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on Heterodox Microeconomics |
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Issue of 2024‒10‒14
seventeen papers chosen by Carlo D’Ippoliti, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” |
| By: | Tsoulfidis, Lefteris; Chatzarakis, Nikolaos |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the conditions leading neoclassical economics to its division into microeconomics and macroeconomics, comparing it with the integrated macroscopic-microscopic approach of Classical Political Economy (CPE). Neoclassical economics emerged in the last quarter of the 19th century introducing a subjective theory of value based on individual preferences and optimizing behavior. The division between micro and macroeconomics became visible during the 1930s crisis due to what came to be known as monopolistic competition and macroeconomic revolutions. The stagflation crisis (of late 1960s to early 1980s) prompted the so-called microfounding of macroeconomics and the unified treatment of macroeconomic issues. By contrast, the CPE maintains a unified perspective, analyzing capitalism broadly at a macroscopic level focusing on labor as the primary value creator. Unlike neoclassical theory, CPE prioritizes aggregated variables and social class incomes driven by survival and profit motives rather than subjective preferences. The paper concludes that issues of effective demand, growth, and cycles can be fruitfully addressed within the unified CPE framework, highlighting the theoretical consistency of employing the labor theory of value for evaluating aggregate variables like capital. |
| Keywords: | Microfoundations, Classical Political Economy, Labor Theory of Value, Utility, Marginal Productivity |
| JEL: | B21 B22 B51 D01 E10 E11 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121951 |
| By: | Martin Jaraiz; Ruth Pinacho |
| Abstract: | We present recent progress in the design and development of DEPLOYERS, an agent-based macroeconomics modeling (ABM) framework, capable to deploy and simulate a full economic system (individual workers, goods and services firms, government, central and private banks, financial market, external sectors) whose structure and activity analysis reproduce the desired calibration data, that can be, for example a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) or a Supply-Use Table (SUT) or an Input-Output Table (IOT).Here we extend our previous work to a multi-country version and show an example using data from a 46-countries 64-sectors FIGARO Inter-Country IOT. The simulation of each country runs on a separate thread or CPU core to simulate the activity of one step (month, week, or day) and then interacts (updates imports, exports, transfer) with that country's foreign partners, and proceeds to the next step. This interaction can be chosen to be aggregated (a single row and column IO account) or disaggregated (64 rows and columns) with each partner. A typical run simulates thousands of individuals and firms engaged in their monthly activity and then records the results, much like a survey of the country's economic system. This data can then be subjected to, for example, an Input-Output analysis to find out the sources of observed stylized effects as a function of time in the detailed and realistic modeling environment that can be easily implemented in an ABM framework. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.04876 |
| By: | Suzanne J Konzelmann |
| Abstract: | There is a strong resonance between events of the inter-war years and today. These include a questioning of laissez-faire capitalism and austerity, and the rise of so-called “populist” parties on both the left and right. Clara Mattei’s (2022) The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism thus makes an interesting contribution, by locating the key argument of her book in the febrile period of European history between the wars. According to Mattei, the First World War disrupted the pre-war capitalist system to such an extent that it created a crisis of capitalism, itself. As a result, following the end of hostilities, there was a conscious effort to restore the pre-war “capital order” by means of a technocratic “austerity strategy”; and this was strongly linked to the rise of fascism. We argue that the inter-relationship between capitalism, austerity and fascism during the 1920s and 1930s was rather more complex, and that to make sense of this, it is necessary to broaden the focus beyond Italy and Great Britain and the international financial conferences at Brussels (1920) and Genoa (1922). Otherwise, we risk misunderstanding and mis-diagnosing our own times, as those inter-war politicians, financiers and economists discovered to their cost. We therefore also include Germany and the United States and base our analysis on the events of the entire inter-war period. |
| Keywords: | Laissez-faire capitalism, fascism, austerity, insecurity cycle, John Maynard Keynes, Karl Polanyi |
| JEL: | N12 N14 P1 P30 P52 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbr:cbrwps:wp540 |
| By: | Ewan McGaughey |
