export output, and not for firms which only either import or export. We also found that indirect exporting does not improve a local firm’s productivity. We give several recommendations to help firms and governments facilitate the participation of firms in GVCs. |
| Keywords: | global value chains; productivity |
| JEL: | D24 F14 L11 |
| Date: | 2021–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1245&r= |
| By: | Solikin M. Juhro (Bank Indonesia); Reza Anglingkusumo (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | This paper empirical shows that unconventional monetary policy (UMP) in the US after the global financial crisis (GFC) affects capital inflows to SEACEN economies. For open middle income SEACEN economies, such as Indonesia, capital flows volatility induced by the UMP in the US adds to the complexity of managing monetary policy trilemma (MPT). A recent hypothesis states that in post GFC, it is possible for monetary authority in an open emerging market economy to retain monetary policy sovereignty (MPS) if and only if capital flows is managed, directly or indirectly, regardless the degree of exchange rate flexibility. This paper contends that for the case of Indonesia, MPS remains feasible even without a direct capital control. This supports the argument that MPS depends more on the strength of the policy framework to address domestic policy objectives. We argue that the implementation of central bank policy mix by Bank Indonesia provides such strength. |
| Keywords: | capital inflows, unconventional monetary policy, monetary policy trilemma |
| JEL: | E22 F32 F36 F41 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp052020&r= |
| By: | Sawada, Yasuyuki (Asian Development Bank Institute); Sumulong, Lea R. (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We summarize the unprecedented adverse health and economic impacts as well as policy responses in the Asia and Pacific region and the rest of the world generated by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020. By the end of 2020, over 80 million people had been infected, with developing Asia accounting for 17% of cases. As the pandemic progressed, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) carried out assessments of the impacts on the global economy as well as on the overall economies of its developing members, updating the analyses as more information became available. On the whole, five economic impact assessments were undertaken in 2020 – one each in March, April, May, June, and December. Based on the latest analysis, relative to a no-COVID-19 baseline, global losses were estimated at 5.5%–8.7% of world GDP in 2020 and 3.6%–6.3% of world GDP in 2021, with the corresponding losses for developing Asia amounting to 6.0%–9.5% of regional GDP and 3.6%–6.3% of regional GDP in 2020 and 2021, respectively. These impacts largely originate from declines in domestic demand and tourism, and from global spillovers. As a result of these losses, real GDP of the developing Asian region is estimated to have contracted by 0.4% in 2020. A partial recovery is expected in 2021, with regional growth projected at 6.8%. Further analyses were carried out to study the impacts on micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises; employment; migration and remittances; poverty; nonperforming loans; and debt sustainability. Faced with wide-ranging unfavorable impacts, governments and multilateral lenders responded aggressively to mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic. Many governments provided direct income support to households and businesses to help them cope with the economic shock. Meanwhile, multilateral lenders like ADB readily provided support in terms of finance, knowledge, and partnerships. In addition, ADB launched a $9 billion vaccine facility, the Asia Pacific Vaccine Access Facility, in December 2020, to support its low- and middle-income member countries in the effective procurement and delivery of COVID-19 vaccines. Despite the availability of vaccines, however, there is no room for complacency, as it will take years for the global population to achieve herd immunity, especially amidst the emergence of new, more transmissible, virus strains. While COVID-19 has brought about long-lasting changes to the global economy, it is up to policy makers to use this opportunity to adapt COVID-19 responses to address longer-term challenges. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; economic impact; policy response |
| JEL: | E17 H30 H60 I15 I32 |
| Date: | 2021–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1251&r= |
| By: | Neumayer, Eric |
| Abstract: | The province of Aceh in Indonesia provides a promising case for studying the economic legacy effects of conflict given sub-national district-level data on violence and gross domestic product. We demonstrate specific negative economic legacy effects of armed conflict despite a general peace dividend: whilst all districts in Aceh grow faster after conflict ends in 2005 than during the conflict, the districts that suffered relatively more from violence during the war grow relatively more slowly during peacetime than districts that experienced relatively little violence. These negative legacy effects are relatively short-lived, however, and are no longer statistically significant from 2009 onwards. |
