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on Economics of Human Migration |
| By: | Ohinata, Asako (Tilburg University); van Ours, Jan C. (Tilburg University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze how the share of immigrant children in the classroom affects the educational attainment of native Dutch children. Our analysis uses data from various sources, which allow us to characterize educational attainment in terms of reading literacy, mathematical skills and science skills. We do not find strong evidence of negative spill-over effects from immigrant children to native Dutch children. Immigrant children themselves experience negative language spill-over effects from a high share of immigrant children in the classroom but no spill-over effects on maths and science skills. |
| Keywords: | immigrant children, peer effects, educational attainment |
| JEL: | I21 J15 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6212&r=mig |
| By: | Akee, Randall K. Q. (Tufts University); Bedi, Arjun S. (ISS, Erasmus University Rotterdam); Basu, Arnab K. (College of William and Mary); Chau, Nancy (Cornell University) |
| Abstract: | We explore three hitherto poorly understood characteristics of the human trafficking market – the cross-border ease of mobility of traffickers, the relative bargaining strength of traffickers and final buyers, and the elasticity of buyers' demand. In a model of two-way bargaining, the exact configuration of these characteristics is shown to determine whether domestic and foreign crackdowns on illicit employment mutually reinforce or counteract one another in efforts to stem the tide of trafficking. Estimation results from a gravity model of trafficking present evidence consistent with the mutual reinforcement view, indicating considerable ease of mobility, partial bargaining power, and inelastic demand. |
| Keywords: | human trafficking, two-way Nash bargaining, victim protection, law enforcement |
| JEL: | K42 R23 O15 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6226&r=mig |
| By: | Battistella, Graziano; Park, Jung Soo; Asis, Maruja M.B. |
| Abstract: | This report presents the findings of a study which sought to examine the impact of Philippine government regulations on the status of Filipino domestic workers. The Migrants Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 or RA 8042 and its amendments (RA 9422 in 2006 and RA 10022 in 2010) were aimed at enhancing the protection of migrant women, especially those in domestic work. Part I of the report discusses the regulatory framework set in place by the Philippine government for the purpose of protecting Filipino migrants engaged in domestic work. Part II of the report is dedicated to assessing the outcomes of government regulations on the experiences of Filipino domestic workers. The review of literature, development of instruments, data collection, processing of data, and report writing took place between July and December 2010. The report concludes with lessons learned and policy recommendations, which are outlined in Part III. The study highlighted significant gaps in migrant workers` knowledge and understanding of government regulations. Based on the survey of domestic workers prior to migration, many departing migrant workers were not aware of basic work rights and government regulations, particularly those concerning the HSW reform package. The survey findings also indicate the violation of many government regulations. It is clear from the survey that if respondents had a choice, they would have wanted to work at another job. The key recommendations based on findings and insights from the study are programs on migration must be improved to promote awareness and understanding of basic policies, rights, and decent work conditions. Migrant workers` education program must be reinforced with post-arrival orientation programs in the destination countries must be improved. Reintegration services to distressed migrant domestic workers need to be expanded. An important step forward is a review of the HSW reform package in dialogue and consultation with the different stakeholders. Particularly for the government, it must pursue a clear and coherent policy concerning the deployment of domestic workers. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, basic services, economic theory, Neo-classical theory, choice theory, macroeconomic models, reproductive health bill, Migrants Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act, domestic workers, HSW reform package, domestic worker emigration, emigration regulations, emigration policy improvement |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2011-12&r=mig |
| By: | Orbeta, Aniceto Jr. C.; Abrigo, Michael Ralph M. |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the Philippine international labor migration management infrastructure using Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) framework. Thirty years of government experience in managing high-volume labor migration has resulted to a network of institutions and policies dedicated to promote the welfare of migrant workers. This paper seeks to describe the migration management infrastructure based on the laws and regulations promulgated governing international labor migration, and on the mandates of public institutions created and the procedures it introduced. Consistent with the RIA framework it also describes the impact on the overall international migration sector as well as on a specific component – the household service workers. Although the Philippines is considered by many as the global model in managing international labor migration, indicative weaknesses in the system is recognized. The paper highlights the need for greater coordination among public institutions as well as the strengthening of its manpower composition. It also highlights the fact that the policy initiatives can miss their mark such as the initiative to professionalize the household service workers sector which are either largely ignored or not known to migrant workers concerned. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, international migration, Regulatory Impact Analysis |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2011-33&r=mig |
