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on International Trade |
| By: | Choi, Wonseok (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | This article explores the challenges and transformations in global economic governance, particularly in the context of China's rise, widening trade disputes, and the retreat of globalization. It discusses the reorganization of global supply chains and their implications for Korea, focusing on the policies of key countries like the United States, the European Union (EU), and China towards stabilizing and reorganizing supply chains, with an emphasis on transitioning to a green industrial structure and improving domestic industrial competitiveness, particularly in the semiconductor and secondary battery industries. Accordingly, this article analyzes Korea's dependency on imports for semiconductors and secondary batteries, noting significant increases in imports and the diversification of import sources. The analysis reveals Korea's high import dependence on specific countries for critical goods and materials, emphasizing the importance of supply chain cooperation with countries that have global export competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | Global Supply Chain; Trade Disputes; Semiconductor; Secondary Batteries |
| Date: | 2024–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2024_006&r=int |
| By: | Lloyd, S. P.; Marin, E. A. |
| Abstract: | How does the conduct of optimal cross-border financial policy change with prevailing trade agreements? We study the joint optimal determination of trade policy and capital-flow management in a two-country, two-good model with trade in goods and assets. While the cooperative optimal allocation is efficient and involves no intervention, a country planner acting unilaterally can achieve higher domestic welfare by departing from free trade in addition to levying capital controls. However, time variation in the optimal tariff induces households to over- or under-borrow through its effects on the real exchange rate. In response to fluctuations where incentives for the planner to manipulate the terms of trade inter-and intra-temporally are aligned-e.g., the availability of domestic goods changes, or when faced with trade disruptions to imports-optimal capital controls are larger when used in conjunction with optimal tariffs. In contrast, when the incentives are misaligned, the optimal trade tariff partly substitutes for the use of capital controls. Accounting for strategic interactions, we show that committing to a free-trade agreement can reduce incentives to engage in costly capital-control wars. |
| Keywords: | Capital-Flow Management, Free-Trade Agreements, Ramsey Policy, Tariffs, Trade Policy |
| JEL: | F13 F32 F33 F38 |
| Date: | 2023–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2307&r=int |
| By: | Jing-Woei Chien; Lawrence Edwards; Ayanda Hlatshwayo |
| Abstract: | Using highly disaggregated customs-transaction-level data, we study the importer price effects of tariffs in the context of preferential trade agreements for South African imports of frozen bone-in chicken. We focus first on the firm-level impact of tariffs on import prices. Findings suggest no pass-through effect from changes in tariffs but our quantity analysis contradicts this, indicating adjustments consistent with higher landed prices. |
| Keywords: | Preferential trade agreements, South Africa, Import, Poultry |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-17&r=int |
| By: | Paine, Joshua; Sheargold, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | Commitments to facilitate climate friendly FDI increasingly feature in investment facilitation agreements, in broader trade agreements and in non-binding green economy agreements. This Perspective argues that commitments for ongoing cooperation, which identify shared priorities and establish mechanisms for implementation, are a concrete way for treaties to facilitate climate friendly FDI. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:289491&r=int |
| By: | Joachim Wagner (Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre and Kiel Centre for Globalization) |
| Abstract: | The use of digital technologies like artificial intelligence, robotics, or smart devices can be expected to go hand in hand with higher productivity and lower trade costs, and, therefore, to be positively related to export activities. This paper uses firm level data for manufacturing enterprises from the 27 member countries of the European Union to shed further light on this issue by investigating the link between the digitalization intensity of a firm and extensive margins of exports. Applying a new machine-learning estimator, Kernel-Regularized Least Squares (KRLS), which does not impose any restrictive assumptions for the functional form of the relation between margins of exports, digitalization intensity, and any control variables, we find that firms which use more digital technologies do more often export, do more often export to various destinations all over the world, and do export to more different destinations |
| Keywords: | Digital technologies, exports, firm level data, Flash Eurobarometer 486, kernel-regularized least squares (KRLS) |
| JEL: | D22 F14 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lue:wpaper:428&r=int |
| By: | Soheila Khajoui; Saeid Dehyadegari; Sayyed Abdolmajid Jalaee |
