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on Innovation |
| By: | Juan Vera (RENAULT); Camila Freitas Salgueiredo (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, ISIR - Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - CNRS); Sophie Hooge (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Milena Klasing Chen (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) |
| Abstract: | Radical innovation is becoming essential to insure firms stay competitive. Nevertheless, R&D departments struggle to achieve systematic innovation processes. The management of an innovation field requires adapted tools to the diversity, broadness and flexibility of the generation of innovative ideas. To face this challenge, we propose the use of a set of visual tools. These allow the abstraction of three fundamental innovation field dimensions: 1) the nonlinearity of the ideation process; 2) the degree of maturity of a technology and 3) the stakeholder diversity of an ecosystem. We propose an Innovation Map, a synthetic tool grouping several visual representations that allow describing these three dimensions of an innovation field. Having all aspects simultaneously described by a tool is enriching since it makes it possible for the visual representations to complement each other. This managerial tool was applied inside Renault, in the automobile sector, for the mapping of the electric vehicle charging, a strategic field in electric mobility. We tested the tool with several internal R&D stakeholders of the innovation field having different profiles and responsibilities. They perceived the Innovation Map as a useful tool to point out and share various strategic aspects of an innovation field, as well as establishing potential partnerships. This collaborative research is a first step towards the establishment of a visual language framework that managers can apply to communicate, organize and understand an innovation field. |
| Date: | 2015–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01154158&r=all |
| By: | Siwage Dharma Negara (The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS)) |
| Abstract: | Endogenous growth theory postulates that innovation is one of the key drivers of technological progress and productivity growth of a country. Technological improvements stemming from firms’ innovative activities can contribute to a country’s overall productivity and export competitiveness. For innovation to flourish, it necessitates an environment that is conducive to firms conducting risky innovative activities. Studies show that public policies, including labour market policies, can influence the operating conditions and institutional structures of firms to foster innovation that leads to productivity gains. However, the literature indicates that there is mixed empirical evidence on the impact of labour market policies on firms’ incentives to innovate. This paper argues that more flexible labour market policies that do not constrain workers’ adjustments and mobility will have positive associations with a country’s technological innovation competitiveness. In addition, innovation competitiveness affects a country’s productivity and trade competitiveness. Using a balanced panel of OECD and non-OECD countries, this study offers simple empirical models to measure the relationship between labour market policies and innovation capacity; and between innovation capacity and trade competitiveness. The main findings show that countries with more flexible labour market policies have higher levels of innovation competitiveness. In addition, the paper finds evidence of a positive correlation between innovation competitiveness and trade competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | Labour market policies, innovation, trade, competitiveness, labour market flexibility |
| JEL: | F16 J08 J38 J63 O31 O38 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2015-48&r=all |
| By: | Jovana Kovacevic (MLab - DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - CNRS - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine); Sophie Hooge (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Albert David (MLab - DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - CNRS - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine) |
| Abstract: | Research question The study investigates the micro-processes of concept generation at ideation stages, on the case of innovation-oriented discussions within online communities of employees. Literature review and research positioning Previous research has already described a variety of approaches and techniques to support collaborative generation of a large number of ideas (Garfield, 2001; Knoll and Horton, 2011; Harvey, 2014). This literature states the importance and interdependence of a cognitive process within individual group members and a social process as group members interact (Knoll and Horton, 2011). Existing innovation studies show that development of collaborative Web platforms facilitates social interaction, enabling different departments to gather knowledge and engage in idea generation (Michaelides et al. 2013). Xiaomi et al. (2013) investigate the role of knowledge management to support Collaborative Innovation Community Capacity Building (CICCB) in order to enhance the effectiveness of innovation within the online community of employees. However, there has been little research that analyzes the micro-process of collaborative concept generation. Taura and Nagai (2012) highlight the concept generation process to be a synthetic one, which is investigated through analogy, blending and integration by thematic relation as a research method (Taura and Nagai, 2012). We propose to empirically investigate this issue in the context of innovation-oriented online discussions. Furthermore, we aim to analyze which sequences of cognitive entities (i.e. groups of words corresponding to elementary ideas) explain the evolution of interactions between the participants and how initial ideas are, successfully or not, developed into concepts. Methodology and empirical material This paper focuses on the nature and dynamics of online discussions at the ideation stage in a virtual idea generation environment. In order to empirically study the micro-processes of concept generation, an action research method (Coughlan & Coghlan, 2002) was employed in this research: through collaboration with a consulting firm, the authors conducted and facilitated four online debates within an international group. The innovation-oriented online discussions were launched in the context of an online community of employees to allow its members to go beyond daily discussions and further explore one trend or opportunity for the group. Our role was to mobilize and stimulate collaborative innovation community capacity (Xiaomi et al, 2013) and creativity of community members during a whole week, in order to support the community ability to generate innovative concepts and ideas for the given topic. To obtain more detailed view of the observed discussions, every interaction and the content of every message posted in the debate were categorized and deeply analyzed through combination of Pena-Schaff and Nicholl’s analytical framework (Pena-Shaff & Nicholls, 2004) and Taura and Nagai design theory framework (Taura and Nagai, 2012) Findings and managerial implications We present three sets of results: firstly, we describe the general dynamics of an online innovation-oriented conversation through its main characteristics (the number of participants, the nature of interactions, the response-time between messages and topics discussed); secondly, we describe the micro-processes of concept generation by deeply analyzing the content of the subsets of messages that contributed to generation. We further analyze the innovative potential of generated concepts for the international group; finally, we propose a framework of participatory roles by correlating the nature of interventions to specific cognitive entities. While limited, this study aims to help researchers and practitioners to better understand the process of concept generation in an online environment and thus, provide the archetypes defined by the patterns of analyzed interactions. |
| Date: | 2015–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01138847&r=all |
| By: | Petra Moser; Joerg Ohmstedt; Paul W. Rhode |
