|
on Investment |
| By: | Majchrowska, Aleksandra; Roszkowska, Sylwia |
| Abstract: | We examine how demographic changes impact the transmission of minimum wage increases to inflation. The minimum wage growth can raise the prices of goods and services and accelerate inflationary processes. At the same time, a shrinking workforce and changes in its structure could lead to changes in the impact of minimum wage increases on the economy. We use the minimum wage augmented Phillips curve framework extended with the demographic variables. We employ the sample of 21 European Union countries in 2003-2023 and panel data techniques. Our study proves that the strength of the minimum wage pass-through effects on inflation depends on demographic factors. Aging of the workforce and shrinking workforce size weakens the impact of minimum wage increase on inflation. Contrary, a lower proportion of the less educated working-age population strengthens the minimum wage pass-through effects on inflation. Our results have important implications for macroeconomic, minimum wage, and education policies. |
| Keywords: | population ageing, shrinking workforce, minimum wage, inflation |
| JEL: | J11 J31 J38 |
| Date: | 2025–01–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123506 |
| By: | Monica Robayo; Zamfir, Madalina; Wronski, Marcin |
| Abstract: | Minimum wages are an essential component of a country's social protection system, aiming to protect vulnerable workers and reduce poverty and wage inequality. Yet, there are risks associated with poor minimum wage design. Higher minimum wages may result in higher earnings for affected workers but fewer job opportunities for others, including the demographic groups they are intended to help, such as those with very low wages and skills and youth, so ex-ante evaluation of potential employment, wage, and distributional impacts is needed. Over the past decade, Romania experienced significant real growth in the minimum wage and a rising minimum-to-median wage ratio. However, when looking at minimum living standards, the analysis shows that the statutory minimum wage is higher than the living wage needed to cover a consumption food basket estimated by the European Commission under the European Reference budget network, but not enough to include non-food components. The microsimulation results using administrative tax data show that tying minimum wage to inflation or the living wage could lead to a slight short-term wage increase for some workers but may cause job loss in the long run, especially for younger workers. The minimum wage increase could have varying impacts across regions and sectors, with the accommodation and food services sector and those living in the Suceava region, which has the highest proportion of affected employees. Moreover, male employees tend to be more affected than their female counterparts. |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10934 |
| By: | Mohit Sharma and (Ph.D. scholar, Madras School of Economics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600025); Brinda Viswanathan (Professor, Madras School of Economics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600025) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the minimum wage effect on the transitions of men and women workers from covered to uncovered sector as well as to unemployment and out of labour force. Using border discontinuity design, first differencing and the individual level panel data for the urban region for the years 2017-18 to 2022-23, and novel data on more than 1800 minimum wages, this paper finds that an increase in minimum wage results in transition of women workers out of the covered sector, however, for male workers this paper finds null employment transitions effects. The study on heterogenous effects reveal that the results are primarily driven by low-skilled female workers belonging to the regions of high labour market concentration where 10 percent increase in minimum wage result in a fall in probability that a worker remains in covered sector by 1.5 percent. Contrary to this, we find favorable labour market conditions for low-skilled male workers in the regions of high labour market concentration. The results are robust to various specification choices. |
| Keywords: | Minimum Wage, Employment transitions, Gender, India |
| JEL: | J16 J3 J42 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2025-276 |
| By: | Cardullo, Paolo (IN3); Kitchin, Rob (National University of Ireland Maynooth) |
| Abstract: | Commercial digital platforms possess a universal design and interface regardless of cities or particular political-cultural traditions. This is also the case for corporately owned platforms designed to facilitate citizen engagement in civic issues. In contrast, civic platforms rooted in a FOSS approach are configurable and can be adapted in context to produce tailored interactions. In this paper, we examine what this adaptability means for citizenship when citizens can be involved in the making and running of platforms, and can take an active role in city governance using civic platforms. We revisit the analytical framework developed by Cardullo and Kitchin (2019a) – the scaffold of smart citizen participation – to consider the platformisation of urban living designed to empower citizens to take an active role in management and governance processes and decision-making. In particular, we focus on the scaffold’s least explored rungs, ‘citizen power’, providing a comparative analysis of instances of Decidim, a civic platform designed to engender collaborative governance, along with its associated soft infrastructure, in Barcelona, New York and Brazil. We highlight how different instances of the same platform can confer different citizenship relations depending on how it is framed, configured and used. In other words, platform citizenship is provincialized, enabling alternative futures to emerge from mainstream knowledge claims about citizens’ role in platform urbanisation. |