| Abstract: | This study aims at predicting the impact of e-commerce indicators on international trade of the selected OECD countries and Iran, by using the artificial intelligence approach and P-VAR. According to the nature of export, import, GDP, and ICT functions, and the characteristics of nonlinearity, this analysis is performed by using the MPL neural network. The export, import, GDP, and ICT findings were examined with 99 percent accuracy. Using the P-VAR model in the Eviews software, the initial database and predicted data were applied to estimate the impact of e-commerce on international trade. The findings from analyzing the data show that there is a bilateral correlation between e-commerce which means that ICT and international trade affect each other and the Goodness of fit of the studied model is confirmed. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2403.20310&r=int |
| By: | Bradley, Sebastien (Drexel University School of Economics); Flórez, Javier (Vienna University of Economics and Business); Larch, Mario (University of Bayreuth); Yotov, Yoto (Drexel University, School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces the Granular Trade and Production Activities (GRANTPA) database, which covers international trade flows for 3, 124 products and 247 countries over the period 1995-2019 as well as domestic trade flows and production data for the same number of products and years for a subset of 35 European economies. The original data sources that we employ are Eurostat's Comext and Prodcom databases. A gravity application delivers a large set of product-level “home bias” estimates, which cannot be obtained without domestic trade flows. The average estimates on the standard gravity variables in our model (e.g., distance) are comparable to those from the related literature. However, our disaggregated estimates are very heterogeneous across products, thus highlighting the importance of our new database. |
| Keywords: | Gravity Data; Structural Gravity; Domestic Trade Flows; Disaggregated Gravity Estimates; Home Bias Estimates |
| JEL: | C81 F13 F14 |
| Date: | 2024–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:drxlwp:2024_001&r=int |
| By: | Gupta, Anandita (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy); Pandey, Radhika (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy); Sapatnekar, Sanhita (Department of Economics, University of Navarra, Spain) |
| Abstract: | In May 2023, the European Union (EU) implemented the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to prevent carbon leakage risks associated with its ambitious climate policies. Examining CBAM in conjunction with the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the paper highlights potential CBAM implications and discusses proposals to address key issues. CBAM is likely to impact exporters’ profitability and trade competitiveness, favouring nations with faster decarbonisation ability and robust carbon pricing systems. The paper advocates for non-EU countries to strengthen their emissions monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems and carbon pricing frameworks. For India, changing the nomenclature of the coal component under the GST Compensation Cess to a ‘carbon tax’ could be considered to reduce industries’ potential carbon liabilities. The development of India’s national emissions trading system could consider CBAM-related impacts, international standards, and insights from other jurisdictions, to strengthen its carbon market and achieve its climate commitments. Lastly, the paper highlights the need for a task force under the leadership of the Prime Minister for continuous engagement on evolving carbon market issues and the dynamic global trade landscape. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:npf:wpaper:24/408&r=int |
| By: | Samuel Pienknagura |
| Abstract: | Curbing carbon emissions to meet the targets set in the Paris Agreement requires the deployment of low carbon technologies (LCTs) at a global scale. This paper assesses the role of climate and trade policies in fostering LCT diffusion through trade. Leveraging a comprehensive database of climate policies and a new database identifying trade in low carbon technologies and the tariffs applied to these goods, this paper shows that the introduction of new climate policies has a positive and significant impact on LCT imports. Zooming into specific climate policies, the paper finds that, except for non-binding ones, all climate policies stimulate LCT imports. The paper also highlights the role of trade policies as an engine of LCT diffusion—reductions in tariffs applied on LCT goods have a sizeable impact on LCT imports. On the flip side, results suggest that more protectionist measures would impede the spread of low-carbon technologies. |
| Keywords: | Climate policies; trade; low carbon technologies; technological diffusion. |
| Date: | 2024–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/075&r=int |
| By: | West Togbetse (Université d’Orléans); Camelia Turcu |
| Abstract: | In this study, we assess the effect of natural resources on FDI flows to Africa within the energy transition context. To do this, and given China’s growing presence in Africa, we focus only on China as a main investor in Africa. We analyze its outward FDI flows, at micro and macro level to 30 African countries over a 19-year period (2000 to 2018). Our results show that not all natural resources are attractive factors for FDI. Mineral resources and natural gas were found to be key determinants of Chinese FDI while oil resources have a negative impact on Chinese FDI flows to Africa. These results might suggest an engagement in the energy transition process which requires specific mineral resources. |