| Keywords: | Aceh; armed conflict; economic growth; Indonesia; natural disaster; peace divident; Sage deal |
| JEL: | O40 O47 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:108236&r= |
| By: | Muhammad Najib Azali; Ainur Zaireen Zainuddin; Rohaya Abdul Jalil; Norhidayah Mohd Yunus |
| Abstract: | Land registration requires complex of sensitive data which require decentralise environment. As land registration system requires complexities and challenges in term of land tenure security at high risk scale, the security level of land registration system need to be put at the highest level. Fraud is one the major problem as well as long process problem. This is due to the centralised transaction system which resulted bottlenecks at the processing system. The blockchain technology by using Digital Security Offering (DSO) able to create public ledgers from all complex transactions that has high potential to replace the complicated systems with one simple database. Therefore, objectives of this research are (1) To identify characteristics in blockchain technology by using DSO for the land registration system in Malaysia (2) To investigate the blockchain technology by using DSO that is able to solve the problems in the Malaysian land registration system. By using systematic literature approach, this paper will assess the innovative method to enhance land registration system in Malaysia. The innovation in land registration system will bring Malaysia meet the challenge in digital economy in Industrial Revolution 4.0. |
| Keywords: | blockchain; Land; Malaysia; Technology |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_8&r= |
| By: | Jane Kelsey (University of Auckland, New Zealand) |
| Abstract: | As the digital economy expands in scale, scope, and form it poses major challenges for public revenue and tax policy and administration in Asia and other parts of the global South. When attempts led by developed countries at the OECD-led Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) to agree on new norms for taxing digital giants like Facebook, Google, and Amazon stalled, individual countries, including a number of developing countries in Asia, began developing their own responses, notably the adoption of digital services taxes. High-level compromises have recently been announced at the OECD, but the details are yet to come and are not expected to address the needs of developing countries to effectively tax the activities of digital giants operating from offshore. As countries seek effective and workable means to tax the digitalised economy, existing and proposed international rules on digital trade in free trade agreements, and plurilateral moves to develop electronic commerce rules in the World Trade Organization, may fetter their ability to do so. To date, very little attention has been paid in trade negotiations to the consequences of these developments for countries’ tax regimes. Nor have the adequacy, effectiveness, and workability of the tax exceptions in trade and investment agreements been properly re-assessed. Many governments are only becoming aware that trade rules may constrains their ability to regulate the (poorly understood and fast moving) digital domain after they have signed up to them. A series of investigations by the US government under Section 301 of the US Trade Act 1974 into digital services taxes, including those adopted by India and proposed by Indonesia, provides a real-world basis on which to assess how binding and enforceable digital trade rules might be used to challenge digital tax measures at the unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral levels. In highlighting these risks, the paper aims to provide a framework for the tax and trade divisions of governments in ASEAN and East Asia to reflect together on the potential for proposed digital trade rules to impact negatively on their public revenue. |
| Keywords: | electronic commerce, digital trade, digital services tax, CPTPP, RCEP, BEPS |
| JEL: | F13 F14 O24 |
| Date: | 2021–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-28&r= |
| By: | Yujia He (Assistant Professor, Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce , University of Kentucky Technology.Author-Email: yujia.he@uky.edu); Angela Tritto (Adjunct Professor, Division of Public Policy, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Technology.Author-Email: tritto@ust.hk) |
| Abstract: | The pandemic has compounded urban megaprojects' exposure to political risk The pandemic also exposed the dire shortage of hard and soft infrastructure in modern cities Governments should therefore weigh building smart city from scratch vis-a-vis improving existing urban dwellings The case of Forest City shows that built-from-scratch smart city projects targeting wealthy foreigners need to adjust and cater to the needs of the local communities to contribute to a sustainable post-pandemic future. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hku:briefs:202156&r= |
| By: | Bruno Jetin (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - UP13 - Université Paris 13, IAS - Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam) |
