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on South East Asia |
| By: | Yeonho Lee (Chungbuk National University (Department of Economics)); Kwangsuk Han (Pusan National University (Department of International Trade)) |
| Abstract: | There have been studies applying OCA criteria to East Asia and they have focused largely on evaluating the economic conditions for regional monetary integration in East Asia. Many of their studies find that at least some of the Asian countries meet major OCA criteria. This paper investigates the feasibility and desirability of a common currency arrangement in East Asia applying a structural VARs methodology to asymmetric shocks. We examine the issues of asymmetric responses to external shocks which is one of the most frequently used criteria for evaluating the costs and benefits of joining a common currency versus having an independent currency.The results suggest that a sub-group of East Asian countries are plausible candidates for adopting a single currency. Regarding asymmetry of supply shocks, we find that eight East Asian economies (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand) are possible candidates for a currency union (EA 8), and EA 5 for demand shocks. Supply disturbances are highly and significantly correlated among these countries and correlations of real GDP growth rates corroborate the analysis of supply disturbances. |
| Keywords: | Optimum Currency Area (OCA), Monetary Union, East Asia, Structural VARs |
| JEL: | F41 F33 F36 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6509323&r=sea |
| By: | Thi Kim Cuong Pham; Phu Nguyen-Van; Huu Thanh-Tam Nguyen; Thi Anh-Dao Tran; Kone Noukignonb |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the determinants of the households’ welfare perception using a survey database on rural areas in Thailand and Vietnam which have similar economic and social conditions. Welfare perception corresponds to the households’ subjective assessment of their general situations. We focus on the social comparison and take into account geographical isolation, relative poverty, harsh living conditions, economic and environmental risks as well as the households’ degree of risk acceptance. Our study shows that households, in both countries, are sensitive to income and relative poverty, but only Thai households are concerned with wealth comparison. In particular, this comparison is asymmetric. Environmental risks as well as households’ attitude to risks differently affect the households’ well-being in both countries. However, we observe a similarity in the effect of the risks’ monetary consequences. |
| Keywords: | environmental risks, economic risks; rural area, social comparison; subjective well-being. |
| JEL: | I31 O12 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2018-42&r=sea |
| By: | Firend Al. R. (American University of Iraq, Iraq Author-2-Name: Wang Qian Author-2-Workplace-Name: IBS, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This research explores the changing mechanism in the relationship between retailers and consumers whereby consumers face higher-prices due to inflation while their earnings, and thereby their disposal income, does not simultaneously increase. Methodology/Technique - An examination is conducted on the use of loyalty cards in the Malaysian retail sector to determine whether Asian consumers are enticed by the use of loyalty programs, which can be seen as an attempt to save money when making purchases. Findings - The findings suggest that loyalty programs will expand in the future to include other offerings as they gain momentum and popularity. This research concludes that Malaysian consumers, like most of Southeast Asian consumers, are price adverse, and hence will take opportunities to save money when making purchases. Novelty - The findings of this research can be generalized to the Southeast Asian region due to the similarity of consumption and national characteristics between Malaysian and Southeast Asian consumers. |
| Keywords: | Marketing; Strategy; Incentives; Services; Retail; Loyalty, Asia. |
| JEL: | M30 M31 M39 |
| Date: | 2018–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr187&r=sea |
| By: | Kamaludin (Bengkulu University, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Author-2-Workplace-Name: Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - In recent times, schools of management in Indonesia have experienced rapid rates of growth all over the country in both big cities and small towns. The increase in interest to join schools of management is reflected by the number of schools of management at the undergraduate, master and doctoral levels that exist in almost all universities, particularly at the undergraduate and master levels. This research aims to determine the factors that influence the decision of an undergraduate, master or doctoral student to enroll in a school of management. Methodology/Technique - This study uses factor analysis and in-depth interview. The data is collecting using an online questionnaire distributed through WhatsApp groups and emails to undergraduate, masters and doctoral students throughout Indonesia. 366 questionnaires were distributed in total. Findings - The result of research show that the factors affecting students' decisions to enroll at schools of management are the process, product, and motivation. While the high interest in entering master and doctoral in management with the non-management background is caused by several factors, primarily, due to its relevance to their work, career development, accreditation, and other factors. Novelty - Those students that already occupy key positions in both private and government sectors consider managerial skills are more dominant in schools of management. |
