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on Innovation |
| By: | Adrien HERVOUET; Emmanuel LORENZON; Cesare RIGHI; Valerio STERZI |
| Abstract: | We study operating companies’ delegation of patent enforcement to patent assertion entities, a practice called “patent privateering.” Using a privateer may allow an operating company to generate higher patent revenues, increase rivals’ costs with “stealth” attacks, and limit the legal responsibilities to bear litigation costs. Using data on European patent transfers and patent infringement litigation in five large European jurisdictions in 2010-2020, we show that patent privateering is more likely to occur for patents with relatively lower economic value, for standard essential patents, and when the target of patent assertion is a competitor of the operating company. |
| Keywords: | intellectual property; patent; patent privateering; patent litigation; patent assertion enentity; SEP |
| JEL: | K11 K41 O31 O34 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2023-10&r=ino |
| By: | Nicoletta Corrocher; Simone Maria Grabner; Andrea Morrison |
| Abstract: | To promote a more environmentally sustainable economy, countries need to broaden their innovation activities to include green technologies. In this process, the increasing global interconnectedness and internationalisation of innovative activities underlines the growing importance of external knowledge linkages. This paper examines how different categories of countries - technological leaders, catching-up countries and follower countries - diversify into green technologies by exploiting different types of external linkages through co-inventions with international partners. The dataset covers 49 countries over a period of 40 years. The results show that it is complementary linkages, rather than external linkages alone, that facilitate related diversification in the green sector. Moreover, while complementary linkages have a significant impact on the ability of catching-up countries and followers to diversify into less complex and widely diffused green technologies, the diversification pattern of leaders is more oriented towards complex technologies in their early stages. Therefore, green technology development policies should actively promote international cooperation as it has the potential to catalyse green catching-up and foster sustainable growth. |
| Keywords: | technological diversification, green technologies, co-inventor linkages, relatedness, catching-up |
| JEL: | O33 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2404&r=ino |
| By: | NIREI Makoto; OIKAWA Koki; OROKU Masahiro |
| Abstract: | Patents applied by private firms occasionally cite scientific papers. We regard these citations as a signal that the research project of the applying firms involves basic research, and examine the relationship between basic research and firm performance. Firms conducting basic research are more likely to earn higher profit margins, while no monotonic relationship is observed between basic research and sales size. We then construct an endogenous growth model incorporating the basic research investment by heterogeneous firms. Firms' decisions regarding basic research depend on firm size, the necessity for basic research for developing their products, and the degree of knowledge spillover from external basic research results. Quantitative analysis using this model reveals how basic research spillover effects impact economic growth, and how declining R&D efficiency, which has been reported in the literature in recent years, leads to lower growth. Furthermore, we compare public basic research investment with basic research subsidies and demonstrate that the latter is more efficient as a growth policy. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:24013&r=ino |
| By: | Berkes, Enrico; Coluccia, Davide M.; Dossi, Gaia Greta; Squicciarini, Mara P. |
| Abstract: | How do societies respond to adversity? After a negative shock, separate strands of research document either an increase in religiosity or a boost in innovation efforts. In this paper, we show that both reactions can occur at the same time, driven by different individuals within society. The setting of our study is the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States. To measure religiosity, we construct a novel indicator based on naming patterns of newborns. We measure innovation through the universe of granted patents. Exploiting plausibly exogenous county-level variation in exposure to the pandemic, we provide evidence that more-affected counties become both more religious and more innovative. Looking within counties, we uncover heterogeneous responses: individuals from more religious backgrounds further embrace religion, while those from less religious backgrounds become more likely to choose a scientific occupation. Facing adversity widens the distance in religiosity between science-oriented individuals and the rest of the population, and it increases the polarization of religious beliefs. |
| Keywords: | religiosity; science; innovation; great influenza pandemic |
| JEL: | J24 N13 Z12 |
| Date: | 2023–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121318&r=ino |
| By: | Héloïse Berkowitz (LEST - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie du Travail - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Antoine Souchaud (NEOMA - Neoma Business School, i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Successive digital innovations create technologically-induced governance gaps that make public regulation quickly obsolete and that might be filled by sectoral governance. The literature has shown that most sectoral governance happens at the level of meta-organizations, organizations whose members are themselves organizations, although we lack a temporal understanding of this phenomenon. Further, while regulation is generally understood as a salient function of innovation intermediaries, the literature on innovation intermediaries has focused mostly on other functions such as idea sourcing, knowledge sharing, or capacity building. We know relatively little about regulatory innovation intermediaries, especially how they might evolve in response to the emergence of technologically-induced governance gaps. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth case study of the evolutions of the FinTech sector in France over almost 30 years, using more than 3000 minutes of interviews, 4500 pages of archives, and non-participant observations. We study three successive (non)digital financial innovations: business angels, crowdfunding platforms for SMEs, and blockchain technologies. We develop a meta-organizational analysis to investigate meta-organizations as regulatory innovation intermediaries. We describe the evolutions and interrelations of new technologies and meta-organizations, and unpack mechanisms of meta-organizational capacity building for multiple contributors, effects of innovation on organizationality and trajectories of meta-organizational filiation. |
