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on Intellectual Property Rights |
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Issue of 2015‒12‒08
seven papers chosen by Giovanni Ramello Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” |
| By: | Stefano Comino (University of Udine); Fabio Maria Manenti (University of Padua) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to provide a structured review of the role of IPR in fostering innovation and economic growth in the European ICT sector. Typically IPR analysis of industries focuses on patents. In practice, however, IPR strategies are developed combining the use of different IP rights. The scope of analysis considers this and looks at the joint use of patents, trademarks and industrial designs, each protecting a different type of knowledge-based asset. Based on these characteristics, the focus of the research is to provide an overview of the mechanisms typically employed in order to appropriate the returns from R&D investments. For each formal IPR, we briefly review the main contributions to the economic literature, both theoretical and empirical, on the rationale for its existence and the effects it generates on firms’ behaviour and market outcomes. We then highlight the most important emerging issues. In the final section of the study, we focus on the software industry. |
| Keywords: | Patents, copyright, trademarks, information and communication technologies, patent thickets, open source, software, mobile applications |
| JEL: | L11 L24 L96 O25 O31 O32 O34 O38 O52 |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97541&r=ipr |
| By: | Ejermo , Olof (CIRCLE, Lund University); Källström , John (CIRCLE, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the responsiveness of academic patenting to research and development (R&D) on the subject level at Swedish universities in panel data regressions. The general responsiveness to R&D is found to be higher than corresponding estimates found in US studies, especially when we adopt instrumental variable techniques that address endogeneity in the studied R&D-to-patent relationship. We also find that this responsiveness is not associated with lower quality of patents measured in terms of citations. A higher responsiveness from R&D to patenting is found in “Information technologies”, “Chemistry (science)”, “Electrical engineering, electronics & photonics” and “Chemical engineering”, “Medicine” and in “Microbiology” than in other common patenting fields. Our main result, that academia in Sweden contributes well to inventive activity support the view that the professor’s privilege may be a contributing factor. |
| Keywords: | research and development; patenting; academia; knowledge production functions; the professor’s privilege; Sweden |
| JEL: | C25 C26 I23 I28 O31 O32 O34 O38 |
| Date: | 2015–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2015_043&r=ipr |
| By: | Galasso, Alberto; Schankerman, Mark |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the causal impact of patents on subsequent innovation by the patent holder. The analysis is based on court invalidation of patents by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and exploits the random allocation of judges to control for the endogeneity of the judicial decision. Patent invalidation leads to a 50 percent decrease in patenting by the patent holder, on average, but the impact depends critically on characteristics of the patentee and the competitive environment. The effect is entirely driven by small innovative firms in technology fields where they face many large incumbents. Invalidation of patents held by large firms does not change the intensity of their innovation but shifts the technological direction of their subsequent patenting. |
| Keywords: | courts; innovation; patents |
| JEL: | K41 L24 O31 O32 O34 |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10968&r=ipr |
| By: | Langinier, Corinne (University of Alberta, Department of Economics); Lluis, Stéphanie (University of Waterloo) |
| Abstract: | Using data from patent examiners at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, we ask whether, and if so how, examiners career outcomes relate to aspects of the patent review process. Exploiting longitudinal information about all the patents granted by a group of examiners between 1976 and 2006 and their yearly mobility outcomes (departure and promotion) between 1992 and 2006, we find consistent evidence from static, dynamic and duration models of the importance of patent characteristics, granting experience in specific technological fields, repeated interactions with the same inventor and self-citations in predicting an examiners departure or promotion. |
| Keywords: | Patents; Examiners; Promotion; Turnover |
| JEL: | J60 O34 |
| Date: | 2015–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:albaec:2015_018&r=ipr |
| By: | Olena Ivus (Queen's University); Walter Park (American University); Kamal Saggi (Vanderbilt University) |
| Abstract: | Using data on U.S. firms' technology licensing to local agents in developing countries, this paper examines the impact of patent protection on internal and arms-length technology transfer. The effects of protection vary across products according to their complexity. Consistent with theories of internalization, we find that patent reforms enable local firms to attract more arms-length technology transfer, especially of simple products which are relatively easy to imitate. Affiliated licensing also rises among simple products, but falls among complex products. The results withstand several robustness checks, including controlling for endogeneity by using colonial origin as an instrument, and are equally strong whether patent protection is measured by its intensity or by the timing of reforms. The results have significance for patent policy in the developing world, where access to knowledge is critical. Through arms-length technology contracts, proprietary knowledge diffuses beyond firm boundaries, enabling local agents to access not only the protected technology but also know-how. |
| Keywords: | International Technology Transfer, Licensing, Developing Countries, Product Complexity, Intellectual Property Rights, and Imitation Risk |
| JEL: | O3 F2 |
| Date: | 2015–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:van:wpaper:vuecon-sub-15-00016&r=ipr |
| By: | Miranda Forsyth |
| Abstract: | The Pacific islands region is currently experiencing an intensification of interest in culture as an enabler, rather than an inhibitor, of development. The emerging field of cultural economics seeks to chart ways in which culture can lead to both economic development and also to other goals, such as positive social relationships, community cohesion and maintenance and enjoyment of cultural heritage. However, bringing together these different range of goals at times involves tensions, often manifested in differences between individual autonomy and family and community obligations, generational focus and clashes of cultural logics. This paper investigates these tensions through the lens of intellectual property, an area where competing ideologies and perspectives of entitlement often come head to head. It identifies and reflects upon four areas of tension that will have to be navigated as the region experiments with both global models of intellectual property and national and local regulatory mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | cultural economics;intellectual property;traditional knowledge;Pacific islands |
| Date: | 2015–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201529&r=ipr |
| By: | Szabolcs Blazsek; Ãlvaro Escribano |
| Abstract: | We propose a new class of dynamic patent count panel data models that is based on dynamic conditional score (DCS) models. We estimate multiplicative and additive DCS models, MDCS and ADCS respectively, with quasi-ARMA (QARMA) dynamics, and compare them with the finite distributed lag, exponential feedback and linear feedback models. We use a large panel of 4,476 United States (US) firms for period 1979 to 2000. Related to the statistical inference, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of alternative estimation methods: maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), pooled negative binomial quasi-MLE (QMLE) and generalized method of moments (GMM). For the count panel data models of this paper, the strict exogeneity of explanatory variables assumption of MLE fails and GMM is not feasible. However, interesting results are obtained for pooled negative binomial QMLE. The empirical evidence shows that the new class of MDCS models with QARMA dynamics outperforms all other models considered. |
| Keywords: | patent count panel data models , dynamic conditional score models , quasi-ARMA model , research and development , patent applications |
| JEL: | C33 C35 C51 C52 O3 |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:we1510&r=ipr |