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on Innovation |
| By: | Arora A.; Athreye S.; Huang C. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | We revisit the paradox of openness in the literature which consists of two conflicting views on the link between patenting and open innovation-the spillover prevention and the organisational openness views. We use the data from the Survey of Innovation and Patent Use and the Community Innovation Survey CIS6 in the UK to assess the empirical support for the distinct predictions of these theories. We argue that both patenting and external sourcing openness are jointly-determined decisions made by firms. Their relationship is contingent upon whether the firms are technically superior to their rivals and lead in the market or not. Leading firms are more vulnerable to unintended knowledge spillovers during collaboration as compared to followers, and consequently, the increase in patenting due to openness is higher for leaders than for followers. We develop a simple framework that allows us to formally derive the empirical implications of this hypothesis and test it by estimating whether the reduced form relationship between patenting and collaboration is stronger for leaders than for followers. |
| Keywords: | Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; Intellectual Property Rights; |
| JEL: | O32 O34 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015031&r=all |
| By: | Gault F. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the history of measurement of innovation using definitions in three editions of the Oslo Manual. It then draws on work on innovation in the public sector and innovation by households to generalise the Oslo Manual definitions for application in all sectors of the economy, as defined in the 2008 Manual for the System of National Accounts. The generalised, or meta-definitions are then discussed in the context of each sector and linked to current literature. Finally, the role of measurement in policy learning is considered as well as the importance of innovation indicators for the development, monitoring and evaluation of innovation policy across the economy. |
| Keywords: | Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data; Data Access; Technological Change; Research and Development; Intellectual Property Rights: General; Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives; Technological Change: Government Policy; Cultural Economics: Public Policy; |
| JEL: | C82 O30 O31 O38 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015038&r=all |
| By: | Bharat Diwakar; Gilad Sorek |
| Abstract: | We study growth-maximizing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policy for developing economy in a close Overlapping-Generations model. We first show that R&D-based growth in such economy is subject to threshold externalities and transitional dynamics. Then we show that the IPR policy that maximizes output growth rates is stage-dependent: in early phases of development weak IPR protection may be necessary to sustain and to fasten economic growth. This is because weaker IPR protection shifts income from the old to the young generation and thereby enhancing saving and investment, which otherwise are insu¢cient to initiate growth. However as the economy develops and growth sustains optimal IPR protection tightens. |
| Keywords: | Stage-Dependent IPR, OLG, Poverty Trap, Growth |
| JEL: | O31 O34 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abn:wpaper:auwp2015-16&r=all |
| By: | Kreuchauff, Florian; Korzinov, Vladimir |
| Abstract: | Emerging technologies are in the core focus of supra-national innovation policies. These strongly rely on credible data bases for being effective and efficient. However, since emerging technologies are not yet part of any official industry, patent or trademark classification systems, delineating boundaries to measure their early development stage is a nontrivial task. This paper is aimed to present a methodology to automatically classify patents as concerning service robots. We introduce a synergy of a traditional technology identification process, namely keyword extraction and verification by an expert community, with a machine learning algorithm. The result is a novel possibility to allocate patents which (1) reduces expert bias regarding vested interests on lexical query methods, (2) avoids problems with citational approaches, and (3) facilitates evolutionary changes. Based upon a small core set of worldwide service robotics patent applications we derive apt n-gram frequency vectors and train a support vector machine (SVM), relying only on titles, abstracts and IPC categorization of each document. Altering the utilized Kernel functions and respective parameters we reach a recall level of 83% and precision level of 85%. |
| Keywords: | Service Robotics,Search Strategy,Patent Query,Data Mining,Machine Learning,Support Vector Machine |
| JEL: | C02 C18 C45 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitwps:71&r=all |
| By: | Wree, Philipp; Sauer, Johannes |
| Abstract: | High Yield Genetically Modified Wheat (HOSUT) HOSUT lines are an innovation in wheat breeding based on biotechnology with an incremental yield potential of ca. 28% compared to conventional wheat varieties. We apply the real option concept of Maximum Incremental Social Tolerable Irreversible Costs (MISTICs) to do an ex-ante assessment of the socioeconomic potential of HOSUT lines for Germany. We analyze the cost and benefits to farmer and society within two scenarios. Our results of our scenario calculation indicate that not authorizing HOSUT lines is correct if German society values the possible total irreversible costs of this technology to be between €12.04 and €10.02 per citizen or more. |
| Keywords: | Real option, wheat, yield increasing, uncertainty, irreversibility, social costs, GMO, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209212&r=all |
| By: | Zuzana Brixiová (SALDRU, University of Cape Town and IZA); Thierry Kangoye (African Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to closing a knowledge gap on gender, entrepreneurship and development by linking the entrepreneurial productivity to start-up capital and skills. The empirical analysis of a survey of entrepreneurs in Swaziland confirmed the importance of start-up capital for sales. Women entrepreneurs have smaller start-up capital and are less likely to fund it from the formal sector than their men counterparts, pointing to a possible room for policy interventions. Further, business training is positively associated with sales performance of men entrepreneurs, but has no effect on women. However, this does not call for abolishing training programs for women entrepreneurs. Instead their design and targeting should be revisited. |
| Keywords: | Gender and entrepreneurship, start-up capital, skills, training, multivariate analysis |
| JEL: | L53 O12 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:155&r=all |
| By: | Gianluca Misuraca (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Clelia Colombo (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Csaba Kucsera (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Stephanie Carretero (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Margherita Bacigalupo (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Raluca Radescu (Author-Workplace-Homepage:) |