| Abstract: | Patents are the main source of data on innovation, but there are persistent concerns that patents may be a noisy and biased measure. An important challenge arises from unobservable variation in the size of the inventive step that is covered by a patent. The count of later patents that cite a patent as relevant prior art – so called forward citations – have become the standard measure to control for such variation. Citations may, however, also be a noisy and biased measure for the size of the inventive step. To address this issue, this paper examines field trial data for patented improvements in hybrid corn. Field trials report objective measures for improvements in hybrid corn, which we use to quantify the size of the inventive step. These data show a robust correlation between citations and improvements in yields, as the bottom line measure for improvements in hybrid corn. This correlation is robust to alternative measures for improvements in hybrid corn, and a broad range of other tests.We also investigate the process, by which patents generate citations. This analysis reveals that hybrids that serve as an input for genetically-related follow-on inventions are more likely to receive self-citations (by the same firm), which suggests that self-citations are a good predictor for follow-on invention. |
| JEL: | O3 O31 O34 Q16 Q55 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:21443&r=all |
| By: | Ismail Saglam (Department of Economics, Ipek University) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies whether a monopolist with private marginal cost information has incentives to make cost-reducing innovations through research and development (R&D) when its output and price are regulated according to the incentive-compatible mechanism of Baron and Myerson (1982). Under several assumptions concerning the cost of R&D and the regulator's beliefs about the marginal cost, we characterize the optimal level of R&D activities for the regulated monopolist when these activities are observed by the regulator as well as when they are not. We show that the regulated monopolist always chooses a higher level of R&D activities when its activities are unobserved. In situations where the social welfare attaches a sufficiently high weight to the monopolist welfare, the monopolist's R&D activities in the unobservable case even realize at a higher level than its activities when its output and price are not regulated. Moreover, whenever R&D activities increase productive efficiency, a less efficient monopolist would choose a higher level of R&D activities than a more efficient monopolist, irrespective of the observability of R&D. |
| Keywords: | Monopoly, Regulation,Research and Development |
| JEL: | D82 L51 O32 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipk:wpaper:1502&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Ping-ho; Chu, Hsun; Lai, Ching-Chong |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the growth effect of subsidy policies in a modified R&D-based growth model of Romer (1990), in which both innovation and capital accumulation are engines of long-run economic growth. We show that, under certain conditions, subsidizing the R&D sector may be growth-impeding. |
| Keywords: | R&D; subsidy policy; endogenous growth; |
| JEL: | H2 O3 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:66061&r=all |
| By: | Naciba Haned (ESDES - École de management de Lyon - Université Catholique de Lyon); Caroline Mothe (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - Université de Savoie); Nguyen-Thi Thuc Uyen (CEPS/INSTEAD - Centre d'Etudes de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio-Economiques / International Networks for Studies in Technology, Environment, Alternatives, Development - Centre d'Etudes de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio-Economiques / International Networks for Studies in Technology, Environment, Alternatives, Development) |
| Abstract: | Organizational innovation favors technological innovation, but does it also influence persistence in technological innovation? This article empirically investigates the pattern of technological innovation persistence and tests the potential impact of organizational innovation using firm-level data from three waves of French Community Innovation Surveys. The evidence indicates a positive effect of organizational innovation on persistence in technological innovation, according to various measures of organizational innovation. Moreover, this impact is more significant for complex innovators, i.e. those who innovate in both products and processes. The results highlight the complexity of managing organizational practices with regard to the technological innovation of firms. They also add to understanding of the drivers of innovation persistence through the focus on an often-forgotten dimension of innovation in a broader sense. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01133555&r=all |
| By: | Romaric Servajean-Hilst (CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion - Polytechnique - X - CNRS); Katia Picaud (Audencia Recherche - Audencia) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the mechanisms that trigger the absorption of external knowledge in an innovative French automotive firm. An ethnographic-inspired study conducted by an academic embedded within the Innovation Purchasing Department has enable us to present a rare and new function of Purchasing that plays an important role between potential new suppliers and Research and Development personnel. |
| Date: | 2014–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00983662&r=all |
| By: | Edquist , Charles (CIRCLE, Lund University); Zabala-Iturriagagoitia , Jon Mikel (Deusto Business School, Deusto University) |
| Abstract: | According to the Innovation Union Scoreboard published by the European Commission, Sweden has been, and still is, an innovation leader within the EU and one of the most innovative countries in Europe. In this paper, the performance of the Swedish national innovation system is analyzed using exactly the same data as those employed by the Innovation Union Scoreboard for the years 2014 and 2015. <p> We argue that the Summary Innovation Index provided by the Innovation Union Scoreboard is highly misleading. Instead of merely calculating this Summary Innovation Index, the individual indicators that constitute this composite innovation indicator need to be analyzed in much greater depth in order to reach a correct measure of the performance of innovation systems. We argue that input and output indicators need to be considered as two separate types of indicators and each type should then be measured individually. Thereafter the input and output indicators should be compared to one another, as is normally done in productivity and efficiency measurements. <p> To check whether our approach provides results similar to those of the Innovation Union Scoreboard (or not), we apply it and analyze the relative position of Sweden - appointed the innovation leader of the EU, by the EU. A theoretical background and reasons for selecting the indicators used are also given and a new position regarding Sweden’s innovation performance compared to the other EU countries is calculated. <p> Our conclusion is that Sweden cannot be seen as an innovation leader in the EU. This means in turn that the Innovation Union Scoreboard is flawed and may therefore mislead researchers, policy-makers, politicians as well as the general public – since it is widely reported in the media. |
| Keywords: | Innovation system; innovation policy; innovation performance; Sweden; indicators; input; output |
| JEL: | O30 O38 O49 O52 |
| Date: | 2015–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2015_027&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Grebel (Economics department - Massachussetts Institute of Technology); Lionel Nesta (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the conditions under which R&D investment by rival firms may be negatively or positively correlated. Using a two-stage game the influence of spillovers and product substitution is investigated. It is shown that under Cournot competition, the sign of the R&D reaction function depends on four types of environments in terms of the level of product substitution and of spillovers. We then test the prediction of the model on the world's largest manufacturing corporations. We assume that firms make oblivious R&D investments based on the R&D decision of the average rival company. We then develop a dynamic panel data model that accounts for the endogeneity of the decision of the mean rival firms. Results corroborate the validity of the theoretical model. |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00973072&r=all |
