|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Huong Thi Trinh (International Center for Tropical Agriculture); Burra D. Dhar (Thuongmai University - Partenaires INRAE); Michel Simioni (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stef de Haan (International Potato Center); Tuyen Thi Thanh Huynh (Thuongmai University - Partenaires INRAE); Tung V. Huynh (Can Tho Socio-Economic Institute - Partenaires INRAE); Andrew D. Jones (School of Public Health - University of Michigan [Ann Arbor] - University of Michigan System) |
| Abstract: | Food environments in Southeast Asia's emerging economies are rapidly evolving, alongside fast-paced socioeconomic and demographic changes. The widespread expansion of supermarkets and parallel restructuring of traditional markets in Vietnam are likely to impact patterns of household food acquisition. Using provincial-level time series data on the abundance of supermarkets and multiyear household survey data, this paper examines the impact of the differential country-wide presence of supermarkets with indices of food quality and quantity acquired by households. We classified provinces into three clusters based on the number of supermarkets: high (HighSM), medium (MedSM), and low (LowSM). We found that a higher number of supermarkets associated with the exceedable Vietnamese recommendation composition of macronutrients at the household-level, but not food quantity.Households with higher per capita food expenditure in HighSM provinces tended to procure foods with higher protein content and lower shares of fat and carbohydrate as compared to similar households in the others provinces. Ethnic minority households in MedSM clusters obtained food with lower carbohydrate and higher fat:protein ratios in comparison to ethnic majority households. Additionally, larger-sized households in HighSM provinces typically bought foods with higher fat shares than smaller-sized households. In contrast, in MedSM and LowSM provinces, larger-sized households typically procured foods with higher protein and lower fat shares. The diversity of foods obtained by households in MedSM and LowSM provinces decreased over time. Within the Midlands and Northern Mountains Area we observed a decrease in the diversity of food acquired among households in the LowSM clusters. This study elucidates potential impacts of the supermarket expansion on household food baskets. Insights from this study can be used to provide evidences for policy recommendation and to design and target interventions aimed at strengthening food environments to address the challenge of the double burden of malnutrition in the country. |
| Keywords: | supermarkets,household food diversity score,macronutrient shares,compositional data analysis,vietnam household living standard survey,poisson regression |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02624928&r=all |
| By: | Sitohang, Marya Yenita (Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)) |
| Abstract: | Gizi menjadi salah satu permasalahan mendasar dalam peningkatan kualitas manusia. Pembangunan di bidang gizi akan menjadi investasi penting dalam pencapaian bonus demografi Indonesia pada rentang waktu 2020-2030. Para pemangku kebijakan telah memberikan perhatian terhadap permasalahan gizi balita melalui penyediaan sumberdaya yang dibutuhkan berupa tenaga kesehatan dan biaya dalam pelaksanaan intervensi spesifik maupun sensitif. Namun, program gizi seringnya bersifat terpusat dan tidak melihat kekhasan dari daerah-daerah Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan klasterisasi kabupaten/kota di Indonesia berdasarkan status gizi balita dan menganalisis implementasi intevensi spesifik dan sensitif pada masing-masing klaster. Pendekatan kuantitatif dalam studi ini menggunakan data Pemantauan Status Gizi (PSG) tahun 2017, dan hasil PSG tersebut selanjutnya dikaji dengan metode statistik eksploratif dengan menggunakan analisis gugus dan uji beda (kruskal wallis). Hasil klasterisasi pada 514 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia menunjukkan sebanyak 192 (37,4%) kabupaten/kota di Indonesia masuk ke dalam kategori permasalahan gizi kurang (underweight, wasting, stunting) yang rendah, 178 (28%) kabupaten/kota dalam kategori sedang, dan 144 (34,7%) kabupaten/kota dalam kategori tinggi. Sementara itu, hasil uji beda terhadap intervensi spesifik gizi di tiap klaster menggambarkan inisiasi menyusu dini (IMD), pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) eksklusif, PMT pada balita kurus dan ibu hamil KEK, serta pemberian tablet tambah darah (TTD) memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik di setiap klaster. Selanjutnya, intervensi sensitif gizi yang memiliki perbedaan signifikan di tiap klaster adalah kepemilikan sanitasi layak oleh rumah tangga serta rumah tangga yang memiliki fasilitas mencuci tangan pakai sabun. Peningkatan implementasi intervensi permasalahan gizi spesifik dan sensitif perlu dilakukan di setiap daerah dengan memperhatikan karakteristik permasalahan gizi yang ada. |
| Date: | 2019–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ap8qf&r=all |
| By: | Giao, Ha Nam Khanh; Vuong, Bui Nhat |
| Abstract: | This research examines four specific objectives: (1) identifying factors that affect Vietnamese consumer attitudes towards smartphone advertising, (2) measuring the level of impact of the factors, (3) testing the difference of attitudes among groups of consumers with different characteristics in terms of gender, age, income, and academic level, and (4) proposing some managerial implications to have better Vietnamese consumer attitudes towards smartphone advertising. The study uses the online survey form via e-mail and Facebook in a convenience sampling method; the subjects surveyed are between the ages of 18 and 35, and all are in urban areas in Vietnam, and are using smartphones and accessing the internet and other phone applications. A sample of 490 respondents were valid and used for processing. The study employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze exploratory factors and linear multiple regression. The results reveal that there are five main factors affecting Vietnamese consumer attitudes towards smartphone advertising positively, arranged by reduced importance: entertainment, informativeness, credibility, non-irritation, permission and control. From that, the study offers some managerial suggestions for smartphone advertisers to improve their strategies and tatics to enhance their customer service, so that the smartphone advertising can attract people and help Vietnamese consumer in their buying behavior. |