| Date: | 2024–11–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jdpu3_v1 |
| By: | Roberta V. Gatti; Asif M Islam; Maue, Casey; Esha Dilip Zaveri |
| Abstract: | Using global data from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys that includes the precise geo-location of surveyed firms, this paper examines how dry spells and precipitation shocks influence firm performance. The study finds that firms in areas that experience dry spells have lower performance in terms of sales. This is particularly true for smaller firms and those in developing economies. A higher number of extreme dry days also increases the chances that a firm will exit the market. The main channels are largely through labor productivity and infrastructure service disruptions such as water and power outages. There is also some evidence of limited access to finance due to negative precipitation shocks. Governance may be an exacerbating factor, with negative precipitation shocks increasing exposure to corruption. Yet, there is also some indication that digitally connected and innovative firms are more resilient to negative precipitation shocks. Process innovation, website ownership, and use of technology licensed from foreign firms mediate the effects of negative precipitation shocks on firm performance. However, there is little evidence of adaptation. Negative precipitation shocks have no effect on the presence of green management practices or green investments for a subset of firms for which such data is available. |
| Date: | 2024–09–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10923 |
| By: | Chihiro Shimizu; Erwin Diewert; Naohito Abe; Akiyuki Tonogi |
| Abstract: | The paper uses monthly scanner data on purchases of rice in six Japanese Prefectures over the 24 months in the years 2021 and 2022 in order to calculate alternative price indexes that are free from chain drift. The paper also attempts to measure the welfare effects of differing product availability across the six prefectures. In order to eliminate the chain drift problem, the following multilateral indexes were computed: GEKS, Geary-Khamis and Weighted Time Product Dummy Hedonic price indexes. Chain drift can also be eliminated by estimating purchaser preferences using consumer demand theory. Thus the paper uses the Japanese rice data to estimate linear preferences, CES preferences and Konüs Byushgens Fisher preferences (with a rank one substitution matrix). Feenstra (1994) worked out a method for measuring the gains (or losses) of utility from new and disappearing products and his method is adapted to measuring the welfare effects of differing degrees of product availability across the Prefectures. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcr:wpaper:e211 |
| By: | Stacciarini, João Henrique Santana (Federal University of Goiás); Gonçalves, Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes |
| Abstract: | Environmental challenges, social pressures, and international agreements underscore the need for a transition to renewable energy sources. This shift is driven by the economic feasibility of technologies such as solar and wind power. However, the transition to renewable energy faces significant obstacles: its lower energy density compared to fossil fuels requires larger structures to produce equivalent amounts of energy. Additionally, these sources have a shorter lifespan than conventional ones, leading to increased demand for minerals, which are often extracted in Global South countries. This dynamic may exacerbate the socio-environmental conflicts and impacts associated with mining. Based on data collection and analysis from various global reports, complemented by academic studies from different regions, this study explores the intrinsic connection between renewable energy sources and the expansion of mining activities, highlighting the implications of this process. |
| Date: | 2025–02–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jdfyw_v1 |
| By: | Joonkyo Hong; Davide Luparello |
| Abstract: | In this study, we evaluate the reproducibility and replicability of Scott Orr's (Journal of Political Economy 2022, 130(11): 2771-2828) innovative approach for identifying within-plant productivity differences across product lines. Orr's methodology allows the estimation of plant-product level productivity, contingent upon a well-behaved pre-estimated demand system, which requires carefully chosen instrumental variables (IVs) for output prices. Using Orr's STATA replication package, we successfully replicate all primary estimates with the ASI Indian plant-level panel data from 2000 to 2007. Additionally, applying Orr's replication codes to a sample from 2011 to 2020 reveals that the suggested IVs do not perform as expected. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.19354 |