| By: | Bastien Bernela (CRIEF - Centre de Recherche sur l'Intégration Economique et Financière - Université de Poitiers); Rachel Levy (LEREPS - Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UTM - Université Toulouse 2 Le Mirail - École Nationale de Formation Agronomique - ENFA) |
| Abstract: | This research aims to characterize interactions between partners within collaborative projects for innovation. We use data from an online survey sent to all the partners involved in projects labelled by a French competitiveness cluster. The partners have assessed the frequency of face-to-face interactions and interactions at a distance with each other partner of the same project. From the 754 inter-organizational ties, we observe heterogeneity of interactions in terms of existence and frequency. Although the role of the project coordinator and partners' acquaintanceship stimulates interactions, we show that geographical proximity has a positive impact only on face-to-face interactions. Finally, a cross-analysis of the two forms of interactions highlights the existence of both complementarity and substitutability cases, but this latter is possible only if a minimum of face-to-face interactions occurs. |
| Abstract: | Cette recherche vise à caractériser les interactions entre partenaires dans le cadre de projets collaboratifs pour l'innovation. Les données mobilisées proviennent d'une enquête en ligne adressée à l'ensemble des partenaires impliqués dans des projets labellisés par un pôle de compétitivité français. Les acteurs ont évalué la fréquence de leurs interactions en face-à-face et à distance avec chacun des autres partenaires impliqués dans le même projet. A partir des 754 liens inter-organisationnels étudiés, on observe une hétérogénéité des interactions en termes d'existence et de fréquence. Si le rôle des coordinateurs des projets et de la connaissance antérieure des partenaires stimule les interactions, nous montrons que la proximité géographique n'a un impact positif que sur les interactions en face-à-face. Enfin, l'analyse croisée des deux types d'interactions met en évidence l'existence à la fois de configurations de complémentarité et de substituabilité, cette dernière n'étant possible que s'il existe un minimum d'interactions en face-à-face. |
| Date: | 2014–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01085016&r=all |
| By: | Derya Findik (Science and Technology Policy Studies Program, Middle East Technical University); Aysit Tansel (Cornell University, Middle East Technical University, IZA, and ERF Cairo) |
| Abstract: | This chapter analyzes the effect of intangible investment on firm efficiency with an emphasis on its software component. Stochastic production frontier approach is used to simultaneously estimate the production function and the determinants of technical efficiency in the software intensive manufacturing firms in Turkey for the period 2003-2007. Firms are classified based on the technology group. High technology and low technology firms are estimated separately in order to reveal differentials in their firm efficiency. The results show that the effect of software investment on firm efficiency is larger in high technology firms which operate in areas such as chemicals, electricity, and machinery as compared to that of the low technology firms which operate in areas such as textiles, food, paper, and unclassified manufacturing. Further, among the high technology firms, the effect of the software investment is smaller than the effect of research and development personnel expenditure. This result shows that the presence of R&D personnel is more important than the software investment for software intensive manufacturing firms in Turkey. |
| Keywords: | Intangible assets, Software investment, Efficiency, Software intensive firms, Stochastic frontier analysis, Production. |
| JEL: | L21 L22 L23 L25 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koc:wpaper:1511&r=all |
| By: | Andries Brandsma (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); D'Artis Kancs (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | European integration changes the prospects of regional economies within the Member States of the European Union in many ways. Cohesion policy is the EU’s instrument to influence and complement the efforts at the national level to ensure that the gains of economic integration reach everyone, and there are no regions left behind. This paper presents and applies a spatial general equilibrium model RHOMOLO to assess the impact of regional policy in the EU. The presented simulation results highlight strengths of the approach taken in RHOMOLO in handling investments in R&D, infrastructure and spillovers of investments in the innovation capacity of the regions, both of which cannot be captured by models in which the spatial structure is not present. |
| Keywords: | Economic modelling, R&D, innovation, knowledge spillovers, spatial equilibrium, economic geography. |
| JEL: | D51 F1 O1 R12 R13 R23 R3 R4 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc95421&r=all |
| By: | Julien Berthoumieu (Larefi - Laboratoire d'analyse et de recherche en économie et finance internationales - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the relationship between public policy instruments and technology diffusion in a North-South duopoly, within an inter-temporal model where time is continuous. Initially, the Northern firm benefits from a new technology while the Southern firm uses only an old technology. There is a monopoly period with the new technology for the Northern firm. At the end, there is then technology diffusion from the Northern firm to the Southern firm. The Northern firm files patent in order to slow down diffusion. This article studies the impact of policy instruments: (i) a production subsidy, a patent subsidy and an import tariff implemented by the Northern country, (ii) a production subsidy, a public Research and Development investment and an import tariff implemented by the Southern country. The results show that the Northern government’s policies slow down technology diffusion by increasing the monopoly period with the new technology while the Southern government’s policies accelerate it. Welfare analysis demonstrates that governments are encouraged to implement each policy instrument, except in the case of patent subsidy. The Northern government is encouraged to tax patent expenditures. Nevertheless, the patent subsidy may be optimal if the Northern firm invests in Research and Development due to its technological advantage with the patent. |
| Date: | 2015–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01155111&r=all |
| By: | Laura Abramovsky (Institute for Fiscal Studies and Institute for Fiscal Studies) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a novel portrait of firms engaging in the international use of inventors. I focus on drug discovery activity of pharmaceutical and biotechnological firms head-quartered in Europe, over the period 1996-2005. An important part of the most high-valued added R&D activities are conducted by inventors, who are engaged in the creation of new technologies. I use a novel and particularly rich dataset that provides a comparable picture across host locations and over time of research activity of EU firms. The main results are that firm-level heterogeneity is a key feature in the internationalisation of inventors and this is similar to patterns from data analysing good and service traders and MNEs. Furthermore, host country distance characteristics are associated with the number of inventors in a similar fashion to patterns found in gravity models explaining good and service trade. |
| Keywords: | International trade; multinational firms; inventors; R&D |
| JEL: | F14 F19 F23 O31 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:15/18&r=all |
| By: | Amel Attour (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis); Maelle Della-Peruta (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis) |