| Abstract: | This book chapter analyses the Belt and Road Initiative in Southeast Asia and Europe. It shows the attractiveness of the Chinese initiative for the host countries but also the political and economic challenges it involves: the sudden massive presence of Chinese companies, the new financial dependence on Chinese loans that will have to be paid back, and the political ties it establishes with China's diplomacy. This may destabilise both ASEAN and the EU, which are ill-prepared to defend a common attitude vis-à-vis China. Confronted with the creation of the "Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries" (China-CEE, China-CEEC) initiated in 2012, the EU struggled to maintain its unity like ASEAN before in the South China Sea conflict. The EU policy in Southeast Asia and towards ASEAN lacks ambition and means and is a poor alternative to China's BRI. We conclude that the EU must change its policy towards ASEAN and propose more than new free trade agreements |
| Abstract: | La stratégie chinoise des "nouvelles routes de la soie" (NRS) L'initiative des nouvelles routes de la soie 1 a été annoncée en septembre 2013 par le Président Xi Jinping au Kazakhstan, pour ce qui concerne les routes terrestres, et en octobre en Indonésie pour ce qui concerne les routes maritimes. Lors de son 19 ème congrès en 2017, le Parti communiste chinois l'a incluse dans sa charte constitutive en même temps que la « pensée » de Xi Jinping, pour en souligner l'importance pour la diplomatie chinoise pour ce 21 ème siècle. C'est un projet très ambitieux visant à renforcer les infrastructures de transport, d'énergie et de communication entre la Chine et 65 pays d'Asie, d'Afrique et d'Europe. Cette stratégie de long terme vise plusieurs objectifs. Premièrement, maintenir la prospérité de l'économie chinoise qui est entrée dans une phase durable de croissance plus modérée et dont les avantages compétitifs se modifient. L'avantage du faible coût salarial s'est érodé et pour garantir leurs débouchés extérieurs, les entreprises chinoises produisent de plus en plus à l'étranger. Deuxièmement, la Chine cherche à garantir la sécurité de ses importations, notamment en énergie et en matières premières, qui dépendent de manière excessive du détroit de Malacca, situé au coeur de l'Asie du sud-est. Troisièmement, la Chine poursuit des objectifs diplomatiques et géostratégiques. Comme d'autres grandes puissances par le passé, elle veut d'abord assurer sa prédominance dans sa région d'origine, l'Asie, à commencer par la mer de Chine du sud. Cela fait de l'Asie du sud-est, et de sa représentation politique, l'ASEAN, un enjeu déterminant. Cette volonté d'hégémonie implique que la Chine soit une puissance militaire de premier plan ce qui suppose des capacités de transport terrestre, maritime et aérien. En réalisant des investissements massifs dans les infrastructures, la Chine peut espérer atteindre l'ensemble de ces objectifs. La zone géographique concernée regroupe 75% du Produit Intérieur Brut du monde, 70% de la population mondiale et 75% des réserves connues en énergie 2 . |
| Keywords: | ASEAN,EU,Belt and Road Initiative,EU diplomatic policy,China diplomatic policy in Europe |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03321124&r= |
| By: | Jennifer Chan (Borneo Tourism Research Centre, Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah) |
| Abstract: | This research aims to explore the potential of domestic tourism as a means to revitalise the tourism industry from the perspectives of local residents and tourism players. A quantitative online survey focused on domestic travel behaviour, motivation, places of interest, travel preferences, and willingness to travel within Malaysia; it was answered by 219 Malaysians. Interview data were collected using structured, open-ended interview questions through emails to eight respondents from tourism associations, five from the hotel sector, and two from the travel and tour sector. Data collection was carried out from 10 January to 15 February 2021. The findings reveal that domestic tourism has the potential to revive the tourism industry. A high percentage of respondents indicated the desire to travel domestically and being motivated by attractive tour packages at discounted prices. COVID-19 has impacted tourist behaviour and attitudes towards travelling, and people prefer to travel domestically rather than overseas. Furthermore, tourism players acknowledged the potential to revive the tourism industry and business via domestic tourism. Despite this, declarations of health, safety issues, flight availability, travel restrictions, and quarantine durations are key barriers to stimulating domestic tourism and rebuilding the tourism industry. This research was conducted as a part of the project ‘ERIA Research on COVID-19’ at the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). |
| Keywords: | Domestic tourism; COVID-19 pandemic; Revitalise tourism industry |
| JEL: | L89 |
| Date: | 2021–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-25&r= |
| By: | Ben Shepherd (Developing Trade Consultants, USA) |
