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on Regulation |
| By: | Bernhard Ganglmair; Julia Krämer; Jacopo Gambato |
| Abstract: | We study how asymmetric enforceability of regulatory rules affects firms’ compliance using a simple inspection model and a large sample of German privacy policies. We exploit the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation, compelling firms to disclose, in accessible language, details of their data use. The specifics of disclosure are objective, whereas readability is subjective and difficult to enforce. We show that firms increased disclosure, but the policy readability did not improve. In line with theory, firms anticipating regulatory scrutiny and those facing higher-budget data protection authorities demonstrated a stronger response in readability compliance without sizeable effects on disclosure. |
| Keywords: | data protection, GDPR, information disclosure, privacy policies, regulation, text-asdata, transparency |
| JEL: | D22 K20 L51 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_547v2 |
| By: | Bouckaert, Jan (University of Antwerp); Stennek, Johan (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | We argue that geographical cross-collateralization – a firm’s ability to pledge incomes earned in more populated areas as “collateral” for the loans needed to finance investments in less populated areas – plays an important role for ensuring universal coverage of next generation communication networks. Our main result is that when firms are capital-constrained, co-investments in urban areas enhance geographical cross-collateralization and thus contribute to universal service through increased coverage for rural consumers. Co-investment may, in addition, introduce retail competition to the benefits of sub-urban consumers. The catch is that urban consumers may suffer from lower infrastructure competition. Co-investment policy therefore may raise tradeoffs between consumers in different (relevant) geographical markets. |
| Keywords: | joint venture; universal service; cross-collateralization; cross subsidization |
| JEL: | D43 K22 L24 L51 |
| Date: | 2024–09–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0847 |
| By: | Di Foggia, Giacomo; Beccarello, Massimo |
| Abstract: | The drive toward decarbonization has spurred the growth of renewable energy sources, reshaping energy production and consumption patterns. As the energy landscape evolves, so must the market design supporting it to steer the integration of renewable energy. Addressing the challenges of promoting distributed renewable energy is paramount for developing a cleaner energy system and meeting decarbonization targets. This study presents a modern market design that efficiently integrates renewable energy sources, long-term contracts, and flexibility technologies into a single evolved market framework. The approach described herein provides proper price signals for diverse assets and decouples renewable energy from fossil fuels, ensuring economic viability and efficient integration. Taking into consideration key barriers and drivers, the findings provide insights for perfecting energy markets, meeting decarbonization targets, and guiding policymaking to boost cleaner energy systems. |
| Keywords: | market design; RES; Environmental economics; energy markets; energy price; |
| JEL: | H40 L88 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121783 |
| By: | Marie Petitet; Frank Felder; Amro Elshurafa (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | For important domestic public policy reasons, many oil- and natural-gas-producing countries allocate fuels to their electricity sector at administratively set prices that are below fuel opportunity costs. This article shows that dispatching power units based on fuel opportunity costs can significantly increase efficiency, while, for political reasons, end users’ electricity prices can continue to be defined based on administratively set fuel prices. In addition, opportunity cost dispatch can bring about environmental benefits when it results in switching the priority levels of oil and gas units in the merit order. This work also resolves the electricity trading dilemma since countries do not want to export electricity based on domestic prices. |
| Date: | 2024–03–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2024-dp03 |
| By: | Sara Calligaris; Chiara Criscuolo; Josh De Lyon; Andrea Greppi; Oliviero Pallanch; Miguel Chavez |
| Abstract: | Concentration – the share of an industry’s output accounted for by its largest firms and a frequently used proxy of competition – has increased in European countries. This paper provides evidence about this development by introducing several methodological refinements in the cross-country measurement of concentration: it defines industries at a disaggregated level, mostly 3-digit; it takes into account the geographic level at which competition takes place - domestic, European or global; and it accounts for linkages between firms within the same domestic and multinational business group in the relevant geographic region of competition. It then applies these improvements to representative data for fifteen European countries, showing that average concentration increased by about 5 percentage points over the period 2000-2019, from 26% to more than 31%. Third, the paper investigates how each of the methodological improvements affects the levels and trends of concentration. |
| Keywords: | Competition, Concentration, Market power |
| JEL: | F14 F60 L11 L22 D22 |
| Date: | 2024–09–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/06-en |
| By: | Alice Di Bella; Francesco Pietro Colelli |
| Abstract: | This study explores compounding impacts of climate change on power system's load and generation, emphasising the need to integrate adaptation and mitigation strategies into investment planning. We combine existing and novel empirical evidence to model impacts on: i) air-conditioning demand; ii) thermal power outages; iii) hydro-power generation shortages. Using a power dispatch and capacity expansion model, we analyse the Italian power system's response to these climate impacts in 2030, integrating mitigation targets and optimising for cost-efficiency at an hourly resolution. We outline different meteorological scenarios to explore the impacts of both average climatic changes and the intensification of extreme weather events. We find that addressing extreme weather in power system planning will require an extra 5-8 GW of photovoltaic (PV) capacity, on top of the 50 GW of the additional solar PV capacity required by the mitigation target alone. Despite the higher initial investments, we find that the adoption of renewable technologies, especially PV, alleviates the power system's vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events. Furthermore, enhancing short-term storage with lithium-ion batteries is crucial to counterbalance the reduced availability of dispatchable hydro generation. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.03593 |
| By: | Kandhra, Diya; MacCurdy, Dwight; Lipman, Timothy PhD |
