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on Investment |
| By: | Weiss, Tim; Lounsbury, Mike; Bruton, Garry |
| Abstract: | Institutional scholarship on organizing in poverty contexts has focused on the constraining nature of extant institutions and the need for external actors to make transformative change interventions to alleviate poverty. Comparatively little attention has been paid to the potentially enabling nature of extant institutions in poverty contexts. We argue that more empirical work is needed to deepen our understanding of self-organizing processes that actors embedded in such contexts generate in their own efforts to survive. Drawing on the social worlds approach to institutional analysis, we shed light on how actors self-organize to produce enduring organizational arrangements to safeguard themselves against adverse poverty outcomes. Employing data from fieldwork and interviews collected in the urban neighborhood of Dagoretti Corner in Nairobi, Kenya, we examine the colocation of 105 largely identical auto repair businesses in close spatial proximity. We find that actors leverage an indigenous institution—the societal ethos of Harambee—to enable a process we identify as “survivalist organizing.” Based on our research, we argue that survivalist organizing incorporates four interlocking survival mechanisms: cultivating inter-business solidarity, maintaining precarious inter-business relationships, redistributing resources to prevent business deaths, and generating collective philanthropy to avoid personal destitution. We develop a new research agenda on the institutional study of self-organizing in poverty contexts focused on strengthening rather than supplanting urbanized indigenous institutions that catalyze collective self-organizing. |
| Date: | 2024–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3mecq_v1 |
| By: | Javier Bianchi; Louphou Coulibaly |
| Abstract: | What is the optimal monetary policy response to tariffs? This paper explores this question within an open-economy New Keynesian model and shows that the optimal monetary policy response is expansionary, with inflation rising above and beyond the direct effects of tariffs. This result holds regardless of whether tariffs apply to consumption goods or intermediate inputs, whether the shock is temporary or permanent, and whether tariffs address other distortions. |
| Keywords: | Tariffs; Inflation; Optimal monetary policy |
| JEL: | F41 E24 E44 E52 F13 |
| Date: | 2025–03–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedmwp:99705 |
| By: | Michael Cuna; Lenka Fiala; Min Sok Lee; John List; Sutanuka Roy |
| Abstract: | This study examines how mothers' risk and ambiguity preferences affect early childhood investments and outcomes by assessing over 6, 000 mothers in Rajasthan, India. Results show that more risk and ambiguity averse mothers make greater investments in their children's nutrition between ages 0-6. These investments correlate with superior cognitive and non-cognitive skills in children, even after controlling for socioeconomic factors. Notably, higher maternal risk and ambiguity aversion can mitigate negative impacts of socioeconomic disadvantages (maternal illiteracy, belonging to historically discriminated groups, limited media access) on all measures of early-life skills, highlighting the importance of understanding preferences in addressing inequities. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:artefa:00810 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Pollution Management & Control Urban Development-Urban Water & Waste Management Environment-Environmental Management Environment-Climate Change and Environment |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41787 |
| By: | Yue Qiu (Finance School, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China); Wenbin Wang (Finance School, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China); Tian Xie (College of Business, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China); Jun Yu (Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Macao); Xinyu Zhang (Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China) |
| Abstract: | Many real-world analytics problems, such as forecasting sales of fashion products, involve uncertain and heterogeneous demand, requiring prescriptive analytics to incorporate multiple covariates and address the inherent challenge of model uncertainty. Traditional predict-thenoptimize (PTO) approaches typically rely on a single predictive model, overlooking model uncertainty. To address this, we propose an ensemble learning framework that integrates Mallows-type model averaging into the PTO paradigm, leveraging diverse candidate models with varying covariates to enhance forecast accuracy and decision robustness. Theoretically, we prove that the weighted forecasts achieve asymptotic optimality under mild conditions and establish finite-sample risk bounds, ensuring stable performance even in limited-data settings. We empirically evaluate the proposed framework using weekly store-level sales data from an internationally recognized footwear brand in China. The forecasting exercise demonstrates that our approach consistently achieves the lowest prediction risk, improving forecast accuracy by 4.72% to 7.41% compared to the best-performing alternatives without weighted forecast features. In the subsequent decision optimization exercise, we identify gift, combo, and discount promotions as key decision variables and show that our framework delivers the highest predicted sales responses on average, outperforming alternative forecasting methods and existing data-driven decision frameworks. |
| Keywords: | data-driven, model uncertainty, model averaging, prescriptive analytics, machine learning, fashion sales forecasting |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boa:wpaper:202525 |
| By: | Bruno Bosco; Paolo Maranzano |