| Abstract: | The concept of effective rate of protection expresses protection on a sector’s final output relative to protection affecting its inputs. As such, it is well adapted to analysing the effects of trade policy from a supply chain standpoint. This paper makes two contributions to the literature on effective rates of protection. First, it draws on the literature on trade in value added to highlight an alternative to the traditional measure that better accounts for supply chain trade by considering both direct and indirect input use. Second, it includes data on ad valorem equivalents of non-tariff measures, which are increasingly important as trade policy instruments. In an analysis covering 17 aggregate goods sectors, I find that average tariff only effective rates of protection in ASEAN averaged 6.9% and ranged from zero to 23.4% in 2018. By contrast, effective rates including non-tariff measures averaged 14.0% and ranged from –6.2% to 44.0%. While patterns of escalation and even effective taxation differ substantially across sectors, most countries practice a tariff and NTM trade policy that is broadly neutral between input and output sectors, but which causes low to moderate isolation from world markets. Given the complexity of tariffs and NTMs from a supply chain perspective, there would likely be reductions in economic waste accompanying substantial simplification. |
| Keywords: | International trade policy; non-tariff measures; trade in value added; effective rate of protection; Southeast Asia |
| JEL: | F13 F14 O24 |
| Date: | 2021–08–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-27&r= |
| By: | Sonobe, Tetsushi (Asian Development Bank Institute); Takeda, Asami (Asian Development Bank Institute); Yoshida, Susumu (Asian Development Bank Institute); Truong, Hoa Thi (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Soon after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments began extending financial and other forms of support to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and their workers because smaller firms are more vulnerable to negative shocks to their supply chain, labor supply, and final demand for goods and services than larger firms. Since MSMEs are diverse, however, the severity of the pandemic’s impact on them varies considerably depending on their characteristics. Using online survey data of MSMEs from eight developing economies in South, Southeast, and Northeast Asia, we attempt to deepen our understanding of the impact of the pandemic on MSMEs, especially their employment, sales revenue, and cash flow. We characterize those firms that began participating in online commerce and try to determine how their use of online commerce and their employment are related in this difficult time. We also examine the government support that MSMEs have received and the extent to which it has satisfied their support needs. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; micro; small; and medium enterprises (MSMEs); layoffs; cash shortage; digitalization |
| JEL: | D22 J63 L25 O53 |
| Date: | 2021–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1241&r= |
| By: | Christopher Findlay (Australian National University, Australia); Hein Roelfsema (Utrecht University, the Netherlands); Niall Van De Wouw (CLIVE Data Services, the Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on air cargo market development, with special attention to the connections between countries in Asia, the European Union, and the United States. Before the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis, we show that participation in global value chains played a crucial role in how countries in Asia increased their exposure to the European Union market, which was hit hardest by the COVID-19 crisis. Analysing the effects of the crisis in 2020- using a fuzzy set complexity approach and recent high-frequency data on air cargo transport - we show that such demand effects, together with domestic contraction conditions, explain a large share of variation in air cargo dynamics across countries in Asia. However, we also show that implementing best practices in pandemic control positively impacts air cargo recovery for countries that cannot rely on export market rebounds. After reviewing the convergence in air cargo business models since 2010, the paper continues to assess recovery options. The main conclusion is that business models will converge on long haul point-to-point models that combine passengers and cargo, moving away from the current hub and spoke system. |
| Keywords: | Air cargo, ASEAN, COVID-19 |
| JEL: | F15 F53 R41 |
| Date: | 2021–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-23&r= |
| By: | Jakub Rybacki; Dobromił Serwa |
| Abstract: | This research analyzes factors affecting scientific success of central bankers. We combine data from the RePEc and EDIRC databases, which contain information about economic publications of authors from 182 central banks. We construct a dataset containing information about 3312 authors and almost 80 thousand scientific papers published between 1965 and 2020. Results from Poisson regressions of citation impact measure called h-index, on a number of research features suggest that economists from the US Federal Reserve Banks, international financial institutions, and some eurozone central banks are cited more frequently than economists with similar characteristics from central banks located in emerging markets. Researchers from some big emerging economies like Russia or Indonesia are cited particularly infrequently by the scientific community. Beyond these outcomes, we identify a significant positive relationship between research networking and publication success. Moreover, economists cooperating with highly cited scientists also obtain a high number of citations even after controlling for the size of their research networks. |