| Abstract: | The main objective is to identify which knowledge flows are key elements for designing an inter-organisational technological platform. It mobilizes two theories: the literature of platform strategies and the architectural innovation theory. In the literature, the technological platform is already existing, is the property of only one firm and it is the starting point for an inter-organisational innovation process because it is enhanced and enriched by niche players. This paper considers the case of a digital business ecosystem where the technological platform doesn't already exist and it is co-designed. We study the design process of an inter-organisational technological platform and, more specifically, its emergence, its development, and its potential evolution. The issue is to know how and under which conditions and with what objective an emerging technological platform is fundamental to the analysis of the emergence of the business ecosystem and the strategic positioning of each member. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01062004&r=all |
| By: | Isabelle Liotard (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) - CNRS); Valérie Revest (TRIANGLE - Triangle : action, discours, pensée politique et économique - CNRS - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon) |
| Abstract: | Le Web 2.0 constitue la pierre angulaire pour l'intérêt renouvelé envers un dispositif d'incitation à l'innovation : le concours. Ce dernier contribue en effet à proposer une vitrine mondiale pour ce dispositif, via des sites et des plateformes qui n'ont eu de cesse de se développer depuis le début des années 2000, fonctionnant sur le principe du crowdsourcing. Dans un contexte d'Open Innovation, les concours d'innovation sont mobilisés par deux types d'acteurs économiques: des entreprises privées, mais aussi des agences publiques. En effet, parallèlement aux plateformes privées (Innocentiven Ninesigma…), un nombre croissant d'agences fédérales et d'organisations publiques américaines poste en ligne des concours via le site www.challenge.gov. Nous proposons une analyse comparative de l'utilisation des concours d'innovation par ces deux types d'acteurs. Dans le cas des plateformes privées, les concours contribuent à une forme de marchandisation de la connaissance. La valeur marchande de la solution proposée et son degré d'appropriation par l'entreprise qui a lancé le défi, sont au coeur du dispositif. Les pouvoirs publics américains utilisent de leur coté les concours en ligne afin d'orienter les innovations vers des domaines jugés cruciaux pour l'avenir, trouver des solutions à des défis complexes mais aussi dans la plupart des cas, sensibiliser le public sur des thématiques spécifiques. |
| Date: | 2014–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01141037&r=all |
| By: | Paul Cunningham (MIOIR/PREST: University of Manchester (Manchester, United Kingdom)) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in the UK for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the UK research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, UK |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96565&r=all |
| By: | Aoife Brophy Haney |
| Abstract: | Firms have developed climate change strategies over the last decade in response to rising regulatory, social and competitive pressures. Increasingly, these strategies include the development of new products and services (P&S) to reducing the environmental impact of the firm and its customers. In this paper, I explore how managerial interpretation of climate change has evolved over time and how these changes in interpretation are associated with innovation outcomes. The existing literature suggests that interpreting environmental challenges as opportunities is more likely to lead to open and innovative strategies. Using qualitative survey data on 99 Global 500 firms over the period 2003 to 2009, I find that threat-based interpretation can in fact lead to positive innovation outcomes at early stages of new P&S development. I identify three main mechanisms through which the detailed identification of threats encourages innovation in response to climate change. Furthermore, I develop a temporal dimension to the relationship between interpretation and stages of P&S development. I find that at advanced stages of P&S development, a balanced and opportunity-focused interpretation becomes more important. The results imply that managerial interpretation can provide firms with added flexibility to provide innovative responses to social and environmental challenges. But the relationship between interpretation and innovation is not static, nor is it a question of threat or opportunity interpretation but a combination of the two at different times that provides flexibility. |
| Keywords: | climate change, dynamic managerial capability, innovation, interpretation, environmental strategy |
| JEL: | M10 M14 L80 |
| Date: | 2015–08–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1524&r=all |
| By: | Tom Martin (Tom Martin & Associates (Ireland) Author-Workplace-Homepage http://www.tma.ie/) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Ireland for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Irish research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Ireland |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96573&r=all |
| By: | Matthijs Janssen (Dialogic (Utrecht, The Netherlands)); Pim den Hertog (Dialogic (Utrecht, The Netherlands)) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in The Netherlands for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Dutch research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Slovenia |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96296&r=all |
| By: | Boštjan Udovic (University of Ljubljana (Slovenia)); Maja Bucar (University of Ljubljana (Slovenia)) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Slovenia for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Slovenian research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Slovenia |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96370&r=all |
| By: | Christoph Grimpe (Copenhagen Business School (Denmark) Author-Workplace-Homepage http://www.cbs.dk/) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Denmark for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Danish research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Denmark |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96571&r=all |
| By: | Manuel Mira Godinho (Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (Portugal)); Vítor Corrodo Simões (Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento (Portugal)) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Portugal for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Portuguese research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Portugal |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96476&r=all |
| By: | Vincent Duchêne (IDEA Consult (Belgium)) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Belgium for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Belgian research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Belgium |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96432&r=all |
| By: | Valdis Avotinš (Ventspils University College (Latvia) Author-Workplace-Homepage http://venta.lv/); Liene Resele (Ventspils University College (Latvia) Author-Workplace-Homepage http://venta.lv/) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Latvia for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Latvian research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Latvia |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96489&r=all |
| By: | Agne Paliokaite (Visionary Analytics UAB (Lithuania) Author-Workplace-Homepage http://www.visionary.lt/) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Lithuania for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Lithuanian research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Lithuania |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96488&r=all |
| By: | Tibor Dory (Szent Istvan University (Budapest, Hungary)) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Slovenia for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Slovenian research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Hungary |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96564&r=all |