| By: | Javier Ortega; Gregory Verdugo |
| Abstract: | Using the Public Use Microdata Files of the 2001 and 2006 Canadian Censuses, we study the determinants of the assimilation of language minorities into the city majority language. We show that official minority members (i.e. francophones in English-speaking cities and anglophones in French-speaking cities) assimilate less than the "allophones" (the individuals with a mother tongue other than English or French), and that immigrants generally assimilate less than natives. In addition, the language composition of cities is shown to be an important determinant of assimilation both for allophones and for official minorities. Finally, we show that assimilation into French in French-majority cities is lower than assimilation into English in English-majority cities even when controlling for the language composition of the cities and including a rich set of language dummmies. |
| Keywords: | immigration, assimilation, language policies, minorities |
| JEL: | F22 J15 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1110&r=mig |
| By: | Hing, Vutha; Lun, Pide; Phann, Dalis |
| Abstract: | <p>The study examines the characteristics, root causes, and challenges of irregular migration from Cambodia and then discusses the regulatory approaches and policy options to manage it. It employed mixed approaches, including a survey of 507 households in six high-migration villages, focus group discussions with returned and intending migrant workers, and in-depth interviews with government officers, migration experts, and local community chiefs. The study found that irregular migration has been the most popular form among Cambodian workers seeking jobs overseas. The causes of irregular migration are many, ranging from chronic poverty, lack of employment, and economic hardship in community of origin to restrictive immigration policies in labor-receiving countries and lengthy, complex, and expensive legal recruitment. The predominant factor is inability to afford the cost of legal recruitment. Cambodian migrant workers face abusive and exploitative situations, including sexual and physical harassment, debt bondage, and threats of denunciation to the authorities, without access to legal protection. Some are also victims of human trafficking.</p><p>The findings from the Cambodian case study on irregular migration align with international literature suggesting a combination of at least three sets of measures: addressing the causes, strengthening protection, and enhancing international cooperation. The first two sets have a lot to do with national sovereignty and development priorities involving community development, improving the regulatory framework to make legal migration more transparent and more widely accessible, and enhancing support services of information, consultation, and legal protection. The third set of measures involves bilateral, regional, and international cooperation. Cooperation between Cambodia and labor-receiving countries on regularization or making legal migration more accessible can be part of an effective response to irregular migration. In the long run, irregular migration can be solved through a more integrated labor market in the GMS, supported by subregional regulations and institutions as well as through an ASEAN Economic Community that sets a legal framework for a free flow of labor.</p> |
| Keywords: | irregular migration, abuse and exploitation, sending and receiving countries, recruitment agency, malpractice, human trafficking, international cooperation |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2011-26&r=mig |
| By: | Ortega, Javier (City University London); Verdugo, Gregory (Bank of France) |
| Abstract: | Using the Public Use Microdata Files of the 2001 and 2006 Canadian Censuses, we study the determinants of the assimilation of language minorities into the city majority language. We show that official minority members (i.e. francophones in English-speaking cities and anglophones in French-speaking cities) assimilate less than the "allophones" (the individuals with a mother tongue other than English or French), and that immigrants generally assimilate less than natives. In addition, the language composition of cities is shown to be an important determinant of assimilation both for allophones and for official minorities. Finally, we show that assimilation into French in French-majority cities is lower than assimilation into English in English-majority cities even when controlling for the language composition of the cities and including a rich set of language dummies. |
| Keywords: | immigration, assimilation, language policies, minorities |
| JEL: | F22 J15 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6243&r=mig |