| Keywords: | Attractiveness; Management; Undergraduate; Master; Doctoral. |
| JEL: | A20 A22 A29 |
| Date: | 2018–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr194&r=sea |
| By: | Juniwati (Economic and Business, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia. Author-2-Name: Helma Malini Author-2-Workplace-Name: Economic and Business, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia. Author-3-Name: Herni Supriyatni Author-3-Workplace-Name: Economic and Business, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia. Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the factors that influence the decision of West Kalimantan citizens to use hospital services in Sarawak Malaysia, which includes: quality of service with dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy, word of mouth, cultural homogeneity, price value, and location. Methodology/Technique - This study is a causality research with the population of respondents who have used hospital services in Sarawak Malaysia. The sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method and snowball sampling, and the number of samples used is 150 people. The data is analyzed using multiple regressions. Findings - The results of the F significance test is 0.000 and the adjusted test results show R2 = 0.678. The t test results show that tangibles, reliability, assurance, word of mouth, cultural homogeneity, price value, and location have a significant effect on decisions, while responsiveness and empathy have no significant effect. Novelty - Price value has the most significant influence on the decision to use hospitals in Sarawak, Malaysia. Price value can be interpreted as costs incurred in accordance with the benefits obtained. |
| Keywords: | Community Decision West Kalimantan; Hospitals in Sarawak Malaysia. |
| JEL: | I10 I12 I19 |
| Date: | 2018–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber160&r=sea |
| By: | Verico, Kiki |
| Abstract: | This paper modifies the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) method and applies it on Indonesia's trade, investment, and industrial incentive policies. First, it analyses the Indonesian Bilateral Trade Agreements (BTAs) utilizing trade and investment agreement. Indonesia currently has two BTAs in force. One, Indonesia – Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) and two, Indonesia – Pakistan Preferential Trade Agreement (IP-PTA). This paper found that the outcome expectation for trading partner depends on its GNI per capita. If the trading partner has GNI per capita higher than Indonesia’s then the highest expected outcome would be on the increasing FDI inflows from the trading partner. If its GNI per capita is lower than Indonesia's, then the highest foreseeable result would be on the rising net trade balance of Indonesia. Second, industrial sector incentive analysis by comparing RIA scores on all possible incentive policies. In this paper, the modified RIA found that firms prefer supply-side incentives such as government support on the Research and Development, patent and copyright protection than fiscal incentives such as the import duty-free or tariff rate protection. |
| Keywords: | Regulatory Impact Assessment; Public economics; Bilateral Trade Agreements; trade & investment; industrial incentive; RND & Innovation, Legal Institution, Indonesia |
| JEL: | F14 K23 O24 O30 P35 P45 P48 |
| Date: | 2018–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:89305&r=sea |
| By: | Jarkawi (University of Islam Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari Banjarmasin South of Kalimantan, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Sultani Author-2-Workplace-Name: University of Islam Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari Banjarmasin South of Kalimantan Indonesia Author-3-Name: Mahfuz Author-3-Workplace-Name: University of Islam Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari Banjarmasin South of Kalimantan Indonesia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The development of science and technology has had a rapid and unexpected impact on human life. It also creates chaos and presents a challenge to various aspects of life, including to procedures of guidance and counselling in senior high schools. This area of research requires a dynamic movement to create a new world or new value in counselling and guidance management to increase its effectiveness, efficiency, creativity and productivity. This study aims to determine student behavior in the science and technology era, using the blue ocean strategy of guidance and counselling to create new value. Methodology/Technique - The study uses a descriptive qualitative method using 4 teachers as the source of primary data and 4 principals and 8 students as the source of secondary data. Findings - The results show that student behavior is very adaptive to independent learning and, on the other hand, the groups tend to behave politely. Novelty - The blue ocean strategy of guidance and counselling has created a new world in accordance with the needs of students through assessment and innovation of counselling and guidance programs in senior high schools. |