| By: | Radu Gheorghiu (Institutul de Economie Mondiala (Romania)) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Romania for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Romanian research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Romania |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96475&r=all |
| By: | Ruuta Ruttas-Küttim (freelance consultant (Estonia)) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Estonia for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Estonian research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Estonia |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96487&r=all |
| By: | Jessica Schoner; Greg Lindsey; David Levinson (Nexus (Networks, Economics, and Urban Systems) Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents new evidence about the role of bike share systems in travel behavior using a diffusion of innovation framework. We hypothesize that bike share systems have a contagion or spillover effect on (ð»1) propensity to start using the system and (ð»2) propensity to bicycle among the general population. We test the first hypothesis by modeling membership growth as a function of both system expansion and the existing membership base. We test the second hypothesis by using bike share activity levels near one’s home in a model of household-level bicycle participation and trip frequency. Our study shows mixed results. Bike share membership growth appears to be driven, in a small part, by a contagion effect of existing bike share members nearby. However, we did not identify a significant relationship between proximity to bike share and cycling participation or frequency among the general population. The findings hold implications for marketing, infrastructure investments, and future research about bike share innovation diffusion and spillover effects. |
| Keywords: | Bike Share; Diffusion of Innovation; Travel Behavior |
| JEL: | O33 L91 R14 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nex:wpaper:bicyclingcontagious&r=all |
| By: | Veli-Pekka Saarnivaara (here put first and last name) (VPSolutio) |
| Abstract: | The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Finland for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Finnish research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Finland |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96563&r=all |
| By: | FaÏz Gallouj (Clersé - CLERSE - Centre lillois d'études et de recherches sociologiques et économiques - CNRS - Université Lille 1 - Sciences et technologies); Matthias Weber (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology - AIT Austrian Institute of Technology); Metka Stare (University of Ljubljana (SLOVENIA) - University of Ljubljana (SLOVENIA)); Luis Rubalcaba (University of Alcala - University of Alcala) |
| Abstract: | The paper presents a signalling exercise with a view to trace emerging dynamics in the development of the services economy in Europe. These dynamics have a direct influence and will trigger off service innovation. Firstly, the drivers of the service economy are presented, many of them fostering service innovation as a way to face new societal and business challenges. Secondly, emerging developments are discussed to identify the most promising service innovation dynamics. Finally, foresight scenarios demonstrate possible future trends of the new service economy. These scenarios are based on a methodology developed and applied in the context of an EC-funded project on Sectoral Innovation Systems. This exercise is performed for the overall set of services activities although a particular focus is given on activities such as knowledge intensive business services and distributive trade services. Results indicate that emerging developments are those related to the reconciliation between industrialisation and customisation associated with ICT, ageing population, sustainable development and service regression and extension dynamics. The cases of knowledge intensive services and distributive trades have shown how different drivers and emerging developments are interrelated and establish different scenarios for future development. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01133897&r=all |
| By: | Martin Srholec (CERGE-EI, (Centre for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute) (Prague, Czech Rep.)) |
| Abstract: | This analytical country report is the first of the series of annual RIO Country Reports. This Country Report builds on the series of ERAWATCH reports. The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in the Czech Republic for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Czech research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Czech Republic |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96345&r=all |
| By: | Xavier Pavie (PhD Program - Essec Business School) |
| Abstract: | This study deals with responsibility as part of innovation. By nature, innovation gives birth to development for the organization and can only be at the core of any strategy within an ever-increasingly global economic context. However it also raises new questions stemming mostly from the impossibility to forecast the success of the innovations. More precisely, the questions raised by innovation also concern its consequences on society as a whole. Today, the innovator should understand his responsibility, the consequence of each innovation. Moreover, common acceptance of the word 'responsibility' raises some questions about its use and how it should be understood. What does 'responsibility' mean? Who is responsible and for what? Through the notion of 'care', we aim at providing an evolution of responsible-innovation. The concept of 'innovation-care' is centered on people and more precisely focuses on taking care of them. The purpose of innovation-care is indeed to innovate and keep up with the level of productivity necessary to any organization while taking into account the essential interdependence between the status of the innovator and that of the citizen. |
| Date: | 2013–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00690404&r=all |
| By: | Rekers , Josephine V. (Department of Human Geography & CIRCLE, Lund University); Grillitsch, Markus (CIRCLE, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Co-location alone is not sufficient to ensure efficient and effective interaction between economic agents. Also, institutions at multiple scales shape the behaviour of organizations and provide incentives for interaction. However, institutions as well as the impact of institutions on economic agents are not static, but rather change over time. In this paper we investigate this dynamic process: How does institutional change at different geographical scales affect localized learning processes? Using an intensive case study of the medical technology sector in Southern Sweden, we trace in detail how institutions at the supra-national, national and regional scale have changed over the past 15 years and how these have affected the opportunities for localized learning between firms and hospitals. Our case makes three contributions. First, it provides a detailed empirical example of the interdependencies between institutions at the supra-national, national and regional scales. Second, as institutions shape the behaviour of organizations, we demonstrate that institutional change introduced at the extra-regional scale can have profound consequences for the establishment of local innovation linkages – and thereby for the opportunities for localized learning. Third, this leads us to reconsider the ambitions of regional policies that aim to enhance localized learning. |
| Keywords: | Institutions; institutional change; multi-scalar interdependencies; social capital; knowledge networks; innovation; regional development |
| JEL: | B52 D83 I18 L50 O30 O31 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2015–08–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2015_026&r=all |
| By: | Silvia Cruz (State University of Campinas Campinas); Sônia Paulino (University of Sao Paolo); Faïz Gallouj (CLERSE - Centre lillois d'études et de recherches sociologiques et économiques - CNRS - Université Lille 1 - Sciences et technologies) |