| Date: | 2020–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q8rzx&r=all |
| By: | Muttaqin, Rahmat; Akın, Emre |
| Abstract: | As part of the G20 countries, Indonesia and Turkey have shown their commitments to the OECD/G20 BEPS Project since the very beginning, including the MLI Project. Along with the other 66 jurisdictions, Indonesia and Turkey signed the MLI on 7 June 2017. Indonesia and Turkey already have a tax treaty in force. In its MLI’s position as of 7 June 2017, Indonesia included its tax treaty with Turkey as one of CTAs and vice versa. Therefore, once both countries have completed all the procedural requirements of the MLI, the MLI provisions will have effect on the existing tax treaty. This article is intended to give a picture for the readers on how the MLI impacts the existing tax treaty between Indonesia and Turkey. This article may also serve as a projection on what a synthesised text might look like even though it has not been published yet by the competent authority of either country. For the MLI changes to apply effectively to the Indonesia-Turkey tax treaty, both countries must adopt the same provisions (unless an asymmetrical adoption is allowed in particular cases). The Authors concluded that considering both countries’ positions at this moment, some of the MLI provisions will affect the existing Indonesia-Turkey tax treaty, i.e. Article 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, and 16 of the MLI. New provisions to be adapted will contribute to preventing BEPS concerns, e.g. through treaty shopping. The authors then recommend that both countries should also need to revise their domestic laws in order to accommodate new features in treaty post-MLI, for instance, the introduction of PPT rule as GAAR in tax treaty should also be accompanied by a comprehensive set of guidelines for tax authorities and must be administered transparently. Following the intention of both countries to increase the trading volume, the Indonesia-Turkey tax treaty post-MLI will play an important role in the future. |
| Keywords: | MLI, OECD, G20, BEPS, Tax Treaty, Tax Law, Indonesia, Turkey, International Tax, PPT, GAAR |
| JEL: | H26 K33 K34 |
| Date: | 2020–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100675&r=all |
| By: | Costales, Cecilio. |
| Abstract: | Coconut remains as the Philippines’ leading agricultural export product. Three of the top ten agricultural exports are coconut-based export products, namely, coconut oil (both crude and refined), copra cake oil and desiccated coconut. Further, it is estimated that about 1 to 3 million Filipinos are either directly or indirectly employed in the coconut industry. Given the wide extent and scope of the Philippine coconut industry, this study focuses on analyzing and mapping out the export value chains of three non-traditional coconut export products: virgin coconut oil, coco sugar and coco coir. Although these coconut export products are not yet as significant as the more established and leading coconut export products of the Philippines, they have high growth potential. Moreover, the government’s anti-poverty reduction programmes in the coconut sector are centered on these products. This study looks at the threats and opportunities that these three non-traditional coconut export products present for the Philippine coconut industry and its workers. |
| Keywords: | coconut, value chains, production diversification |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995072489602676&r=all |
| By: | Ronny Martien; Husna Nugrahapraja; Rizkita R. Esyanti; Fenny Martha Dwivany |
| Abstract: | Chili is one of the primary commodities in West Java, Indonesia. Chili peppers are susceptible to several diseases, which can cause excessive losses in quality and quantity. The research focused on four chili pepper cultivars that are commonly used by farmers and preferred by the market. Phytophthora capsici is the most dangerous pathogen because it attacks every phase of the life cycle of chili peppers, from the seedling stage until the postharvest stage.  This research will study the effectiveness of nano-chitosan in protecting the six cultivars of chili pepper against Phytophthora capsici. The project aimed to examine the efficacy of nano-chitosan on chili pepper plants and to analyze the molecular aspect of plant-pathogen interaction through whole transcriptome analysis. The specific objectives of the research are the following: • study the effectiveness of nano-chitosan against Phytophthora capsici on four chili pepper cultivars by knowing the resistance level of each cultivar, phenotypically; • determine the gene expression activities on four chili pepper cultivars through the whole transcriptomic analysis; and • decipher the complex molecular processes of plant-pathogen interaction in chili using transcriptomic datasets. The project was conducted at Bandung and Purwakarta, West Java, Indonesia. The Plant Pathology Laboratory and Green House research facilities from East-West Seed Indonesia Company was used in Purwakarta, while the genetics and molecular biology laboratory in the School of Life Science and Technology (SITH), Institut Teknologi Bandung, was utilized in Bandung.  The research focused on four chili pepper cultivars that are commonly used by farmers and preferred by the market. The four cultivars represent the variation of resistance level against Phytophthora capsici. |
| Keywords: | Indonesia, West Java, Phytophthora capsici, ano-chitosan, biofungicide |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2020:458&r=all |
