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on Health Economics |
| By: | Daysal, N. Meltem (University of Copenhagen); Evans, William N. (University of Notre Dame); Pedersen, Mikkel Hasse (EY Denmark); Trandafir, Mircea (Rockwool Foundation Research Unit) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of radiation therapy on the mortality and economic outcomes of breast cancer patients.We implement a 2SLS strategy within a difference-in-difference framework exploiting variation in treatment stemming from a medical guideline change in Denmark. Using administrative data, we reproduce results from an RCT showing the lifesaving benefits of radiotherapy. We then show therapy also has economic returns: ten years after diagnosis, treatment increases employment by 37% and earnings by 45%. Mortality and economic results are driven by results for more educated women, indicating that equalizing access to treatment may not be sufficient to reduce health inequalities. |
| Keywords: | breast cancer, medical treatments, employment, mortality |
| JEL: | I10 I14 I18 J20 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16810&r=hea |
| By: | Klein, Tobias J. (Tilburg University); Salm, Martin (Tilburg University); Upadhyay, Suraj (Tilburg University) |
| Abstract: | Health insurance premiums often do not reflect individual health risks, implying redistribution from individuals with low health risks to individuals with high health risks. This paper studies whether more cost-sharing leads to less redistribution and to lower welfare of high-risk individuals. This could be the case because more cost-sharing increases out-of-pocket payments especially for high-risk individuals. We estimate a structural model of healthcare consumption using administrative data from a Dutch health insurer. We use the model to simulate the effects of a host of counterfactual policies. The policy that was in place was a 350 euro deductible. Our counterfactual experiments show that redistribution would decrease when the deductible would increase. Nonetheless, high-risk individuals can benefit from higher levels of cost-sharing. The reason is that this leads to lower premiums because both high-risk and low-risk individuals strongly react to the financial incentives cost-sharing provides. |
| Keywords: | health insurance, moral hazard, patient cost-sharing, redistribution |
| JEL: | I13 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16778&r=hea |
| By: | Donghoon Lee; Anirban Basu; Jerome A. Dugan; Pinar Karaca-Mandic |
| Abstract: | The paper examines whether, among inpatient psychiatric admissions in California, for-profit (FP) hospitals engage in cream skimming, i.e., choosing patients for some characteristic(s) other than their need for care, which enhances the profitability of the provider. We propose a novel approach to identify cream skimming using cost outcomes. Naïve treatment effect estimates of hospital ownership type consist of the impact of differential patient case mix (selection) and hospital cost containment strategies (execution). In contrast, an instrumental variable (IV) approach can control for case mix and establish the causal effects of ownership type due to its execution. We interpret the difference in naïve and IV treatment effects to be driven by FP hospitals’ selection (cream skimming) based on unobserved patient case mix. We find that FP hospitals are more likely to treat high-cost patients than not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals, showing no evidence that FP hospitals engage in cream skimming. Our results may alleviate concerns surrounding the recent proliferation of FP psychiatric hospitals with regards to cream skimming. |
| JEL: | I10 I18 L31 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32179&r=hea |
| By: | Pinka Chatterji; Chun-Yu Ho; Xue Wu |
| Abstract: | We examine whether loss of emergency department services is associated with county-level mortality rates in rural areas over the period 2005-2018. We use a propensity-weighted difference-in-difference approach, comparing counties that lost emergency department services to counties that retained them during our period. In the full sample, we find no effects of emergency department closure on all-cause mortality; drug, alcohol, and suicide deaths; or AMI mortality. We find that closure is associated with increased drug-related deaths among white and younger-aged females, and in the Midwest and the West, as well as an increase in AMI mortality in the South and West. |
| JEL: | I10 I11 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32189&r=hea |
| By: | Vogel, Justus; Hollenbach, Johannes; Haering, Alexander; Augurzky, Boris; Geissler, Alexander |
| Abstract: | Public investment in hospitals in Germany has been insufficient for decades, making it difficultto finance digitization. Due to dual financing, hospitals could alternatively use their own profitsto pay for digitization efforts. This raises the question of whether there is a relationship betweenprofitability and digitization, i.e., whether profitable hospitals are more digitally mature, and whatother factors might influence digital maturity. To investigate this relationship, we use novel data ondigital maturity of German hospitals and combine them with balance sheet data. Our multivariateregression results do not show a robust correlation between profitability and digital maturity.Rather, being part of a large chain seems to be more important for digitalization. We concludethat hospitals in chains are more digitally mature because they benefit from a standardizationof IT infrastructure and internal policies. Individual hospitals may also benefit from centralizingparts of their IT strategy development. |