| Abstract: | This paper is devoted to the discussion of public services innovation in the Brazilian municipal solid waste sector, with emphasis on multi-agent participation within Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects. The empirical context is based on six landfill CDM projects located in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. CDM projects have a dual purpose: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promoting local sustainable development in host countries – through the promotion of local co-benefits. The discussion is based on the analytical model provided by the ServPPIN concept (public-private innovation networks in services). It focuses on the characterization of the landfills selected and on the identification of the stakeholders involved within these landfills, pointing out the participation gaps. The results indicate that the participation of associations and cooperatives surrounding landfills is still marginal. Pulling this theoretical (ServPPIN) and empirical research (landfill CDM project) together, one can identify the main factors affecting the establishment of basic conditions for service innovation: a) interactions and the building of social relations aimed at innovation among various stakeholders; b) the development of competences on several fronts; especially relational and organizational; c) the role of the public sector (coordination role) in supporting the development of successful public-private innovation networks in services. |
| Date: | 2014–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01134031&r=all |
| By: | WADA Tetsuo |
| Abstract: | Despite large numbers of empirical studies being conducted on examiner patent citations, few have scrutinized the cognitive limitations of officials at patent offices in searching for prior art to add patent citations during patent prosecution. This research takes advantage of the longitudinal gap between international search reports (ISRs) required by the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and subsequent examination procedures in national phases. It inspects whether several kinds of distances actually affect the probability that a piece of prior art is caught at the time of ISRs, which is much earlier than national phase examinations. Based on triadic PCT applications for all of the triadic patent offices (European Patent Office (EPO), United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and Japan Patent Office (JPO)) between 2002 and 2005 and their citations made by the triadic offices, evidence shows that geographical distances negatively affect the probability of prior patents being caught in ISRs, while a lag of prior art positively affects the probability. Also, the technological complexity of an application negatively affects the probability, whereas the size of forward citations of prior art affects it positively. These results show the existence of cognitive restrictions borne by officials at the patent offices, and suggest issues for designing work sharing by patent offices, in that the duplication of search costs exists only where search horizons of patent offices overlap each other. |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:15096&r=all |
| By: | Mélodie Cartel (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Eva Boxenbaum (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Franck Aggeri (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) |
| Abstract: | The making of environmental policies is a multi-stakeholders process where actors often hold antagonistic interests. The paper explores how institutional compromises are reached by the mechanism of collective bricolage. Recent studies are developing a view on institutional innovation as bricolage, but the conditions under which bricolage occurs and succeeds in relation to institutional innovation are still unknown. Drawing on the notion of platform developed in the context of economics performativity, we study their role in bricolage mechanisms. We hold an empirical case study of the GETS platform that was instrumental in developing the European carbon market as a corner-stone of European climate policy. Based on the GETS case study, we find three modalities in which platforms stimulate institutional bricolage: catalyzing combinations, managing learning, fostering compromise. These findings draw on, and extend, the notion of platforms developed in the context of economics performativity, contributing to a better understanding of processes of bricolage and, more widely, of institutional innovation. The managerial implication of this study is to identify the conditions under which compromises become manageable in processes of policy making. 2 |
| Date: | 2014–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01089462&r=all |
| By: | Olivier Baverel (Matériaux et Structures Architecturés (MSA) - NAVIER UMR 8205 - Laboratoire Navier - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - Université Paris Est (UPE) - CNRS); Gilles Debizet (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Stephane Ploix (G-SCOP_GCSP - GCSP - G-SCOP - Laboratoire des sciences pour la conception, l'optimisation et la production - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG) - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Pour répondre aux enjeux de la transition énergétique, des chercheurs en Sciences Humaines et Sociales, en Sciences pour l’Ingénieur et en Architecture ont collaboré depuis 2013 dans le cadre de l'atelier «Prospective Créative Énergie Habitat Territoires» soutenu par l’ARC Energie de la Région Rhône-Alpes. Ils ont identifié les questionnements sociétaux et professionnels qui nécessitent des approches interdisciplinaires. Des projets de recherche ont été esquissés. Présentés à une cinquantaine d'acteurs de la R&D et de l'innovation urbaine, ils ont fait l'objet de fiches thématiques commentées par des grands témoins : - Coordination des systèmes énergétiques dans les espaces urbanisés - Nouveaux services pour le secteur du bâtiment - Résilience des bâtiments, des réseaux et du territoire - Conception collaborative centrée utilisateur - Généralisation des innovations |
| Date: | 2014–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01070206&r=all |
| By: | Jérémie Faham (ESTIA Recherche - IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - CNRS - ESTIA Recherche - Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées (ESTIA), IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - CNRS); Nawel Takouachet (ESTIA Recherche - IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - CNRS - ESTIA Recherche - Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées (ESTIA)); Jérémy Legardeur (ESTIA Recherche - IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - CNRS - ESTIA Recherche - Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées (ESTIA), IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - CNRS); Iban Lizarralde (ESTIA Recherche - IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - CNRS - ESTIA Recherche - Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées (ESTIA)) |
| Abstract: | Résumé. L'un des challenges afin de favoriser l'innovation est d'appréhender les pratiques et les besoins réels des entreprises pour mieux les aider au moment d'initier leurs projets d'innovation ou de développer de nouvelles idées. Ce papier aborde cette question en proposant un nouveau support collaboratif et interactif basé sur l'approche du crowdsourcing. Nous proposons ainsi une plateforme collaborative de type wiki, WeKeyInnovation (WKI) qui sera utilisable en ligne et progressivement enrichie par les entreprises, les experts en conseil et en accompagnement des organisations de même que par les organismes à caractère institutionnel. De plus, via la collecte de données empiriques qualifiées, WKI permettra l'élaboration d'un observatoire dynamique basé sur des informations de terrain concernant les pratiques et les besoins réels des organisations. Une attention particulière est portée aux spécificités des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (PME) régionales. La finalité de ce travail est de permettre la définition de politiques plus efficientes tout en stimulant l'émergence d'un vrai plan stratégique régional en faveur d'une croissance économique basée sur l'innovation. |
| Date: | 2014–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01077271&r=all |