| Keywords: | RePEc, Scientific Success, h-index, Big data. |
| JEL: | E58 D02 I23 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sgh:kaewps:2021065&r= |
| By: | Xing, Mengying; Mao, Rui |
| Keywords: | International Development, International Relations/Trade, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312790&r= |
| By: | Suah, Jing Lian |
| Abstract: | This paper offers two points on the impact of uncertainty and exchange rate shocks on output. (1) A conceptual model where behavioural frictions --- rational inattentiveness and bounded expectations --- interact with uncertainty, generating aggregate fluctuations. Central banks can target these behaviourial frictions to stabilise output and prices. (2) Empirical findings from a panel of advanced and emerging economies. Output and inflation slow in response to uncertainty shocks. Government bond yields moderate and exchange rates depreciate, suggesting within-country and between-country flight-to-safety respectively. Exchange rate appreciation shocks generate similar responses. The Malaysia-specific analysis finds divergent responses in employment and output, likely reflecting compositional effects in more productive tradable and less productive non-tradable sectors. In a panel fixed effects and quantile regression setting, I find indicative interaction between output, exchange rate and uncertainty, and a distributional dimension. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty, Rational Inattention, Bounded Rationality, VAR |
| JEL: | E00 E03 |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109087&r= |
| By: | Zhaojun Wang; Amanda M. Countryman; James J. Corbett; Mandana Saebi |
| Abstract: | The Ballast Water Management Convention can decrease the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens, yet the Convention increases shipping costs and causes subsequent economic impacts. This paper examines whether the Convention generates disproportionate invasion risk reduction results and economic impacts on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Risk reduction is estimated with an invasion risk assessment model based on a higher-order network, and the effects of the regulation on national economies and trade are estimated with an integrated shipping cost and computable general equilibrium modeling framework. Then we use the Lorenz curve to examine if the regulation generates risk or economic inequality among regions. Risk reduction ratios of all regions (except Singapore) are above 99%, which proves the effectiveness of the Convention. The Gini coefficient of 0.66 shows the inequality in risk changes relative to income levels among regions, but risk reductions across all nations vary without particularly high risks for SIDS and LDCs than for large economies. Similarly, we reveal inequality in economic impacts relative to income levels (the Gini coefficient is 0.58), but there is no evidence that SIDS and LDCs are disproportionately impacted compared to more developed regions. Most changes in GDP, real exports, and real imports of studied regions are minor (smaller than 0.1%). However, there are more noteworthy changes for select sectors and trade partners including Togo, Bangladesh, and Dominican Republic, whose exports may decrease for textiles and metal and chemicals. We conclude the Convention decreases biological invasion risk and does not generate disproportionate negative impacts on SIDS and LDCs. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2108.13315&r= |
| By: | Michele Donati (University of Parma); Adam Wilkinson (Impment); Mario Veneziani (University of Parma); Federico Antonioli (University of Parma); Filippo Arfini (University of Parma); Antonio Bodini (University of Parma); Virginie Amilien (Akershus University College); Peter Csillag (Corvinus University of Budapest - Corvinus University of Budapest); Hugo Ferrer-Pérez (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Alexandros Gkatsikos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Lisa Gauvrit (Ecozept - Partenaires INRAE); Chema Gil (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Việt Hoàng (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Kamilla Knutsen Steinnes (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University); Apichaya Lilavanichakul (KU - Kasetsart University); Konstadinos Mattas (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Orachos Napasintuwong (KU - Kasetsart University); An Nguyễn (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Mai Nguyen (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Ioannis Papadopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Bojan Ristic (Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia); Zaklina Stojanovic (Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia); Marina Tomić Maksan (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Áron Török (Corvinus University of Budapest); Efthimia Tsakiridou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Abstract We study the effect of a set of food quality scheme (FQS) products within the local economy using a local multiplier approach based on LM3 methodology. To evaluate the effective contribution within the local area, we compare each FQS product with its equivalent standard/conventional counterpart. Local multiplier allows us to track the financial flows converging within the local area at the different levels of the supply chain so that we can measure the FQS product role in local economic activation. Overall, the FQS products exhibit a higher positive contribution to the local economy than the standard references. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the impact according to the product categories. In the case of vegetal products, the local economic advantage due to FQS is 7% higher than the reference products, but the statistical tests reject the null hypothesis that the medians are significantly different from zero. On the contrary, animal products exhibit a larger contribution of FQS than the standard counterparts (+24%). The PGI products (+25%) produce the major effect, while PDO products show a median difference lower (+6%). The organic and non-organic products seem to be substantially equivalent in terms of contribution to the local economy, due to the similarity in the downstream processing phase. |
| Keywords: | Local multiplier,Food quality scheme,Economic spill-over,Local areas,Rural development |
| Date: | 2021–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03267437&r= |
| By: | Revilla, Ma. Laarni D. (Asian Development Bank Institute); Qu, Fangqi (Asian Development Bank Institute); Seetharam, K E (Asian Development Bank Institute); Rao, Bhanoji (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The top 12 development journals published a total of 18,329 papers during the period 2000‒2020. Of these, only 51 focused on sanitation and related issues, which are the focus of this review. Results were mixed on the efficiency of sanitation delivery since political factors and administrative characteristics vary across locations. Accountability and leadership, especially at the local level, appear to be important driving forces. There is a need for more case studies that analyze what works, and what does not, in specific locations. Also, further studies will have to investigate how to influence the norms, traditions, and beliefs toward favorably supporting household sanitation decisions. Additionally, governments should enhance their social welfare programs to address socioeconomic inequalities (i.e., income, gender, and rural-urban disparities), which also critically affect individual and household sanitation investments. Efforts at national and international levels are needed to encourage research on the various dimensions of sanitation. |
| Keywords: | sanitation; sustainable development goals; systematic review; empirical evidence; accountability; health; education; gender |
| JEL: | I00 I30 O10 |
| Date: | 2021–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1253&r= |
| By: | Sylvette Monier-Dilhan (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Thomas Poméon (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Michael Böhm (ECOZEPT, Freising, Germany); Ruzica Brečić (University of Zagreb); Peter Csillag (ECO-SENSUS Research and Communication Non-profit Ltd., 7100 Szekszárd, Hungary); Michele Donati (University of Parma); Hugo Ferrer-Pérez (Center for Agro-Food Economics and Development - UPC - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] - IRTA - Institute for Agrifood Research and Technology); Lisa Gauvrit (Ecozept - Partenaires INRAE); José M. Gil (CREDA - CREDA - Centre de Recerca en Economia i Desenvolupament Agroalimentaris); Việt Hoàng (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Apichaya Lilavanichakul (Agro-Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry - KU - Kasetsart University); Edward Majewski (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland); Agata Malak-Rawlikowska (Department of Economics and Organisation of Entreprises, Institute of Economics and Finance - SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Konstadinos Mattas (Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Orachos Napasintuwong (Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics - KU - Kasetsart University); an Quỳnh Nguyễn (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Kallirroi Nikolaou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Ioannis Papadopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Stefano Pascucci (University of Exeter); Jack Peerlings (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Bojan Ristic (Faculty of Economics - University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Kamilla Steinnes (SIFO - National Institute for Consumer Research - National Institute for ConsumerResearch); Zaklina Stojanovic (University of Belgrade); Marina Tomić Maksan (University of Zagreb); Áron Török (Department of Agricultural Economics - Corvinus University of Budapest); Mario Veneziani (University of Parma); Gunnar Vittersø (SIFO - National Institute for Consumer Research - National Institute for ConsumerResearch); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2020–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03102266&r= |
