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on Economics of Human Migration |
| By: | Samantha L. Strachan (Alabama AM University, Normal, AL) |
| Abstract: | The United States continues to embrace foreign teachers as a means of addressing teacher shortages across the country. For subject areas where shortages may be most acute, such as science, foreign teachers have been actively recruited to teach these subjects in U.S. schools. While the active recruitment and eventual migration of foreign science teachers to the United States has helped to mediate shortages in school districts across the country, foreign teachers can experience cross-cultural issues when they teach in U.S. classrooms. These cross-cultural issues can include cultural clashes and differences in expectations tied to communication, instruction, behavior, curricula, and the overall structure of schools. This paper expounds on the importance of examining cross-cultural issues experienced by foreign science teachers who work in U.S. science classrooms. |
| Keywords: | foreign teachers, international teachers, cross-cultural issues, science teachers |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:apaper:002ss&r=all |
| By: | Mari Carmen Pérez-Artés (Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the human capital composition of Spanish migrants who went to colonial Latin America during the 16th to 18th centuries. To estimate the numeracy levels of the Spaniards who left Spain to settle in the colony, I use the age-heaping based method to measure the human capital. The main finding is that the Spanish migrants were positively selected. Differences are observed in the human capital of those who chose to settle in Mexico, with a higher level of numeracy, than those who chose Peru. These differences could be due to the viceroyalty structure and the presence of religious orders that encouraged the emigration of people with greater human capital to Mexico. Finally, it seems that inequality between Spaniards and natives, in terms of human capital, was larger in Mexico at the end of the 16th century reducing the gap circa 1710. |
| Keywords: | human capital, numeracy, migrations, colonial Latin America |
| JEL: | N00 N30 N33 N36 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahe:dtaehe:2101&r=all |
| By: | Giles, John T. (World Bank); Meng, Xin (Australian National University); Xue, Sen (Jinan University); Zhao, Guochang (Southwest University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a randomized information intervention to shed light on whether poor understanding of social insurance, both the process of enrolling and costs and benefits, drives the relatively low rates of participation in urban health insurance and pension programs among China's rural-urban migrants. Among workers without a contract, the information intervention has a strong positive effect on participation in health insurance and, among younger age groups, in pension programs. Migrants are responsive to price: in cities where the premia are low relative to earnings, information induces health insurance participation, while declines are observed in cities with high relative premia. |
| Keywords: | migration, social insurance, information, randomised controlled trial |
| JEL: | H53 H55 J46 J61 O15 O17 O53 P35 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14093&r=all |
| By: | Marchal, Léa; Naiditch, Claire; Simsek, Betül |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates through which channels foreign aid impacts migration to donor countries. To disentangle the non-donor-specific channels (development and credit constraint channels) from the donor-specific channels (information and instrumentation channels), we use the fact that multilateral aid is not donor-specific contrary to bilateral aid. We estimate a gravity model derived from a RUM model of migration using an IV-2SLS strategy and the DEMIG-C2C and AidData datasets. We find that aid donated by a country increases migration to that donor through an information channel and especially for the poorest recipient countries. In addition, we find that aid weakly reduces migration to any country via a development channel. |
| Keywords: | Aid,Gravity,Migration |
| JEL: | F22 F35 O15 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ilewps:46&r=all |
| By: | Becker, Sascha O. (Monash University); Lindenthal, Volker (University of Munich); Mukand, Sharun (University of Warwick); Waldinger, Fabian (University of Munich) |
| Abstract: | We study the role of professional networks in facilitating the escape of persecuted academics from Nazi Germany. From 1933, the Nazi regime started to dismiss academics of Jewish origin from their positions. The timing of dismissals created individual-level exogenous variation in the timing of emigration from Nazi Germany, allowing us to estimate the causal effect of networks for emigration decisions. Academics with ties to more colleagues who had emigrated in 1933 or 1934 (early émigrés) were more likely to emigrate. The early émigrés functioned as "bridging nodes" that helped other academics cross over to their destination. Furthermore, we provide some of the first empirical evidence of decay in social ties over time. The strength of ties also decays across space, even within cities. Finally, for high-skilled migrants, professional networks are more important than community networks. |
| Keywords: | Nazi Germany, professional networks, Antisemitism |
| JEL: | I20 I23 I28 J15 J24 N34 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14120&r=all |
| By: | Graziella Bertocchi; Arcangelo Dimico |
| Abstract: | We empirically assess the effect of historical slavery on the African American family structure. Our hypothesis is that female single headship among blacks is more likely to emerge in association not with slavery per se, but with slavery in sugar plantations, since the extreme demographic and social conditions prevailing in the latter have persistently affected family formation patterns. By exploiting the exogenous variation in sugar suitability, we establish the following. In 1850, sugar suitability is indeed associated with extreme demographic outcomes within the slave population. Over the period 1880-1940, higher sugar suitability determines a higher likelihood of single female headship. The effect is driven by blacks and starts fading in 1920 in connection with the Great Migration. OLS estimates are complemented with a matching estimator and a fuzzy RDD. Over a linked sample between 1880 and 1930, we identify an even stronger intergenerational legacy of sugar planting for migrants. By 1990, the effect of sugar is replaced by that of slavery and the black share, consistent with the spread of its influence through migration and intermarriage, and black incarceration emerges as a powerful mediator. By matching slaves’ ethnic origins with ethnographic data we rule out any influence of African cultural traditions |
| Keywords: | Black family, slavery, sugar, migration, culture |
| JEL: | J12 J47 N30 O13 Z10 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mod:dembwp:0172&r=all |