| By: | Hung Trung Vo (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Thu Dau Mot University - Partenaires INRAE); Thanh Viet Nguyen (Vietnam National University); Michel Simioni (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Xuan Thuy National Park, a special nature reserve with mangrove swamps located in the Red River Delta in North Vietnam, plays an important role in combating coastal erosion and provides a habitat for many endangered bird species. This study applied double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method to directly estimate how much locals are willing to pay for mangrove conservation at Xuan Thuy National Park. In particular, the technique was used to provide better assess to the non-use value of biodiversity and ecosystem support of mangroves. Survey respondents from 350 households in the buffer zone were presented with a hypothetical scenario describing a policy that quantifies the environmental change to be achieved by 2030, and specifying a lump sum payment. Non-parametric estimate of mean WTP was found at 511,090 VND per household (22.03 USD) whereas parametric estimate of mean WTP derived from the log-logistic specification was found at 619,908 VND (26.73 USD) per household. Awareness of mangrove benefit and interest in conservation activities have a positive impact on WTP responses, in addition to income. The findings will help policy-makers adopt sound environmental policies and advise locals on the importance of protecting the mangroves which in turn protect their livelihoods. |
| Keywords: | mangrove preservation,contingent valuation,double-bounded discrete choice,Xuan Thuy national park,vietnam,environmental services valuation |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02624828&r=all |
| By: | Vu, Tien Manh; Yamada, Hiroyuki |
| Abstract: | This study investigated how the legacies of Vietnamese elites continue to affect top-ranked politicians in Vietnam. We therefore compared a list of elites who passed the imperial examination (1075–1919) at the national level with a list of currently active Vietnamese topranked politicians (1930–2020) by matching their home districts. We used the average distance from each district to imperial test venues as instrumental variables for estimating possible connections at the district level. Results showed strong and persistent imperial legacies based on these home districts. This suggests the existence of persistent transmissions via informal institutions and channels of home favoritism. |
| Keywords: | legacy, elite, imperial elite, politician, Vietnam, N35, N45, P26, J62 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:00000177&r=all |
| By: | Rima, Lustina |
| Abstract: | Abstract : This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, corporate governance, firm size, and capital intensity on tax avoidance in property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2018. Corporate governance in this study uses leverage variables and independent commissioners. The population of this study is 54 property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2018. Determination of samples using purposive sampling method and obtaining 23 companies with certain criteria. The analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression. The results showed that the profitability and firm size variables had a significant negative effect on tax avoidance, while the leverage variable, independent commissioner, and capital intensity did not affect tax avoidance. Keywords : Profitabilitas, Corporate Governance, Firm Size, Capital Intensity, Tax Avoidance Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh profitabilitas, corporate governance, ukuran perusahaan dan intensitas modal terhadap penghindaran pajak pada perusahaan property dan real estate yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2016-2018. Corporate governance dalam penelitian ini menggunakan variabel leverage dan komisaris independen. Populasi penelitian ini sejumlah 54 perusahaan property dan real estate yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2016-2018. Penentuan sampel dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling dan memperoleh 23 perusahaan dengan kriteria tertentu. Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel profitabilitas dan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap penghindaran pajak, sedangkan variabel leverage, komisaris independen, dan intensitas modal tidak berpengaruh terhadap penghindaran pajak. Kata kunci : Profitabilitas, Corporate Governance, Ukuran Perusahaan, Intensitas Modal, Penghindaran Pajak. |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:g6t2a&r=all |
| By: | Iswahyudi, Heru |
| Abstract: | This article examines the experience of Indonesia in adopting gross receipts taxes as one of the elements in the architecture of its tax system. Although Indonesian income tax law and value-added tax law do not explicitly impose gross receipts taxes, however, these laws authorize the use of presumptive taxation methods, which in practice are essentially gross receipts taxes. In the past three decades there have been expansions in the use of these presumptive methods in the tax system. As gross receipts tax is considered to be one of the most distortive tax systems, its expansions may also mean that its distortive effects may have expanded throughout the economy. Nevertheless, if well-designed and properly managed, gross receipts taxes might serve as an effective instrument to broadening the tax base particularly in countries with a significant presence of the informal sector, while still minimizing its adverse impacts on the economy. |
| Keywords: | Gross Receipts Taxes, Economic Distortion, Hard-to-Tax, Administrative Capacity, Informal Sector |
| JEL: | E62 H21 H30 O17 |
| Date: | 2020–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100617&r=all |
| By: | Bui, Thi Tam; Vu, T.T.H.; Le, Q.H.; Pham, Trong Luong; Nguyen, T.M.A.; Luu, T.D.; Le, Thi Thuy An; Nguyen, V.C. |
| Abstract: | Teaching staffs in general and primary teachers in particular have been proven to contribute to great success of the comprehensive renovation process in the current Vietnamese education system. Significantly, pedagogical universities specialized in primary education should predominantly pay attention to the quality of training and meet the requirements of society. In the case of Tay Nguyen University in Vietnam, lecturer staffs involved in training of primary teachers have made great efforts in applying new teaching methods. Furthermore, it has been used effectively in many parts of the primary teacher training program is the project-based learning method. In this paper, in addition to general theories about the project-learning method, we will present the advantages of applying the teaching method in the primary teacher training program in general and in the "Crafts and Techniques" module in particular at Tay Nguyen University. Finally, discussion process of applying project-based learning and project evaluation methods of primary education students in teaching this module are preferred. |