| By: | Nielsen, Helena Skyt (University of Aarhus); Schindler Rangvid, Beatrice (Danish Institute of Governmental Research) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we employ register data for eight cohorts of second-generation immigrant pupils to identify the impact of each parent's years since migration on their children's school achievements. We exploit local variation in years since migration and within-family variation. We find evidence of a positive impact of parents' years since migration on children's academic achievement. Mothers' years of residence tend to be more important for Danish, while fathers' years of residence tend to be more important for math. The effects vary by gender, and family-specific effects influence girls' and boys' educational attainment differently. |
| Keywords: | intergenerational mobility, years since migration, scholastic achievement, immigrant children, second generation, fixed effects |
| JEL: | I21 J12 J62 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6242&r=mig |
| By: | Mahuteau, Stéphane (NILS, Flinders University); Piracha, Matloob (University of Kent); Tani, Massimiliano (Macquarie University, Sydney); Lucero, Matias Vaira (Macquarie University, Sydney) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the impact of a change in Australia's immigration policy, introduced in the mid-1990s, on migrants' probability of becoming entrepreneurs. The policy change consists of stricter entry requirements and restrictions to welfare entitlements. The results indicate that those who entered under more stringent conditions – the second cohort – have a higher probability to become self-employed, than those in the first cohort. We also find significant time and region effects. Contrary to some existing evidence, time spent in Australia positively affects the probability to become self-employed. We discuss the intuitions for the results and their policy implications. |
| Keywords: | immigration policy, entrepreneurship, migration |
| JEL: | C34 J24 J61 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6238&r=mig |
| By: | Abrigo, Michael Ralph M.; Ramaswami, Bharat; Desierto, Desiree A. |
| Abstract: | Outward migration data from the Philippines exhibit spatial clustering. This is likely due to information spillover effects--fellow migrants share information with other neighboring migrants, thereby lowering the costs of migration. To verify this, we use spatial econometrics to define a geography-based network of migrants and estimate its effect on the growth in the number of succeeding migrants. We find that current and past migration from one municipality induces contemporaneous and future migration in neighboring municipalities. |
| Keywords: | migration, Philippines, fiduciary system, global imbalances, network effects, spatial econometrics |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2011-18&r=mig |
| By: | Abdulloev, Ilhom (Rutgers University); Gang, Ira N. (Rutgers University); Landon-Lane, John (Rutgers University) |
| Abstract: | How is migration related to informal activities? They may be complementary since new migrants may have difficulty finding employment in formal work, so many of them end up informally employed. Alternatively, migration and informality may be substitutes since migrants' incomes in their new locations and income earned in the home informal economy (without migration) are an imperfect trade-off. Tajikistan possesses both a very large informal sector and extensive international emigration. Using the gap between household expenditure and income as an indicator of informal activity, we find negative significant correlations between informal activities and migration: the gap between expenditure and income falls in the presence of migration. Furthermore, Tajikistan's professional workers ability to engage in informal activities enables them to forgo migration, while low-skilled non-professionals without post-secondary education choose to migrate instead of working in the informal sector. Our empirical evidence suggests migration and informality substitute for one another. |
| Keywords: | informal, migration, remittances, Tajikistan |
| JEL: | O17 J61 P23 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6236&r=mig |
| By: | Kahanec, Martin (Central European University, Budapest); Králiková, Renáta (Central European University, Budapest) |
| Abstract: | Economic theory suggests that high-skilled immigration generally has positive effects on the receiving economy. International student mobility is an important channel through which high-skilled immigrants arrive. The purpose of this paper is to identify some of the key determinants of international student mobility among higher education policies. For this purpose we review the existing evidence and compile a longitudinal dataset covering inflows of international students into a number of advanced economies. We then study the effects of various higher education policies on the inflow of international students using parametric as well as non-parametric statistical methods. We conclude that among higher education policies especially the quality of higher education institutions and the availability of programs taught in the English language can act as an important tool to attract international students, and thus high-skilled migrants. |
| Keywords: | higher education, education policy, migration, migration policy, student mobility |
| JEL: | I23 I28 J21 J24 J61 J68 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6233&r=mig |
| By: | Pedersen, Peder J. (University of Aarhus) |
