|
on Heterodox Microeconomics |
| By: | Joanne Lindley (University of Surrey) |
| Abstract: | Studies have shown technical change has led to job polarisation. A relatively unexplored aspect of this is whether there has been a gender bias. This paper shows gender bias in technology driven skill polarisation. Between 1997 and 2006 the demand for women shows hollowing out across education groups as a consequence of technical change. This was not the case for men. Overall, the demand for women has fallen relative to that for men as a consequence of technical change. This can be explained by a gender bias in the complementarities between computerisation and changes in task inputs. Numeracy skills are the largest complementarity to technical change and these help to explain the increase in the demand for highly skilled women. However, there are gender biased complementarities to technical change across a range of other non-routine tasks which can explain the fall in the demand for medium educated women and the overall increase in the relative demand for men. At the same time there was a fall in the gender pay differential. For moderate and complex computer users this fall is largely explained by changes in qualifications. However, there remains a large unexplained component suggesting that gender biased demand shifts towards numerate and computer literate women have significantly contributed to the closing of the gender pay gap. |
| Keywords: | Gender Pay, Task-Bias Technology Change, Skills |
| JEL: | J01 J16 J2 J31 |
| Date: | 2010–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sur:surrec:0111&r=hme |
| By: | Timothy Raeymaekers |
| Abstract: | This paper tries to offer an indication of what it means to be young, displaced and looking for a job in a war-affected town of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Starting off as a sociological survey into the livelihoods of young displaced migrants in the city of Butembo, it subsequently integrates more critical views on the life making perspectives of these African youngsters, who appear to be affected as much by problems of daily survival as by a lack of access to decent jobs. The high entry gates these youngsters face in their quest for a decent living not only illustrates the explicitly political nature of Butembo’s job market in the aftermath of war, but also supports the claim that stories of daily survival and political categorization/marginalization remain inherently connected. The fact that this connection is often explicitly made in these youngsters’ imagination about a better life forces us to rethink critically the relationship between armed violence, livelihoods and economic markets in the aftermath of protracted conflicts. |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcn:rwpapr:38&r=hme |
| By: | Henner Will (Macroeconomic Policy Institute (IMK) in the Hans Boeckler Foundation) |
| Abstract: | Short Time Compensation [STC] was a key program in Germany to fight the crisis. However, STC is quite an old tool: in the past 100 years it has been used quite often and is very multifunctional. It stabilized employment in every kind of macroeconomic shock. After a brief look into the institutional and quantitative development of STC in Germany, this paper tries to answer the question whether STC prevents Schumpeterian creative destruction and structural change in economic downturns. With the help of a VAR-Model we can analyze interdependencies between the business cycle, STC and unemployment, finding evidence for a bridging function of STC. A closer look at the pro-cyclical average stoppage supports the thesis that most of the enterprises using STC are fundamentally economically healthy, that is, STC does not prevent structural change in downturns. |
| Keywords: | Short Time Compensation, VAR, Paradox, structural change |
| JEL: | E24 E32 C32 J38 N44 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:wpaper:1-2011&r=hme |
| By: | Vitor Leone; Bruce Philp |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the movements in the Marxian surplus-value rate using a Quantitative Marxist methodology. It examines the relationship between surplus-value and the degree of monopoly power in the UK economy using quarterly data and a proxy for aggregate concentration — the ratio of market capitalisation in FTSE100 firms to market capitalisation in FTSE All Share firms. Two other forces are considered: (i) the size of the “reserve army” of the unemployed; (ii) working class militancy. Our results suggest that increases in the “reserve army” influence the surplus-value rate positively, and that working class militancy is negatively related to changes in the surplus-value rate, indicating that strike action in this period is largely a defensive measure by workers. Finally, our data suggests that rising aggregate concentration (when measured by market capitalisation) exerts a profound, significant and positive effect on the rate of surplus-value. |
| Keywords: | Surplus-value, Monopoly Capital, Aggregate Concentration |
| JEL: | D33 B51 C22 |
| Date: | 2010–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbs:wpaper:2010/10&r=hme |
| By: | Martina Battisti; Hiroyuki Okamuro |
| Abstract: | Exit is an important part of the entrepreneurial lifecycle. In contrast to numerous previous studies on entry, however, little attention has been paid to entrepreneurial exit, and much less on exit modes thus far. Using a recent original survey data on small business owners in New Zealand, where a large majority of them prefer selling their firms when they exit, we empirically investigate the determinants of intended entrepreneurial exit modes: selling out, succession, or closure. Estimation results of multinomial logit analysis suggest that the intention to sell the business is significantly affected by the size and performance of the firm, the involvement of family and how the owner entered the business. Moreover, we find that the intention to liquidate the business is significantly affected by the size and performance of the firm and partly by family involvement in the business. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurial exit, liquidation, small and medium enterprise (SME), New Zealand |