| By: | Benjamin Cabanes (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, ST-CROLLES - STMicroelectronics [Crolles] - STMicroelectronics); Pascal Le Masson (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Benoit Weil (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Olga Kokshagina (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Patrick Cogez (ST-CROLLES - STMicroelectronics [Crolles] - STMicroelectronics) |
| Abstract: | L’objectif de cette communication est de mettre en évidence un nouveau cadre théorique pour penser la stratégie de compétition entre plateformes technologiques, indépendamment des logiques de marchés. Nous démontrons que la compétition ne se joue pas seulement sur le marché ; et qu’un des défis majeur de l’innovation technologique est d’être capable de subvertir les systèmes techniques des autres acteurs industriels (concurrents, fournisseurs, partenaires, clients, etc.). Nous présentons ensuite un nouveau critère de performance stratégique pour illustrer l’effet systémique d’une technologie sur l’espace des techniques : la pervasivité d’une technologie. Ce concept permet d’exprimer la faculté d’une invention technique à transformer et à réorganiser d’autres systèmes techniques ainsi que sa capacité à se diffuser à travers un large ensemble de technologies. Aussi, mener une stratégie de pervasivité technologique suppose de contrôler le degré de transformation des différents systèmes techniques, tout en augmentant le nombre de relations entre différents systèmes. Afin de tester nos hypothèses et en raison du caractère exploratoire de cette recherche, nous avons opté pour une étude de cas unique basée sur une approche qualitative. Nous illustrons notre modèle à travers l’étude de l’activité de conception et de développement de la technologie FD-SOI (Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator) chez STMicroelectronics, leader européen dans l’industrie du semi-conducteur. |
| Date: | 2015–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01140915&r=all |
| By: | Benjamin Zimmer (Computer Science Department - Linnaeus University); Julie Stal-Le Cardinal (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - Ecole Centrale Paris, Ecole Centrale Paris - Ecole Centrale Paris); Bernard Yannou (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - Ecole Centrale Paris); Gilles Le Cardinal (UTC - Université de Technologie de Compiègne [Compiègne]); François Piette (Faculté de Médecine - Université Pierre et Marie Curie); Vincent Boly (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL) - Ecole Nationale Supérieure en Génie des Systèmes Industriels) |
| Abstract: | For more than 10 years, the French State and administrative regions have pursued economic development policies that stimulate all forms of innovation and encourage strategic market alliances of the economic stakeholders of a region. These “cluster” policies aim to create ecosystems that are conducive to innovation and promote the emergence of collaborative organizations. Among these innovation clusters, we are concerned with those in the health care field pertaining to aging and autonomy. Business models and action plans for these collaborative organizations are neither easy to define nor easy to stabilize and reinforce, because of the diversity of stakeholders with multiple expectations involved. This paper presents an application of the FAcT-Mirror method in the Sol’iage innovation cluster during its development stage. We demonstrate that the FAcT-Mirror method is particularly efficient and effective during the process of transformation from the emerging stage (stage of intention) to the development stage (stage of action) for a health care cluster to collectively produce common tools (definitions, strategy, working groups, and action plans). |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01152287&r=all |
| By: | Olivier Sire (LIMATB - Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Bretagne Occidentale - Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de Brest (ISSTB)); Salim Lardjane (LMBA - Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Bretagne Atlantique - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Bretagne Occidentale - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Poussés par la dynamique d’Horizons 2020, les territoires se mettent en ordre de marche pour faire face aux défis de ce nouveau programme cadre européen. Pour cela, ils doivent décloisonner leur développement économique, social et environnemental. Dès lors, une approche globale, systémique, s’impose, qui nécessite une méthodologie adaptée aux systèmes complexes. De tels systèmes peuvent être approchés par l’analyse statistique des réseaux sociaux. L’outil VORTEX a été conçu pour étudier le réseau social de l’innovation en Bretagne. L’analyse structurale de ce réseau s’est focalisée sur les liens entre acteurs de niveau 1 des mondes de l’entreprise et de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. Deux cliques, au sens de la théorie des graphes, sont identifiées. La première est constituée de 70 acteurs de l’ESR fortement interconnectés de manière directe, la seconde de 150 entreprises qui entretiennent peu de liens directs mais sont fortement interconnectés par des acteurs de niveau 2 (réseaux professionnels) ou 3. Ces deux cliques étant en étroite interaction, forment de facto une quasi-clique constituant ainsi ce que nous appellerons le cœur de l’innovation en Bretagne. |
| Date: | 2014–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01098549&r=all |
| By: | David Hemous (INSEAD); Morten Olsen (IESE) |
| Abstract: | Persistently increasing wage inequality, polarization of the wage distribution, and stagnating real wages for low skill workers are some of the most salient features of modern labor markets, but are dicult to reconcile with the theoretical literature on economic growth. To better understand the mechanisms driving these phenomena, we construct an endogenous growth model of directed technical change with automation (the introduction of machines which replace low-skill labor and complement high-skill labor) and horizontal innovation (the introduction of new products, which increases demand for both types of labor). The economy endogenously follows three phases: First, both low-skill wages and automation are low, while income inequality and the labor share are constant. Second, increases in low-skill wages stimulate investment in automation, which depresses the growth rate of future low-skill wages (potentially to negative), and reduces the total labor share. Finally, the share of automated products stabilizes and low-skill wages grow at a positive but lower rate than high-skill wages. Adding middle skill workers allows the model to generate a phase of wage polarization after one of uniform increase in income inequality. We show that this framework can quantitatively account for the evolution of the skill premium, the skill ratio and the labor share in the US since the 1960s. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed015:456&r=all |
| By: | Eric Heyer (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | D’après nos évaluations, un tiers des prélèvements obligatoires (PO) français (14,1 points de PIB) est à la charge des entreprises. Ces PO sont constitués pour près des deux tiers par des cotisations sociales et pour le reste par des impôts (2,5 points de PIB d’impôts sur la production et 2,5 points de PIB d’impôts sur les bénéfices). Si ce niveau est élevé par rapport à ceux observés ailleurs chez nos partenaires (9,4 points de PIB en moyenne dans les pays de l’OCDE), il est en revanche particulièrement stable, notamment par rapport au cas italien ou espagnol. L’écart de PO s’explique principalement par un poids plus important des cotisations sociales à la charge des entreprises, poids toutefois insuffisant pour expliquer les pertes de compétitivité de la France. Après avoir rappelé les effets sur l’économie française à attendre du CICE et du Pacte de responsabilité qui constituent un choc d’offre positif financé par un choc de demande négatif de même ampleur, nous formulons quatre propositions de réforme de la fiscalité des entreprises : 1- instaurer une assiette de l’impôt plus large et des taux nominaux plus bas ; 2 - financer les prestations universelles par de l’impôt et non par des cotisations ; 3 - basculer les cotisations employeurs sur les cotisations salariales ; 4 - cibler les incitations fiscales vers une liste de dépenses liées à la compétitivité comme l’innovation et la R&D, la protection des brevets et certificats, la formation, la transition écologique ou encore les pôles de compétitivité. Cela permettrait de cibler davantage les aides aux secteurs exposés et aux entreprises innovantes et de favoriser ainsi la compétitivité de l’économie française. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:tel-01178110&r=all |