| Keywords: | regulatory innovation intermediary, meta-organization, innovation, governance gap, technologically induced, innovation intermediaries, regulation, organizationality |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04228083&r=ino |
| By: | Arntz, Melanie (ZEW Mannheim); Genz, Sabrina (Utrecht University); Gregory, Terry (LISER); Lehmer, Florian (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg); Zierahn-Weilage, Ulrich (Utrecht University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the extent to which aggregate-level de-routinization can be attributed to firm-level technology adoption during the most recent technological expansion. We use administrative data and a novel firm survey to distinguish frontier technologies from older technologies. We find that adopters of frontier technologies contribute substantially to deroutinization. However, this is driven only by a subset of these firms: large adopters replace routine jobs and less routine-intensive adopters experience faster growth. These scale and composition effects reflect firms' readiness to adopt and implement frontier technologies. Our results suggest that an acceleration of technology adoption would be associated with faster de-routinization and an increase in between-firm heterogeneity. |
| Keywords: | technology, automation, tasks, capital-labor substitution, decomposition |
| JEL: | J21 J23 J24 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16740&r=ino |
| By: | Busch, Malte; Duwe, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in innovation processes. Using the example of an innovation research institute, this paper examines the role that AI plays in the institute's innovation processes, how experts from the various departments assess the impact of AI and what challenges they see. The paper brings together findings from systematically analysed AI and innovation literature with the qualitative assessments of employees. |
| Abstract: | Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) spielt eine immer wichtigere Rolle in Innovationsprozessen. Am Beispiel eines Innovationsforschungsinstitut untersucht dieses Papier, welche Rolle KI in den Innovationsprozessen des Instituts spielt, wie die Experten aus den unterschiedlichen Abteilungen die Auswirkungen von KI einschätzen und welche Herausforderungen sie sehen. Das Papier bringt Erkenntnisse aus systematisch analysierter KI- und Innovationsliteratur mit den qualitativen Einschätzungen der Mitarbeiter zusammen. |
| Keywords: | Innovation process, Artificial intelligence (AI), Research Institute, Innovationsprozess, Künstliche Intelligenz (KI), Forschungsinsitut |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:281981&r=ino |
| By: | Antonio Rafael Ramos-Rodriguez; Salustiano Martinez-Fierro; Jose Aurelio Medina-Garrido; Jose Ruiz-Navarro |
| Abstract: | In the past 15 years, two international observatories have been intensively studying entrepreneurship using empirical studies with different methodologies: GEM and PSED. Both projects have generated a considerable volume of scientific production, and their intellectual structures are worth analyzing. The current work is an exploratory study of the knowledge base of the articles generated by each of these two observatories and published in prestigious journals. The value added of this work lies in its novel characterization of the intellectual structure of entrepreneurship according to the academic production of these two initiatives. The results may be of interest to the managers and members of these observatories, as well as to academics, researchers, sponsors and policymakers interested in entrepreneurship. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.13684&r=ino |
| By: | Guy Ben-Ishai; Jeff Dean; James Manyika; Ruth Porat; Hal Varian; Kent Walker |
| Abstract: | Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) marks a pivotal moment in human history. It presents the opportunity for machines to learn, adapt, and perform tasks that have the potential to assist people, from everyday activities to their most creative and ambitious projects. It could also help businesses and organizations harness knowledge, increase productivity, innovate, transform, and power shared prosperity. This tremendous potential raises two fundamental questions: (1) Will AI actually advance national and global economic transformation to benefit society at large? and (2) What issues must we get right to fully realize AI's economic value, expand prosperity and improve lives everywhere? We explore these questions by considering the recent history of technology and innovation as a guide for the likely impact of AI and what we must do to realize its economic potential to benefit society. While we do not presume the future will be entirely like that past, for reasons we will discuss, we do believe prior experience with technological change offers many useful lessons. We conclude that while progress in AI presents a historic opportunity to advance our economic prosperity and future wellbeing, its economic benefits will not come automatically and that AI risks exacerbating existing economic challenges unless we collectively and purposefully act to enable its potential and address its challenges. We suggest a collective policy agenda - involving developers, deployers and users of AI, infrastructure providers, policymakers, and those involved in workforce training - that may help both realize and harness AI's economic potential and address its risks to our shared prosperity. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.09718&r=ino |
| By: | SHIMIZU Hiroshi; WAKUTSU Naohiko |
| Abstract: | How does the existence or absence of employee startups influence the patterns of subsequent technological development? By studying the development of laser diode technology in the U.S. and Japan at both the inventor and organizational levels using the difference-in-differences approach, this study empirically examines the impact of opportunities for startups promoted by SBIR in the U.S. on the technological trajectory of existing technology. According to the estimation results, an increase in employee startups promoted by SBIR could impede the subsequent development of the current technology earlier and cause it to stagnate at a lower level than what could have been achieved with no employee startups (as seen in Japan). This implies that the cumulative effects of technological development could vanish if R&D personnel strategically exit their parent firms to target different submarkets. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:24012&r=ino |