| Abstract: | The purpose in this paper is to summarize existing evidence on welfare dependence among immigrants in Denmark and to supply new evidence with focus on the most recent years. Focus is on immigrants from non-western countries. The paper contains an overview of the background regarding immigration in recent decades followed by a survey of relevant benefit programmes in the Danish welfare state. Existing studies focus on both macro analyses of the overall impact from immigration on the public sector budget and on micro oriented studies with focus on specific welfare programs. Existing studies focus on the importance for welfare dependence of demographic variables, on the big variation between countries of origin and on the importance of cyclical factors at time of entry and during the first years in the new country. Evidence from the most recent years reinforce the importance of aggregate low unemployment in contrast to fairly small effects found from policy changes intending to influence the economic incentives between welfare and a job for immigrants. |
| Keywords: | immigration, general welfare programs, effects of welfare programs |
| JEL: | H53 I38 J61 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6220&r=mig |
| By: | Ratbek Dzhumashev; Jaai Parasnis |
| Abstract: | The Australian economy is currently experiencing a resource boom and policy responses to this boom such as migration and taxation, as well as the broader role of monetary and fiscal policies are the subject of academic as well as public debate. This paper investigates the impact of a resource boom in a dynamic macroeconomic model, focusing on the allocation of resources across sectors and changes in income distribution. Further, the paper contributes to the current policy debate by analysing the role and effectiveness of government policy through its migration policy and taxation of the mining sector, in addressing the short run and steady state impacts of a resource boom. Results illustrate that while increased immigration is an appropriate short run response, long run welfare can be enhanced by higher taxation of the mining sector. Indeed, results show that increased tax revenue can fund appropriate transfers to mitigate the adverse effects on labour income and provision of public goods to increase productivity in the rest of the economy. |
| Keywords: | Dutch Disease, natural resources, economic growth, income distribution |
| JEL: | E25 E60 H20 Q33 Q38 |
| Date: | 2011–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2011-33&r=mig |
| By: | Chalamwong, Yongyuth |
| Abstract: | <p>The study on "Managing International Labor Migration in ASEAN: Thailand" aimed to study policies and institution arrangement for managing international migration as part of regional cooperation initiatives and bilateral agreements. The study emphasized on finding out why the current management of sending workers and protecting workers has not been effective. The data used for the analysis came from two main majority sources; 1) the quantitative data, including primary data on possible solutions, strategies, the secondary sources from Socio-Economic Survey (SES) and information where necessary to explain the socioeconomic impact of migrant worker families; and 2) the qualitative study collected from interview of key informants, focus group discussion with families of migrant workers, governments, brokers, and etc. As data allow, cost benefit analysis for out-migration as well as in-migration from government intervention programs was applied.</p><p>The theory of push and pull factors were used for describing reasons that forced migrant workers to work overseas. As of the study, there was the evidence that pointed out that poverty and indebtedness were push factor for both emigration and immigration while higher income in the destination countries was the pull factor. The study further found that both of emigration and immigration were beneficial in various aspects including increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) in both country of origin and the destination country. Remittance was an important source of the country development budget, increase in the level of national saving, and improve income distribution.</p><p>However, it was due to the fact that most migrant workers were from low educational background, thus most of them become victims of exploitation and human trafficking from the agencies and employers in particular undocumented workers. Even though, Thai government has many laws and regulations regarding prevention and protection of migrant workers such as Labour Law and Labour Protection Act; and the Memorandum of Understandings (MOUs) in regional and bilateral level, these have not been effective due to the weakness in law enforcement of the authorities.</p> |
| Keywords: | immigration, international migration, emigration, undocumented workers, migrant worker |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2011-27&r=mig |
| By: | Paitoonpong, Srawooth |