| Date: | 2020–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xg8tp&r=all |
| By: | Ni Lin, Min Zar.; Kanay De, S.; Glutting, Janarue. |
| Abstract: | Myanmar is recognized as the last frontier market in Asia with the potential for rapid growth after a series of notable political and economic reform reforms undertaken in 2011 and onwards which include many agendas such as decentralization, financial and trade liberalization, regulatory reform, and strengthening institutions. This has led to structural change in the Myanmar economy as trade and investment volumes have increased steadily and the sectoral composition of GDP has changed. Despite Myanmar’s GDP and trade growth, the growth in jobs remains slow. Among the working-age population, 38.9 % were out of the labour force and an estimated 4.25 million people have emigrated abroad, mainly for work purposes. The benefits of Myanmar’s economic growth do not appear to be reaching the whole working-age population. This study aims to map out the Government of Myanmar’s (GoM) policies and institutions for job creation, especially within the trade sector. |
| Keywords: | employment creation, trade policy, government policy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995072489502676&r=all |
| By: | Takahiro Akita (IUJ Research Institutey, International University of University); Sachiko Miyata (Graduate School of Business Administration, Ritsumeikan University) |
| Abstract: | Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the extent to which economic growth is conducive to poverty reduction. However, most of these studies assessed the pro-poorness of economic growth at the national level. This study attempts to assess the pro-poorness of regional economic growth in Indonesia over the period 2004-2014. While Indonesia achieved a moderately pro-poor growth, there is a large variation among provinces in the pro-poorness of economic growth. To achieve a balanced pro-poor growth across provinces, one needs to consider regional differences in factors that would affect growth and the change in inequality when formulating policies. |
| Keywords: | pro-poor growth, incidence of poverty, expenditure inequality, province, Indonesia |
| JEL: | I32 O15 O18 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iuj:wpaper:ems_2020_03&r=all |
| By: | Tien Manh Vu (Asian Growth Research Institute); Hiroyuki Yamada (Faculty of Economics, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | Based on the "winner-loser" scheme, we examine the possible impacts of enterprise zones (EZs) on local Vietnamese households between 2002 and 2008, using differencesin-differences and a panel-event study. We layer four waves of household surveys using a census of EZs in 2007, based on the same commune identity for our household and individual analyses. Within five years of EZ establishment, we find they are associated with higher household incomes, an increase in private property prices, and an increase in working hours. However, we do not find a significant impact on household living expenditure or school attendance/working probabilities among members aged between 7 and 17 years. Neither do we find a significant impact on health outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Enterprise zone, Health, Household, Income, School Attendance, Vietnam |
| JEL: | O12 O18 D1 P36 |
| Date: | 2020–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2020-009&r=all |
| By: | Giao, Ha Nam Khanh; Vuong, Bui Nhat |
| Abstract: | Internet banking is becoming a new focus as the number of internet users and its benefits are increasing worldwide and its benefits. However, the degree of intent to use internet banking is still a question of interest. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting attitude and behavioral intention to use internet banking in Viet Nam, as well as the moderating role of anxiety, will be examined. Totally, 584 questionnaires were collected for the final analysis. The results from the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using the SmartPLS 3.0 program showed that facilitating condition, performance expectancy, social influence, perceived credibility, and effort expectancy had a positive impact on attitude and behavioral intention to use internet banking. Besides, anxiety decreased behavioral intention and it also dampened the positive relationship between attitude and behavioral intention. The findings of this study could help banks to improve their service to attract more users. Besides, the use of internet banking could reduce the frequency to a bank that indirectly reduces costs. |
| Date: | 2020–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3rgh6&r=all |
| By: | theresa, ivy |
| Abstract: | Currently, in the whole world is experiencing a COVID-19 pandemic, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, there are quite a lot of people who have been affected by this virus. The presence of the COVID-19 will affect the economy, both in Indonesia and throughout the world. Many countries are predicted to experience a recession due to this pandemic. Finance Minister Sri Mulyani said, if COVID-19 could be handled as soon as possible, then economic growth was still above 4%. But the government must keep on preparing if this pandemic will last for another 3-6 months, the economic situation will worsen, with economic growth estimated at around 2.5% or even 0%. The purpose of this research is to find out the growth of COVID-19 in Indonesia and the impact of COVID-19 on the exchange rate. In this research, a descriptive analysis method is used by collecting data from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Finance and Bank Indonesia. The results of this study indicate the growth of COVID-19 in Indonesia and the impact of the virus on the exchange rate. Keywords : COVID-19, Exchange Rate, Research Methodology |
| Date: | 2020–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kmwcq&r=all |
| By: | Rima, Lustina |