| Abstract: | How has our economic constitutional order developed, and which laws make our economy democratic? Democracy in politics is familiar and starts with ‘one person, one vote’, but economic democracy is less familiar. In its ideal, it means ‘three stakeholders, one voice’. Workers, investors, and service-users make different contribution types in the economy, so rules to give them voice differ and are still evolving. This paper gives a brief history of how economic democracy developed, the evolving theories, and practices for democratic workplaces, capital, and public enterprise. It then unpacks the laws that make it. First, a board of directors will answer to an enterprise’s stakeholders, not simply appointing itself via so called ‘independent’ directors. Second, workers elect at least one-third or properly one-half of a board of directors, rather than shareholders monopolising all votes, and worker cooperatives are encouraged. Third, all capital fund directors, whether pensions or mutuals, are majority-elected by beneficiaries, and they set the shareholder voting policies, not allowing asset managers or banks to vote on other people’s money in what they deem to be the interests of the ultimate investor. Fourth, in public enterprises, where private competition fails and consumers cannot truly ‘vote with their feet’, service-users hold voting rights for representatives on the board, rather than appointments being monopolised by the state or board incumbents. These norms are spreading, and overcoming evidence-free theories that excuse illegitimate corporate power. |
| Keywords: | Economy, democracy, labour, capital, public services, enterprise, vote |
| JEL: | K0 K11 H40 K22 K23 K31 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbr:cbrwps:wp539 |
| By: | Holcombe, Mike; Coakley, Simon; Kiran, Mariam; Chin, Shawn; Greenough, Chris; Worth, David; Cincotti, Silvano; Raberto, M.; Teglio, Andrea; Deissenberg, Christophe; Hoog, Sander van der; Dawid, Herbert; Gemkow, Simon; Harting, Philipp; Neugart, Michael |
| Abstract: | Following the events of the credit crunch and the onset of a global recession, alternative ways of modeling modern economies and mechanisms for carrying out policy analysis are now an urgent priority. Traditional mathematical economics is widely viewed to have been compromised through gross simplifications with many assumptions that are now seen to be unjustified. New ways of looking at economics that are more grounded in reality are required, and agent-based computational economics is now receiving a lot of attention. Although the ideas are not new, the previous attempts to use this approach have been largely limited by the inability to model realistically large systems with millions of complex agents. Without this capability, the usefulness of the approach is limited. The EU-STREP project EURACE brought together a consortium of leading economists, experts in parallel supercomputing, and the designers of the FLAME framework to build the largest and most complete model of the European Union economy ever built. |
| Date: | 2024–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:149717 |
| By: | Moleka, Pitshou Basikabio |
| Abstract: | In an era of rapid technological advancements, complex global challenges, and intense market competition, the ability to generate and scale innovative solutions has become a critical imperative for organizations, policymakers, and societies worldwide. However, the existing academic landscape has lacked a cohesive, multidisciplinary framework for comprehensively understanding the multifaceted nature of innovation. Innovationology, a newly established scientific discipline, aims to address this gap by providing a unifying, transdisciplinary approach to the study and practice of transformative innovation. This comprehensive article introduces Innovationology as a cutting-edge science that integrates insights from diverse fields, including management, psychology, sociology, economics, and technology studies. Innovationology posits that innovation is a multilayered, context-dependent phenomenon, shaped by the intricate interplay of individual, team, organizational, and ecosystem-level factors. By synthesizing the latest theoretical advancements and empirical evidence, this article presents a holistic model of Innovationology that illuminates the key determinants of radical, game-changing innovations capable of disrupting existing industries and creating new market spaces. The article delves deep into the individual cognitive, behavioral, and motivational drivers of innovativeness, the team dynamics and organizational structures that foster collaborative innovation, and the ecosystem-level characteristics that catalyze the emergence and scaling of transformative innovations. Importantly, the article explores the crucial role of contextual factors, such as socio-cultural norms, institutional support, and resource availability, in shaping innovation outcomes. This article also establishes the epistemological foundations of Innovationology, grounding it in a transdisciplinary, holistic, and pragmatic approach to knowledge generation. Innovationology embraces a pluralistic epistemology that acknowledges the complexity and context-dependence of innovation, drawing on diverse methodological approaches to capture the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon. Furthermore, the article outlines the object of Innovationology, which is to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based understanding of the drivers, processes, and outcomes of transformative innovation. Innovationology seeks to elucidate the multilevel determinants of innovation, the dynamic interplay between various factors, and the contextual influences that shape innovation trajectories. By establishing a unifying, transdisciplinary framework, Innovationology aims to bridge the gap between innovation theory and practice, empowering a wide range of stakeholders to unlock the transformative potential of innovation. Importantly, this article outlines the practical applications of Innovationology, providing comprehensive strategies and evidence-based interventions for cultivating innovative mindsets, designing innovation-conducive organizational systems, and navigating the challenges of innovative ecosystems. The implications of Innovationology for entrepreneurs, corporate leaders, policymakers, and innovation scholars are discussed in detail. By establishing Innovationology as a distinct, authoritative scientific discipline, this article sets the foundation for a more holistic, context-sensitive understanding of innovation and its multifaceted drivers. The insights generated by this new science can empower global organizations, institutions, and policymakers to address the complex, interconnected challenges of the 21st century through the strategic deployment of transformative innovations. |