| Abstract: | <p>The study on "Managing International Labor Migration in ASEAN: Thailand" aimed to study policies and institution arrangement for managing international migration as part of regional cooperation initiatives and bilateral agreements. The study emphasized on finding out why the current management of sending workers and protecting workers has not been effective. The data used for the analysis came from two main majority sources; 1) the quantitative data, including primary data on possible solutions, strategies, the secondary sources from Socio-Economic Survey (SES) and information where necessary to explain the socioeconomic impact of migrant worker families; and 2) the qualitative study collected from interview of key informants, focus group discussion with families of migrant workers, governments, brokers, and etc. As data allow, cost benefit analysis for out-migration as well as in-migration from government intervention programs was applied.</p><p>The theory of push and pull factors were used for describing reasons that forced migrant workers to work overseas. As of the study, there was the evidence that pointed out that poverty and indebtedness were push factor for both emigration and immigration while higher income in the destination countries was the pull factor. The study further found that both of emigration and immigration were beneficial in various aspects including increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) in both country of origin and the destination country. Remittance was an important source of the country development budget, increase in the level of national saving, and improve income distribution.</p><p>However, it was due to the fact that most migrant workers were from low educational background, thus most of them become victims of exploitation and human trafficking from the agencies and employers in particular undocumented workers. Even though, Thai government has many laws and regulations regarding prevention and protection of migrant workers such as Labour Law and Labour Protection Act; and the Memorandum of Understandings (MOUs) in regional and bilateral level, these have not been effective due to the weakness in law enforcement of the authorities.</p> |
| Keywords: | immigration, international migration, emigration, undocumented workers, migrant worker |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2011-28&r=mig |
| By: | Imani Younoussa (GED, Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV) |
| Abstract: | Les envois de fonds à destination des Comores représentent 24 pour cent du PIB. Ils sont de loin, la première ressource extérieure des Comores, devant l’Aide publique au développement et les investissements directs étrangers. Cette étude se fixe comme objectif de mesurer l’impact des envois de fonds extérieurs sur la pauvreté monétaire aux Comores. Les études sur les envois de fonds ont développé différentes méthodologies pour mesurer l’impact sur la pauvreté. Dans cette étude, nous allons considérer les envois de fonds comme un revenu potentiel de substitution. Pour cela, nous allons faire deux hypothèses qui pourraient être traduites par les deux questions suivantes (i) Que serait le niveau de la pauvreté en l’absence d’une migration et d’envois de fonds ? (ii) Que serait le niveau de la pauvreté, en présence d’une migration et des envois de fonds (la situation réelle) ? La variation des indices de pauvreté calculés à partir de ces deux situations va mesurer l’impact des envois de fonds sur la pauvreté monétaire. La conclusion de l’étude est la suivante : les envois de fonds contribuent à une réduction des indices de pauvreté. L’impact sur les inégalités est mitigé. L’incidence de pauvreté (P0) baisse de -3,5 pour cent, sous l’effet des envois de fonds. La profondeur (P1) et la sévérité (P2) baissent respectivement de -7,4 pour cent, et -5,8 pour cent avec les envois de fonds. Les envois de fonds ont plus d’impact sur la pauvreté, pour les catégories des ménages suivantes : celles vivant en milieu rural, celles vivant en Grande Comore, celles dirigées par les femmes, les chômeurs et les inactifs. On observe alors que, ce sont les catégories des ménages qui bénéficient le plus d’envois de fonds en termes de dépenses par tête, qui enregistrent le plus d’impact sur la réduction de la pauvreté. The Comoros remittances represent 24 percent of the GDP. They are by far, the first external resource of the Comoros, in front of the Public Aid and the foreign direct investments. The target of this study, is to measure the impact of the remittances on monetary poverty in Comoros. The studies on remittances developed various methodologies to measure the impact on poverty. In this study, we will regard the remittances as a potential substitution income. For that, we will make two assumptions which can be translated by the two following questions (i) Which would be the level of poverty in the absence of a migration and remittances ? (ii) What would be poverty, in the presence of migration and remittances (the real situation) ? The variation of the poverty indices calculated from these two situations, will measure the impact of the remittances on monetary poverty. The conclusion of this study is as follows: the remittances contribute to a reduction of the poverty indices. The impact on the inequalities is mitigated. The poverty incidence (P0) drops by -3,5 percent, under the effect of the remittances. The depth (P1) and severity (P2) drop respectively by -7,4 percent, and -5,8 percent with the remittances. The remittances have more impact on poverty, for the following categories of the households: those alive in rural area, those alive into Grande Comore, those directed by the women, the unemployeds and the inactive households. We observed that, the households which are received more remittances in terms of expenditure per capita, which records benefit most impact on the reduction of poverty. (Full text in french) |
| JEL: | I31 I32 |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mon:ceddtr:170&r=mig |
| By: | Imani Younoussa (GED, Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV) |