| Date: | 2010–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hst:ghsdps:gd10-151&r=hme |
| By: | Conor M. O'Toole (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin); Carol Newman (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin); Thia Hennessy (Rural Economy Development Programme, Teagasc) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a fundamental Q model of investment to consider the role played by financing frictions in agricultural investment decisions, controlling econometrically for censoring, heterogeneity and errors-in-variables. Our findings suggest that farmer's investment decisions are not driven by market fundamentals. We find some evidence that debt overhang restricts investment but investment is not dependent on liquidity or internal funds. The role of financing frictions in determining investment decisions changes in the post-financial crisis period when debt overhang becomes a significant impediment to farm investment. The evidence suggests that farmers increasingly rely on internal liquidity to drive investment. Finally, we find no evidence that farmers use off-farm capital to fund on-farm investment. |
| Keywords: | Credit Constraints, Firm Level Investment, Tobin's Q, Debt |
| JEL: | G31 G32 F34 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep0311&r=hme |
| By: | Maurizio Franzini (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”); Mario Pianta (Department of Economics, Università di Urbino "Carlo Bo") |
| Abstract: | In this paper we offer an introductory exploration of inequality, considering how political economy has analysed economic inequality. Its roots in market processes and in the functional distribution of income are investigated, considering the role of human capital, technological change and globalisation, and the relevance of intergenerational inequalities. We then consider the impact that public policies can have on inequalities through taxation, welfare expenditures, the provision of public services, redistribution and other actions. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Distribution, Welfare. |
| JEL: | D31 D33 E24 I38 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:urb:wpaper:11_02&r=hme |
| By: | Tarp, Finn |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:ft2011a&r=hme |
| By: | Heckman, James J. (University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | In contemporary America, racial gaps in achievement are primarily due to gaps in skills. Skill gaps emerge early before children enter school. Families are major producers of those skills. Inequality in performance in school is strongly linked to inequality in family environments. Schools do little to reduce or enlarge the gaps in skills that are present when children enter school. Parenting matters, and the true measure of child advantage and disadvantage is the quality of parenting received. A growing fraction of American children across all race and ethnic groups is being raised in dysfunctional families. Investment in the early lives of children in disadvantaged families will help close achievement gaps. America currently relies too much on schools and adolescent remediation strategies to solve problems that start in the preschool years. Policy should prevent rather than remediate. Voluntary, culturally sensitive support for parenting is a politically and economically palatable strategy that addresses problems common to all racial and ethnic groups. |
| Keywords: | skill gap, racial inequality, early childhood intervention |
| JEL: | J15 J24 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5495&r=hme |
| By: | Almlund, Mathilde (University of Chicago); Duckworth, Angela Lee (University of Pennsylvania); Heckman, James J. (University of Chicago); Kautz, Tim (University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the power of personality traits both as predictors and as causes of academic and economic success, health, and criminal activity. Measured personality is interpreted as a construct derived from an economic model of preferences, constraints, and information. Evidence is reviewed about the "situational specificity" of personality traits and preferences. An extreme version of the situationist view claims that there are no stable personality traits or preference parameters that persons carry across different situations. Those who hold this view claim that personality psychology has little relevance for economics. The biological and evolutionary origins of personality traits are explored. Personality measurement systems and relationships among the measures used by psychologists are examined. The predictive power of personality measures is compared with the predictive power of measures of cognition captured by IQ and achievement tests. For many outcomes, personality measures are just as predictive as cognitive measures, even after controlling for family background and cognition. Moreover, standard measures of cognition are heavily influenced by personality traits and incentives. Measured personality traits are positively correlated over the life cycle. However, they are not fixed and can be altered by experience and investment. Intervention studies, along with studies in biology and neuroscience, establish a causal basis for the observed effect of personality traits on economic and social outcomes. Personality traits are more malleable over the life cycle compared to cognition, which becomes highly rank stable around age 10. Interventions that change personality are promising avenues for addressing poverty and disadvantage. |