| Abstract: | This report presents the results of the mapping and analysis of ICT-enabled social innovation initiatives promoting social investment through integrated approaches to the provision of social services, which was conducted as part of the research on ICT-Enabled Social Innovation in support of the Social Investment Package (SIP). The main goal of the research carried out by the European Commission's JRC-IPTS jointly with the Directorate General Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, was to explore the potential contribution of ICT-enabled social innovation as an enabler of change in the EU Member States’ efforts to pursue active policies to prioritise social investment and modernise their welfare systems. More specifically, building on a review of existing literature and theoretical approaches, this report defines the state of the art in the field under investigation and develops the conceptual and analytical framework of the research. The report also provides an overview of the findings from analysis of initiatives from both a quantitative and a qualitative perspective. The results of the analysis of the empirical findings are illustrated through a 'Knowledge Map' of ICT-enabled social innovation initiatives promoting social investment through integrated approaches to the provision of social services, including a special focus on the area of active and healthy ageing and long-term care for older people. The report concludes by outlining implications and directions for future research. |
| Keywords: | Social policy, Innovation ICTs, Integration; Services |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97467&r=all |
| By: | Chang, C-L.; McAleer, M.J.; Wu, Y-C. |
| Abstract: | Taiwan has been hailed as a world leader in the development of global innovation and industrial clusters for the past decade. This paper investigates the effects of industrial agglomeration on the use of the internet and internet intensity for Taiwan manufacturing firms, and analyses whether the relationships between industrial agglomeration and total expenditure on internet usage for industries are substitutes or complements. The sample observations are based on 153,081 manufacturing plants, and covers 26 2-digit industry categories and 358 geographical townships in Taiwan. The Heckman selection model is used to adjust for sample selectivity for unobservable data for firms that use the internet. The empirical results from two-stage estimation show that: (1) for the industry overall, a higher degree of industrial agglomeration will not affect the probability that firms will use the internet, but will affect the total expenditure on internet usage; and (2) for 2-digit industries, industrial agglomeration generally decreases the total expenditure on internet usage, which suggests that industrial agglomeration and total expenditure on internet usage are substitutes. |
| Keywords: | industrial agglomeration and clusters, global innovation, internet penetration, manufacturing firms, sample selection, incidental truncation |
| JEL: | D2 L60 |
| Date: | 2015–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureir:78714&r=all |
| By: | Muhammad Ali (School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena); Uwe Cantner (School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena); Ipsita Roy |
| Abstract: | The paper extends the findings of Coe and Helpman (1995) model of R&D spillovers by considering foreign direct investment (FDI) as a channel for knowl- edge spillovers in addition to imports. Deeper insights on the issue are provided by examining inter-relationship between knowledge spillovers from imports and inward FDI. Moreover, human capital is added to the discussion as one of the appropri- ability conditions for knowledge spillovers. However, in comparison to most studies that rely on physical, monetary or indicator-based measures of human capital, the current study proposes a quality-based indicator of human capital that allows for better comparison of human capital stock across countries. Quality adjusted hu- man capital is derived by weighting human capital data based on average years of schooling using journal publications in science and technology and patent ap- plications. Using cointegration estimation method on 20 European countries from 1995 to 2010, the direct effects of FDI-related as well as import-related spillovers on domestic productivity are confirmed. Furthermore, a strong complementary rela- tionship is found between knowledge spillovers through the channels of imports and inward FDI implying strong joint effect on domestic productivity. When consider- ing quality-adjusted human capital, countries with better human capital are found to benefit not only from direct productivity effects, but also from absorption and transmission of international knowledge spillovers through imports and inward FDI. Finally, technological distance with the frontier does not appear to play a role in the absorption of knowledge spillovers. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge spillovers, foreign direct investment, international trade, human capital |
| JEL: | F14 I25 J24 |
| Date: | 2015–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrp:jrpwrp:2015-014&r=all |
| By: | Herrendorf, Berthold; Valentinyi, Akos |
| Abstract: | We build a model of structural transformation with endogenous sector-biased technological change. We show that if the return to specialisation is larger in the goods sector than in the service sector, then the equilibrium has the following properties: aggregate growth is balanced; structural transformation takes place from goods to services; the service sector receives more innovation but the goods sector has more productivity growth. We show that compared to the efficient allocation the laissez-faire equilibrium has too much labor in the goods sector. This suggests that optimal industrial policy should aim to increase the pace of structural transformation. |
| Keywords: | endogenous sector-biased technological change; horizontal innovation; industrial policy; structural transformation |
| JEL: | O11 O14 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10869&r=all |
| By: | Naudé W.; Siegel M.; Marchand K. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | We provide an assessment of the state of scholarly and policy debates on migrant entrepreneurs in development. They are often described as super-entrepreneurs who contribute to development through i being more entrepreneurial than natives; ii providing remittances that fund start-ups in their countries of origin and iii returning entrepreneurial skills to their home countries when they re-migrate. We evaluate these three views and conclude that the empirical evidence to support the notion of the migrant as a super-entrepreneur is weak. We further argue that the evidence is less ambiguous on the general development contribution of migration over and above its contribution through entrepreneurship. The implication is that removal of discriminatory barriers against migrants and against migrant entrepreneurs in labour, consumer and financial markets will promote development in both sending and receiving countries, not least through reducing the shares of migrants that are reluctant entrepreneurs. |
| Keywords: | International Migration; Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General; Entrepreneurship; Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration; |
| JEL: | J60 L26 O15 F22 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015033&r=all |