| Abstract: | To better understand inequities in EV charging costs, we compared charging costs at public EV DCFC stations to the cost for single-family housing (SFH) residents charging at home for three California electric utility service areas, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E) and Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), and for three specific urban areas - Sacramento, San Diego, and San Jose. We used a combination of observed pricing data from PlugShare, a crowd-sourced database of public EV charging, and public DCFC pricing data from electric vehicle service provider (EVSP) websites, as well as electric utility tariff information from their respective websites. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9dn2j441 |
| By: | Kim, Hyunseok |
| Abstract: | South Korea's strategies for deploying battery electric vehicles (BEVs) primarily include providing purchase subsidies and expanding charging infrastructure. An empirical analysis of new vehicle registrations from 2019 to 2022 shows that investing in charging facilities is more costeffective than offering purchase incentives for increasing BEV adoption. To achieve a higher share of BEVs, a stronger policy focus on improving the charging network is necessary to stimulate overall demand for BEVs. |
| Keywords: | Electric vehicle, purchase, subsidy, public spending, sustainable mobility, impact analysis, South Korea |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kdifoc:302800 |
| By: | Sid Ahmed Hamdani; Rami Shabaneh (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role of the Middle East and Africa (MEA) in supplying liquefied natural gas (LNG) to Europe in the context of sustained Russian gas pipeline disruptions. |
| Keywords: | Energy Trade |
| Date: | 2024–05–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2024-dp12 |
| By: | Kishore, Prabhat; Roy, Devesh; Birthal, Pratap S.; Srivastava, Shivendra Kumar |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icar24:345044 |
| By: | Therese E. Zogo (University of Yaoundé II, Cameroun); Christophe M. Mbassi (University of Yaoundé II, Cameroun); Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the effects of coups on access to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study covers a sample of 40 sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1980-2017. The econometric approach employed is the generalized method of moments (GMM). While the extant literature has established that political instability can have both positive and negative effects on access to basic public goods and services, the present study finds that coups significantly reduce access to electricity in SSA. This effect is the same regardless of the type of coup, notably: successful, failed, military or civilian coups. Thus, coups are not conducive for the establishment of real democratic transitions in the region which inter alia, are necessary to promote development outcomes such as access to electricity. |
| Keywords: | Coups d’état; Access to electricity |
| JEL: | D74 H41 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:24/019 |
| By: | Vincent Meisner; Pascal Pillath |
| Abstract: | We design the profit-maximizing mechanism to sell an excludable and non-rival good with network effects. Buyers have heterogeneous private values that depend on how many others also consume the good. We characterize an algorithm that implements the optimal allocation in dominant strategies. We apply our insights to digital content creation, and we are able to rationalize features seen in monetization schemes in this industry such as voluntary contributions, community subsidies, and exclusivity bids. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2408.15196 |
| By: | Muhammad Javid (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this paper is twofold. First, we attempt to identify the main determinants of domestic water demand in Saudi Arabia. In this respect, we estimate two sets of water demand models for Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 2021. In the first model, we estimate water demand as a function of water price, income, and population. In the second model, we add water-use efficiency (WUE) as an additional variable to examine its role in future domestic water demand. Second, our goal is to project the domestic water demand of Saudi Arabia by 2050 using estimated models 1 and 2. |
| Date: | 2024–03–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2024-dp05 |
| By: | Hossa Almutairi; Fateh Belaïd; Abdulelah Darandary (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | There is a consensus in the literature regarding the significant role of behavioral change in reducing the level of residential energy consumption. However, there is an ongoing debate concerning the most effective mechanisms and instruments with which to promote energy-efficient actions among individuals. In the Saudi Arabian context, leveraging behavioral economic concepts can play a crucial role in assessing how individual behaviors and lifestyles shape residential energy usage and influence energy consumption patterns. This study proposes a framework for designing behavioral interventions, including social norms, high-alert messages, and energy-saving tips, to reduce residential energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission levels in Saudi Arabia. |
| Keywords: | Agent Based modeling, Analytics, Applied Research, Autometrics |
| Date: | 2024–06–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2024-dp10 |
| By: | Yannick Gabuthy (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nicolas Jacquemet (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Olivier L’haridon (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IUF - Institut universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche) |
| Abstract: | Law and economics primarily focus on various legal rules' capacity to rectify structural inefficiencies stemming from market failures, such as those related to preventive or criminal behaviors. Recent advancements in behavioral economics provide valuable insights into how economic agents respond to the rules they face, offering new perspectives for designing a range of legal rules and procedures. This article provides an overview of these developments as they apply to civil liability regimes, the design of criminal procedure, and criminal policy. |
| Abstract: | Longtemps confinée à l'efficacité de la protection des droits de propriété nécessaires aux échanges de marché, l'analyse économique du droit trouve en grande partie ses origines dans la nécessité de pallier les défaillances de marché associées à la remise en cause des conditions qui rendent leur fonctionnement efficace. Cette branche de l'économie s'intéresse en particulier à la capacité de différentes règles juridiques à corriger les inefficacités structurelles qui en découlent, par exemple en matière de comportements de prévention des risques liés aux activités humaines ou encore de comportements délictuels. Les développements récents de l'économie comportementale apportent un éclairage nouveau sur la réponse des acteurs de l'économie aux règles qui leur sont appliquées, et conduisent en particulier à un renouvellement profond des recommandations de l'économie en matière d'élaboration des règles de droit. Cet article en présente un panorama, appliqué notamment aux régimes de responsabilité civile et aux modalités d'application de la politique pénale. |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04673346 |