| Abstract: | Abstract : This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, corporate governance, firm size, and capital intensity on tax avoidance in property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2018. Corporate governance in this study uses leverage variables and independent commissioners. The population of this study is 54 property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2018. Determination of samples using purposive sampling method and obtaining 23 companies with certain criteria. The analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression. The results showed that the profitability and firm size variables had a significant negative effect on tax avoidance, while the leverage variable, independent commissioner, and capital intensity did not affect tax avoidance. Keywords : Profitabilitas, Corporate Governance, Firm Size, Capital Intensity, Tax Avoidance |
| Date: | 2020–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q8jhc&r=all |
| By: | Espinet Alegre,Xavier; Stanton-Geddes,Zuzana; Aliyev,Sadig |
| Abstract: | Transport connectivity in Cambodia is challenged by its geography and exposure to recurrent flooding. Flood events create severe disruptions in segments of the transport network that undermine access to health, education, and work opportunities as well as create barriers to economic growth. Rural accessibility to emergency health facilities and delivery of medicines and basic food supplies is particularly critical in times of major health crises, such as the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. This paper provides a method to quantify the impact of flooding on hospital access and other critical facilities, aiming to support governments on setting up health emergency mitigation plans for rural transport in an environment with high flood risk. The method was piloted in three provinces in rural Cambodia, estimating that for 37 percent of the people on those provinces, it takes more than 60 minutes to reach an emergency health facility. During floods, 27 percent lose all access and 18 percent experience an increase of 30 minutes in travel time. In conclusion, this method introduces transparency and evidence-based support for prioritization of rural transport investment, identifies the social benefits (health and education) of rural infrastructure investments, and supports policy dialogue on rural development and resilience. |
| Date: | 2020–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9262&r=all |
| By: | Taiji Inui (Chief Advisor, JICA CBM TC Project, Central Bank of Myanmar and ADB consultant for Cross-border Settlement Infrastructure Forum (CSIF)); Wataru Takahashi (Faculty of Economics, Osaka University of Economics and Research Fellow, RIEB, Kobe University); Mamoru Ishida (Advisor, Itochu Corporation and Former Professor, Hannan University) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes to provide Asian common currency in the form of digital currency using technology such as blockchain by an international organization (eg AMRO) in East Asia. In this proposal, we assume that each present currency and the new digital common currency coexist in the respective economies for the time being. With the advent of digital currency, the common currency has become more technically feasible. Our proposal has the following three advantages; (1) merits as a digital currency, (2) merits as a common currency, and (3) a currency that is managed in a multilateral flamework. By the last point, it could prevent dominant control of an international currency by large countries, and political fairness can be secured. This proposal has a perspective to develop into a global digital currency in the future. |
| Keywords: | Digital currency; Asia common currency; Distributed ledger technology; Blockchain, Account-based, Token-based |
| JEL: | E42 F36 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2020-19&r=all |
| By: | Bello, Rolando T.; Pantoja, Blanquita R.; Tan, Maria Francesca O.; Banalo, Roxanne A.; Alvarez, Joanne V.; Rañeses, Florita P. |
| Abstract: | In the Philippines’ coconut sector, government initiatives have shifted from focusing on traditional coconut exports such as coconut oil, desiccated coconut and copra oil cake or meal to non-traditional coconut exports such as virgin coconut oil, coco sugar and coco coir. The main objectives of this study are to identify current and potential skill needs, to estimate skill gaps, and to provide recommendations for the design of effective and coherent skills development policies to support growth and expand opportunities for the creation of productive employment in the non-traditional coconut export sector. Specifically, this study: reviews the relevant skills literature and government policies and programs and private sector-led initiatives on skills and human resource development; analyses past and current statistical data on skills and employment in the coconut sector and elicits information on skills issues from key informants and focus groups. |
| Keywords: | skills development, coconut, export diversification |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995072489702676&r=all |
| By: | Kabir, Mustafa; Masih, Mansur |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the daily data from four counties to estimate the portfolio diversification opportunities between Islamic stock prices and exchange rates. Although there are many works on stocks and exchange rates in the field of conventional finance, there is relatively few work in the field of Islamic finance. This study makes an attempt to fill in this gap by applying recent and appropriate methodologies such as, MGARCH-DCC, MODWT and CWT. The results tend to indicate that the portfolio diversification opportunities between Islamic stocks and exchange rates are not conclusive but vary depending on the stock- holding periods in the short and long run. Hence the Islamic stock holders should take into account the investment horizons of their stocks while diversifying their stocks across with exchange rates. |
| Keywords: | Islamic stocks, exchange rates, portfolio diversification, MGARCH-DCC, MODWT, CWT, Malaysia |
| JEL: | C22 C58 G11 G15 |
| Date: | 2019–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100574&r=all |
| By: | Chowdhry, Sonali; Felbermayr, Gabriel; Stamer, Vincent |