| By: | Böhringer, Christoph; Carolyn Fischer; Rivers, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates alternative options for rebating revenues from a unilateral emissions price, focusing on energy-intensive and trade-exposed industries. A theoretical model is developed to demonstrate that conditional rebating policies---which would be distortionary in a first-best world---may be welfare-improving. For example, this could occur in a context where emissions leakage and terms-of-trade changes are associated with the introduction of an emissions price, or when political constraints prevent the emissions price from fully reflecting the social cost of the emissions. A numerical simulation model is used to quantify the differences in welfare, leakage, terms of trade, output, and emissions across carbon prices with alternative rebating options for these leakage-prone industries. The different situations of the European Union and the United States are used as examples. The findings indicate that from a domestic perspective, rebating emissions revenues proportionately to firm output is typically superior to other rebating options when the emissions price is set close to the social cost of emissions. Rebating emission revenues to reward reductions in emissions intensity is typically superior when emissions are significantly under-priced. A country that is more emissions-intensive and less exposed to leakage may prefer to rebate in proportion to total abatement when the emissions price is sufficiently low. The quantitative results indicate that there are significant welfare losses for incorrect choices of the rebating option. |
| Date: | 2024–09–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10922 |
| By: | Oliveira, Bruno Sérgio Dias |
| Abstract: | This article orbits the promise of Sociology and presents the sociology of promises — or, more precisely, the science of promises, aimed at addressing all sociological curiosities and encompassing all that is sociological. In introducing the General Social Theory of Compromises (G-STOC), a framework designed to overcome the fragmentation of traditional social theories and address their limitations in explaining social behavior, a breakthrough is presented in eight main takeaways that are simultaneously ontological, epistemological and theoretical: (1) social coercive powers derive from actual or virtual agency; (2) virtual agency derives from promises; (3) all anger and disappointment derive from broken promises; (4) promises are always in dynamic reciprocal sets called compromises; (5) compromises are heuristic devices underlying all social relationships; (6) all social phenomena involve compromises; (7) to explain is to describe relationships and (8) sociological explanation, therefore, derives from the description of compromises and their history. The above tenets begin to outline a powerful and coherent framework and their proper appreciation is bound to have a profound impact in Social Science. Avoiding convoluted syntheses of competing theories and emphasizing the social importance of the future as well as theoretical novelty and superior heuristic power, the author advocates for clear conceptual and theoretical grounds to enable a complete and integrated explanation of social phenomena. With this innovative approach, the paper invites scholars to engage critically with G-STOC and explore its potential to unify and enhance the study of the social world, offering new insights about its complexities. |
| Date: | 2024–10–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:9euq3_v11 |
| By: | Oliveira, Bruno Sérgio Dias |
| Abstract: | This article orbits the promise of Sociology and presents the sociology of promises — or, more precisely, the science of promises, aimed at addressing all sociological curiosities and encompassing all that is sociological. In introducing the General Social Theory of Compromises (G-STOC), a framework designed to overcome the fragmentation of traditional social theories and address their limitations in explaining social behavior, a breakthrough is presented in eight main takeaways that are simultaneously ontological, epistemological and theoretical: (1) social coercive powers derive from actual or virtual agency; (2) virtual agency derives from promises; (3) all anger and disappointment derive from broken promises; (4) promises are always in dynamic reciprocal sets called compromises; (5) compromises are heuristic devices underlying all social relationships; (6) all social phenomena involve compromises; (7) to explain is to describe relationships and (8) sociological explanation, therefore, derives from the description of compromises and their history. The above tenets begin to outline a powerful and coherent framework and their proper appreciation is bound to have a profound impact in Social Science. Avoiding convoluted syntheses of competing theories and emphasizing the social importance of the future as well as theoretical novelty and superior heuristic power, the author advocates for clear conceptual and theoretical grounds to enable a complete and integrated explanation of social phenomena. With this innovative approach, the paper invites scholars to engage critically with G-STOC and explore its potential to unify and enhance the study of the social world, offering new insights about its complexities. |