| By: | Akcomak S.; Garcia A.; Santiago-Rodriguez F. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to literature on the emergence of innovation studies as a scientific field. This area of research documents the mechanisms, interactions and meeting spaces that innovation scholars have developed to give substance and legitimacy to their work. What role is there for the training of young scholars in the development of this scientific field Based on a web survey of UNU-MERITs PhD alumni, we explore the ways in which doctoral training at a major research institute has contributed to the formation of young scholars in the broad field of innovation studies. In line with literature on the creation of science and technology human capital, we find that doctoral training grants PhD holders the technical knowledge and skills, together with the relational skills that sustain their membership and scholarly contributions to innovation studies. The evidence likewise suggests that the contribution of UNU-MERITs PhD programme on the building of innovation research capacities in developing countries is constrained by postgraduate decisions to stay in the developed world. Young scholars follow a career development strategy of linking to mentors and key senior researchers, while scientific interactions with fellow students are more limited. Social interactions tend to be more prominent for maintaining relations with the research community. |
| Keywords: | Network Formation and Analysis: Theory; Higher Education and Research Institutions; Technological Change; Research and Development; Intellectual Property Rights: General; |
| JEL: | D85 I23 O30 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015036&r=all |
| By: | Bottai, carlo; Iori, Martina (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | We will use an Agent-Based Model in order to study how innovation can emerge from the interaction between firms. In particular, we are interested in studying how the clusters that emerges from these interactions influence the ability of bounded rational firms in reacting creatively to out-of-equilibrium conditions. Moreover, we will introduce two type of firms – traditional and innovative – and we will observe if and how this difference influences the outcomes. |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:201528&r=all |
| By: | Sebastian Jobjornsson; Martin Forster; Paolo Pertile; Carl-Fredrik Burman |
| Abstract: | We present a model combining the two regulatory stages relevant to the approval of a new health technology: the authorisation of its commercialisation and the insurer’s decision about whether to reimburse its cost. We show that the degree of uncertainty around the true value of the insurer’s maximum willingness to pay for a unit increase in effectiveness has a non-monotonic impact on the price of the innovation, the firm’s expected profit and the optimal sample size chosen for the clinical trial. A key result is that there exists a range of values of the uncertainty parameter over which a reduction in uncertainty benefits the firm, the insurer and patients. We consider how different policy parameters may be used as incentive mechanisms, and the incentives to invest in R&D for marginal projects such as those targeting rare diseases. The model is calibrated using data on a new treatment for cystic fibrosis. |
| Keywords: | Rare Diseases; Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement; Optimal Sample Size |
| JEL: | L5 H51 I11 I18 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:yorken:15/16&r=all |
| By: | Katarzyna Maciejowska; Arkadiusz Jedrzejewski; Anna Kowalska-Pyzalska; Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron; Rafal Weron |
| Abstract: | Word-of-mouth (WOM) is a puzzling phenomenon. It strongly influences the innovation diffusion process and is responsible for the 'S' shape of the adoption curve. However, it is not clear how WOM affects demand curves for innovative products and strategic decisions of producers. In this paper, we build an agent-based model of innovation diffusion, which links the opinions of potential consumers with their market behavior via the concept of reservation prices. We show that when reversibility of opinions is allowed, WOM may have either a positive or a negative effect on the adoption process, depending on the model parameters and the level of market prices. Our results suggest that a relatively strong WOM effect can lead to the creation of two separated price-quantity regimes, with a nonlinear transition between them. A small shift of the market price can result in a drastic change of the demanded quantity and, hence, the revenues of a firm. Using Monte Carlo simulations and mean-field (semi-)analytical treatment we demonstrate that WOM may have ambiguous consequences and should be taken into account when designing marketing strategies. |
| Keywords: | Word-of-mouth; Innovation diffusion; Agent-based model; Demand curve; Marketing strategy |
| JEL: | C63 O33 Q48 Q55 |
| Date: | 2015–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wuu:wpaper:hsc1509&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Claude Boldrini (LEMNA - LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - UN - Université de Nantes); Nathalie Schieb-Bienfait (LEMNA - LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - UN - Université de Nantes) |
| Abstract: | The value creation of research activities is a fully fledged mission at university. This article examines the various issues arising from this requirement and the nature of the organizational mechanisms likely to be implemented to meet it. It describes the NanoMem case – based on a promising technology in the semi conductor sector-, the initial value creation project as well as its risks and limitations. It then attests to the collaborative arrangement set up during companion research in order to extend the perspectives for enhancing this technology as regards applications and markets. Our work demonstrates that this mechanism can be more generally extended and that this type of collaborative workshop makes it possible : 1) to guide the exploration of a concept both concerning the technical and value dimensions, 2) to better manage this upstream phase in innovation projects and 3) to identify the groups that must be mobilized. |
| Keywords: | Exploration, exploratory project, collaborative project, upstream innovation project phases. |
| Date: | 2015–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01208517&r=all |
| By: | Jacob J.; Sasso S. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we analyse the trends in Foreign Direct Investment FDI flows worldwide across sectors and across value-chain activities, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries in comparison with advanced countries. We begin by discussing the growing fragmentation of global production and the opportunities this presents to todays developing countries for benefiting from FDI. Our review of the literature on knowledge spillovers via FDI indicates that spillovers typically occur along the value chain, from foreign firms to their local suppliers or clients but not to their competitors, and that tapping into the technological resources of foreign firms is not an automatic process but hinges on a few host-economy characteristics. Our analysis of worldwide FDI flows during 2008-2013 indicates the growing importance of countries outside the traditional industrialised world, accounting for nearly half of inward greenfield FDI projects. While FDI flows into industrialised economies and emerging industrial economies take place mainly in high- or medium-tech manufacturing, other developing countries and least developed countries tend to attract FDI in medium- and low-tech manufacturing. When we examine FDI flows across value-chain activities, we find that emerging economies are attracting increasingly more knowledge-based FDI, with China and India hosting the highest number of FDI projects in innovation activities. Finally, our analysis suggests that - especially in the manufacturing sector - Multinational Enterprises MNEs tend to invest more in countries where domestic technological efforts are higher, pointing to the importance of indigenous technological capacities in attracting FDI in the first place, but also in ensuring that these investments generate knowledge spillovers that are crucial for technological catching up by developing countries. |