| Abstract: | This policy brief examines the effects of the Covid19 pandemic on international trade. Major exporting economies have posted record year-over-year monthly declines in export volume ranging from -7.9% in Germany to -24.3% in South Korea. While logistical bottlenecks are being solved, low demand puts pressure on trade activity. The shipping industry has reduced its activity around Europe, Asia and America by up to -10% pointing to a prolonged reduction in trade. Over the first quarter of 2020, China's trade contracted severely with most economies - particularly Canada, Japan, Russia, Italy and South Africa.The trade collapse affects businesses differently and especially hits those firms that participate in low-value added stages of global value chains by assembling components. |
| Keywords: | Trade,Covid-19,China,GVCs,Handel |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:spezial-corona-update-4en&r=all |
| By: | Vu, Tien Manh; Yamada, Hiroyuki |
| Abstract: | We investigated the impact of individuals who passed the Vietnamese imperial examinations (1075–1919) on the present-day quantity and quality of education in their home districts. We layered the 2009 Population and Housing Census and the 2009 National Entrance Exams to University (NEEU) test scores on the geographical distribution of imperial test takers' home districts. We constructed a novel instrumental variable representing the average distance between the examinees' home districts and the corresponding imperial examination venues.We found a persistent legacy in the average years of schooling, literacy rate, school attendance rate, NEEU test scores, and primary school dropout rate. |
| Keywords: | Education, Human Capital, Imperial Examination, Historical Legacy, Vietnam, I25, N35, O15 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:00000176&r=all |
| By: | Balcilar, Mehmet (Eastern Mediterranean University); Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin (Ankara HBV University); Ozdemir, Huseyin (Gazi University); Wohar, Mark E. (University of Nebraska Omaha) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically examines the fragility of five major Asian economies (China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, and South Korea) to economic policy uncertainty (EPU) of US and EU, and oil prices in different state of the economies. To investigate these dynamics, we use the relative tail dependence by means of the spillover index of Diebold and Yilmaz (2009, 2012) obtained from Quantile Vector Autoregressive (QVAR) model, a robust and semiparametric model, which does not require specification of the full distribution of error terms. The distinguishing feature of our approach from the previous studies is the determination of sign and intensity of asymmetric spillover dynamics from external shocks to Asian economies and variables covering a wide range of macroeconomic aspects. Our results indicate that the spillover indices from EPU and oil price shocks to Asian economies significantly vary across quantiles. The results from sub-sample analysis show that the US EPU has an asymmetric effect on macro variables of China, Hong Kong, and South Korea during the quantitative easing period (QE) and the reverse QE (RQE) periods while the EU EPU makes Asian markets vulnerable during the Eurozone debt crisis. The large-scale asset purchases (LSAPs) of ECB and BoJ seem to reduce Asian market fragilities after 2015. Last but not least, we get partial evidence to support an asymmetric effect of the crude oil shocks on some Asian markets. |
| Keywords: | quantile VAR, oil price change, economic policy uncertainty, relative-tail-dependence |
| JEL: | C32 E44 F42 G01 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13274&r=all |
| By: | Jayasooriya, Sujith |
| Abstract: | Innovative and evidence-based public economic policies are vital for the provision of efficient public services in emerging economies. Many developing countries require privation of optimal taxation system to promote economic growth. The research question intends to identify the optimal taxation policies and impact of taxation on economic growth in emerging Asia. Rationale for the research is to provide pragmatic evidences to build up tax systems that generate optimal tax revenues in an equitable manner and facilitation of taxation for economic growth. Macroeconometric approach is used to (i) estimate the Laffer curve for Asia with Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) in factors affecting optimal taxation. (ii) Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS), Dynamic OLS (DOLS) and Conical Cointegration Regression (CCR) are used to estimate the cointegration equation for the impact of taxation on economic growth using the World Bank data from 1990 to 2015. The empirical results indicate, across estimation methods and specifications, that the determinants of optimal taxation over estimation of Laffer curve are tax-rate, tax-rate2 and debt negatively significant, while tax-rate*debt, unemployment rate, foreign direct investment, and openness are positively significant. Further, comparative empirical evidences show that the positive economic growth promoting factors is tax revenue, trade openness and foreign direct investment, whereas negatively significant factors are tax-rate, unemployment rate and debt. The implications of the study are to deliberate on the macroeconomic determinants of the optimal taxation for reform the tax systems in emerging Asia. Finally, the paper guides policymakers to reform tax systems with empirical evidences on impacts of public economic policies to improve optimal taxation for the economic growth in Asia. |
| Keywords: | Optimal taxation, Economic Growth, Generalized Methods of Moments estimation |
| JEL: | B23 C51 E60 F43 H2 H21 O47 |
| Date: | 2020–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100748&r=all |
| By: | Badar Mohammad Almeajel Alanazi (Shaqra University) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to develop a practical framework for effective corporate governance in emerging economies. Using qualitative data, we explain the need for the effective implementation of corporate governance through a comparative legal analysis of two countries: Australia and Saudi Arabia. Our analysis indicates that emerging countries in Asia and the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, lack proper accountability, management, and understanding of the contractual legal agreement that defines business relationships in corporate organizations. These observations are consistent with the agency theory of corporate governance, which theorizes that effective implementation of corporate governance requires effective management of organizational resources and avoidance of conflict of interest between and among managers and shareholders. Our study enhances our understanding of the ways countries could achieve the proper implementation of corporate governance in practical terms. |