| Date: | 2024–09–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:f3scj |
| By: | Laurent Busca (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM - Université de Montpellier, UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Consumer research is generally quick to emphasize the reflexive, agentic aspects of consumption, although it also shows how strongly material and discursive structures constrain this agency. But is consumption necessarily a matter of agency, for the individuals themselves? Using a Foucauldian approach, this paper seeks to explore this question through the characterization of meh, a kind of voluntary indifference, as a form of morality resistant to the governmentality of consumption. We propose that meh is a moral form characterized by individuals' focus on a certain moral substance, namely the refusal of their agentic capacity, which distinguishes it from both "classic" consumption and resistant anti-consumption. We attempt to characterize how meh could be another form of resistance to consumption, and could take multiple forms in its everyday incarnation. |
| Abstract: | La consumer research est généralement prompte à souligner les aspects réflexifs et agentiques de la consommation, bien qu'elle montre également à quel point les structures matérielles et discursives contraignent très fortement cette agence. Mais la consommation estelle nécessairement affaire d'agence, pour les individus eux-mêmes ? En mobilisant une approche foucaldienne, ce travail tente de creuser cette question à travers la caractérisation du balek, une sorte d'indifférence volontaire, en tant que forme de moralité résistante à la gouvernementalité de la consommation. Nous proposons que le balek est une forme morale qui se caractérise par sa focalisation par les individus sur une certaine substance morale, à savoir le refus de leur capacité agentique, qui la distingue d'une part de la consommation « classique » mais également de l'anti-consommation résistante. Nous tentons de caractériser en quoi le balek pourrait être une autre forme de résistance à la consommation, et pourrait prendre des formes multiples dans son incarnation quotidienne. |
| Keywords: | Foucault, governmentality, moral, indifference, consumption, gouvernementalité, morale, indifférence, consommation |
| Date: | 2023–11–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04680801 |
| By: | Klebaner, Samuel |
| Abstract: | The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the “Corporate Welfare” policies are embedded in a complex, dynamic and unstable mode of regulation. Based on qualitative and quantitative evidences from France since the 2008 financial crisis, we identify the five canonical institutional forms derived from the Régulation Theory that are coherent with industrial policies in favour of corporation without any counterparts. We consider that the deindustrialisation, the wage moderation, the fragmentation of national value chains is at the beginning of a race to the bottom of the public policy to compensate the profit loss. Behind the transfer of funds, we show that there is also a transfer of power to corporations, especially on the social welfare system. Finally, we will consider that this system is compatible as long as public debt creditors accepts to finance the difference between the quick transfers to corporations and the slow reduction of public expenditures, and second, that household have political and financial capacity to support this system. |
| Keywords: | Régulation ; Corporate welfare ; France |
| JEL: | B52 L53 |
| Date: | 2024–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121965 |
| By: | Roy, Aparna; Sekher, TV |
| Abstract: | In the ‘Care Work and Care Jobs for the Future of Decent Work’ report, 2018, estimates from 64 countries show that 16.4 billion hours per day were spent in unpaid care work. Women contributed to over three-fourths (76.2%) of this total. This unpaid labor is equivalent to 2.0 billion people working full-time (40 hours per week) without pay, representing 66.9% of the world's working-age population. The Indian System of National Accounts (SNA), like other countries, does not include the value of home-produced services in the national accounts production boundary. Especially in the case of an economy like India, where the labor force participation rate of women remains low and most of their work is invisible and unaccounted for, accounting for those home-produced services and creating extended SNA accounts hold extreme significance. The aim of this article is to estimate the ‘unpaid care work’ (household services unaccounted for in SNA) done by men and women both in time units and then monetise it to compute the economic value of this ‘unpaid care work’. Data Sources used for the study are the Time Use Survey 2019 and the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20. The methodology followed in the creation of NTTA in this study was developed by Gretchen Donehower. Results show that men specialize in paid work, whereas women specialize in unpaid care work. Leisure and education seem to show very little gender variation in time use. There is a huge gender variation in the production age profiles