| Keywords: | International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements; Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development; Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes; |
| JEL: | F21 O11 O33 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015035&r=all |
| By: | Elsner, Wolfram; Schwardt, Henning |
| Abstract: | The increasing complexity of the environment of firms, of strategic interaction, and emergent informal institutional network cooperation, seems to outreach the traditional Coase-Williamson transaction-cost framework with its market-hierarchy dichotomy. We propose to take the complexity of nowadays’ firm ecologies more serious and integrate an institutional dimension to enhance the analysis of real-world organizational forms and the theory of the firm. This institutional dimension is conceptualized as an “OIE” (Veblenian) “institutional dichotomy” that ranges between “instrumental” cooperative networking and “ceremonial encapsulation” (lock-in). Thus, a more comprehensive two-dimensional, particularly triangular, organizational space is drafted, which can better map the numerous and diverse forms of production and innovation systems, including their emergence as spatial clusters and corporate networks. The additional dimension integrates institutionalized network cooperation as “instrumental problem-solving”, vs. power and status seeking (by both large hierarchies and fiercely rivalling market participants) as “ceremonial dominance”. In addition to ideal market and hierarchy, it provides the ideal solution of institutionalized network cooperation, learned in recurrent social-dilemma problems, as a third vanishing point and corner. The resulting Organizational Triangle is considered a heuristic for inter-firm organizational research. As a check of its usefulness, this device is applied to recent developments in the global corporate economy. |
| Keywords: | Theory of the firm; direct interdependence/strategic interaction; institutional emergence/institutionalized cooperation; Coase/Williamson; embeddedness; Veblenian institutional dichotomy; instrumental/ceremonial institutional aspects; spatial clusters/firm networks; open innovation; organizational triangle |
| JEL: | B52 D02 D23 D85 L14 |
| Date: | 2015–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:67193&r=all |
| By: | Koschatzky, Knut; Kroll, Henning; Meyborg, Mirja; Stahlecker, Thomas; Dwertmann, Anne; Huber, Monika |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisifr:r22015&r=all |
| By: | Ledenyov, Dimitri O.; Ledenyov, Viktor O. |
| Abstract: | The present innovative research continues a series of scientific articles on a) the theory of the firm in the nonlinear dynamic financial and economic systems in the classic economics science, b) the information theory of the firm in the classic economics science, c) the quantum microeconomics theory in the quantum economics science, presenting the groundbreaking theoretical research results: 1) the quantum theory of firm in the frames of the quantum microeconomics theory in the quantum econophysics science is proposed; 2) the formulas (1, 2) to compute the firm’s discrete-time EBITDA (the firm’s value) changes at the different time moments are derived; 3) the formulas (3, 4) to calculate the distribution of a number of the firms’ excited business processes of certain value at the selected firm’s state in the economy of scale and scope are presented; 4) the notion on the wave function in the quantum econophysical time-dependent/time independent wave equations is introduced; 5) the formulas (5, 6) to predict the firm’s discrete-time EBITDA (the firm’s value) state changes in the national/global economies at the certain time moment, using the wave functions in the quantum econophysical time-dependent/time independent wave equations, are derived; 6) the quantum phenomena, including the possible weak/strong interactions between the firms in the national/global economies are described; 7) the comparative analysis between a big number of the classic theories of the firm and the quantum theory of the firm is completed, explaining the main characteristic differences and existing similarities; 8) the evolutionary shift from the classic theory of the firm to the quantum theory of the firm is described; 9) the perspectives on the application of the quantum theory of the firm with the aim to solve the various economic problems in the real- and speculative- sectors of economic markets are discussed. |
| Keywords: | theory of firm, quantum theory of firm, firm’s performance state prediction problem at certain time moment, wave function in the quantum econophysical time-dependent/time independent wave equations in quantum microeconomics theory in quantum econophysics science, wave function in Schrödinger quantum mechanical wave equation in quantum mechanics science, weak/strong interactions between firms, quantum econophysics, econometrics, nonlinear dynamic economic system, economy of scale and scope, quantum microeconomics, quantum economics. |
| JEL: | D0 D8 L2 L20 L29 M0 M00 O3 O30 O31 O33 O39 |
| Date: | 2015–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:67162&r=all |
| By: | Katarzyna Byrka; Arkadiusz Jedrzejewski; Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron; Rafal Weron |
| Abstract: | Despite the very positive - as measured by market surveys - attitude towards eco-innovations and sustainability in general, the actual market penetration of green products and practices generally falls behind the expectations. In this paper we argue that considering difficulty of engagement, as used in the Campbell Paradigm, is of critical importance when modeling diffusion of eco-innovations. Such a notion of difficulty possesses three desired properties: (i) parsimony - it is represented by a single value, (ii) interpretability - it can be regarded as an estimator of the otherwise complex notion of behavioral cost, and (iii) applicability - it can be easily measured through market surveys. In an extensive simulation and analytical study involving empirically measured difficulty and an agent-based model spanned on different social network structures, we show that innovation adoption may exhibit abrupt changes in market penetration as a result of even small changes in difficulty. The latter may be of particular interest to policy makers who have to make strategic decisions when introducing socially - but not necessarily individually - desired products and practices, like dynamic or green electricity tariffs. |
| Keywords: | Green products and practices; Energy policy; Innovation diffusion; Difficulty; Social network; Agent-based model |
| JEL: | C63 O33 Q48 Q55 |
| Date: | 2015–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wuu:wpaper:hsc1510&r=all |
| By: | Icks, Annette; Levering, Britta; May-Strobl, Eva; Ettl, Kerstin |
| Abstract: | Gründungen werden häufig als Triebfeder für die Wirtschaftsentwicklung und das Beschäftigungswachstum beschrieben. Gründungen zu fördern, ist eine wirtschaftspolitische Daueraufgabe. Die Gründungszahlen in Deutschland sind jedoch rückläufig oder stagnieren. Folglich stellt sich die Frage nach einer veränderten Gründungsförderung: Welche Ansatzpunkte lassen sich in der neueren Gründungsforschung finden? Die Prüfung von acht Top-Journals der Entrepreneurship-Forschung ergab, dass die Gründerperson und Finanzierungsfragen derzeit von großem Forschungsinteresse sind. Ein Abgleich der Forschungsthemen mit den aktuellen Herausforderungen der Gründungsförderung zeigt große Übereinstimmungen. Die Wirtschaftspolitik kann von der Forschung dann profitieren, wenn sie bei der Formulierung von Unterstützungsmaßnahmen nicht nur einzelne Faktoren berücksichtigt, die Gründungen beeinflussen, sondern vor allem deren kausale Zusammenhänge. |