| By: | Sumit Agarwal; Yi Fan; Wenlan Qian; Tien Foo Sing |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how a public housing policy with pro-marriage design impacts the rise and fall of marriage and explores a consumption channel interacted with parents’ housing status. In 2001, Singapore launched a Build-to-Order (BTO) scheme to build and allocate new public housing, with a pre-requisite of forming family nucleus. Using administrative data and government records from 1996 to 2019, we first show stylized facts on the rising number of marriage and divorce, which coincide with the launching and expanding of the BTO scheme. Couples living in the BTO flats are significantly younger and more likely to have short marriages compared to those under non-BTO schemes. Using supervised machine learning, we find that BTO and private consumption have the strongest impacts on marriage decisions. To explore possible channels, using high-quality consumption data between 2010 and 2012 and a propensity score matching method, we find that married BTO residents under 35 years old consume 7% less monthly—especially on necessity goods—compared to singles in non-BTO public housing. Evidence on mortgage reveals a possible trade-off between personal expenditure and housing mortgage. The consumption drop is more severe for married BTO residents born to parents in public housing. However, no evidence is shown among singles above 35 living in BTO flats, who are no longer bound by the purchase pre-requisite of forming family nucleus. It is likely that the BTO scheme spurs early marriage; though the consumption friction due to budget constraint induces dissolution of marriage in short span, especially for those born in humble families. Our paper sheds light on the spill-over effects of public policy between housing and marriage market. |
| Keywords: | Consumption; intergenerational impact; marriage friction; Public Housing |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_222&r= |
| By: | Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marion Drut (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Federico Antonioli (University of Parma); Ružica Brečić (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Michele Donati (University of Parma); Hugo Ferrer-Pérez (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Lisa Gauvrit (Ecozept - Partenaires INRAE); Viet Hoang (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Kamilla Knutsen Steinnes (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University); Apichaya Lilavanichakul (Kasetsart University - KU (THAILAND) - KU - Kasetsart University); Edward Majewski (Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] - UW - University of Warsaw); Agata Malak-Rawlikowska (Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] - UW - University of Warsaw); Konstadinos Mattas (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); An Nguyen (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Ioannis Papadopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Jack Peerlings (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Bojan Ristic (Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia); Marina Tomić Maksan (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Áron Török (Corvinus University of Budapest); Gunnar Vittersø (SIFO - National Institute for Consumer Research - National Institute for ConsumerResearch); Abdoul Diallo (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Abstract The carbon and land footprint of 26 certified food products – geographical indications and organic products and their conventional references are assessed. This assessment goes beyond existing literature by (1) designing a calculation method fit for the comparison between certified food and conventional production, (2) using the same calculation method and parameters for 52 products – 26 Food Quality Schemes and their reference products – to allow for a meaningful comparison, (3) transparently documenting this calculation method and opening access to the detailed results and the underlying data, and (4) providing the first assessment of the carbon and land footprint of geographical indications. The method used is Life Cycle Assessment, largely relying on the Cool Farm Tool for the impact assessment. The most common indicator of climate impact, the carbon footprint expressed per ton of product, is not significantly different between certified foods and their reference products. The only exception to this pattern are vegetal organic products, whose carbon footprint is 16% lower. This is because the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions from the absence of mineral fertilizers is never fully offset by the associated lower yield. The climate impact of certified food per hectare is however 26% than their reference and their land footprint is logically 24% higher. Technical specifications directly or indirectly inducing a lower use of mineral fertilizers are a key driver of this pattern. So is yield, which depends both on terroir and farming practices. Overall, this assessment reinforces the quality policy of the European Union: promoting certified food is not inconsistent with mitigating climate change. |