| Keywords: | personality, behavioral economics, cognitive traits, wages, economic success, human development, person-situation debate |
| JEL: | I2 J24 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5500&r=hme |
| By: | Lee, Jungmin (Sogang University); Lee, Sokbae (Seoul National University) |
| Abstract: | Blau and Kahn (JOLE, 1997; ILRR, 2006) decomposed trends in the U.S. gender earnings gap into observable and unobservable components using the PSID. They found that the unobservable part contributed significantly not only to the rapidly shrinking earnings gap in the 1980s, but also to the slowing-down of the convergence in the 1990s. In this paper, we extend their framework to consider measurement error due to the use of proxy/representative respondents. First, we document a strong trend of changing gender composition of household-representative respondents toward more females. Second, we estimate the impact of the changing gender composition on Blau and Kahn's decomposition. We find that a non-ignorable portion of changes in the gender gap could be attributed to changes in the self/proxy respondent composition. Specifically, the actual reduction in the gender gap can be smaller than what the estimates without taking into account the measurement error might suggest. We conclude that a careful validation study would be necessary to ascertain the magnitude of the spurious measurement error effects. |
| Keywords: | gender earnings gap, survey response error, proxy response |
| JEL: | J3 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5512&r=hme |
| By: | Leigh Plunkett Tost (University of Washington); Francesca Gino (Harvard Business School, Negotiation, Organizations & Markets Unit); Richard P. Larrick (Duke University) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of subjective power on leadership behavior and demonstrate that the psychological effect of power on leaders spills over to impact team effectiveness. Specifically, drawing from the approach/inhibition theory of power, power-devaluation theory, and organizational research on the antecedents of employee voice, we argue that a leader's experience of heightened power produces verbal dominance, which reduces perceptions of leader openness and team open communication. Consequently, there is a negative effect of leader power on team performance. Three studies find consistent support for this argument. The implications for theory and practice are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Power; Leadership; Teams; Communication; Talking; Dominance; Team Performance; Learning |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hbs:wpaper:11-087&r=hme |
| By: | Krzysztof Szczygielski |
| Abstract: | Services dominate all advanced economies but service innovations are still an underresearched topic. One of the reasons are definitional and measurement difficulties. The goal of the paper is to highlight those by reviewing recent literature and to assess the current state of knowledge and challenges. Theoretical approaches, empirical techniques and selected empirical results are discussed. Apparently the biggest challenge, at this point, is to create a unified conceptual framework, that would encompass both manufacturing ad services. Meeting this challenge will, however, be difficult, given the strong focus on manufacturing, both in the literature and in the way enterprise surveys are designed. |
| Keywords: | innovation, services, manufacturing |
| JEL: | O30 O33 L89 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sec:cnstan:0422&r=hme |
| By: | Korpi, Walter (Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University); Ferrarini, Tommy (Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University); Englund, Stefan (Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University) |
| Abstract: | Women’s rising labor force participation since the 1960’s was long seen as heralding decreasing gender inequalities. According to influential social science writings this view has now to be revised; “women friendly” policies bringing women into the workforce are held to create major inequality tradeoffs between quantity and quality in women’s jobs. Unintendedly, such policies increase employer statistical discrimination and create glass ceilings impeding women’s access to influential positions and high wages. This paper re-examines theoretical and empirical bases in analysis of family policy effects on gender inequalities. Including capabilities as well as earnings in definitions of gender inequality, we improve possibilities for causal analyses by mapping institutional constellations of separate dimensions of family policies in Western countries. Reflecting conflicting political forces as well as religion, contrary to accepted assumptions of uni-dimensionality, family policies are multi-dimensional, with main distinctions favoring traditional families, mother’s employment, or market reliance. Using multilevel analyses and broad sets of outcome variables, we show that methodological mistakes largely invalidate earlier causal interpretations of major tradeoffs between quantity and quality in women’s labor force participation. Positive policy effects facilitate work-family reconciliation and combine women’s increased labor force participation with relatively high fertility. While major negative policy effects for women with tertiary education are difficult to find, family policies clearly differ in the extent to which they improve opportunities for women without university degrees. |
| Keywords: | - |
| Date: | 2011–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:sofiwp:2011_002&r=hme |
| By: | Károly Henrich (Universität Kassel); |
