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on Innovation |
| By: | Bronwyn H. Hall (University of California, Berkeley); Francesca Lotti (Bank of Italy); Jacques Mairesse (CREST-INSEE) |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates R&D and ICT investment at firm level, assessing their relative importance and the extent to which they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel sample from four consecutive waves of a survey of Italian manufacturing firms, together with a version of the model developed by Crepon et al., 1998, modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs of innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation and ICT for productivity. We explore their possible complementarity in innovation and production but find none, although there is complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation. |
| Keywords: | R&D, ICT, innovation, productivity, complementarity, Italy |
| JEL: | L60 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_874_12&r=ino |
| By: | Giulia Trombini (Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia); Anna Comacchio (Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) |
| Abstract: | The study departs from the traditional view of licensing as a spot market transaction and investigates license integration with R&D partnerships, introducing the concept of licensing combination. Drawing on licensing and R&D partnership literature and adopting the Òtransactional valueÓ approach, we propose two types of antecedents Ð knowledge and dyad features Ð to investigate licensing combination. Using a dataset combining 441 original license agreements with firmsÕ patenting and market activity in the global biopharmaceutical industry, we find a substantial heterogeneity in the ways licensors and licensees jointly exploit markets for knowledge and the specific role of R&D collaboration and minority equity in inter-organizational exchange through licensing. Results show that licensing combination with R&D collaboration is likely when the licensed innovation is embryonic, the licensee is unfamiliar with the licensorÕs technology and partners have different technological backgrounds. Instead, licensing of highly specific knowledge is likely to be supported by minority equity participation on the part of the licensee. Finally, licensing is combined with both forms of partnership in case of competence distance between partners. In the light of the empirical results, four types of licensing combination are proposed for future research. |
| Keywords: | Markets for technology, Licensing combination, R&D collaboration, Minority equity participation, Knowledge transfer, Joint value |
| JEL: | O32 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vnm:wpdman:21&r=ino |
| By: | Crescenzi, Riccardo; Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés; Storper, Michael |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the geography of innovation in China and India. Using a tailor-made panel database for regions in these two countries, we show that both countries exhibit increasingly strong polarisation of innovative capacity in a limited number of urban areas. But the factors behind this polarisation and the strong contrasts in innovative capacity between the provinces and states within both countries are quite different. In China, the concentration of innovation is fundamentally driven by agglomeration forces, linked to population, industrial specialisation and infrastructure endowment. Innovative areas in China, rather than generate knowledge spillovers, seem to produce strong backwash effects. In India, by contrast, innovation is much more dependent on a combination of good local socioeconomic structures and investment in science and technology. Indian innovation hubs also generate positive knowledge spillovers to other regions. |
| Keywords: | China; Geography; India; Innovation; R&D; Regions; Socioeconomic conditions |
| JEL: | O32 O33 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:9038&r=ino |
| By: | Byeongwoo KANG; MOTOHASHI Kazuyuki |
| Abstract: | Obtaining essential intellectual property rights (IPRs) is important for innovation competition in the network industry, where technical standardization plays a critical role in development. In this study, we empirically investigate the determinants of essential IPRs for wireless communications standards by using the patent database. More specifically, we use the technological capabilities of both the firm and the patent inventor to explain the probability of its selection as an essential IPR. In addition, we compare manufacturing firms' and non-manufacturing patentees' (NMPs) technology strategies for essential IPRs. Our results indicate that manufacturing firms accumulate their technological capability in specific technology fields, whereas NMPs cover broader technology fields to keep their dominant position in the standardization process. |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:12042&r=ino |
| By: | Stadler, Manfred |
| Abstract: | The paper presents a dynamic general-equilibrium model of education, quality and variety innovation, and scale-invariant growth. We consider endogenous humancapital accumulation in an educational sector and quality and variety innovation in two separate R&D sectors. In the balanced growth equilibrium education and innovation appear as in-line engines of growth and government can accelerate growth by subsidizing education or by enhancing the effectiveness of the educational sector. -- |
| Keywords: | education,quality and variety innovation,scale-invariant growth |
| JEL: | O2 O3 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tuewef:40&r=ino |