| Date: | 2024–10–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:9euq3_v13 |
| By: | Oliveira, Bruno Sérgio Dias |
| Abstract: | This article orbits the promise of Sociology and presents the sociology of promises — or, more precisely, the science of promises, aimed at addressing all sociological curiosities and encompassing all that is sociological. In introducing the General Social Theory of Compromises (G-STOC), a framework designed to overcome the fragmentation of traditional social theories and address their limitations in explaining social behavior, a breakthrough is presented in eight main takeaways that are simultaneously ontological, epistemological and theoretical: (1) social coercive powers derive from actual or virtual agency; (2) virtual agency derives from promises; (3) all anger and disappointment derive from broken promises; (4) promises are always in dynamic reciprocal sets called compromises; (5) compromises are heuristic devices underlying all social relationships; (6) all social phenomena involve compromises; (7) to explain is to describe relationships and (8) sociological explanation, therefore, derives from the description of compromises and their history. The above tenets begin to outline a powerful and coherent framework and their proper appreciation is bound to have a profound impact in Social Science. Avoiding convoluted syntheses of competing theories and emphasizing the social importance of the future as well as theoretical novelty and superior heuristic power, the author advocates for clear conceptual and theoretical grounds to enable a complete and integrated explanation of social phenomena. With this innovative approach, the paper invites scholars to engage critically with G-STOC and explore its potential to unify and enhance the study of the social world, offering new insights about its complexities. |
| Date: | 2024–10–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:9euq3_v14 |
| By: | Setondé Constant Gnansounou; Valère Kolawolé Salako; Corentin Visée; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Romain Glèlè Kakaï; Patrick PK Kestemont; Sabine Henry |
| Abstract: | Customary laws and traditional beliefs are progressively used in conservation and management of natural resources. However, their effectiveness has received limited attention. This case study from the Benin Republic (West Africa) examines how local deities and traditional beliefs can reduce manmade threats to mangroves. Data were collected from three categories of mangroves (sanctuary, sacralised, and non-deity mangroves) via direct observations, informal interviews (n = 5), in-depth interviews (n = 10), focus group discussions (n = 3) and household surveys (n = 200). We used twelve indicators including the quantity of resources collected, the use value and the perceived diversity of fish and plant species to characterize each category of mangroves. Eight of these twelve indicators showed significant variation among the categories of mangroves. Highly destructive uses were generally associated with non-deity mangroves, whereas moderately and less destructive uses were mostly associated with sacralised and sanctuary mangroves, respectively. Local deities can thus assist to limit unsustainable use of mangrove forests. Among the mangrove users, salt producers and residents with many children collect and commercialise more mangrove resources than others and should be continually involved in sensitization and community engagement to foster the sustainable use of mangroves. |
| Keywords: | Customary laws; Local governance; Sacralised mangroves; Sanctuary mangroves; Traditional beliefs |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/371723 |
| By: | MATTIA BALESTRA; GIULIO CAINELLI; ROBERTO GANAU; NADIIA MATSIUK; MARIO PASQUATO; ROBERTO PIERDICCA |
| Abstract: | We combine history with economic geography to contribute shading light on the long-run determinants of territorial development differentials in Italy. Specifically, we study the effects of historical sovereignty change on current local economic development. We measure historical sovereignty change through the yearly number of changes in sovereignty occurred in the period 1000–1861⎯that is, until the unification of Italy⎯and assess its effects on labor productivity in 2018. We estimate a negative effect of historical sovereignty change on current local economic development, and identify⎯both theoretically and empirically⎯civic capital as a plausible underlying mechanism. |
| Keywords: | Historical sovereignty change; civic capital; local economic development; Italy |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2504 |
| By: | Mark Freeman; Ben Groom; Frikk Nesje; Gernot Wagner |
| Abstract: | We assess how changes in the scientific consensus around equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), as captured by the IPCC’s Fifth (AR5) and Sixth (AR6) Assessment Reports, impact policymakers’ willingness to take climate action. Taking the IPCC’s reports at face value, the ECS estimates in AR6 would have lowered a policymaker’s willingness to act on climate relative to AR5 due to a narrower “likely” range. However, Bayesian updating may reverse this conclusion. An accuracy-motivated policymaker who was not convinced to take greater climate action by the evidence in AR5 may be more likely to strengthen their policy views by the evidence in AR6. |