| Keywords: | FDI , natural resources, energy transition |
| JEL: | F |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inf:wpaper:2023.15&r=int |
| By: | Yushi Yoshida; Junko Shimizu; Takatoshi Ito; Kiyotaka Sato; Taiyo Yoshimi; Uraku Yoshimoto |
| Abstract: | Japanese exporters’ choice of invoice currencies is investigated using newly available official Customs declaration data, which records detailed information, including the trading partners’ names, invoicing currency, and product descriptions. The strategic complementarity mechanism, that is, choosing the same invoice currency as others in the same industry or the same destination market, is found among Japanese exporters. We propose the “broad two-way exporters” whose export destinations and import origins do not necessarily match and the “narrow two-way exporters” whose export destination and import origins match in the same year. It is found that currency matching for exports and imports is as essential as strategic complementarity for two-way exporters, regardless of dominant currency, producer currency, or local currency invoicing. However, as one of this paper’s novelty, we found evidence that newly entering two-way exporters are less concerned about currency matching. Therefore, the currency matching mechanism for two-way exporters is gradually formed as they continue to survive in international markets. |
| JEL: | F14 F31 F61 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32276&r=int |
| By: | Jean-Marc Fournier; Tannous Kass-Hanna; Liam Masterson; Anne-Charlotte Paret; Sneha D Thube |
| Abstract: | We quantify cross-border effects of the recent climate mitigation policies introduced in Canada and the U.S., using the global general equilibrium model IMF-ENV. Notably, with the substantial emission reductions from Canada’s carbon tax-led mitigation policies and the U.S.’ Inflation Reduction Act, these two countries would bridge two-thirds of the gap toward their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) goals. While the broadly divergent policies are believed to elicit competitiveness concerns, we find the aggregate cross-border effects within North America to be very limited and restricted to the energy intensive and trade exposed industries. Potential carbon leakages are also found to be negligible. A more meaningful difference triggered by policy heterogeneity is rather domestic, especially with U.S. subsidies increasing energy output while the Canada model with a carbon tax would marginally decrease it. This analysis is complemented by a stylized model illustrating how such divergence can affect the terms of trade, but also how these effects can be countered by exchange rate flexibility, border adjustments or domestic taxation. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy; Climate Change Policy; Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs); Mitigation; Climate subsidies; Carbon Tax; Carbon pricing; Spillovers; North America; Global; IMF-ENV model; Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models; Competitiveness; Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG); Revenue Recycling; Inflation Reduction Act (IRA); Power; Electricity |
| Date: | 2024–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/068&r=int |
| By: | Julien Martin (UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Isabelle Mejean (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Mathieu Parenti (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, ULB - Université libre de Bruxelles, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR) |
| Abstract: | We study how stickiness in business relationships influences the trade impact of aggregate uncertainty. To begin, we construct a product-level index of relationship stickiness using firm-to-firm relationship duration data. We then demonstrate how relationship stickiness shapes trade dynamics in response to uncertainty shocks. We find that episodes of uncertainty lead to a decline in the overall establishment of new business relationships, with the impact varying depending on the level of stickiness. In markets characterized by high stickiness, uncertainty shocks primarily impede investments in new firm-to-firm relationships. In contrast, for non-sticky products, the adjustment to uncertainty shocks mainly manifests as the disruption of existing relationships. |
| Keywords: | international trade, economic uncertainty, relationship stickiness |
| Date: | 2023–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04516313&r=int |
| By: | Matteo Crosignani; Lina Han; Marco Macchiavelli; André F. Silva |
| Abstract: | Governments increasingly use export controls to limit the spread of domestic cutting-edge technologies to other countries. The sectors that are currently involved in this geopolitical race include semiconductors, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence. Despite their growing adoption, little is known about the effect of export controls on supply chains and the productive sector at large. Do export controls induce a selective decoupling of the targeted goods and sectors? How do global customer-supplier relations react to export controls? What are their effects on the productive sector? In this post, which is based on a related staff report, we analyze the supply chain reconfiguration and associated financial and real effects following the imposition of export controls by the U.S. government. |