| Keywords: | Corporate Governance, Effective Implementation, Law, Legal Analysis, Australia, Saudi Arabia |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:10112634&r=all |
| By: | Dirk van Seventer; Finn Tarp; Khin Ohnmar Myint Thein; Soe Thie Nu Htwe; Nyaung Tai |
| Abstract: | Based on a recently constructed 2017 Social Accounting Matrix, we examine structural aspects of the Myanmar economy. The exposition ranges from industry, trade, household income, and expenditure to labour market issues. Agriculture remains dominant, accounting for about 50 per cent of employment although its contribution to gross domestic product is about 17 per cent. Services, both public and private, represent 55 per cent of gross domestic product and 33 per cent of employment. |
| Keywords: | Balance of payments, Income distribution, labour force survey, national accounts, Social Accounting Matrix, supply use table |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2020-71&r=all |
| By: | Jayasooriya, Sujith |
| Abstract: | Theoretical verdict of the economic growth evolved extensively over last decades in the growth literature. Despite the numerous explanations of growth empiric, macro economic perspectives to understand the role of human capital in economic growth needs to be thoroughly understood to make prudent economic policies for investment. The paper intends to identify the empirical specification and estimation for effect of human capital on economic growth. The rationale for the research is to provide pragmatic evidences that lead economic growth under the human capital investment policies. Empirical approach is applied to (i) construct revised-Macro-Mincer model (ii) estimate revised Macro-Mincer model with instrumental variable 2SLS approach to reveal the effect of human capital growth on economic growth using macroeconomic data from ASEAN and South Asian region from 1960 to 2014. The revised Macro-Mincer model provides theoretical specification and empirical validation of the human capital in economic growth derived from Solow growth model. Then, it is used for finding the signaling effect of the Investment, dependency, industry-services and rural-urban population changes of the Macro-Mincer model. Further, the revised version is applied for the Lucasian growth model to confirm the effects of human capital in economic growth progress. The revised Macro-Mincer model, across estimation methods and specifications, predicts a strong relationship between human capital and economic growth, and estimates the coefficients robustly than recent models in the literature. The results of the model exposes that, in addition to the growth of the previous year and its difference, human capital also paly a significant role on the growth rate of the economy. Further, life expectancy and trade openness included in new version of the model are significant predictors of growth rate of GDP per capita. Insignificance of the binary for regional variation implies that spatial disparities are not a driver of economic growth. The implications of the study are to deliberate on the investment in human capital to promote economic growth in the economies. Finally, the paper guides policymakers to reform human capital, in terms of educational reforms in human development policies to achieve advancement in economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Human Capital, Economic Growth, Signaling, Revised Macro-Mincer Model, IV 2SLS estimation |
| JEL: | E2 E24 E61 O47 |
| Date: | 2020–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100747&r=all |
| By: | Sajid, Mir Ibrahim; Hashmi, Alizah Pervaiz; Khan, Dania; Sajid, Mir Rafe; Sohail, Muhammad Rizwan; Siddiqi, Sameen |
| Abstract: | Globally, over 3.3 million people have contracted COVID-19 and > 230,000 have died. The outbreak has strangled the world economy and has tested the resilience of all health systems —robust or fragile. While all categories of the economy have been affected, pandemic has directly affected people and possession processing services the most. For all countries analyzed, an average economic impact of -4.5% of GDP is expected. We assessed the response to the COVID-19 pandemic by healthcare systems in terms of testing capability, surge capacity, and collaboration; focusing on United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, China, and Pakistan. Despite its success, the China model cannot be the go-to paradigm everywhere as level of compliance to local authorities, harsh lockdown measures, and ability to quickly complete labor-intensive projects may not be replicable in other countries. Therefore, a context-specific strategy is necessary to deal with pandemic. COVID-19 pandemic has exposed multiple fault lines in health systems in term of accessibility, adaptability, and preparedness. It has also become clear that a global economy centered on the principle of capital accumulation and not societal uplift is not sustainable through times of crises. |
| Date: | 2020–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:849sh&r=all |
| By: | Sitohang, Marya Yenita (Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)) |
| Abstract: | Kajian yang dilakukan oleh Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan-LIPI selama kurun waktu 2015-2019 menekankan bahwa peran keluarga yang terbagi dalam empat aspek, yaitu aspek fisik, aspek ekonomi, aspek lingkungan sosial dan aspek psikologis berpengaruh terhadap kualitas hidup lansia. Namun demikian, implementasi kebijakan serta program yang ada selama ini di daerah masih belum banyak melibatkan peran aktif keluarga. Adapun program yang menyasar keluarga secara langsung masih belum optimal, dalam hal ini Bina Keluarga Lansia (BKL) yang merupakan satu-satunya program non bantuan tunai yang secara eksplisit fokus pada keluarga. |
| Date: | 2020–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m9x8t&r=all |