| Abstract: | Auf der Grundlage der Befürwortung der transdisziplinären Öffnung sowohl der Wirtschaftswissenschaften im Allgemeinen als auch der naturbezogenen Ökonomik im Besonderen befasst sich dieser Diskussionsbeitrag mit zwei Prioritätsbehauptungen: Zum einen mit der These, dass ethischen Grundsätzen Vorrang vor der ökonomischen Rationalität gebühre (ethics precedes economics), zum anderen mit der Auffassung, dass die Bemühung um ein adäquates ontologisch fundiertes Weltbild wichtiger als die abstrakte Ableitung ethischer Handlungsregeln sei (ontology precedes ethics), weil die Erkenntnis der universellen Verbundenheit alles Seienden spontane Identifikation mit außermenschlichen Naturobjekten bewirken und ethische Maximen überflüssig machen könne. Die Überprüfung der Argumente zu diesen Thesen wird ergänzt durch ein Plädoyer für eine transanthropozentrische Naturökonomik, die auf die Annahme einer moralisch relevanten Sonderstellung des Menschen verzichtet und – gestützt auf Indizien der bisherigen Überexpansion der Menschheitssphäre – die Umkehrung der naturdegradierenden Wachstumsdynamik (décroissance) zu ihrem Leitziel erhebt. |
| Keywords: | Naturökonomik, Transdisziplinarität, Umweltethik, Ontologie,transanthropozentrische Perspektive, Décroissance, Kontraktion & Konvergenz |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201102&r=hme |
| By: | Paolo Zeppini (University of Amsterdam); Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh (Autonomous University of Barcelona, and VU University Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | This article presents a model of sequential decisions about investments in environmentally dirty and clean technologies, which extends the path-dependence framework of Arthur (1989). This allows us to evaluate if and how an economy locked into a dirty technology can be unlocked and move towards the clean technology. The main extension involves the inclusion of the effect of recombinant innovation of the two technologies. A mechanism of endogenous competition is described involving a positive externality of increasing returns to investment which are counterbalanced by recombinant innovation. We determine conditions under which lock-in can be avoided or escaped. A second extension is "symmetry breaking" of the the system due to the introduction of an environmental policy that charges a price for polluting. A final extension adds a cost of environmental policy in the form of lower returns on investment implemented through a growth-depressing factor. We compare cumulative pollution under different scenarios, so that we can evaluate the combination of environmental regulation and recombinant innovation. |
| Keywords: | externalities; hybrid technology; lock-in; R&D; sequential decisions |
| JEL: | O33 Q55 |
| Date: | 2010–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:uvatin:20100107&r=hme |
| By: | Peter Kriesler (School of Economics, University of New South Wales); G. C. Harcourt (Jesus College Cambridge and University of New South Wales) |
| Abstract: | Joan Robinson and Michal Kalecki were two of the intellectual giants of twentieth century economics, whose contributions over a significant range of issues have had major impacts on economics. This paper examines the significant communications between them, concentrating on the major cross influences which were apparent from the first time that they met. It focuses on Kalecki’s influence on Joan Robinson in a number of areas. In particular, there was much communication between them about developments in Keynesian theory, where Joan Robinson was influenced by Kalecki’s Marxian approach. Further areas of influence included the role and determination of investment and innovation, the nature of price setting in capitalist economies, and methodological issues associated with the nature of economic theory, particularly with respect to economic cycles and trends. |
| Keywords: | History of Economic Thought since 1925; Current Heterodox Approaches; Economic Methodology |
| JEL: | B20 B50 B41 |
| Date: | 2010–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:swe:wpaper:2010-21&r=hme |
| By: | Damien TALBOT (GREThA, CNRS, UMR 5113) |
| Abstract: | Opposing heterogeneous agents, imposing choices, and making divergent interests compatible, are all political prerequisites for agent coordination. Although these political prerequisites are not entirely ignored in proximity literature, such literature does tend to insist, for the most part, on cognitive perspective: the biggest beneficial effect of proximity is that of facilitating knowledge-sharing between agents. The principal objective of this paper is to propose both political and cognitive conceptions of proximity. In order to do so, we use the concept of institution, to examine the relations between these concepts - proximity and institution. We obtain one principal result: proximity is an institutional fact, which itself divides up two sub-categories, organizational and geographical proximity. Organizational proximity refers to the cognitive and political coordination of agents. Geographical proximity between actors is a latent resource. This resource would only be activated if the agents share organizational proximity. This form of proximity means that actors integrate cognitive community, i.e. reach memory of organization made up of rules and routines, and integrate political community, i.e. take place in power structure. |
| Keywords: | proximities, institutions, cognitive dimension, political dimension |
| JEL: | B52 R39 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:wpegrt:2011-06&r=hme |
| By: | Camarda, Maria Elena (Fondazione Res) |