| Keywords: | Blue Ocean Strategy; Counselling and Guidance, School, Indonesia. |
| JEL: | A20 A29 |
| Date: | 2018–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr188&r=sea |
| By: | Trisnawati (Faculty of Administrative Science, MT Haryono No 163, 65145, Malang City, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Author-2-Workplace-Name: Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This research aims to examine the issue of gender equality in nations who adopt a patriarchal value system, such as Indonesia, where the opportunity for woman to participate in government is relatively limited. The governance implemented in Indonesia, both central and local level, tend to adhere to the principles of "Good Governance". Inherent in these principles is the principle of gender equality, which aims to provide all citizens with the opportunity to improve and maintain their prosperity. Methodology/Technique - This research focuses on 2 main questions, namely: what is the role and position of woman in local government in Kota Malang? and what is the strategy and obstacles faced in improving the role of women? The method used in this research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data was collected through documentation, interviews and observation. The data was analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive model, namely: data reduction, data display and conclusion. Findings - The results show that the role of woman in making public policy is limited to participation as a consulting member only, with no ability to influence the material substance of they policy. Further, it seems that illiteracy of women in the area remains high, and only a marginal number of women currently occupy higher positions in the government. Further, the election of a woman to the position of Mayor had no significant effect on the rate of gender equality. Novelty - This research suggests that there is a need for increased representation of woman in politics, either in legislative, judicative or executive branches of government, a need to develop a local rule (PERDA) to include woman in governmental affairs, the need to amend the current governmental system to a more justice-focused system, in order to support the legal system by supporting small groups and balance values and morality by increasing representation of women across all sectors. |
| Keywords: | Gender; Local Governmental Institution; Good Government. |
| JEL: | M10 M19 |
| Date: | 2018–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr193&r=sea |
| By: | Tri Palupi Robustin (Faculty of Economic and Business University of Jember, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Raden Andi Sularso Author-2-Workplace-Name: Promotor and lecturer at Jember University, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Imam Suroso Author-3-Workplace-Name: Co- Promoter and lecturer at Jember University, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Diah Yulisetiarini Author-4-Workplace-Name: Co-Promotor and lecturer at Jember University, Indonesia Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The Jember District has a very exotic beach tour of Papuma Beach, which shows its white sand and provides historical tours of the Cave of Japan. Papuma Beach is ranked number 1 of the 10 most beautiful beaches in the Jember District. This research aims to understand the influence of tourism product components on the satisfaction of tourists. The components of tourism products in this study include attractiveness, facilities, and accessibility. Methodology/Technique - This research is a quantitative study with a population of tourists visiting Papuma beaches. The number of samples in this study amounted to 40 samples. The data is analysed using a multiple regression analysis with the SPSS program. Findings - The results of the study show that the influence of tourist attractions and facilities on the satisfaction of tourists at the Papuma Beach Tour in the Jember District is strong. Novelty - However, the accessibility variable has no significant effect on satisfaction. |
| Keywords: | Tourism Products; Satisfaction; Multiple Regression Analysis; Papuma Beach, Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2018–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber155&r=sea |
| By: | Yoshiaki Nakada |