| Keywords: | certified food,carbon footprint,land footprint,organic farming,geographical indications |
| Date: | 2021–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03265997&r= |
| By: | Kapsalyamova, Zhanna (Asian Development Bank Institute); Mishra, Ranjeeta (Asian Development Bank Institute); Kerimray, Aiymgul (Asian Development Bank Institute); Karymshakov, Kamalbek (Asian Development Bank Institute); Azhgaliyeva, Dina (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The transition to sustainable energy requires an assessment of drivers of the use of clean and dirty fuels for cooking. Literature highlights the importance of access to modern fuel for switching from dirty fuels. Though access to cleaner fuels such as electricity promotes clean fuel use, it does not necessarily lead to a complete transition to the use of modern fuels. Households continue using traditional fuels in addition to modern fuels. We explain the choice of dirty cooking fuels even when access to electricity is provided. We use nationally representative household survey data to study the household energy use decisions in three middle-income countries, India, Kazakhstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic. We discuss the role of access to natural gas, free fuel, convenience or multi-use of fuels determined by the heating system installed, built-in environment, and other socioeconomic factors in household fuel choice for cooking. The results show that access to natural gas increases the likelihood of opting for natural gas, while the availability of free fuel in rural areas and the coal-based heating system promote the use of solid fuels. |
| Keywords: | cooking fuel; fuel choices; energy access; multiple fuel use; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Zhanna Kapsalyamova |
| JEL: | Q31 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1234&r= |
| By: | Suah, Jing Lian |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the sectoral-level impact of nominal exchange rate shocks. I introduce a model where agents face bounded abilities to form expectations, and agents’ foresight depends directly on the state of financial stress. This leads to differential labour market responses to exchange rate movements. When financial stress is low, absent of shocks, exchange rate movements are minimal and pinned down by agents. When financial stress is salient, agents’ foresight is veiled; they fail to form reliable expectations during episodes of sharp depreciation. Workers and firms fail to adjust expected relative wages and future marginal profits respectively, leading to sub-optimal output. Using monthly sectoral data from Malaysia in Simultaneous Equations and Markov-Switching Models, I find heterogeneous labour market responses. In tradable sectors, labour flows were small and concentrated in the manufacturing sector. Likewise, adjustments in non-tradable sectors were small. On the extensive margin, labour market flows diverge between tradable and non-tradable sectors. On the intensive margin, labour market flows in tradable sectors reverse. In contrast, as the model predicts, non-tradable sectors do not react to substantial terms of trade shocks. |
| Keywords: | Exchange Rate, Labour Market Frictions, Financial Stress, Expectations Formation, Regime-Switching, Simultaneous Equations Model |
| JEL: | D84 E44 F31 J20 |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109086&r= |
| By: | Nicol, Alan (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Abdoubaetova, A.; Wolters, A.; Kharel, A.; Murzakolova, A.; Gebreyesus, A.; Lucasenco, E.; Chen, F.; Sugden, F; Sterly, H.; Kuznetsova, I.; Masotti, M.; Vittuari, M.; Dessalegn, Mengistu (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Aderghal, M.; Phalkey, N.; Sakdapolrak, P.; Mollinga, P.; Mogilevskii, R.; Mogilevskii, R.; Naruchaikusol, S. |
| Abstract: | This working paper was produced under the European Union Horizon 2020 funded AGRUMIG project and traces the impact of Covid-19 on migration trends in seven project countries – China, Ethiopia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal and Thailand. The context of global migration has changed dramatically due to the coronavirus pandemic. Both within and between countries there has been a substantial curtailment of movement. As a result of multiple lockdowns, economic activity has severely declined and labor markets have ground to a halt, with mass unemployment in industrialized economies looming on the horizon. For both migrant hosting and origin countries – some are substantially both – this poses a set of complex development challenges. Partners of the AGRUMIG project undertook a rapid review of impacts across project countries, exploring the impacts on rural households but also identifying the persistent desire to migrate in spite of restrictions. |
| Keywords: | Migration; COVID-19; Pandemics; Labour market; Migrant labour; Unemployment; Livelihoods; Health hazards; Income; Remittances; Economic activities; Poverty; Social inequalities; Food supply; Households; Rural areas; State intervention; Governance; Quarantine; Travel restrictions; Border closures; Policies; Assessment; Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050125&r= |