| By: | Yann Algan (ECON - Département d'économie - Sciences Po); Pierre Cahuc (ECON - Département d'économie - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | This survey reviews the recent research on trust, institutions, and economic development. It discusses the various measures of trust and documents the substantial heterogeneity of trust across space and time. The conceptual mechanisms that explain the influence of trust on economic performance and the methods employed to identify the causal impact of trust on economic performance are reviewed. We document the mechanisms of interactions between trust and economic development in the realms of finance, innovation, the organization of firms, the labor market, and the product market. The last part reviews recent progress to identify how institutions and policies can affect trust. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01169659&r=all |
| By: | Francesco Quatraro (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis); Marco Vivarelli (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Facoltà di Scienze bancarie, finanziarie e assicurative - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to provide an updated survey of the "state of the art" in entrepreneurial studies, with a particular focus on developing countries (DCs). In particular, the same concept of "entrepreneurship" will be critically discussed, then moving to the institutional, macroeconomic and microeconomic conditions affecting the entry of new firms and the post-entry performance of newborn firms. |
| Date: | 2014–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01071511&r=all |
| By: | Mckenzie,David J. |
| Abstract: | Almost all firms in developing countries have fewer than 10 workers, with the modal firm consisting of just the owner. Are there potential high-growth entrepreneurs with the ability to grow their firms beyond this size? And, if so, can public policy help alleviate the constraints that prevent these entrepreneurs from doing so? A large-scale national business plan competition in Nigeria is used to help provide evidence on these two questions. The competition was launched with much fanfare, and attracted almost 24,000 entrants. Random assignment was used to select some of the winners from a pool of semi-finalists, with US$36 million in randomly allocated grant funding providing each winner with an average of almost US$50,000. Surveys tracking applicants over three years show that winning the business plan competition leads to greater firm entry, higher survival of existing businesses, higher profits and sales, and higher employment, including increases of over 20 percentage points in the likelihood of a firm having 10 or more workers. These effects appear to occur largely through the grants enabling firms to purchase more capital and hire more labor. |
| Keywords: | E-Business,Business Environment,Microfinance,Competitiveness and Competition Policy,Business in Development |
| Date: | 2015–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:7391&r=all |
| By: | Fabienne Bornard (INSEEC, CRE-EM Lyon - CRE EM Lyon); Caroline Verzat (Novancia - Novancia); Chrystelle Gaujard (école HEI Lille) |
| Abstract: | Our contribution tries to analyze a course framework for future entrepreneurs. Transmissive pedagogies don’t work at all for developing an entrepreneurial mindset (Honig, 2004, Neck & Greeene, 2011, Sarasvathy & Venkataraman, 2010). We decided to use scenario building traditionally used for strategy (Boaventura & Fishman, 2008) on the one hand for co-elaborating new strategies for entrepreneurship education and on the other hand for the development of creative imagination (Csikszentmihalyi, 1996, Nyström, 1993, Fillis & Rentschler, 2005) of all stakeholders: students, teachers and entrepreneurs. We trace a path from critical reflective analysis (Mezirow, 1991) of existing higher education institutions and their educational practices to pedagogical refoundation (Fayolle, 2013). Our contribution addresses 4 subjects : strategy, process, learning outcomes and stands of all stakeholders. |
| Date: | 2014–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01089398&r=all |
| By: | Fabrice Cavarretta (Management Department - Essec Business School); Nathan Furr (Brigham Young University) |
| Abstract: | Boundedly rational managerial actors struggling to process information often use a limited set of “theories of action,” or simple rules. However, simple rules may have a hierarchical structure, with some simple rules guiding others. Assuming the existence of such “keystone rules,” we establish the complexity of determining an efficient set, and therefore the necessity of using meta-heuristic approaches. We explore the development of “keystone rules” among entrepreneurs as a genetic algorithm, where the computationally hard problem of picking rules is solved by social calculation. We find that the emergent keystone rules among the observed entrepreneurs do not match existing “scientific” theories but have particular epistemic properties. The identification of keystone rules could fill a theoretical gap between the rational decision and the social construction perspectives. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01083875&r=all |
| By: | Francesco Caselli (Economics Department London School of Economics (LSE); Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM)) |
| Abstract: | The baby-boom cycle has caused very large swings in the relative supply of experienced workers (first a large decline, and then a large increase). Yet, the experience premium has failed to decline markedly in the period where the supply of experience has increased. I develop a methodology to estimate the increase in the relative demand for experience that is required to reconcile the behavor of prices and quantities, and show this to have been large - a phenomenon I dub experience-biased technical change. I conjecture that one of the drivers of experience-biased technical change is a decline in the relative demand for physical strength. In support this conjecture, I show that occupations requiring high or moderate physical strength have accounted for a declining share of weeks worked in the economy, with sedentary occupations experiencing a corresponding increase. I also confirm that older workers have a comparative disadvantage in occupations requiring physical strength. |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:1517&r=all |
| By: | Magdolna Sass; Oliver Kovacs; Lidis Garbovan; Renata Anna Jaksa |
| Abstract: | The report focuses on the potential of the development of small and mid-size businesses in Moldova. It provides an economic overview of the country, and then analyzes various best practices and lessons learned from the development of SMEs in the Visegrad countries, especially Hungary. The report provides a description of economic developments, main trade figures, relevant labor developments, migration and the role of remittances and defines the bottlenecks for SME development in the country. The authors built their analysis on available literature and statistics as well as their own survey and interview series. The study highlights six case studies relevant for SME development selected for deeper investigation such as simplified tax schemes, online tax reporting, entrepreneurship education, agriculture and producers’ organizations, the wine industry and issues of measurement of the SME sector. Finally the report draws up potential intervention schemes for Moldovan stakeholders and provides further recommendations for longer term initiatives and actions taken for the support of economic and SME development. |
| Keywords: | SME development, economic development, Moldova, Visegrad countries |
| JEL: | L25 H2 J6 O2 Q1 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sec:cnrepo:0122&r=all |