| Abstract: | Feeny (1982, pp. 26-28) referred to a three-factor two-good general equilibrium trade model, when he explained the relative importance of trade and factor endowments in Thailand 1880-1940. For example, Feeny (1982) stated that the growth in labor stock would be responsible for a substantial increase in rice output relative to textile output. Is Feeny's statement plausible? The purpose of this paper is to derive the Rybczynski sign patterns, which express the factor endowment--commodity output relationship, for Thailand during the period 1920 to 1927 using the EWS (economy-wide substitution)-ratio vector. A 'strong Rybczynski result' necessarily holds. I derived three Rybczynski sign patterns. However, a more detailed estimate allowed a reduction from three candidates to two. I restrict the analysis to the period 1920-1927 because of data availability. The results imply that Feeny's statement might not necessarily hold. Hence, labor stock might not affect the share of exportable sector in national income positively. Moreover, the percentage of Chinese immigration in the total population growth was not as large as expected. This study will be useful when simulating real wage in Thailand. |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1810.04819&r=sea |
| By: | Santi Novita (Airlangga University, Jalan Airlangga 4 60286, Surabaya, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Bambang Tjahjadi Author-2-Workplace-Name: Airlangga University, Jalan Airlangga 4 60286, Surabaya, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Andry Irwanto Author-3-Workplace-Name: Airlangga University, Jalan Airlangga 4 60286, Surabaya, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This paper shows how leverage affects firm's fragility and financial soundness during financial and industry crises. Methodology/Technique - Long term inefficient and zombie firms are explored through the effects of leverage in additional tests. Findings - There are two main results obtained from the sample of Indonesian non-financial firms from 2007 to 2016. First, leverage has a statistically significant correlation with firm's fragility. Second, leverage has an effect on firm's financial soundness during industry crisis. Novelty - Unlike the previous paper, this paper demonstrates a significant implication on the need to differentiate fragile firms and firms that are persistently inefficient, such as zombie firms. |
| Keywords: | Fragility; Zombie; Financial Soundness; Leverage; Industry Crisis; Financial Crisis. |
| JEL: | M20 M41 |
| Date: | 2018–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber157&r=sea |
| By: | Jiranyakul, Komain |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between stock market return and two main macroeconomic variables (output growth and money growth) in Thailand during 1997Q3 and 2017Q4. The results from Markov switching vector autoregressive model reveal that there is regime switching between the bull market and the bear market. The positive impact of output growth on stock market return is significant in the bear market while the impact of money growth on stock market return is positive and significant in the bull market. This implies that monetary policy is effective only during the bull market period. For the bear market period, measures that stimulate economic growth should be necessary. |
| Keywords: | stock return, regime changes, economic growth, monetary policy stance |
| JEL: | E32 E52 G10 |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:89271&r=sea |
| By: | Titik Rosnani (Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Author-2-Workplace-Name: Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trust in the leader and affective commitment as a mediator between servant leadership behavior and extra-role behavior. In addition, the study examines, whether person-organization fit has a moderating effect. Methodology/Technique - In total, 250 teachers of the border area responded to the research questionnaires, which were then analyzed using structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach. Findings - The outputs of this study indicate an indirect influence between the principal servant leadership behaviors and extra-role behaviors among teachers, which was mediated by trust in the principal and the teacher's affective commitment to the principal. Furthermore, the results show a significant and direct relationship between servant leadership behaviors towards trust in the principal, affective commitment, and extra-role behaviors. Trust in the principal and teacher's affective commitment also had a significant and direct effect on extra-role behavior. However, the person-organization fit which moderates the effect of servant leadership behaviors on extra-role behaviors did not have a significant or direct effect on extra-role behaviors, in fact, it actually weakened the influence of servant leadership behaviors on extra-role behaviors. Novelty - The findings of this study suggest that trust in the principal and teacher's affective commitment has an important moderating effect which must be managed to strengthen the relationship between servant leadership behaviors and extra-role behaviors. |
| Keywords: | Affective Commitment; Extra-role Behavior; Person- organization Fit; Servant Leadership Behavior; Trust in Leader. |
| JEL: | M10 M11 M19 |
| Date: | 2018–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr192&r=sea |