| Abstract: | Start-ups are often described as the driving force for economic development and employment growth. However, the start-up numbers in Germany are declining or stagnating. Therefore the question arises, whether the start-up support should be revised. The study examines to what extent policy suggestions can be deducted from start-up-related research. These issues have been identified in recent editions from eight top journals of entrepreneurship research and categorized into priorities. The analysis indicated that the founder person as well as financing questions continue to be of considerable research interest. A comparison of research topics with the current challenges of start-up support shows great correspondences. Economic policy can benefit from research, if they consider not only isolated factors, which influence start ups, but although the causal relationships of them. |
| Keywords: | Gründung,Deutschland,wirtschaftspolitische Implikationen,start-up,Germany,policy implications |
| JEL: | L25 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifmmat:237&r=all |
| By: | Marie Le Mouel; Mariagrazia Squicciarini |
| Abstract: | This work proposes a task-based methodology for the measurement of employment and investment in organisational capital (OC) in 20 OECD countries. It builds on the methodology of Squicciarini and Le Mouel (2012) and uses information from the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). OC is defined as firm-specific organisational knowledge resulting from the performance of tasks affecting the long-term functioning of firms, such as developing objectives and strategies; organising, planning and supervising production; and managing human resources. Cross-country heterogeneity in OC-related occupations emerges: while 20 occupational classes of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 2008) are on average identified as being OC-related, country-specific values range between 14 (in Korea) and 24 occupations (in Poland). A core group of managerial occupations are consistently identified as OC occupations across countries, whereas differences arise in the selection of professionals and associate professionals in science and engineering, health, education, and business administration. Estimates suggest the share of OC occupations in total employment to amount to 16% on average, with country-specific values that vary between 9.5% (Denmark) and 26% (United Kingdom); and that total investment in OC, as a share of value-added, ranges from 1.4% in the Czech Republic to 3.7% in the United Kingdom, with an average 2.2% across all countries. Managers appear to account for less than half of total employment and investment in OC. Total investment in OC results higher in services than in manufacturing. In the services sector, on average half of investment in OC comes from small firms, while in manufacturing, 45% of investment in OC comes from large firms. Finally, the importance of OC investment in the public sector is investigated. With only few exceptions, investment in OC is higher in the public sector than in the private sector. These estimates of OC investment can be used to analyse its role with respect to skill use and mismatch, its impact on the routinisation of tasks and resulting polarisation of wage distribution, and its role in firms' integration and upgrading along global value chains (GVC). |
| Date: | 2015–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/8-en&r=all |
| By: | Antonelli, Cristiano; David, Paul (University of Turin) |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:201540&r=all |
| By: | Marc Fleurbaey (University of Princeton); Vito Peragine (University of Bari); Xavier Ramos (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we propose different criteria to rank income distributions according to equality of opportunity. Different from existing ones, our criteria explicitly recognize the interplay between circumstances and effort. We characterize them axiomatically and we compare them with existing criteria; then we propose some scalar measures. We show that our ex post criteria are mostly obtained from "seemingly" ex ante properties. In the second part of the paper we apply our new criteria to measuring inequality of opportunity in Germany. We illustrate our ex-post inequality of opportunity approach based on classes by means of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the Örst decade of the 2000s. |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bai:series:series_wp_05-2015&r=all |
| By: | Kaitlyn Harger (Florida Gulf Coast University); Brad R. Humphreys (West Virginia University, Department of Economics); Amanda Ross (West Virginia University, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of new sports facilities on new businesses, an unexplored topic in the literature. We use data from the Dunn and Bradstreet MarketPlace files to examine how new sports facilities affect nearby business activity in terms of the number of new businesses and workers. We find no evidence of increased new businesses openings after the opening of new sports facilities in 13 US cities in the 2000s; employment at new businesses near new facilities is larger than at new businesses elsewhere in the MSA; this increase cannot be linked to businesses in any specific industry. |
| Keywords: | new sports facility, difference-in-differences model, firm level data |
| JEL: | R13 R58 H71 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wvu:wpaper:15-32&r=all |
| By: | Kromann, Lene (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Sørensen, Anders (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents new evidence on tradeinduced automation in manufacturing firms using unique data combining a retrospective survey that we have assembled with register data for 2005-2010. In particular, we establish a causal effect where firms that have specialized in product types for which the Chinese exports to the world market has risen sharply invest more in automated capital compared to firms that have specialized in other product types. We also study the relationship between automation and firm performance and find that firms with high increases in scale and scope of automation have faster productivity growth than other firms. Moreover, automation improves the efficiency of all stages of the production process by reducing setup time, run time, and inspection time and increasing uptime and quantity produced per worker. The efficiency improvement varies by type of automation. |
| Keywords: | automation; productivity; production theory; efficiency |
| JEL: | D24 L11 L22 O33 |
| Date: | 2015–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2015_003&r=all |
| By: | Alipranti, Maria; Milliou, Chrysovalantou; Petrakis, Emmanuel |
| Abstract: | We study the timing of new technology adoption in markets with input outsourcing, and thus with vertical relations. We find that technology adoption can take place earlier when firms engage in input outsourcing than when they produce the input in-house. Hence, the presence of vertical relations can accelerate the adoption of a new technology. We also find that particular features of a vertically related market, such as the bargaining power distribution and the contract type through which trading is conducted, can crucially affect the speed of technology adoption. |
| Keywords: | technology adoption,vertical relations,outsourcing,two-part tariffs,wholesale price contracts,bargaining |
| JEL: | L13 O31 L22 L41 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dicedp:198&r=all |
| By: | Antonelli, Cristiano; David, Paul (University of Turin) |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:201537&r=all |