| By: | Karlsson, Charlie (Jönköping International Business School); Warda, Peter (Jönköping International Business School); Gråsjö, Urban (University West) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we quantitatively review the empirical literature on spatial knowl¬edge spillovers in Europe by means of meta-analysis to determine the extent to which such spillovers have been empirically documented as well as the spatial reach of these spillovers. In addition, we will apply meta-regression analysis to analyze the determinants of observed heterogeneity across and between publications. To our knowledge this is the first study of its kind. Our results show that if total local R&D expenditure in a European region increases by 1%, then the number of patents in that region, on average, increases by about 0.5%. Spatial knowledge spillovers induce a positive effect on local knowledge production, however, this effect proves to be small around 0.07%. Spatial weighting regime seems to matter. If R&D expenditures in other regions are weighted by distance in kilometers or minutes (instead of a binary contiguity matrix) then the spillover effect on average will be larger. Also, public R&D expenditure is found to have a lower impact on local patent production compared to the private R&D expenditure. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge spillovers; knowledge externalities; meta-analysis; Europe |
| JEL: | O32 O33 R19 |
| Date: | 2012–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0280&r=ino |
| By: | Korkeamäki, Timo (Hanken School of Economics and Bank of Finland); Takalo, Tuomas (Bank of Finland Research) |
| Abstract: | We study the value of innovation in a case study of one of the most visible innovative products in recent years, Apple’s iPhone. The value effects of news announcements, patent publications, and trademarks relating to iPhone are taken into account. Our estimate of the lower bound on the value of iPhone is fairly high, 30 billion U.S. (event-day) dollars or 10% to 13% of the firm’s market cap (at the end of 2009). We find that patentable technology explains about 25% of the total value, which derives from market reactions to publication of patent applications rather than grants. We also observe a weak negative reaction among Apple’s rivals to news about iPhone. Apple appears to capture most of the value within the iPhone supply chain. |
| Keywords: | innovation management; intellectual property rights; valuation; event studies |
| JEL: | G14 O32 O34 |
| Date: | 2012–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:bofrdp:2012_024&r=ino |
| By: | Vásquez-Urriago, Ángela Rocío; Barge-Gil, Andrés; Modrego, Aurelia |
| Abstract: | Science and Technology Parks (STPs) are one of the most important regional innovation policy initiatives. Previous studies show that location in a Park promotes cooperation for innovation but have not investigated if they help to achieve better results from cooperation. We extend previous literature by analyzing how STPs influence the results of cooperation of Park firms and how this influence is channelled. We rely on a much larger sample of firms and STPs than previous studies and account for selection bias and endogeneity when these problems arise. Results show that location in a STP increases the likelihood of cooperation for innovation and the intangible results from cooperation with the main innovation partner, mainly due to the higher diversity of the relationship. |
| Keywords: | Science and technology parks; cooperation; innovation; effect; agglomerations |
| JEL: | R10 O30 L50 |
| Date: | 2012–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:39572&r=ino |
| By: | Thomas Gillier (MTS - Management Technologique et Strategique - Grenoble École de Management (GEM)); Akin Kazakçi (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - Mines ParisTech); Gérald Piat (EDF R&D - EDF) |
| Abstract: | Purpose - Scholars and practitioners have both emphasized the importance of collaboration in innovation context. They have also largely acknowledged that the definition of common purpose is a major driver of successful collaboration, but surprisingly, researchers have put little effort into investigating the process whereby the partners define the common purpose. This research aims to explore the Generation of Common Purpose (GCP) in innovation partnerships. Design/methodology/approach - An action-research approach combined with modeling has been followed. Our research is based on an in-depth qualitative case study of a cross-industry exploratory partnership through which four partners, from very different arenas, aim to collectively define innovation projects based on micro-nanotechnologies. Based on a design reasoning framework, the mechanisms of GCP mechanism are depicted. Findings - Regarding GCP, two main interdependent facets are identified: (1) the determination of existing intersections between the parties' concept and knowledge spaces ('Matching'); (2) an introspective learning process that allows the parties to transforms those spaces ('Building'). Practical implications - The better understanding of the GCP and the specific notion of "C-K profiles", which is an original way to characterize each partner involved in a partnership, should improve the capabilities of organizations to efficiently define collaborative innovation projects. Originality/value - This article explores one of the cornerstones of successful collaboration in innovation: the process whereby several parties define the common purpose of their partnership. |
| Keywords: | Innovation ; Partnership ; Design ; Generation of common purpose ; Innovation partnerships ; Shared objectives ; C-K design theory ; Cross-industry exploratory partnership |
| Date: | 2012–07–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:halshs-00718287&r=ino |
| By: | Wang, Sun Ling; Ball, Eldon; Fulginiti, Lilyan E.; Plastina, Alejandro S. |