| By: | Nur Afifah (Universitas Tanjungpura, 78124 Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Ilzar Daud Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Tanjungpura, 78124 Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This study explores and examines the theoretical framework regarding the influence of strategic leadership styles that include transformational leadership style and transactional leadership styles as well as their influence on commitment to service quality and how leadership style influences service innovation in local enterprise water services. Methodology/Technique - The number of respondents in this study were 120 employees who were selected using a purposive sampling method and were represented by each section relating to the task of serving customers. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to analyze the research data.Findings - The results show that transformational leadership style has an influence on commitment to services quality and service innovation. Novelty - Likewise, the transactional leadership style affects commitment to services quality, but it does not affect service innovation. |
| Keywords: | Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style; Commitment to Service Quality (CSQ); Service Innovation (SI). |
| JEL: | M10 M11 M19 |
| Date: | 2018–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr191&r=sea |
| By: | Muhartini Salim (University of Bengkulu, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Praningrum Author-2-Workplace-Name: University of Bengkulu, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This study aims to examine the influence of personal involvement and store brand familiarity on store brand buying intentions at a store named Indomaret in Bengkulu City. This study also examines how store brand familiarity, as a moderating variable, influences personal involvement of store brand purchases. Methodology/Technique - The data in this study is obtained from a questionnaire distributed to 200 respondents who shop for store brand products at Indomaret in Bengkulu City. The method of analysis used is the SmartPLS 2.0 as a statistical technique was used to identify the variables studied. Findings - The results clearly show that personal involvement and store brand familiarity both have a partial effect on store brand buying intention. Further, store brand familiarity does not have a moderating effect on personal involvement in store brand buying intention. Novelty - The findings of this study are the first to identify store brand familiarity as moderating variable in the study of the influence of personal involvement on store brand buying intention. |
| Keywords: | Personal Involvement; Store Brand Familiarity; Store Brand Buying Intention. |
| JEL: | M30 M31 M39 |
| Date: | 2018–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr189&r=sea |
| By: | LATIFAH AMIN (NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA) |
| Abstract: | In the 21st century, many women played a dual role as working women and mothers. Breast feeding has been a problem for many working mother due to lack of privacy and adequate time in the working place. Genetically modified (GM) mother?s milk could provide an alternative to human breast milk and formula milk for babies, but GM food has often been criticised. The purpose of this study is to identify the relevant factors influencing public attitude to mother?s milk produced in genetically modified (GM) cows and to analyze the relationships among all the factors using structural equation model. A survey was carried out on 434 respondents from various stakeholder groups in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. Results of the survey have confirmed that public attitudes towards complex issues such as GM mother?s milk should be seen as a multi-faceted process. The most important direct predictors for the encouragement of GM mother?s milk are the specific application-linked variables: perceived risks, perceived benefits and familiarity of GM mother?s milk as well as two general attitude variables: general promise of modern biotechnology and societal value. Encouragement of GM mother?s milk also involves the interplay between other factors such as threatening natural order of things, the need for labelling, the need for patenting and confidence on regulation. The research findings serve as a useful database for understanding the social construct of public acceptance of GM foods in developing country. |
| Keywords: | Public attitude, predictors, GM mother?s milk, structural equation modelling |
| JEL: | D12 C39 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8208831&r=sea |
| By: | Chombhak Klangrahad (Faculty of Management Science, Silpakorn University Petchaburi IT campus); Phuprurd Kanna (Faculty of Management Science, Silpakorn University Petchaburi IT campus); Charles-Amaury Quellec (Silpakorn University International College, Silpakorn University) |