| By: | Horton, Joshua; Parker, Andrew Richard; Keith, David |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hrv:hksfac:23017251&r=all |
| By: | Kaplinsky R. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | This paper begins with a discussion of the role played by upgrading in the promotion of sustainable growth. Upgrading is discussed in two different contexts, that of industrial clusters and that of global value chains GVCs. Drawing on global and African experiences, the paper addresses the upgrading agenda required to enable dynamic clusters to meet both domestic needs and progressively also needs in external markets. In the discussion of value chains, the paper distinguishes between vertically specialised and additive GVCs and shows how the upgrading agenda necessarily varies between these two families of GVCs. The paper concludes by briefly discussing two issues. The first is to distinguish between the upgrading agenda which is essential for sustaining economic growth and that which addresses the inclusivity and thus sustainability of the growth path. The second addresses the circumstances in which it may be possible to pursue these varied upgrading strategies simultaneously. |
| Keywords: | Empirical Studies of Trade; Globalization: General; Economic Development: General; Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes; |
| JEL: | O10 O33 F14 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015027&r=all |
| By: | Claude Paraponaris (LEST - Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS - Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1 - Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2); Martine Sigal (LEST - Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail - Fédération Hospitalière de France) |
| Abstract: | This special issue is concerned with knowledge sharing and boundary crossing. Knowledge management is a constantly expanding field. Like any research area, it is shot through with complex questions. This is certainly the case with regard to boundaries, since they constitute both a bounding line that has to be crossed if the knowledge required for innovation is to be diffused and a form of protection for scientific and technological organisations and institutions. The studies published in this special issue clearly illustrate this complexity, since they are concerned with processes such as learning, the dynamic of expertise, the joint creation of knowledge, the resource-based view, brokering activities, HRM (Human Resources Management) processes and the dynamic of scientific disciplines. The objects under investigation are very diverse; they include project teams, luxury hotels, urban projects, hospitals, clusters, the aeronautics industry and agricultural systems. These studies draw on approaches that have become established over time. There is a history behind the succession of approaches in the field of knowledge management (Snowden, 2002),so it may be useful to put these various pieces of research into context. The central question of this special issue is that of boundaries: between projects, between organisations, between types of knowledge, between scientific disciplines and, of course, between actors. This examination of boundaries leads to a state of the art review that begins with the question of knowledge transfer. Van Wijk & al. (2008) consider the antecedents of the transfer considering three major topics: knowledge, organizational and network characteristics. We take adifferent approachusing ahistorical approach to theconcepts. Following Tsoukas (1996, 2009), we propose to criticize the dominant approach of the transfer. In addition, we want to show and comment the change from the concept of knowledge transfer to the concept of boundary. In a constructivist way (Le Moigne, 1994, Von Glasersfeld, 1995) and with Holford (2015) we propose the concept of boundary construction in order to underline the role of interactions " actors-objects-actors " . |
| Keywords: | Communities of practice,Knowledge-based systems,Cognition,Knowledge transfer,Interaction,Knowledge sharing |
| Date: | 2015–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01208528&r=all |
| By: | Agne Paliokaite (Visionary Analytics) |
| Abstract: | In the frame of the Stairway to Excellence project, complex country analysis was performed for the EU MS that joined the EU since 2004, with the objective to assess and corroborate all the qualitative and quantitative data in drawing national/regional FP7 participation patterns, understand the push–pull factors for FP7/H2020 participation and the factors affecting the capacity to absorb cohesion policy funds. This report articulates analysis on selected aspects and country-tailored policy suggestions aiming to tackle the weaknesses identified in the analysis. The report complements the qualitative/ quantitative analysis performed by the IPTS/KfG/S2E team. In order to avoid duplication and cover all the elements required for a sound analysis, the report builds on analytical framework developed by IPTS. |
| Keywords: | Synergies, Research and Innovation Funding, FP7, Horizon2020, research and Innovation cohesion policy funds, quality of governance of research and innovation system, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97303&r=all |
| By: | Luiz Dias Bahia |
| Abstract: | Este trabalho procura quantificar a tendência de crescimento da produtividade do trabalho no Brasil, entre 1990 e 2009. Além disso, separamos conceitual e quantitativamente as fontes desta tendência. A produtividade média do trabalho calculada ficou, para o período 1990-2009, em 1,05% ao ano. Seus principais determinantes são a intensificação da mudança tecnológica (MTECN) e o aumento das exportações. The main goals of this article are the calculus of the productivity per worker in Brazil during 1990-2009 and the identification of its determinants. Firstly, we conclude that the average growth of productivity is 1,05% per year during 1990-2009. Secondly, we identify as most important productivity determinants technological change and exports growth. |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2136&r=all |
| By: | Yunus Aksoy (University of London); Ron P. Smith (University of London); Tobias Grasl (University of London); Henrique S. Basso (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | The effect of changes in demographic structure on medium-run trends of key macroeconomic variables is estimated using a panel VAR of 21 OECD economies. The panel data variability assists the identication of direct effects of demographics, while the dynamic structure uncovers long-term effects. Young and old dependants are found to have a negative impact while workers contribute positively. We propose a theoretical model, highlighting the relationship between demographics, innovation and growth, whose simulations match our empirical findings. The current trend of population aging and reduced fertility is found to reduce output growth and real interest rates across OECD countries |
| Keywords: | population age profile, medium-term, output growth, innovation, lifecycle |
| JEL: | E32 J11 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:1528&r=all |
| By: | Fatime Barbara Hegyi (Artego) |
| Abstract: | In the frame of the Stairway to Excellence project, country analysis was performed for the EU MS that joined the EU since 2004, with the objective to assess and corroborate all the qualitative and quantitative data in drawing national/regional FP7 participation patterns, understand the push–pull factors for FP7/H2020 participation and the factors affecting the capacity to absorb cohesion policy funds. This report articulates analysis on selected aspects and country-tailored policy suggestions aiming to tackle the weaknesses identified in the analysis. The report complements the complex qualitative/ quantitative analysis performed by the IPTS/KfG/S2E team. In order to avoid duplication and cover all the elements required for a sound analysis, the report builds on analytical framework developed by IPTS. |