| Keywords: | equilibrium climate sensitivity, Bayesian updating, climate policy |
| JEL: | Q54 H51 D83 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11668 |
| By: | Antonin Bergeaud (CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research, Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France); Arthur Guillouzouic (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques, Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Following Bergeaud et al. (2022), we construct a new measure of proximity between industrial sectors and public research laboratories. Using this measure, we explore the underlying network of knowledge linkages between scientific fields and industrial sectors in France. We show empirically that there exists a significant negative correlation between the geographical distance between firms and laboratories and their scientific proximity, suggesting strongly localized spillovers. Moreover, we uncover some important differences by field, stronger than when using standard patent-based measures of proximity. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge Spillovers, Technological Distance, Public Laboratories |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-04938250 |
| By: | Kokas, Deeksha; Gladys Lopez-Acevedo; Vu, Ha |
| Abstract: | Are changes in the labor market in response to changes in exports contained specifically within exporting industries, or do they disperse throughout the economy through supply chain linkages? This paper studies the case of Viet Nam, an example of a successful export-led growth economy, to examine this question. Combining UN COMTRADE data, input-output tables from the Global Trade Analysis Project, and 2010 to 2019 annual labor force survey data for Viet Nam, the study constructed a measure of each worker’s total exposure to export shocks. The measure accounts for changes due to both direct export exposure (increase in exports in the worker’s own industry) and indirect exposure (from increased exports in other industries that use inputs from the worker’s industry). Estimates of the repercussions from increasing exports on labor market outcomes show that both direct and indirect exposure significantly increase workers’ wages and employment, while reducing inactivity and inequality. Wage premiums for attending college decrease, and the gender wage gap narrows. Wages increase more for the lowest-income workers and employment gains accrue more to unskilled workers, while employment decreases for more skilled workers. |
| Date: | 2024–08–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10868 |
| By: | Pennick, Chelsea (University of Idaho) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the role of front-line workers in collaborative environmental management. Using an institutional work lens and actor narratives, we reveal how collaborative institutions are created, modified and disrupted amidst conflicting logics. The results indicate that government actors engage in critical institution-building and boundary spanning practices that create opportunities for citizen influence, demonstrate responsiveness, fill institutional voids and overcome organizational barriers. These findings suggest that attention to the routines and practices of street-level bureaucrats is critical for understanding and theorizing the connection between governance design and outcomes and have important implications for the study of institutional and organizational change. |
| Date: | 2024–08–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:akz3w_v1 |
| By: | Vanessa Di Paola (AMU ECO - Aix-Marseille Université - Faculté d'économie et de gestion - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, LEST - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie du Travail - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Christophe Guitton (CEREQ - Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications - ministère de l'Emploi, cohésion sociale et logement - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, LEST - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie du Travail - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Actes des 29èmes Journées du Longitudinal, 24-25 juin 2024, Aix-en-Provence. |
| Keywords: | Etude longitudinale, Crise économique, Crise sanitaire |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04617191 |
| By: | Khan, Amjad Muhammad; Kuate, Landry; Pongou, Roland; Zhang, Fan |
| Abstract: | Vulnerability to climate change and water scarcity is increasing globally. How this affects individual employment outcomes is still not well understood. Using survey data collected from approximately half a million individuals across Sub-Saharan Africa over from 2005 to 2018, this paper examines the causal relationship between water availability and labor market outcomes. It combines georeferenced household survey data with a drought index that captures the exogenous effects of both rainfall and temperature on water availability. The findings suggest that extremely dry periods decrease employment by 2.5 percentage points on average, and wet periods with an abundance of soil moisture (not flooding) increase employment by 4 percentage points. The negative effects of dry shocks are larger in rural, poorer, and agriculture-dependent areas and for individuals who hold low-skilled jobs or work as farmers. Moreover, the paper finds that the burden of dry shocks disproportionately falls on women, while the benefits of wet shocks accrue more to men. The presence of irrigation infrastructure and the historical evolution of local livelihood strategies—historical mode of subsistence—partly mediate the impacts of water shocks. |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10823 |