| Abstract: | The study on Tourism Pattern of Elderly People in Hua Hin District was the quantitative research aimed to examine the tourism pattern of elderly people in Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province or their use of services, and understand the problems of travelling of elderly people in Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. The research was conducted with 385 samples. Data was collected using a questionnaire and statistics, which were frequency and percentage, were used.Analysis results of 385 samples? personal data indicated that 49.61% of the samples were male while 50.39% were female, aged between 56-60 years old, accounted for 46.75%. 83.64% were married and 91.17% had child or children. 43.12% of them earned 40,001-50,000 baht per month. 64.45% of them graduated with Bachelor?s degree. 45.79% were living in the central region. Most of them, 77.14%, were healthy. Regarding to the purpose of travelling, 62.86% would like to have a relaxation and 72.99% chose to visit the hotel or resort. 65.71% spent 1-2 days for the travelling which 37.92% travelled during the weekend. 51.43% travelled with private car. 89.09% of them travelled in group which 57.92% were family or relatives. In the trip, 68.57% had 4-7 companions and the expense of travelling was less than 10,000 baht, 46.23%. 37.40% of the expense was for accommodation. 47.01% of the travelers visited an ocean park and amusement park. They bought clothing as souvenir the most, 34.29%. 34.29% of them received the information about tourist site from television. 22.38% of them suggested that the security of tourist should be improved. |
| Keywords: | TourismTourism patternElderly people |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6509619&r=sea |
| By: | Robertson, Raymond (Texas A&M University); Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys (World Bank); Savchenko, Yevgeniya (Georgetown University) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on how the forces of globalisation, specifically the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), have affected women's wages in the apparel sector in developing countries. Using household and labour force surveys from Cambodia and Sri Lanka, we find large positive wage premiums and a closing of the male-female wage gap during the MFA period, but smaller premiums and a widening wage gap after the end of the MFA. Our results suggest that apparel exports continued to benefit women in developing countries post-MFA. |
| Keywords: | apparel, Multi-Fibre Arrangement, textile, wages, women, working conditions |
| JEL: | F16 J21 J24 J30 J31 J81 L67 |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11821&r=sea |
| By: | Agarwal, Sumit (National University of Singapore); Mikhed, Vyacheslav (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia); Scholnick, Barry (University of Alberta) |
| Abstract: | We examine whether relative income differences among peers can generate financial distress. Using lottery winnings as plausibly exogenous variations in the relative income of peers, we find that the dollar magnitude of a lottery win of one neighbor increases subsequent borrowing and bankruptcies among other neighbors. We also examine which factors may mitigate lenders’ bankruptcy risk in these neighborhoods. We show that bankruptcy filers obtain more secured but not unsecured debt, and lenders provide additional credit to low-risk but not high-risk debtors. In addition, we find evidence consistent with local lenders taking advantage of soft information to mitigate credit risk. |
| Keywords: | financial distress; social comparisons among peers |
| JEL: | D14 D31 G02 K35 |
| Date: | 2018–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:18-22&r=sea |
| By: | Bueno, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | When 250 workers die in a fire at a Pakistani factory producing jeans for a German discount chain, when the work day lasts 12 hours in Cambodia’s garment industry or when workers commit suicide in Chinese factories producing electronics for international brands, should only the corporations in Pakistan, Cambodia and China be held liable? What about the liability of their parent and subcontracting companies abroad? The United Nations increasingly recommends that states ensure that enterprises domiciled in their territory respect human rights throughout their extraterritorial operations. Furthermore, the United Nations and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development recommend that parent and subcontracting companies conduct human rights due diligence. Both developments are reflected in General Comment 23, which was recently adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and relates to the right to just conditions of work. To date, however, there is no domestic law that specifically addresses the liability of parent or subcontracting companies for violations of the right to just working conditions of employees of foreign subsidiaries or suppliers. Although case law is emerging, much uncertainty remains about criteria establishing such liability. France and Switzerland are discussing legislative steps for clarifying corporate liability beyond disclosure requirements to ensure compliance with international recommendations. |
| Keywords: | multinational corporations; right to just conditions of work; working conditions; supply chain; due diligence; United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2017–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:75781&r=sea |