| Abstract: | Il lavoro costituisce l’avvio di un percorso di ricerca sulla litigiosità e sulle sue determinanti socio-economiche, culturali e territoriale, nel contesto della riflessione riguardante più in generale le inefficienze del sistema della giustizia civile e le conseguenze che ne derivano per lo sviluppo economico del paese. L’analisi, svolta sulla base di una serie storica (2001- 2008) di dati disaggregati per materia di contenzioso, delinea i tratti differenziati che la domanda di giustizia civile assume nelle aree territoriali del paese e, ne indaga, più in particolare, le dimensioni quantitative e qualitative che presenta nel Mezzogiorno. |
| Keywords: | maria elena camarda; fondazione res; palermo; sicilia; sicily; economics; society; sociology; |
| Date: | 2010–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:wpares:2010_001&r=hme |
| By: | Lefteris Tsoulfidis (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia); Persefoni Tsaliki (Department of Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) |
| Abstract: | In this article we discuss the salient features of the classical and neoclassical theories of competition and we test their fundamental propositions using data from Greek manufacturing industries. The cross section data of 3-digit (total 91) industries of the three (pooled together) census years show no evidence of a direct statistical relationship between the degree of concentration and profitability. The econometric analysis of time series data for 2-digit industries lends support to the hypothesis for the long-run tendential equalization of incremental rates of return to the economy’s average incremental rate of return. |
| Keywords: | Competition; regulating capital; incremental rate of return; tendential equalization. |
| JEL: | B14 C22 L10 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2011_02&r=hme |
| By: | Vincent Bremond; Emmanuel Hache; Valérie Mignon |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to determine if OPEC acts as a cartel by testing whether the production decisions of the different countries are coordinated and if they have an influence on oil prices. Relying on cointegration and causality tests in both time series and panel settings, our findings show that the OPEC influence has evolved through time, following the changes in the oil pricing system. While the influence of OPEC is found to be important just after the counter-oil shock, our results show that OPEC is price taker on the majority of the considered sub-periods. Finally, by dividing OPEC between savers and spenders, we show that it acts as a cartel mainly with a subgroup of its members. |
| Keywords: | Oil prices, oil production, OPEC, cartel, cointegration, causality. |
| JEL: | C22 C23 L11 Q40 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2011-5&r=hme |
| By: | Gul Ertan Ozguzer (Department of Economics, Izmir University of Economics); Alper Duman (Department of Economics, Izmir University of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The dramatic surge in imports of goods and services without a concomitant surge in exports in Turkey deserves a sound explanation. The studies on the issue addressed increasing import dependency of the manufacturing sector in Turkey. This paper has attempted to scrutinize the reasons behind this phenomenon by looking not only at the manufacturing sector as the past studies did, but also at the other sectors of the economy. Using 1998 and 2002 Input -Output Tables, import requirement ratios have been calculated for 12 aggregate sectors. The results demonstrate that the contribution of the “wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and household goods” sector to the increasing import dependency, hence to significantly rising imports, is greater than that of the manufacturing sector. |
| Keywords: | Input-Output Model, import requirement ratio, sector analysis, Turkey |
| JEL: | C67 F14 |
| Date: | 2010–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:izm:wpaper:1005&r=hme |
| By: | Murray, Michael/ M J |
| Abstract: | The article discusses the incompatibility of promoting individual interests of capitalists and workers with the promotion of macroeconomic goals of society. The article implements the ``instrumental method'' developed by Adolph Lowe, and articulates the separation of microeconomic goals with macroeconomic objectives. Using full employment as a case study, the article articulates the proper role for government in achieving and maintaining full employment in a capitalist society. Further it is seen that such an approach also promotes the self interests of capitalists. The approach taken in this article offers an alternative to the failed policies of neoliberalism. |
| Keywords: | Instrumentalism; instrumental inference; neoliberalism; F.A. Hayek; Adolph Lowe; full employment; unemployment; employer of last resort |
| JEL: | B51 B0 B1 B50 B15 A11 A12 B53 A14 |
| Date: | 2011–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:28888&r=hme |
| By: | Thomas, Alex M |
| Abstract: | In 1936, Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, one of the most influential books in economics of the twentieth century. With this publication, Keynes has confused and will continue to confuse generations of economists as to what classical economics means. This short essay argues that the 'classical economists' whom Keynes referred to in The General Theory were actually those economists who primarily employed 'marginal methods' in economics. |
| Keywords: | Classical economics; Keynes; Ricardo |
| JEL: | B12 E12 B22 B13 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:28980&r=hme |
| By: | Kirdina, Svetlana |
| Abstract: | The objective of the paper is to analyze the results of XVII World Congress of Sociology (Gothenburg, Sweden) in July 2010. The necessity to reconstruct the key-sociological paradigm with its western-centric modality is claimed. Parallels with the situation in modern economic theory are emphasized. |
| Keywords: | социологическая теория методология международное сотрудничество ученых Россия |
| JEL: | B40 P51 |
| Date: | 2010–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:28982&r=hme |