| Keywords: | geopolitical risk; Export controls; decoupling; supply chains |
| JEL: | G12 F51 F38 |
| Date: | 2024–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:98060&r=int |
| By: | Matthieu Crozet (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - Université Paris-Saclay); Laura Hering (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Sandra Poncet (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Abstract Export growth affects individuals through numerous and contradictory channels. In China, the development of exports has promoted economic development and income growth, but it has also disrupted social structures and work environments. This paper explores the overall effect of exports on perceived well-being by combining responses from a large longitudinal survey covering over 45, 000 Chinese with a shift-share measure of local export opportunities. Results show that individuals' perceived life satisfaction increases significantly in prefectures that benefited from greater export opportunities, despite a negative effect on self-reported health. The positive well-being gains go beyond a simple income effect. These non-monetary gains are related to the individuals' professional life: export-related well-being gains are stronger for working-age individuals (especially men and low-skilled workers), are largest for workers in the manufacturing sector (which produces the vast majority of China's exports), and are found when the satisfaction indicator focuses on work but not on other aspects of daily life. |
| Keywords: | Happiness Export opportunities Globalization China. JEL codes: F61 F66 I31 J28, Happiness, Export opportunities, Globalization, China. JEL codes: F61, F66, I31, J28 |
| Date: | 2024–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04505684&r=int |
| By: | Etienne Fakaba Sissoko (USSGB - Université des sciences sociales et de gestion de Bamako); Daman-Guilé Diawara (USSGB - Université des sciences sociales et de gestion de Bamako); Madiouma Kone (USSGB - Université des sciences sociales et de gestion de Bamako); Khalid Dembele (USSGB - Université des sciences sociales et de gestion de Bamako) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of politics on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Mali from 2002 to 2022, a period characterized by significant political and economic transformations. The main objective is to determine the extent to which political stability influences FDI flows in a developing African context. Methodologically, this research adopts a mixed approach. It utilizes an Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for quantitative analysis of macroeconomic data, and a series of semi-structured interviews with 20 key stakeholders, including business leaders, economists, and policymakers, for in-depth qualitative exploration. The findings reveal that, contrary to expectations, an improvement in political stability does not necessarily correlate with an increase in FDI. In fact, better political stability was correlated with a decrease in long-term FDI, suggesting that investors may favor markets with a certain degree of risk. Additionally, the population (POP) emerged as a constraint on FDI, highlighting the importance of labor quality and internal market development policies. This study enriches the existing literature on FDI in developing countries by providing insights into the complex interplay between politics, economy, and foreign investments in a specific African country. It underscores the importance for policymakers to adopt a holistic approach to attract FDI, going beyond political stability and incorporating economic policies and human capital development. |
| Abstract: | Résumé Cette étude analyse l'impact de la politique sur les Investissements Directs Étrangers (IDE) au Mali de 2002 à 2022, une période marquée par d'importantes transformations politiques et économiques. L'objectif principal est de déterminer dans quelle mesure la stabilité politique influence les flux d'IDE dans un contexte africain en développement. Méthodologiquement, cette recherche adopte une approche mixte. Elle utilise un modèle Auto-Régressif à Délais Distribués (ARDL) pour l'analyse quantitative des données macroéconomiques, et une série d'entretiens semi-structurés avec 20 acteurs clés, incluant des chefs d'entreprises, des économistes et des décideurs politiques, pour une exploration qualitative approfondie. Les résultats montrent que, contrairement aux attentes, une amélioration de la stabilité politique n'est pas nécessairement associée à une augmentation des IDE. En fait, une meilleure stabilité politique a été corrélée à une diminution des IDE à long terme, ce qui suggère que les investisseurs peuvent privilégier des marchés présentant un certain degré de risque. Par ailleurs, la population (POP) est apparue comme un frein aux IDE, mettant en évidence l'importance de la qualité de la main-d'œuvre et des politiques de développement du marché intérieur. Cette étude enrichit la littérature existante sur les IDE dans les pays en développement, en fournissant des insights sur l'interaction complexe entre la politique, l'économie et les investissements étrangers dans un pays africain spécifique. Elle souligne l'importance pour les décideurs politiques d'adopter une approche holistique pour attirer les IDE, en allant au-delà de la stabilité politique et en intégrant des politiques