of unpaid care work. The total time spent on indirect care is more than direct care for all ages. It is observed that the total time spent on unpaid work peaks from around 25 to 40 years of age for both genders.. While men spend significantly less time in indirect care activities than women, within indirect care activities, men spend more time in ‘do-it-yourself activities’ of improving, maintaining, and repairing own dwelling, personal and household goods, vehicles, pet care, and related activities. On the other hand, cooking is the indirect care activity that takes up the majority of women’s time.The hours spent on direct care is higher for women than men. Time spent in direct care increases rapidly around age 20 and peaks at age 27 by spending around 11 hours per week. There is no gender gap observed in consumption of unpaid care work. Calculating the net time transfers of unpaid care work points out that women are net givers of unpaid care work, and men are net beneficiaries of unpaid care work. To account for the value of unpaid care work activities produced in homes, following the methodology proposed by Donehower (2019), by applying the input pricing approach, we find out the value of unpaid care work by assigning wages to different unpaid care activities. Age profiles of various activities in monetary terms, rescaled using per capita GDP show that all monetary age profiles take up similar shape of curves as time age profiles. It also reveals that children at age 0 consume unpaid care work to level equivalent to 250 percent of per capita GDP. The prime contributors to household economy is women and at all ages they are the net givers of unpaid care work. While the results are descriptive, the scope this study puts forward is huge. The accounting for unpaid care work for 2019 is merely the first step to initiating much- focused but more inclusive interventions to approach unpaid care work production and the individuals involved in it. With revisions in the System of National Accounts, the importance of accounting of the unpaid household services, and thus creating extended accounts are paramount. |
| Date: | 2024–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wgt2r |
| By: | Shin, Hyun Bang |
| Abstract: | While appreciating the novelty of conceptualizing urban state venturism, this commentary proposes that the state’s role as capital can be clearly evidenced by the urbanization of state capital, which involves the active deployment of state-owned corporations in the global East amid the region’s pursuit of rapid and developmental urbanization and industrialization. |
| Keywords: | urban state venturism; urbanization of state capital; state capitalism; state developmentalism; global East |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–09–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:125354 |
| By: | Christof Schmidhuber |
| Abstract: | Conformal field theories with central charge $c\le1$ on random surfaces have been extensively studied in the past. Here, this discussion is extended from their equilibrium distribution to their critical dynamics. This is motivated by the conjecture that these models describe the time evolution of certain social networks that are self-driven to a critical point. The time evolution of the surface area is identified as a Cox Ingersol Ross process. Planar surfaces shrink, while higher genus surfaces grow until the cosmological constant stops their growth. Three different equilibrium states are distingushed, dominated by (i) small planar surfaces, (ii) large surfaces with high but finite genus, and (iii) foamy surfaces, whose genus diverges. Time variations of the order parameter are analyzed and are found to have generalized hyperbolic distributions. In state (i), those have power law tails with a tail index close to 4. Analogies between the time evolution of the order parameter and a multifractal random walk are also pointed out. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.05547 |
| By: | Ray, Soumyajit; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Bhanjdeo, Arundhita; Heckert, Jessica |
| Abstract: | Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)—farmer collectives, often legally registered - can mitigate some of the constraints smallholder farmers face by improving their access to extension, services, and markets, especially for women. We evaluate the effects of a set of interventions delivered through women-only FPOs in Jharkhand, India, using a panel of 1200 households and a difference-in-difference model with nearest neighbor matching. A complementary qualitative study in the same areas helps triangulate and interpret our findings. The interventions aimed to improve agricultural productivity by coordinating production and improving access to services, while also providing gender sensitization trainings to FPO leaders and members. We collect household data on asset ownership and agricultural outcomes and individual data on women’s and men’s empowerment using the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index for Market Inclusion (pro-WEAI+MI). Our results for asset ownership, land cultivated, cropping intensity, and per acre yields, revenues or costs are statistically insignificant. Effects on men’s and women's empowerment are mixed. While we see positive effects on women’s decisionmaking, asset ownership, control over income and attitudes towards intimate partner violence, the program is associated with an increase in workload and a reduction in active group membership for both men and women. Men appear to cede control over resources and decisionmaking to other household members. Additional analyses suggest that while some effects can occur in the short-term, others take time to accrue. FPO based interventions that aim to empower women or other marginalized groups likely require sustained investments over multiple years and will need to go beyond improving FPO functioning and increasing women’s participation to transforming social norms. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; farmers organizations; cooperatives; markets; prices; yields; empowerment; smallholders; women; gender; India; Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2267 |