| By: | Nina Knittel (University of Graz, Austria); Martin W. Jury (University of Graz, Austria); Birgit Bednar-Friedl (University of Graz, Austria); Gabriel Bachner (University of Graz, Austria); Andrea Steiner (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | We investigate climate change impacts transferred via foreign trade to Germany, a country which is heavily engaged in international trade. Specifically, we look at temperature changes and the associated labour productivity losses at a global scale until 2050. We assess the effects on Germany’s imports and exports by means of a global Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. To address uncertainty, we account for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2 and SSP3) and two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) using projections from five global climate models. We find that average annual labour productivity for high intensity work declines by up to 31% (38% with the higher emission scenario) in South-East Asia and the Middle East by 2050 (relative to a 2050 baseline without climate change). As a consequence, Germany’s imports from regions outside Europe are lower by up to 2.4%, while imports from within Europe partly compensate this reduction. Also Germany’s exports to regions outside Europe are lower but total exports increase slightly due to higher exports to EU regions. Germany’s GDP and welfare, however, are negatively affected with a loss of up to -0.41% and -0.46%, respectively. The results highlight that overall positive trade effects for Germany constitute a comparative improvement rather than an absolute gain with climate change. |
| Keywords: | Heat stress; Climate change; Labour productivity shocks; International trade; Computable general equilibrium; Germany |
| JEL: | C68 I15 F18 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2018-20&r=sea |
| By: | Randall Akee; Maggie R. Jones; Sonya R. Porter |
| Abstract: | Using unique linked data, we examine income inequality and mobility across racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Our data encompass the universe of tax filers in the U.S. for the period 2000 to 2014, matched with individual-level race and ethnicity information from multiple censuses and American Community Survey data. We document both income inequality and mobility trends over the period. We find significant stratification in terms of average incomes by race and ethnic group and distinct differences in within-group income inequality. The groups with the highest incomes - Whites and Asians - also have the highest levels of within-group inequality and the lowest levels of within-group mobility. The reverse is true for the lowest-income groups: Blacks, American Indians, and Hispanics have lower within-group inequality and immobility. On the other hand, our low-income groups are also highly immobile when looking at overall, rather than within-group, mobility. These same groups also have a higher probability of experiencing downward mobility compared with Whites and Asians. We also find that within-group income inequality increased for all groups between 2000 and 2014, and the increase was especially large for Whites. In regression analyses using individual-level panel data, we find persistent differences by race and ethnicity in incomes over time. We also examine young tax filers (ages 25-35) and investigate the long-term effects of local economic and racial residential segregation conditions at the start of their careers. We find persistent long-run effects of racial residential segregation at career entry on the incomes of certain groups. The picture that emerges from our analysis is of a rigid income structure, with mainly Whites and Asians confined to the top and Blacks, American Indians, and Hispanics confined to the bottom. |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:cpaper:2017-01&r=sea |
| By: | LIU Yang; NI Bin |
| Abstract: | The effects of overseas foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic employment have drawn much academic and policy attentions. Most previous studies focused on the effect on net employment growth. However, the firm-level dynamic of "net employment growth = job creation - job destruction" means that the effects on job creation and destruction within firms are not clearly understood. For example, a positive effect on net employment growth could result from increasing job creation and decreasing job destruction, but it could also indicate decreasing job creation with a greater decrease in job destruction, for example. Furthermore, the mechanisms differ among effects on job creation and destruction. This study uses a unique dataset of Japanese firms' overseas activities to examine the individual effect of outward FDI on firm-level job creation and destruction, respectively. We found that investment in Asian countries has a positive impact on domestic job creation in Japan, whereas the impact of investment in European and North American countries is negative. In terms of job destruction, the impact is negative regardless of the FDI destination. The results are explained using the standard theory of job creation and destruction with FDI introduced. |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:18069&r=sea |