économiques et de développement du capital humain. Mots clés : Investissements Directs Étrangers ; Stabilité Politique ; Mali ; Démocratie ; Développement Économique Classification JEL : F21; O1; P16; F23; F63 Type de l'article : Article empirique Abstract This study examines the impact of politics on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Mali from 2002 to 2022, a period characterized by significant political and economic transformations. The main objective is to determine the extent to which political stability influences FDI flows in a developing African context. Methodologically, this research adopts a mixed approach. It utilizes an Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for quantitative analysis of macroeconomic data, and a series of semi-structured interviews with 20 key stakeholders, including business leaders, economists, and policymakers, for in-depth qualitative exploration. The findings reveal that, contrary to expectations, an improvement in political stability does not necessarily correlate with an increase in FDI. In fact, better political stability was correlated with a decrease in long-term FDI, suggesting that investors may favor markets with a certain degree of risk. Additionally, the population (POP) emerged as a constraint on FDI, highlighting the importance of labor quality and internal market development policies. This study enriches the existing literature on FDI in developing countries by providing insights into the complex interplay between politics, economy, and foreign investments in a specific African country. It underscores the importance for policymakers to adopt a holistic approach to attract FDI, going beyond political stability and incorporating economic policies and human capital development. Keyboard: Foreign Direct Investment; Political Stability; Mali; Democracy; Economic Development Classification JEL : F21 ; O1 ; P16 ; F23 ; F63 Type of Article : Empirical Resarch Etienne Fakaba SISSOKO, (Docteur en Macroéconomie Internationale) Centre de Recherche et d'Analyses Politiques, Économiques et Sociales (CRAPES) Université des Sciences Sociales et de Gestion de Bamako (USSGB) Faculté des Sciences Économiques et de Gestion (FSEG), Mali Daman-Guilé DIAWARA, (Docteur en Sciences Économiques) Centre Universitaire en Recherche Économique et Sociale (CURES) Faculté des Sciences Économiques et de Gestion de Bamako (FSEG) Université des Sciences Sociales et de Gestion (USSGB), Mali Madiouma KONE, (Docteur en Sciences Économiques) Centre Universitaire en Recherche Économique et Sociale (CURES) Faculté des Sciences Économiques et de Gestion de Bamako (FSEG) Université des Sciences Sociales et de Gestion (USSGB), Mali Khalid DEMBELE, (Docteur en Sciences Économiques) Centre de Recherche et d'Analyses Politiques, Économiques et Sociales (CRAPES) Faculté des Sciences Économiques et de Gestion de Bamako (FSEG) Université des Sciences Sociales et de Gestion (USSGB), Mali |
| Keywords: | Investissements Directs Étrangers Stabilité Politique Mali Démocratie Développement Économique Classification JEL : F21 O1 P16 F23 F63 Foreign Direct Investment Political Stability Mali Democracy Economic Development Classification JEL : F21 O1 P16 F23, Investissements Directs Étrangers, Stabilité Politique, Mali, Démocratie, Développement Économique Classification JEL : F21, O1, P16, F23, F63 Foreign Direct Investment, Political Stability, Democracy, Economic Development Classification JEL : F21 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04511928&r=int |
| By: | Compton, Ryan A.; Craig, Andrea N.; Heger, Dörte; Skogstad, Karl |
| Abstract: | Using multiple waves of Statistics Canada's Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) linked with the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB), as well as the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)/ International Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO) Armed Conflict Dataset, we examine the effect of exposure to pre-migration conflict on the post-migration physical health outcomes of immigrants to Canada. Our results demonstrate that immigrants from conflict zones face unique physical health challenges that continue post-migration. Better understanding these challenges will help health policy makers and providers to better respond to the needs of people migrating from these regions of the world. |
| Abstract: | Wir kombinieren Daten des Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) von Statistics Canada mit der Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) sowie dem Armed Conflict Dataset des Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)/International Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO), um die Auswirkung gewaltsamer Konflikte vor der Migration auf die körperliche Gesundheit von Einwanderinnen und Einwanderern nach Kanada zu untersuchen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer aus Konfliktgebieten verstärkt gesundheitliche Probleme haben, die auch nach der Migration bestehen bleiben. Ein besseres Verständnis dieses Zusammenhangs ermöglicht es Gesundheitspolitikern und -anbietern, besser auf die Bedürfnisse von Menschen zu reagieren, die aus Konfliktregionen migrieren. |
| Keywords: | Conflict, health, refugees, immigrants, Canada |
| JEL: | I10 J15 D74 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:287764&r=int |
| By: | Mohamadian, Mehdi (Provincial Health Service Authority of British Columbia); Javdani, Mohsen (Simon Fraser University); Heroux-Legault, Maxime (University of British Columbia, Okanagan) |