| By: | Arthur Turrell |
| Abstract: | Economies are fundamentally complex and becoming more so, but the new discipline of data science-which combines programming, statistics, and domain knowledge-can help cut through that complexity, potentially with productivity benefits to boot. This chapter looks at examples of where innovations from data science are cutting through the complexities faced by policymakers in measurement, allocating resources, monitoring the natural world, making predictions, and more. These examples show the promise and potential of data science to aid policymakers, and point to where actions may be taken that would support further progress in this space. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.03010 |
| By: | Cledwyn Fernandez (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Shabana Mitra; Anjhana Ramesh; Havishaye Puri |
| Abstract: | For India to be a developed country by 2047, narrowing the gender gap in labour markets is indispensable. While global evidence points to the fact that narrowing the gender gaps in labour markets has economic benefits, the disaggregated level at the sub-national level and the sectoral level is unclear. For a country like India that has almost 45 percent of the population working in agriculture, but 55 percent of the GDP emanating from the services industry, it is crucial to examine how narrowing the gender gap across the sectoral and state level could boost India’s growth. This policy brief provides an overall narrative on the prevailing gender gaps at the state and sectoral level in India over the last five years, and prescribes the way forward for India by analysing how narrowing the gender gap at the sectoral and state level can be a catalytic force in boosting India’s economic growth. |
| Keywords: | gender gap, labour markets, states, sector, icrier |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:ppaper:32 |
| By: | Heiss, Andrew (Georgia State University); Chaudhry, Suparna |
| Abstract: | This chapter examines donor responses to the global crackdown on civil society, where governments use legal measures to repress NGOs. Donors, including bilateral and multilateral agencies, respond variably; bilateral aid often decreases following anti-NGO laws, while multilateral aid remains stable. Private donors' responses depend on factors like social trust and NGO transparency. NGOs adapt by diversifying funding, forming affiliates, or shifting to community-based support. As the space for civil society continues to shrink, coordinated international efforts are essential to counteract these repressive trends and uphold civil society's role in democratic governance. |
| Date: | 2024–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:9gmhp_v1 |
| By: | Sydnee Caldwell; Ingrid Haegele; Jörg Heining |
| Abstract: | Whether and how workers search on the job depends on their beliefs about pay and working conditions in other firms. Yet little is known about workers' knowledge of outside pay. We use a large-scale survey of full-time German workers, linked to their Social Security records, to elicit pay expectations and preferences over specific outside firms. Workers believe that they face considerable heterogeneity in their outside pay options, and direct their search toward firms they believe would pay them more. Workers' expected firm-specific pay premia are highly correlated with pay policies observed in administrative records and with workers' valuations of firm-specific amenities. Most workers are unwilling to search for a new job—or leave their current firm—even for substantial pay increases. Switching costs are equivalent to 7 to 18% of a worker’s annual pay. Attachment varies across firms, and cannot be explained by either differences in firm-specific amenities or switching costs. |
| JEL: | J0 J3 J30 J31 J32 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33445 |
| By: | Shabana Mitra (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Anjhana Ramesh |
| Abstract: | Projections indicate that in the next three decades the country's demographic will change, requiring more elderly and child care. On average, women in India spend 30 percent of the day in unpaid care work. This leaves them with little time to dedicate to paid labour. Boosting women's participation in the workforce is essential for narrowing gender inequalities. This requires efficient and functional care infrastructure. In order to provide care infrastructure to all, it is vital to bring both the private and the public sector together. Having child and elderly care facilities at work relieves dual-income households and encourages female labour force participation. This policy brief provides an overview on gender gaps in unpaid domestic care work, the state of care infrastructure in India and the role of private sector in providing care infrastructure. Keeping the unique position of India, it also suggests the way forward. |
| Keywords: | female worker, unpaid work, domestic work, private sector, icrier |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:ppaper:35 |