| By: | Anja Janischewski (Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany); Katharina Bohnenberger (German Institute for Interdisciplinary Social Policy Research, University of Bremen, SOCIUM, Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany); Matthias Kranke (Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Germany); Tobias Vogel (Department for Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Fakulty of Economy and Society, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany); Riwan Driouich (Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain); Tobias Froese (Chair for Corporate Sustainability, ESCP Business School, Germany); Stefanie Gerold (Institute of Philosophy and Social Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany); Raphael Kaufmann (ZOE Institute for Future-Fit Economies, Germany); Lorenz Keyßer (Institute of Geography and Sustainability, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Switzerland); Jannis Niethammer (ICLEI European Secretariat, Germany); Christopher Olk (Otto Suhr Institute for Political Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany); Matthias Schmelzer (Norbert-Elias-Center for Transformation Design and Research, University of Flensburg, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany); Aslı Yürük (Urban Transformation and Global Change Laboratory (TURBA), Universitat Oberta Catalunya, Spain); Steffen Lange (Centre for Pluralist Economics, University of Siegen, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Many socio-economic systems require positive economic growth rates to function properly. Given uncertainty about future growth rates and increasing evidence that economic growth is a driver of social and environmental crises, these growth dependencies pose serious societal challenges. In recent years, more and more researchers have thus tried to identify growth-dependent systems and develop policies to reduce their growth dependence. However, the concept of "growth dependence" still lacks a consistent definition and operationalization, which impedes more systematic empirical and theoretical research. This article proposes a simple but powerful framework for defining and operationalizing the concept of "growth dependence" across socio-economic systems. We provide a general definition consisting of four components that can be specified for different empirical cases: (1) the system under investigation, (2) the unit of measurement of growth, (3) the level of growth and (4) the relevant functions or properties of the system under investigation. According to our general definition, a socio-economic system is growth-dependent if it requires a long-term positive growth rate in terms of a unit of economic measurement to maintain all its functions or properties that are relevant within the chosen normative framework. To illustrate the usefulness of our scheme, we apply it to three areas at the heart of the existing literature on growth dependence: employment, social insurance systems and public finance. These case studies demonstrate that whether or not a system is growth-dependent hinges not only on the empirical properties of the system itself but also on the specification of the concept of growth dependence. Our framework enables coherent, robust and effective definitions and research questions, fostering comparability of findings across different cases and disciplines. Better research can lead to better policies for reducing growth dependence and thus achieving stable and sustainable economies. |
| Keywords: | growth dependence, growth independence, post-growth, green growth, degrowth, growth imperative |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tch:wpaper:cep064 |
| By: | Moisés Kopper |
| Abstract: | The article explores the ways in which the opening of new imaginative horizons is linked to the appropriation and consumption of the house among beneficiaries of public housing in Brazil. It argues for a total and processual notion of the home: simultaneously a political, symbolic, and affective construction in flux. It also suggests that the economic and temporal investments beneficiaries make while availing themselves of and consuming the house shape new ethical, material, and stratifying sensibilities. These sensibilities coalesce around the quest for upward social mobility. The article tells the housing story of a family that moved, in 2014, from an informal settlement to a middle-class condominium in order to reconstruct, ethnographically, the connections between the built environment, its political and vital materialities, and the construction of subjective spaces for imagination and social mobility. |
| Abstract: | El artículo explora cómo la apertura de horizontes imaginativos del futuro está ligada a la apropiación y consumo de la casa propia entre los beneficiarios de las políticas de vivienda brasileñas. Aboga por una noción total y procesual de hogar: simultáneamente una construcción política, simbólica y afectiva en flujo. También se sugiere que las inversiones económicas y temporales que realizan los beneficiarios en la apropiación y consumo de la vivienda conforman una nueva sensibilidad ética, material y estratificadora que se consolida en torno a la búsqueda por movilidad socioeconómica ascendente. El artículo narra la trayectoria habitacional de una familia que se mudó, en 2014, de un asentamiento informal a un condominio de clase media para reconstituir, etnográficamente, los vínculos entre el espacio construido, sus materialidades políticas y vitales, y la construcción de espacios subjetivos de imaginación y movilidad social. |