| Abstract: | We explore the evolution and determinants of attitudes towards immigration in Canada, utilizing Canadian Election Studies surveys from 1988 to 2019. Our analysis indicates a notable trend: a consistent decrease in anti-immigrant sentiments until the mid-2000s, followed by a shift around 2008 towards gradually more negative attitudes towards immigration. To better understand the factors influencing these attitudes, we examine a comprehensive set of variables. While economic factors seem to have some association with these attitudes, our findings more significantly underscore the role of group-level socio-psychological factors. Additionally, our analysis identifies an emerging polarization along political party lines beginning around 2006. Assessing the relative impact of these factors, our analysis suggests that political party identification has become increasingly significant in influencing attitudes toward immigration. |
| Keywords: | public attitudes towards immigration, socio-psychological factors, social identity, immigration |
| JEL: | J15 D72 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izapps:pp211&r=int |
| By: | Kwon, Ohyun (Drexel University School of Economics); Zhao, Hao (School of Environmental and Natural Resources, and Institute of Ecological Civilization, Renmin University of China); Zhao, Min Qiang (MOE Key Laboratory of Econometrics, the Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics, Xiamen University) |
| Abstract: | We propose a novel method for calculating product-level emission intensities (PLEI) at highly disaggregate level (Harmonized System 6-digit) for nine emission categories. This method effectively disentangles PLEI from the firm-level efficiency factor that varies across firms and years. Utilizing firm-level emissions data from China for the period 2000–2013, our analysis shows that: (i) there is substantial heterogeneity in PLEI across different products; (ii) the 10% most emission-intensive products contribute to nearly 75% of total emissions, while comprising only 4% of total exports; (iii) a less aggregate categorization of products markedly underestimates the variation in emission intensities; and (iv) China’s export profile shows no tendency towards specialization in products with high emission intensity. |
| Keywords: | International trade; Emission intensities; China |
| JEL: | D22 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:drxlwp:2024_004&r=int |
| By: | Backes, Annika; Müller, Steffen |
| Abstract: | We provide first evidence for the long-run causal impact that Chinese imports to European regions had on voting outcomes and revisit earlier estimates of the short-run impact for a methodological reason. The fringes of the political spectrum gained ground many years after the China shock plateaued and, unlike an earlier study by Colantone and Stanig (2018b), we do not find any robust evidence for a short-run effect on far-right votes. Instead, far-left and populist parties gained in the short run. We identify persistent long-run effects of import shocks on voting. These effects are biased towards populism and, to a lesser extent, to the far-right. |
| Keywords: | globalization, import shocks, populism, voting behavior |
| JEL: | D72 F6 J2 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:287751&r=int |
| By: | Oded Galor; Marc Kemp; Daniel C. Wainstock |
| Abstract: | Evidence suggests that the prehistoric out-of-Africa Migration has impacted the degree of intra-population genetic and phenotypic diversity across the globe. This paper provides the first evidence that this migration has shaped cultural diversity. Leveraging a folklore catalogue of 958 oral traditions across the world, we find that ethnic groups further away from East Africa along the migratory routes have lower folkloric diversity. This pattern is consistent with the compression of genetic, phenotypic, and phonemic traits along the out-of-Africa migration routes, setting conditions for the emergence and proliferation of differential cultural diversity and economic development across the world. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bro:econwp:2023-002&r=int |
| By: | Angenendt, Steffen; Biehler, Nadine; Bossong, Raphael; Kipp, David; Koch, Anne |
| Abstract: | In many European countries, the number of asylum applications continues to rise, as does the appeal of right-wing populist parties. In response, initiatives such as the British government's Rwanda Plan and the Italian government's agreement with Albania aim to significantly reduce the number of arrivals by transferring asylum procedures and refugee protection to third countries. It is worth noting that although similar proposals in the past have never progressed beyond the idea stage, concrete implementation procedures are currently under discussion for Rwanda and Albania. However, there are several legal and normative concerns as well as practical challenges that need to be carefully considered. These approaches would fundamentally jeopardise international refugee protection and harm vital foreign policy interests as well as the credibility of the development cooperation of Germany and the European Union (EU). |
| Keywords: | European refugee protection, asylum applications, Pacific Solution, Rwanda Plan, agreement with Albania, Germany, European Union (EU), Refugee Convention, European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:289488&r=int |