| By: | Kym Anderson (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Arndt-Corden Dept of Economics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Asia’s alcohol consumption, and its retail expenditure on each of beer, distilled spirits and grape wine, have more than doubled so far this century. In the process, the mix of beverages in Asia’s consumption of alcohol has been converging on that of the west as wine’s share rises. Since Asia’s beverage production has not kept up with its expansion in demand, imports net of exports are increasingly filling the gap – especially for wine. This paper analyses trends in consumption and imports for the region and key Asian countries, and provides projections to 2025 using a new model of global beverage markets. |
| Keywords: | Changes in beverage tastes, premiumization of alcohol consumption, impacts of tax and trade policies, beverage market projections |
| JEL: | F14 F17 L66 Q13 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:winewp:2019-02&r=all |
| By: | Afees A. Salisu (Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Business Administration, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa); Riza Demirer (Department of Economics and Finance, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1102, USA) |
| Abstract: | Utilizing a mixed data sampling (MIDAS) approach, we show that a daily newspaper based index of uncertainty associated with infectious diseases can be used to predict, both in- and out-of-sample, low-frequency movements of output growth for the United States (US). The predictability of monthly industrial production growth and quarterly real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth during the current period of heightened economic uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to be of tremendous value to policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Infectious Diseases Related Uncertainty, Output Growth, Forecast, Mixed-Frequency |
| JEL: | C22 C53 D80 E23 E32 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202050&r=all |
| By: | Afees A. Salisu (Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Business Administration, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa); Elie Bouri (USEK Business School, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we offer two main innovations. First, we subject six alternative indicators of global economic activity, including the one recently developed by Baumeister et al. (2020), to empirical tests of their relative predictive powers for crude oil market volatility. Second, we accommodate all the relevant series at their available data frequencies using the GARCH-MIDAS approach, thereby circumventing information loss and any associated bias. We find evidence in support of the ability of global economic activity to predict energy market volatility. Our forecast evaluation of the various indicators places a higher weight on the newly developed indicator of global economic activity by Baumeister et al. (2020), based on a set of 16 variables covering multiple dimensions of the global economy, than other indicators. The results leading to these conclusions are robust to multiple forecast horizons and consistent across alternative energy sources. |
| Keywords: | Energy Markets Volatility, Global Economic Conditions, Mixed-Frequency |
| JEL: | C32 C53 E32 Q41 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202051&r=all |
| By: | Xie, Tian (Shanghai University of Finance and Economics); Yu, Jun (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Zeng, Tao (Zhejiang University) |
| Abstract: | The data market has been growing at an exceptional pace. Consequently, more sophisticated strategies to conduct economic forecasts have been introduced with machine learning techniques. Does machine learning pose a threat to conventional econometric methods in terms of forecasting? Moreover, does machine learning present great opportunities to cross-fertilize the field of econometric forecasting? In this report, we develop a pedagogical framework that identifies complementarity and bridges between the two strands of literature. Existing econometric methods and machine learning techniques for economic forecasting are reviewed and compared. The advantages and disadvantages of these two classes of methods are discussed. A class of hybrid methods that combine conventional econometrics and machine learning are introduced. New directions for integrating the above two are suggested. The out-of-sample performance of alternatives is compared when they are employed to forecast the Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index and the harmonized index of consumer prices for the euro area. In the first exercise, econometric methods seem to work better, whereas machine learning methods generally dominate in the second empirical application. |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:2020_016&r=all |
| By: | Violetta Dalla (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens); Liudas Giraitis (Queen Mary, University of London); Peter C. B. Phillips (Yale University, University of Auckland, University of Southampton, Singapore Management University) |
| Abstract: | Commonly used tests to assess evidence for the absence of autocorrelation in a univariate time series or serial cross-correlation between time series rely on procedures whose validity holds for i.i.d. data. When the series are not i.i.d., the size of correlogram and cumulative Ljung-Box tests can be significantly distorted. This paper adapts standard correlogram and portmanteau tests to accommodate hidden dependence and non-stationarities involving heteroskedasticity, thereby uncoupling these tests from limiting assumptions that reduce their applicability in empirical work. To enhance the Ljung-Box test for non-i.i.d. data a new cumulative test is introduced. Asymptotic size of these tests is unaffected by hidden dependence and heteroskedasticity in the series. Related extensions are provided for testing cross-correlation at various lags in bivariate time series. Tests for the i.i.d. property of a time series are also developed. An extensive Monte Carlo study confirms good performance in both size and power for the new tests. Applications to real data reveal that standard tests frequently produce spurious evidence of serial correlation. |
| Keywords: | Serial correlation, cross-correlation, heteroskedasticity, martingale |
| JEL: | C12 |
| Date: | 2020–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qmw:qmwecw:906&r=all |