| Keywords: | Research and Innovation, EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020, Cohesion policy, Structural Funds, SF, ERDF, European Regional Development Fund, European Structural & Investment Funds, ESIF, quality of governance, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97470&r=all |
| By: | Angelina Todorova (Independent Expert) |
| Abstract: | In the frame of the Stairway to Excellence project, complex country analysis was performed for the EU MS that joined the EU since 2004, with the objective to assess and corroborate all the qualitative and quantitative data in drawing national/regional FP7 participation patterns, understand the push–pull factors for FP7/H2020 participation and the factors affecting the capacity to absorb cohesion policy funds. This report articulates analysis on selected aspects and country-tailored policy suggestions aiming to tackle the weaknesses identified in the analysis. The report complements the complex qualitative/ quantitative analysis performed by the IPTS/KfG/S2E team. In order to avoid duplication and cover all the elements required for a sound analysis, the report builds on analytical framework developed by IPTS. |
| Keywords: | Research and Innovation, EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020, Cohesion policy, Structural Funds, SF, ERDF, European Regional Development Fund, European Structural & Investment Funds, ESIF, quality of governance, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97336&r=all |
| By: | Maja BuÄar (Independent Expert) |
| Abstract: | In the frame of the Stairway to Excellence project, complex country analysis was performed for the EU MS that joined the EU since 2004, with the objective to assess and corroborate all the qualitative and quantitative data in drawing national/regional FP7 participation patterns, understand the push–pull factors for FP7/H2020 participation and the factors affecting the capacity to absorb cohesion policy funds. This report articulates analysis on selected aspects and country-tailored policy suggestions aiming to tackle the weaknesses identified in the analysis. The report complements the complex qualitative/ quantitative analysis performed by the IPTS/KfG/S2E team. In order to avoid duplication and cover all the elements required for a sound analysis, the report builds on analytical framework developed by IPTS. |
| Keywords: | Research and Innovation, EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020, Cohesion policy, Structural Funds, SF, ERDF, European Regional Development Fund, European Structural & Investment Funds, ESIF, quality of governance, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97527&r=all |
| By: | Domagoj RaÄić (Independent Expert); Jadranka Å varc (Independent Expert) |
| Abstract: | In the frame of the Stairway to Excellence project, complex country analysis was performed for the EU MS that joined the EU since 2004, with the objective to assess and corroborate all the qualitative and quantitative data in drawing national/regional FP7 participation patterns, understand the push–pull factors for FP7/H2020 participation and the factors affecting the capacity to absorb cohesion policy funds. This report articulates analysis on selected aspects and country-tailored policy suggestions aiming to tackle the weaknesses identified in the analysis. The report complements the complex qualitative/ quantitative analysis performed by the IPTS/KfG/S2E team. In order to avoid duplication and cover all the elements required for a sound analysis, the report builds on analytical framework developed by IPTS. |
| Keywords: | Research and Innovation, EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020, Cohesion policy, Structural Funds, SF, ERDF, European Regional Development Fund, European Structural & Investment Funds, ESIF, quality of governance, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97338&r=all |
| By: | Ruuta Ruttas (Independent consultant) |
| Abstract: | In the frame of the Stairway to Excellence project, country analysis was performed for the EU MS that joined the EU since 2004, with the objective to assess and corroborate all the qualitative and quantitative data in drawing national/regional FP7 participation patterns, understand the push–pull factors for FP7/H2020 participation and the factors affecting the capacity to absorb cohesion policy funds. This report articulates analysis on selected aspects and country-tailored policy suggestions aiming to tackle the weaknesses identified in the analysis. The report complements the complex qualitative/ quantitative analysis performed by the IPTS/KfG/S2E team. In order to avoid duplication and cover all the elements required for a sound analysis, the report builds on analytical framework developed by IPTS |
| Keywords: | Research and Innovation, EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020, Cohesion policy, Structural Funds, SF, ERDF, European Regional Development Fund, European Structural & Investment Funds, ESIF, quality of governance, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97481&r=all |
| By: | Vallejo Carlos B. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | In the past few years we have witnessed how traditional manufacturing relationships between North and South are rapidly changing and allowing for new forms of interaction. This article suggests that we are facing, on the one hand, a disruption of the traditional markets guided by traditional industries towards the creation of new industries and consequently new markets. The study proposes the co-existence of three, not-yet competing, trajectories i the traditional one between Original Equipment Manufacturers OEMs and their subsidiaries in the South, ii the emerging South with China and India investing and acquiring OEMs from the North, iii the race for the development of environmentally friendly technologies, pushed by public policy and promoted by heavy public RI funding; linked to the promotion by the North of new industries. The implications of the interaction of these trajectories are not yet clear. However, it seems that at least in the current stage of pre-competitive capabilities building, collaboration among firms in any of its forms rather than competition is proven to be more efficient in reaching technological mastery. The question of how the South will position itself in the new emerging order is still an open one. |
| Keywords: | Regulation and Industrial Policy: General; Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment; Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes; |
| JEL: | O33 L62 L50 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015037&r=all |
| By: | Vladimir Balaz (Institute for Forecasting (Bratislava, Slovakia)) |
| Abstract: | In the frame of the Stairway to Excellence project, complex country analysis was performed for the EU MS that joined the EU since 2004, with the objective to assess and corroborate all the qualitative and quantitative data in drawing national/regional FP7 participation patterns, understand the push–pull factors for FP7/H2020 participation and the factors affecting the capacity to absorb cohesion policy funds. This report articulates analysis on selected aspects and country-tailored policy suggestions aiming to tackle the weaknesses identified in the analysis. The report complements the complex qualitative/ quantitative analysis performed by the IPTS/KfG/S2E team. In order to avoid duplication and cover all the elements required for a sound analysis, the report builds on analytical framework developed by IPTS. |