| By: | Gaffney, John |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were established to end extreme poverty, tackle inequality and injustice and safeguard against climate change. This Perspective proposes three ways in which future BITs could be redesigned to ensure respect for SDGs and help minimize any negative impact that FDI might have on sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:289490&r=int |
| By: | Vu Chau; Mrs. Marina Conesa Martinez; Mr. Taehoon Kim; John A Spray |
| Abstract: | We study the inflationary impacts of pandemic lockdown shocks and fiscal and monetary stimulus during 2020-2022 using a novel harmonized dataset of sectoral producer price inflation and input-output linkages for more than 1000 sectors in 53 countries. The inflationary impact of shocks is identified via a Bartik shift-share design, where shares reflect the heterogeneous sectoral exposure to shocks and are derived from a macroeconomic model of international production network. We find that pandemic lockdowns, and subsequent reopening policies, were the most dominant driver of global inflation in this period, especially through their impact on aggregate demand. We provide a decomposition of lockdown shock by sources, and find that between 20-30 percent of the demand effect of lockdown/reopening is due to spillover from abroad. Finally, while fiscal and monetary policies played an important role in preventing deflation in 2020, their effects diminished in the recovery years. |
| Keywords: | Inflation; global value chains; network; pandemic; spillovers |
| Date: | 2024–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/062&r=int |
| By: | Melo-Velasco, Jenny; Padilla-Quiñonez, Claudina; Colindres, Mirian; Ceballos-Sierra, Federico; Wiegel, Jennifer |
| Abstract: | Under the new EU deforestation regulation (EUDR), dated 31/05/2023, coffee producers and other producers of other significant commodities —cocoa, oil palm, rubber, soya, cattle, and wood— will have to comply with three aspects to export their products into the European Un ion. These aspects are i) Deforestation-free; 2) Production under the relevant legislation of the country of production; and 3) Due diligence statement. (Council of the European Union, 2022). These conditions are designed to minimize the European Union's impact on global deforestation and forest degradation, and to reduce its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding this regulation, set to be enforced by December 30th, 2024, is crucial for coffee farmers who may face challenges due to the regulation's definition of deforestation, which includes forest-to-agroforestry conversion (Naranjo et al., 2023). For the Honduran coffee sector, where coffee is the primary agricultural export crop, with over 120, 000 coffee farms making a significant contribution to a third of the agricultural GDP (IHCAFE, 2021), comprehending this regulation is essential. In examining the aspects of the EUDR, we encounter a complex interplay of definitions, ac tors, and processes that necessitate in-depth exploration to grasp their nuances and specific challenges. A transversal aspect involves how all the new information requested by this regulation is going to be collected, cleaned, integrated, stored, analyzed, reported, audited and updated. This paper aims to illuminate these processes by focusing on the existing and potential linkages among three traceability tools currently under development in the Honduran coffee sector. |
| Keywords: | deforestation; traceability; coffee industry; regulations; emission reduction; forestry; Hondura; Central America |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:138419&r=int |
| By: | Yun-Shi Dai; Peng-Fei Dai; Wei-Xing Zhou |
| Abstract: | The current international landscape is turbulent and unstable, with frequent outbreaks of geopolitical conflicts worldwide. Geopolitical risk has emerged as a significant threat to regional and global peace, stability, and economic prosperity, causing serious disruptions to the global food system and food security. Focusing on the international food market, this paper builds different dimensions of geopolitical risk measures based on the random matrix theory and constructs single- and two-factor GJR-GARCH-MIDAS models with fixed time span and rolling window, respectively, to investigate the impact of geopolitical risk on food market volatility. The findings indicate that modeling based on rolling window performs better in describing the overall volatility of the wheat, maize, soybean, and rice markets, and the two-factor models generally exhibit stronger explanatory power in most cases. In terms of short-term fluctuations, all four staple food markets demonstrate obvious volatility clustering and high volatility persistence, without significant asymmetry. Regarding long-term volatility, the realized volatility of wheat, maize, and soybean significantly exacerbates their long-run market volatility. Additionally, geopolitical risks of different dimensions show varying directions and degrees of effects in explaining the long-term market volatility of the four staple food commodities. This study contributes to the understanding of the macro-drivers of food market fluctuations, provides useful information for investment using agricultural futures, and offers valuable insights into maintaining the stable operation of food markets and safeguarding global food security. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.01641&r=int |