| Abstract: | Difference-in-Differences (DiD) is a useful statistical technique employed to estimate the effects that exogenous events can have on the outcome of some response variables. The latter are obtained from a random sample of treated units (i.e. units exposed to the event) ideally drawn from an infinite population. The comparable random sample/s of untreated units serve as control comparison group/s. The event is termed “treatment†, but it could be equally termed “causal factor†to emphasise that with DiD we are not estimating a mere statistical association among phenomena. With DiD we try to evaluate whether a precise causal link between causes and effects –defined according to a model based on a proper identification of the relationship among variables– is actually consistent with the data, and to estimate how intensive and statistically robust the causal-effect link actually is. This Guide will present the DiD techniques starting from the very basic methods used to estimate the Average Treatment Effect upon Treated (ATET) originally developed for the 2–period and 2–group case and covers many of the issues that have recently emerged in the multi units and multi period context. Particular attention will be devoted to the correct definition of the identification process of the causal-effect relationship in the multi period case, namely to the parallel trend and to the no anticipation assumption. Some space will be devoted to the developments associated to the techniques employed with either treatment homogeneity or treatment heterogeneity. Also, extensions of the DiD estimators accounting for complex data structures are discussed. The Guide includes a brief presentation of some policy-oriented applications of DiD. Areas covered are income taxation, migration, regulation and environment management. |
| Keywords: | Difference-in-Differences (DID); Guide for causal inference; Applied and empirical economics; Treatment and control; Extensions of the DID estimator. |
| JEL: | C23 C50 C54 D04 E6 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:549 |
| By: | Kaitila, Ville |
| Abstract: | Abstract We analyse the development of labour productivity in five service industries in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Vis-à-vis a group of peer countries, labour productivity in service industries is relatively low in Finland. We further find that the respective gap in capital intensity (capital stock to hours worked) is even greater. Using the growth accounting framework and panel estimations, we find that in 1995–2023 overall capital intensity was positively associated with the level of labour productivity in European countries. This is also the case if the capital stock is disaggregated into four parts with ICT, R&D, software and database, and all other capital analysed separately. Furthermore, the annual change in overall capital intensity, or capital deepening, is positively associated with the change in labour productivity in service industries. The association is weaker when capital is disaggregated into parts, with the strongest association found for the traditional capital stock, while the results for ICT and IPP capital deepening depend on the service industry analysed. |
| Keywords: | Service industries, Productivity, Capital intensity, ICT, R&D, Software and databases |
| JEL: | C23 O14 O30 O47 |
| Date: | 2025–03–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:wpaper:127 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Communities and Human Settlements-Human Migrations & Resettlements Conflict and Development-Armed Conflict Conflict and Development-Conflict and Fragile States Conflict and Development-International Affairs Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Insecurity |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41599 |
| By: | Adeniran, Adedeji P.; Muthinja, Moses M. |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of financial inclusion, ownership of bank accounts, and previous use of formal financial saving facilities as a resilience factor in the effect of COVID-19 on households' welfare in Nigeria. Using a novel data set that tracks food security among families in Nigeria before and during COVID-19, we find a negative effect of COVID-19 on welfare. The impact is more severe among male-headed households, those living in the southern region of Nigeria, and lower educated households. We also test how financial inclusion mitigates this effect through a triple difference analysis in which the households that are financially included and in non-agricultural sector are considered the treatment group. Financial inclusion did not support resilience to shock among non-agricultural homes. Given the magnitude and multisectoral dimension of the COVID-19 shock, financial inclusion was not enough to mitigate the effect. This, therefore, points to a role for stronger government support in a large shock like COVID-19. |
| Date: | 2024–04–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:2f1c64ac-2173-4191-826b-a4d3ddcb3648 |
| By: | Adeniran, Adedeji P.; Muthinja, Moses M. |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of financial inclusion, ownership of bank accounts, and previous use of formal financial saving facilities as a resilience factor in the effect of COVID-19 on households' welfare in Nigeria. Using a novel data set that tracks food security among families in Nigeria before and during COVID-19, we find a negative effect of COVID-19 on welfare. The impact is more severe among male-headed households, those living in the southern region of Nigeria, and lower educated households. We also test how financial inclusion mitigates this effect through a triple difference analysis in which the households that are financially included and in non-agricultural sector are considered as the treatment group. Financial inclusion did not support resilience to shock among non-agricultural homes. Given the magnitude and multisectoral dimension of the COVID-19 shock, financial inclusion was not enough to mitigate the effect. This, therefore, points to a role for stronger government support in a large shock like COVID-19. |