| Abstract: | O artigo explora como a abertura de horizontes imaginativos de futuro se articula à apropriação e ao consumo da casa própria entre beneficiários de políticas habitacionais brasileiras. Argumenta-se por uma noção total e processual de casa: simultaneamente um constructo político, simbólico e afetivo em fluxo. Sugere-se ainda que os investimentos econômicos e temporais realizados por beneficiários na apropriação e consumo da casa compõem uma nova sensibilidade ética, material e estratificante que se consolida em torno da busca por mobilidade socioeconômica ascendente. O artigo conta a trajetória habitacional de uma família que se mudou, em 2014, de um assentamento informal para um condomínio de classe média para reconstituir, etnograficamente, os nexos entre o espaço construído, suas materialidades políticas e vitais, e a construção de espaços subjetivos de imaginação e mobilidade social. |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/377983 |
| By: | Claude DIEBOLT; Magali Jaoul-Grammare |
| Abstract: | School choice factors play a different role according to gender. According to the literature, women have “adaptative exceptations” whereas men have so called “static exceptations”. Men and women adopt also different attitudes to expected payoffs, to risk or towards their level of aspiration. Finally, women generally associate their career plans with their life plans, which influences their choice of studies. But, what about social prestige, i.e. does the prestige of profession play an identical role in the demand for education among men and women? More specifically and over the long term, is the phenomenon of substitutability between prestigious career paths equally true for men and women? Finally, does the medical sphere regulate the male and female education systems equally? The ambition of this contribution is to contribute to the discussion using an unpublished historical dataset for France in the long 20th century. |
| Keywords: | Study choice, Gender, Prestige of professions, France. |
| JEL: | I21 J24 N34 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2024-37 |
| By: | A. David Redish; Henri Scott Chastain; Carlisle Ford Runge; Brian M. Sweis; Scott E. Allen; Antara Haldar |
| Abstract: | Current theories of decision making suggest that the neural circuits in mammalian brains (including humans) computationally combine representations of the past (memory), present (perception), and future (agentic goals) to take actions that achieve the needs of the agent. How information is represented within those neural circuits changes what computations are available to that system which changes how agents interact with their world to take those actions. We argue that the computational neuroscience of decision making provides a new microeconomic framework (neuroeconomics) that offers new opportunities to construct policies that interact with those decision-making systems to improve outcomes. After laying out the computational processes underlying decision making in mammalian brains, we present four applications of this logic with policy consequences: (1) contingency management as a treatment for addiction, (2) precommitment and the sensitivity to sunk costs, (3) media consequences for changes in housing prices after a disaster, and (4) how social interactions underlie the success (and failure) of microfinance institutions. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.07373 |
| By: | Cassandre Burnier |
| Abstract: | Le phénomène des données massives suscite de nombreux discours, qu’ils soient scientifiques, politiques ou journalistiques, notamment sur ce qu’elles font à la démocratie. Cependant, les travailleurs de la donnée, et plus largement, le processus de fabrication de cette donnée dans les médias, organe démocratique majeur, sont peu étudiés. Cette thèse propose d’étudier la fabrique de données massives à partir d’une ethnographie portant sur différents départements informatiques d’organisations médiatiques belges francophones. Pour ce faire, elle s’appuie sur quatre techniques d’enquête – shadowing, observations directe et participante, ainsi que des entretiens –, mobilisées de façon itérative. En articulant trois courants académiques que sont l’économie politique, l’analyse stratégique de la sociologie des organisations et l’approche constitutive de la communication organisationnelle, le cadrage théorique propose une approche communicationnelle de l’organisation médiatique en montrant qu’elle se constitue au fil des interactions entre agents humains et autres-qu’humains. Les résultats montrent ce que la donnée fait (faire) aux acteurs de l’organisation médiatique, et inversement, ce que ces derniers lui font faire, en interrogeant cette dynamique en termes de rôles, d’identités, de sens, de règles et de pouvoir. Comme je le montrerai, les différents agencements produits par les interactions participent à façonner une réalité organisationnelle orientée sur la quantification, l’automatisation et la convergence d’agents. L’objectif est de montrer comment le couple donnée-travailleur reconfigure l’organisation et par-delà, conditionne l’accès des citoyens à l’information. |
| Keywords: | Donnée massive; Communication Constitutive des Organisations; Identité; Pouvoir; Sociologie des organisations; Shadowing |
| Date: | 2024–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/377490 |