| Abstract: | This paper uses panel data for the 1980-2004 period to estimate the contributions of public research to U.S. agricultural productivity growth. Local and social internal rates of return are estimated accounting for the effects of R&D spill-in, extension activities and road density. R&D spill-in proxies were constructed based on both geographic proximity and production profile to examine the sensitivity of the rates of return to these alternatives. We find that extension activities, road density, and R&D spill-ins, play an important role in enhancing the benefit of public R&D investments. We also find that the local internal rates of return, although high, have declined through time along with investments in extension, while the social rates have not. Yet, the social rates of return are not robust to the choice of spill-in proxy. |
| Keywords: | productivity, public R&D, R&D spill-ins, extension, road density, internal rate of return, cost function., Agricultural and Food Policy, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Q16, O3, O4, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae12:126368&r=ino |
| By: | Alice O. Nakamura; Leonard I. Nakamura; Masao Nakamura |
| Abstract: | The Innovation Union initiative of the European Union focuses on product and process innovation for tangible goods. The authors argue that it is essential to extend the scope of the initiative to include innovation for financial sector products, processes, and regulatory approaches. They make this argument using examples of financial sector innovations in the United States following the Great Depression and on the basis of an examination of the 2008 financial crisis. |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:12-17&r=ino |
| By: | Garcia Alvarez-Coque, J.M.; Lopez-Garcia Usach, T.; Sanchez Garcia, M. |
| Abstract: | Innovation behaviour of agri-food firms depends on firm structure but also on the characteristics of the territory in which they are established. Spatial considerations are important to determine the propensity of a firm to innovate. Using a database of innovative and non-innovative agro-food firms located in the Autonomous Community of Valencia, the paper assesses the effect of firms’ variables and also the territorial features such as urban/rural areas, percentage of native population, education level of population and distance to technological institutes. Results show that rural areas are not a handicap for innovation but improved access to training services and technological institutes have a significant influence in innovation. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, territory, rural/urban, agri-food firms, Agricultural and Food Policy, Industrial Organization, Land Economics/Use, O18, P25, Q13, Q55, |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa126:126030&r=ino |
| By: | Mircea Epure; Diego Prior; Christian Serarols |
| Abstract: | Literature highlights the importance of university spin-offs and their assistance mechanisms. However, there is little evidence on how to select and operationalize the appropriate variables for assessing this type of firms. This paper provides tools to estimate and interpret the efficiency of spinoffs embedded in university-based support mechanisms. We thus contribute to the literature in at least two ways. First, we identify the specific inputs and outputs that are required by both the organizational and regional development perspectives. Second, an application considers a unique sample of spin-offs created at Catalan universities within a regional support program. Main descriptive results indicate that many efficient spin-offs have formal technology transfer agreements and emerge from universities with more technological background. Second stage analyses show that higher levels of innovation and specific academic knowledge or experience related with the university of origin are associated with higher efficiency. |
| Keywords: | university spin-off, regional development, efficiency, entrepreneurship, technology transfer, innovation |
| JEL: | M1 R1 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:650&r=ino |
| By: | Nin Pratt, Alejandro |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at past trends of agricultural R&D allocation in developing countries, projects future performance of agriculture in these regions based in past investment and determines the optimal allocation of R&D investment across regions to maximize global welfare using a dynamic linear programming model of global agriculture. Results suggest that present allocation of agricultural R&D in SSA is highly inefficient and substantial gains could be obtained by increasing investment in East Africa in the next twenty years. At the global level, differences between efficient and present investment allocation are smaller than those observed within SSA due to the importance of China as an innovator in agriculture. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, growth, optimization, poverty, R&D investment, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, International Development, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae12:126802&r=ino |
| By: | Bondarev, Anton A. |
| Abstract: | The paper presents a fully dynamic framework for simultaneous analysis of variety enhancing and quality improving innovations for the case of a single agent. There is a continuous stream of variety enhancing innovations and every new product from this stream has its own quality dimension which also may be developed. In this framework the limited life-cycles of all these new products are assumed. Then the question of how longer or shorter life-cycles may influence the innovative activity of both types is analyzed. It is demonstrated, that in the case of homogeneous products the longer is the life-cycle the more intense are innovations of both types, while in heterogeneous case the effect is more complicated. At initial stage of industry development longer life-cycles (aka patents) stimulate innovative activity, while in mature stage of development they do not. This gives foundation for limited nature of optimal length of patents solely from the considerations of the type and nature of the industry itself, without usual reference to the competition effects. The model is developed using distributed optimal control technique. |