| Keywords: | Research and Innovation, EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020, Cohesion policy, Structural Funds, SF, ERDF, European Regional Development Fund, European Structural & Investment Funds, ESIF, quality of governance, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc97218&r=all |
| By: | Philip Abbott; Finn Tarp; Ce Wu |
| Abstract: | Employment in Vietnam and elsewhere in Asia has grown more slowly than GDP over the last several decades. This means GDP per capita is rising. Vietnamese policymakers, however, are concerned that ongoing structural transformation is creating too few jobs. We use data for seven aggregated sectors and the overall Vietnamese economy to examine the roles played by structural transformation, technical change, and institutional bias toward capital intensive development to evaluate the Vietnamese development experience. We find that while some of the difference between GDP and employment growth can be attributed to capital intensive investment by the state, the majority of the difference is due to technical change. A positive rather than a pessimistic overall assessment is warranted based on the available evidence |
| Keywords: | employment, labour demand, structural transformation, biased technological change, minimum wage, state investment, Leontief production function, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2015-068&r=all |
| By: | Jantke, Corina; Sauer, Johannes |
| Abstract: | Schon vor Ende der Milchquote haben deutsche und europäische Molkereien ihre Exportaktivitäten verstärkt. Bei weiterhin steigender Anlieferungsmenge in der EU und weltweit starken Wettbewerbern gilt es bestehende internationale Absatzmärkte zu sichern und weitere zu erschließen. In der Literatur wurde bereits mehrfach über den positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Innovationsaktivität und Exportleistung von Unternehmen insbesondere in Industrienationen berichtet. Sowohl Export als auch Innovationsaktivität werden durch Rahmenbedingungen, wie z. B. Standort/Nation und Branche/Produkt determiniert. Die Auswertung internationaler Patentanmeldungen – als Output-Indikator von Innovationstätigkeit – lässt Rückschlüsse auf die Exportfähigkeit eines nationalen Sektors zu. |
| Keywords: | Innovationsaktivität, Patente, Technologietrends, Export, Molkereiwirtschaft, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209251&r=all |
| By: | Schicker, Günter; Strassl, Johann |
| Abstract: | Die Bedeutung des Servicegeschäfts in Industrieunternehmen nimmt kontinuierlich zu. Gerade in wettbewerbsintensiven Märkten verschiebt sich das Gewicht der Serviceleistungen zu Lasten des Kernproduktes. Um ambitionierte Umsatz- und Ertragsziele im Service zu erreichen, ist das Portfolio an Serviceleistungen häufig zu erweitern und aktiv zu steuern. Dieses systematische Gestalten des Leistungsangebotes im industriellen Servicegeschäft ist Aufgabe des Service Portfolio Managements (SPM). Das vorliegende Paper zeigt anhand einer umfassenden Literaturanalyse sowie eigener empirischer Daten auf, dass sich das professionelle Management des Service- Portfolios positiv auf Innovationserfolg und Profitabilität von Unternehmen auswirkt. Der Stand der Umsetzung in der industriellen Praxis wird dargestellt. Ursachen für die mangelhafte Implementierung sowie zukünftige Forschungsschwerpunkte werden diskutiert. |
| Abstract: | Literature shows that services in the manufacturing industry become more and more important. Especially in highly competitive markets the revenue share of services is increasing. In order to achieve these ambitious revenue and profit goals many companies have to expand their service portfolio. In addition to that executives have to answer the question, whether existing services generate profit and provide value to their customers. This paper deals with service portfolio management (SPM), which is a core function in industrial companies. Based on a comprehensive literature review and a quantitative study the status quo of SPM is discussed. It is shown that a systematic SPM approach results in higher profit margins and successful innovations. Best practice companies perform better than laggards. Nevertheless, the majority of companies does not yet fully realize the potential of systematic service portfolio management. Therefore the barriers of implementing SPM in practice and directions for future research will be discussed. |
| Keywords: | manufacturing industry,services,product portfolio management,innovation,service portfolio management |
| JEL: | L21 L60 L84 M10 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hawdps:53&r=all |
| By: | Jehiel, Philippe |
| Abstract: | Prospective investors of new projects consider the returns of implemented projects with similar (observed) attributes and invest if the empirical mean return exceeds the cost. The steady states of such economies result in suboptimal investment decisions due to the selection bias in the sampling procedure. Assuming higher attributes are associated with higher returns, there is systematic overinvestment as compared with the Bayesian benchmark, thereby illustrating that selection bias may explain entrepreneurial overconfidence. Various extensions are considered to illustrate the negative externality that rational investors exert on other investors, the effect of correlation between the attributes considered by various investors, and how trading may be affected by the sampling procedure. |
| Keywords: | investment strategy; overconfidence; selection bias |
| JEL: | C70 D82 D83 D84 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10868&r=all |
| By: | Thomas André (Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - Polytechnique - X - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Impact investments are emerging as a new asset class of social finance, sometimes driven by multinational enterprises as part of their strategic corporate social responsibility strategy. These investments intend to create positive societal impact beyond a financial return through the development of social enterprises. Scholars have highlighted the conflicting institutional logics that these later hybrid organizations must face when combining social welfare and profitability. Yet we lack in-depth insight into how impact investing funds are building their own accountability and legitimacy, and more specifically how they are responding to their investor’s pressure to manage societal impact. This paper builds on a three year actionresearch program conducted with Schneider Electric, a multinational enterprise specialized in energy management. The company initiated and sponsored an impact investing fund targeting energy access ventures in Sub-Saharan Africa, alongside four Development Finance Institutions. Grounded in neo-institutional and resource dependence theories, the article analyzes the perceptions of the fund’s managers and suggests a pattern of strategic responses. The fund initially conformed to the emerging values and practices of the industry motivated by a search for salient legitimacy. Then they turned to find a compromise when facing operational complexity, and negotiated the increasing number of requirements from their investors. The paper further provides recommendation for social innovation actors in adopting a performance-oriented approach for managing societal value creation. |
| Keywords: | Multinational Enterprises, Impact Investing, base of the pyramid, Institutional theory, resource dependence theory, action research, case study |
| Date: | 2015–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01211725&r=all |