| Date: | 2024–04–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:1ce6ac72-bcfe-4403-ac14-1d2db1cf492f |
| By: | Fadila, Hilda |
| Abstract: | What is Change? Perubahan adalah perbedaan kondisi antara sebelum dan setelahnya. Organizational Change Setiap perubahan yang terjadi pada orang, struktur, teknologi di suatu organisasi. Characteristics of Change 1) Adalah sesuatu yang konstan tetapi bervariasi dalam hal derajat dan arah. 2) Menghasilkan ketidakpastian namun tidak sepenuhnya tidak dapat diprediksi. 3) Menciptakan ancaman dan peluang |
| Date: | 2023–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pxaty_v1 |
| By: | Gabriella Conti (University College London); Rita Ginja (University of Bergen); Petra Persson; Barton Willage (University of Delaware) |
| Abstract: | The motherhood penalty is well-documented, but what happens at the other end of the reproductive spectrum? Menopause—a transition often marked by debilitating physical and psychological symptoms—also entails substantial costs. Using population-wide Norwegian and Swedish data and quasi-experimental methods, we show that a menopause diagnosis leads to lasting drops in earnings and employment, alongside greater reliance on social transfers. The impact is especially severe for women with lower socioeconomic status. Increasing access to menopause-related health care can help offset these losses. Our findings reveal the hidden economic toll of menopause and the potential gains from better support policies. |
| Keywords: | Norway, Sweden, quasi-experimental variation, social transfers, low socioeconomic status |
| JEL: | H72 I00 I30 J21 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hka:wpaper:2025-002 |
| By: | Syamil, Ahmad; Marseto, Intan Sari; Frianto, Agus; Karman, Abd Abd Karman (Institut Agama Islam Negeri Fattahul Muluk Papua); Ulfah, Fathiah; Wardhani, Parwita Setya; , Mudjijono; , Junitasari; Permatasari, Citra; Pertiwi, Suci Dandi |
| Abstract: | Melalui kata pengantar ini, atas nama penulis dan editor bunga rampai mengucapkan : Kepada Para Pembaca yang Terhormat, Kami dengan bangga mempersembahkan buku yang berjudul Manajemen Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia. Buku ini merupakan hasil kolaborasi dari berbagai penulis dan praktisi di bidang pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Sumber daya manusia adalah aset paling berharga dalam setiap organisasi. Untuk mencapai kesuksesan dan keunggulan dalam lingkungan yang terus berubah, kita harus mengenali dan mengembangkan potensi yang ada dalam diri setiap individu. Buku ini dirancang untuk memberikan wawasan mendalam tentang konsep, strategi, dan praktik terbaik dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Dalam buku ini memuat referensi berbagai pakar di bidangnya, serta menyajikannya kepada pembaca dalam upaya untuk membantu menambah wawasan serta dapat bermanfaat bagi organisasi mencapai potensi penuh dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Referensi yang ada di dalam buku ini mencakup beragam topik, mulai dari konsep modal manusia, proses rekrutmen, pengembangan dan pelatihan sumber daya manusia, pemberian motivasi, pengembangan aspek kepemimpinan, manajemen kinerja, audit, penilaian dan evaluasi serta pemeliharaan sumber daya manusia. Semoga buku ini memberikan inspirasi dan panduan praktis bagi banyak orang dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Kami berharap pembaca dapat menikmati buku ini. |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tg42d_v1 |
| By: | Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Ogunniyi, Adebayo Isaiah |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant income loss for many people, and deepened poverty for individuals and vulnerable populations who were adversely affected through job losses. In South Africa, income loss made it harder to acquire health care and a healthy food, which had a negative impact on health outcomes. This study hypothesized that the COVID-19 shocks disproportionately affects the poor's health, hence the need to know the impact of social protection programmes and interventions through the South Africa Social Security Grant (SASSG). Herewith, we employed the nationally represented, robust and reliable National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data set which was conducted in 2017 (pre-COVID-19), with the 1st wave of the NIDS-Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM) conducted in 2021 (during COVID-19). The household's per capita total income was used to generate poverty lines, while concentration curves and indices were employed to explain the income-health inequalities. The Difference-in-Difference with fixed effects model was used to estimate the impact of SASSG on the COVID-19 poverty stressors and self-reported health status. Given the significance and magnitude of institutional variables in determining the socioeconomic inequalities in poor health, addressing hunger, income inequality, and unemployment slightly helped to mitigate income-health inequalities during the COVID-19 shocks. We found that the social protection intervention in South Africa (SASSG) cushioned the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of poverty stressors and self-reported health status. Therefore, we advocate for programmes in South Africa that focus on reducing poverty and health disparities connected to income, as well as more proactive social protection programmes. Key words: COVID-19 shocks; Health capital; Income inequality; Redistribution relationships; Social security grant; South Africa. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:574d5dfe-1e61-4334-8b9e-bd1ba824d4b5 |
| By: | Otis, Nicholas G.; Clarke, Rowan Philip; Delecourt, Solene; Holtz, David (University of California, Berkeley); Koning, Rembrand (Harvard Business School) |
