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on Microfinance |
| By: | Takeshi SAKADE |
| Abstract: | This paper highlights the current threats to civil liberties such as freedom of expression, association, peaceful assembly, and privacy, which include private corporations, government censorship, cyberattacks, fake news, and privacy breaches. The paper examines the crisis of social and political openness in the online space that citizens and internet companies should enjoy, and the need for multi-stakeholders to realize this. Actor-network theory, based on Bruno Latour’s ANT, discusses the nature of democracy in online space in societies with Confucian cultural principles that differ from Western cultural principles. Multi-stakeholderism is a framework that involves organizations and individuals from different positions in society, such as businesses, consumers, investors, workers, and NPOs, who participate in the multi-stakeholder process, cooperate, and play their respective roles. The organizations and individuals that hold the key to solving these problems are called “stakeholders”. A “multi-stakeholder process” is a consensus-building framework in which a wide variety of stakeholders participate on an equal footing and work together to solve problems. |
| Keywords: | Microcredit; |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kue:epaper:e-23-005&r=mfd |
| By: | Amare, Mulubrhan; Balana, Bedru; Onilogbo, Omobolanle |
| Abstract: | Key Highlights: Changes in temperature, measured in harmful degree days (HDDs), and precipitation have a significant negative impact on agricultural productivity in Nigeria, which highlights the adverse effects of extreme weather on crop yields. Climate changes affect income sources for farming households. We found that an increase in HDDs reduces households’ income share from crops and nonfarm self-employment, implying threats to household food security for smallholders whose livelihoods depend on subsistence farming and food consumption from own sources. In response to the risks posed by climate change, farmers adopt changes in crop mixes (for example, reducing the share of land allocated to cereals) and input use decisions (for example, reducing fertilizer use and purchased seeds) as an adaptation strategy. Adaption strategies that lead to low use of yield-enhancing modern inputs could worsen agricultural productivity and household food insecurity. However, we found that farmers in Nigeria respond to extreme climate by switching to drought tolerant root or tuber crops. Such strategies could partially offset the adverse effects of climatic shocks on households’ welfare. Climate changes negatively impact agricultural productivity for both poor and non-poor households, but the effects are more pronounced among poorer households, according to our heterogenous effects analysis on household’s initial endowments (based on wealth indicators measured in asset and livestock holdings). This implies low adaptive capacity on the part of poor households and thus their high vulnerability to climate-related shocks. Suggested policy recommendations include interventions to incentivize adoption of climate-resilient agriculture, targeted pro-poor interventions such as low-cost financing options for improving smallholders’ access to climate-proof agricultural inputs and technologies, and policy measures to reduce the inequality of access to livelihood capital, such as land and other productive assets. |
| Keywords: | NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; climate resilience; resilience; climate change; agriculture; sustainability; livelihood diversification; heat stress; extreme weather events; crop yield; employment; off-farm employment; smallholders; harmful degree days |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:nssppn:56&r=mfd |