| Abstract: | Cette étude utilise un modèle théorique de contrat implicite, Glystos (2000) pour mettre en évidence certaines réalités sociales sur les envois de fonds aux Comores. Dans un premier temps, l’étude souligne le fondement social des envois de fonds aux Comores, notamment l’importance du « grand mariage » dans la décision de migration. Partant du principe que la décision de migration et d’envois des fonds peut être considéré comme un contrat implicite entre le migrant et la famille restée dans le pays d’origine, le montant des envois de fonds est la résultante des négociations entre les deux parties. Les envois de fonds sont considérés ici comme une donnée endogène qui sera déterminée par l’équilibre entre l’offre du migrant et la demande de la famille bénéficiaire en matière d’envois de fonds. La préférence pour le présent du migrant se traduira par une destruction de son épargne ou un endettement. Quand à la préférence pour le présent du bénéficiaire, elle se traduira par une demande excédentaire de la famille en envois de fonds. A l’issue de cette étude appliquée au cas des Comores, il est apparu que le migrant et le bénéficiaire des envois de fonds ont une préférence pour le présent, et cela quelque soit la valeur de la propension marginale à consommer du migrant. Ce qui veut dire que d’une part, le migrant va détruire son épargne (va s’endetter) pour subvenir aux besoins de la famille et aux impératifs sociaux. D’autre part, la famille bénéficiaire des envois de fonds demandera plus de fonds que le minimum indispensable. Ces résultats théoriques reflètent une situation sociale bien connue aux Comores, notamment l’obligation du migrant de financer les impératifs sociaux et familiaux, quelque soit son niveau de revenu dans le pays d’accueil. This study uses an implicit contract theory, Glystos (2000) to highlight certain social realities on the remittances to Comoros . Initially, the study underlines the social base of the remittances to Comoros, in particular the importance of the “grand mariage” in the decision of migration. On the basis of the principle that the decision of migration and remittances can be regarded as an implicit contract between the migrant and the family remained in the country, the amount of the remittances is resulted of the negotiations between the two parts. The remittances are considered here as an endogenous, which will be determined by the equilibrium between remittances supply of the migrant and remittances demand of the family. The preference for the present of the migrant will result in a destruction of its saving or a debt. The preference for the present of the recipient, it results in a surplus request of the family for remittances. In this study, we applied implicit contract theory to the Comoros, it appeared that the migrant and the remittances recipient have a preference for the present, and that some is the value of the migrant marginal propensity to consume. What want to say that, on the one hand, the migrant will destroy its saving (will be involved in debt) to provide for the urgent social needs and the family requirement. In part, the family will require more remittances than the essential minimum. These theoretical results reflect a well-known social condition in the Comoros, in particular the obligation of the migrant to finance the requirements social and family , some is its level of income in the host country. (Full text in french) |
| JEL: | I31 I32 |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mon:ceddtr:169&r=mig |
| By: | Andrés Sánchez Jabba |
| Abstract: | Colombia is a country with low bilingual proficiency amongst its high school students. Systematically, foreign language test scores of the State Examination (Saber 11) indicate that the vast majority of students who finalize secondary education exhibit low proficiency on their ability to use and understand the English language. Nonetheless, students from bilingual schools achieve significantly higher scores compared to the rest of the student population. In this study, it's demonstrated that the Caribbean Coast's bilingual students have attained a high level of bilingualism when compared to their peers in other Colombian regions, given its tradition of bilingual education. As an explanation for the Caribbean Coast's bilingual students' performance, I propose the region's comparatively high levels of foreign immigration as a factor which contributed to the early establishment of bilingual schools, which can be viewed as a comparative advantage endemic to students from this region. RESUMEN: Colombia es un país con un bajo nivel de bilingüismo entre la población estudiantil. Sistemáticamente, los resultados del área de idiomas de la Prueba de Estado para la Evaluación de la Educación Media, Saber 11, indican que la gran mayoría de los estudiantes que culminan sus estudios de educación media tienen un bajo nivel de inglés. No obstante, existe un grupo de estudiantes cuyo desempeño en la prueba de idiomas es significativamente alto en comparación con el resto: los bilingües. En esta investigación se demuestra que los estudiantes bilingües costeños han alcanzado un nivel de bilingüismo superior al de sus pares en otras regiones de Colombia, lo cual sucede a pesar de que en otras áreas del conocimiento su desempeño tiende a ser inferior y que, en términos generales, la región Caribe presenta un bajo nivel de bilingüismo. Como explicación a este resultado se propone el temprano establecimiento, en el Caribe colombiano, de colegios con tradición bilingüe.Ello representa una ventaja para esta región y se relaciona con la inmigración que tuvo lugar en la misma entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. |
| Date: | 2012–01–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000102:009225&r=mig |