| Abstract: | Scalable and low-cost AI assistance has the potential to improve firm decision-making and economic performance. However, running a business involves a myriad of open-ended problems, making it difficult to know whether recent AI advances can help business owners make better decisions in real-world markets. In a field experiment with Kenyan entrepreneurs, we assessed the impact of AI advice on small business revenues and profits by randomizing access to a GPT-4-powered AI business assistant via WhatsApp. While we are unable to reject the null hypothesis that there is no average treatment effect, we find the treatment effect for entrepreneurs who were high performing at baseline to be 0.27 standard deviations greater than for low performers. Sub-sample analyses show high performers benefited by just over 15% from the AI assistant, whereas low performers did about 8% worse. This increase in performance inequality does not stem from differences in the questions posed to or advice received from the AI, but from how entrepreneurs selected from and implemented the AI advice they received. More broadly, our findings demonstrate that generative AI is already capable of impacting—though in uneven and unexpected ways—real, open-ended, and unstructured business decisions. |
| Date: | 2023–12–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hdjpk_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Governance-Governance and the Financial Sector Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation Finance and Financial Sector Development-E-Finance and E-Security Governance-Multinational & Corporate Governance Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41609 |
| By: | Amalia, Welli Siti |
| Abstract: | 1.1 Who Are Managers ? (Siapa sih Manajer itu?) Manajer adalah seseorang yang bertugas atau yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengkordinasikan segala keseluruhan dan memantau pekerjaan dari orang lain. Dimana dari aktivitas yang dilakukan manajer tersebut organisasi mampu mencapai tujuannya. Sedangkan Organisasi adalah sekumpulan orang yang satu sama lain berinteraksi, bekerja sama mengerjakan tugas-tugas yang saling berkaitran untuk mencapai satu tujuan yang telah ditetapkan. Didalam organisasi terdapat banyak aspek salah satunya ada orang-orang. Orang-orang yang ada didalam organisasi dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu : 1. Managerial (Manajer) Yaitu orang yang diberikan kewenangan, otoritas untuk mengkordinasikan, memantau, mengontrol pekerjaan orang lain (para staf / para bawahan). Sehingga manajer harus mampu menggerakan para karyawannya untuk menggerakkan segenap potensi yang dimilikinya dalam rangka mencapai tujuan. 2. Non Managerial / Employees (Karyawan biasa) |
| Date: | 2023–11–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:98zd7_v1 |
| By: | Sebastian Heise; Justin R. Pierce; Georg Schaur; Peter K. Schott |
| Abstract: | Heise et al. (2021) develop a model-based empirical measure—sellers per shipment (SPS)—to characterize how firms organize supply chains in response to a quality control problem. High SPS indicates spot-market purchasing with costly inspections, while low SPS suggests long-term relationships where buyers pay an incentive premium to prevent cheating. Here, we document intuitive variation in US importers' SPS across sectors, and that show shipping characteristics such as average price, quantity shipped and shipment frequency are in each sector consistent with the model of sourcing developed in Heise et al. (2021), providing further confidence in the measure. |
| Keywords: | Supply chain; Uncertainty; Trade war; Procurement |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F15 F23 |
| Date: | 2025–02–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgif:1405 |
| By: | Salsabila, Aina Ayu |
| Abstract: | This review explores the impact of evolving consumer culture on modern educational institutions and the imperative for strategic business formulation. As consumer culture undergoes significant transformations driven by technology and changing values, students now seek personalized, industry-relevant education experiences. Through a comprehensive literature review, author identify the need to adapt curriculum, form industry partnerships, enhance marketing, promote diversity, and maintain affordability. The review highlights the importance of strategic business formulation and offers insights for educational leaders, contributing to a holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities posed by evolving consumer culture in education. |
| Date: | 2023–11–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4j7bf_v1 |
| By: | Beth Hammack |
| Abstract: | In my remarks today, I will focus on a couple of financial market developments that are on my personal radar: the considerable growth in private credit and hedge fund leverage. For both, it’s incumbent on us to be mindful of the financial stability tradeoffs of allowing or curtailing these activities through regulation, because any time we try to fix one problem, we may end up creating another. This is what the economist Ed Kane termed the “regulatory dialectic.” The rules we set up through regulation have consequences; they provide financial institutions with incentives and choices in how to respond. And if there’s one thing we know about profit-maximizing financial institutions, it’s that they are very good at following incentives. Finally, I will conclude with a brief overview of how I view current financial conditions and their implications for monetary policy, and I will raise a third potential financial stability risk: the likelihood that the long-term neutral real rate has shifted higher and the possibility that it may now be back above 2 percent. |
| Date: | 2025–02–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedcsp:99627 |