| Keywords: | Multiproduct innovations; finite life-cycles; heterogeneous production technologies; innovation incentives; distributed optimal control |
| JEL: | C02 O31 L00 |
| Date: | 2012–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40068&r=ino |
| By: | Hottenrott, Hanna; Rexhäuser, Sascha; Veugelers, Reinhilde |
| Abstract: | The literature on within-firm organizational change and productivity suggests that firms can make more efficient use of certain technologies if complementary forms of organization are adopted. This issue may be of even greater importance for the case of greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement technologies imposed by public authority as to reduce social costs of climate change while they are not necessarily expected to increase private returns. Previous research, however, has largely neglected this aspect. Using German firm-level data, we find that organizational change increases the returns to the use of CO2 reducing technologies and that joint adoption leads to higher productivity. Without having introduced complementary organizational innovations, the adoption of CO2 reducing technologies is associated with lower productivity. |
| Keywords: | environmental innovation; Firm behavior; innovation; organizational change; productivity; technical change |
| JEL: | D23 D24 L23 O32 O33 Q55 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:9055&r=ino |
| By: | Schmitz, Patrick W |
| Abstract: | An inventor can invest research effort to come up with an innovation. Once an innovation is made, a contract is negotiated and unobservable effort must be exerted to develop a product. In the absence of liability constraints, the inventor's investment incentives are increasing in his bargaining power. Yet, given limited liability, overinvestments may occur and the inventor's investment incentives may be decreasing in his bargaining power. |
| Keywords: | hold-up problem; incomplete contracts; limited liability; research and development |
| JEL: | D86 L23 O31 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:9050&r=ino |
| By: | Khan, Haider A. |
| Abstract: | I provide a quick assessment of the effectiveness and potentialities of National Innovation Systems (NIS) in the Asia-Pacific for deeper economic integration. To this end,I formulate some preliminary policy suggestions aimed at enhancing the region’s overall innovation strategy. My approach focuses particularly on the evolving relationship between China's NIS and the Asia-Pacific region with some references to Japan, Korea, Taiwan, India, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. I argue that while the policy challenges for regional cooperation are far from trivial, strengthening the NIS and the various sub- regional systems with a view to building up a broad-based and inclusive Regional Innovation System(RIS) for the Asia-Pacific can be a substantive area of enhancing economic integration in the Asia-Pacific . Conceptually, the paper presents an enhanced view of NIS for inclusive growth. I call this new model of regional innovation an “Augmented NIS(ANIS)”. The attempt to build ANIS is one conceptually and practically sound approach towards enhancing economic integration in the Asia-Pacific. Three areas of concrete applications are suggested in the concluding part. |
| Keywords: | National Innovation Systems (NIS); Augmented National Innovation Systems (ANIS); China; regional cooperation; Asia-Pacific region |
| JEL: | O53 |
| Date: | 2012–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40118&r=ino |
| By: | Ragasa, Catherine |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews and integrates findings from existing empirical studies and case studies received from 35 organizations in various countries to identify demand- and supply-side constraints and opportunities in access, adoption and impact of technological innovations. This review consistently finds that women have much slower observed rates of adoption of a wide range of technologies than men; and these are mainly due to differentiated access to complementary inputs and services. There are limited studies that looked at upstream stages including priority-setting and innovation processes, in which women continue to be underrepresented. |
| Keywords: | gender, technology adoption, innovation, agricultural extension, research, institutions, Agribusiness, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae12:126747&r=ino |
| By: | Arora, Ashish; Fosfuri, Andrea; Rønde, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Over the last decade, companies have paid greater attention to the management of their intellectual assets. We build a model that helps understand how licensing activity should be organized within large corporations. More specifically, we compare decentralization—where the business unit using the technology makes licensing decisions—to centralized licensing. The business unit has superior information about licensing opportunities but may not have the appropriate incentives because its rewards depend upon product market performance. If licensing is decentralized, the business unit forgoes valuable licensing opportunities since the rewards for licensing are (optimally) weaker than those for product market profits. This distortion is stronger when production-based incentives are more powerful, making centralization more attractive. Growth of technology markets favors centralization and drives higher licensing rates. Our model conforms to the existing evidence that reports heterogeneity across firms in both licensing propensity and organization of licensing. |
| Keywords: | Licensing; Markets for technology; Organization design |
| JEL: | L22 L24 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:9048&r=ino |