| Abstract: | Die Finanzierung von Digitalisierungsprojekten in deutschen Krankenhäusern wird durch die seit Jahren zu geringen öffentlichen Investitionen erschwert. Aufgrund der dualen Finanzierung in Deutschland haben Krankenhäuser jedoch die Alternative, eigene Gewinne zur Finanzierung von Digitalisierungsmaßnahmen zu verwenden. Dies wirft die Frage auf, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Profitabilität und Digitalisierungsgrad gibt, d.h. ob profitablere Krankenhäuser digital reifer sind und welche weiteren Faktoren die digitale Reife beeinflussen. Um diesen Zusammenhang zu untersuchen, verwenden wir neue Daten zum digitalen Reifegrad deutscher Krankenhäuser und kombinieren diese mit Bilanzdaten. Unsere multivariaten Regressionsergebnisse zeigen keinen robusten Zusammenhang zwischen Profitabilität und digitaler Reife. Vielmehr scheint die Zugehörigkeit zu einer großen Kette eine größere Bedeutung für die Digitalisierung zu haben. Größere Ketten sind digital reifer, weil sie eine kettenweite IT-Strategie verfolgen, die IT-Architektur und -Richtlinien standardisieren und Investitionen querfinanzieren können. |
| Keywords: | Hospital profitability, hospital digitization, digital maturity |
| JEL: | I11 I18 M15 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:284395&r=hea |
| By: | Christian Krekel; Ekaterina Oparina; Sorawoot Srisuma |
| Abstract: | Common mental health problems impose significant costs on individuals and societies, yet healthcare systems often overlook them. We provide the first causal evidence on the effectiveness of a pioneering, nationwide mental health service for treating depression and anxiety disorders in England using non-experimental data and methods. We exploit variations in waiting times to identify treatment effects, based on a novel dataset of over one million patients that well represent the English population. Our findings show that treatment improved mental health and reduced impairment in work and social life. We also provide suggestive evidence of enhanced employment. However, effects vary across patients, services, and areas. The programme is cost-effective and provides a blueprint for treating mental health in other countries. |
| Keywords: | policy evaluation, mental health, psychological therapies, quasi-natural experiment, machine learning, cost-benefit analysis , Wellbeing |
| Date: | 2024–02–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1982&r=hea |
| By: | Zantomio, Francesca (Ca' Foscari University of Venice); Belloni, Michele (University of Torino); Carrieri, Vincenzo (University of Calabria); Farina, Elena (ASL TO3 Grugliasco); Simonetti, Irene (Ca' Foscari University of Venice) |
| Abstract: | We investigate behavioral responses to the generosity of Disability Insurance (DI) within the context of work compatibility. Exploiting an institutional discontinuity leading to exogenous variation in replacement rates, we use rich administrative data on the work and health histories of Italian private sector workers and focus on individuals impacted by acute CVD shocks leading to unplanned hospitalizations. Using a Regression Discontinuity strategy, we identify a substantial DI response to benefit generosity, suggesting an elasticity of DI participation of 1.26. Additionally, we observe a smaller employment response, with an estimated elasticity of -0.15. Our findings indicate that the receipt of DI is widely perceived as a complement to labour income within a framework of work compatibility. These results carry significant implications for the design of labour-inclusive DI scheme. |
| Keywords: | disability insurance, elasticity, replacement rate, labour supply, regression discontinuity |
| JEL: | I38 J14 J22 H55 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16819&r=hea |
| By: | Stenberg, Anders (Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University); Tudor, Simona (Arbetsförmedlingen) |
| Abstract: | We analyze whether field of study assigned at age 16 impacts mental health in adulthood. Using a regression discontinuity design that exploits GPA cut-offs, we find that admission to the preferred study field improves mental health, lowering both the incidence of antidepressant prescriptions and of mental health-related hospitalizations. Engineering contributes strongly but not uniquely to the positive results. As for mechanisms, earnings explain 40% of the estimates, but earlier proposed hypotheses based on school-age peer characteristics have little explanatory power. Our findings imply that restrictions on individuals’ choices, to improve human capital allocations, entail costs that may have been underestimated. |
| Keywords: | field of study; health; secondary education |
| JEL: | I10 I21 I24 J24 J28 J32 |
| Date: | 2024–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:sofiwp:2024_001&r=hea |
| By: | Giorgio Fabbri (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, GAEL); Marie-Louise Leroux (Departement des Sciences Economiques, ESG-UQAM; CORE, Louvain-la-Neuve; CESifo, Munich); Paolo Melindi-Ghidi (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France); Willem Sas (University of Stirling; Hasselt University; CESifo, Munich; UCLouvain & KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops an overlapping generations model that links a public health system to a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension system. It relies on two assumptions. First, the health system directly finances curative health spending on the elderly. Second, public pensions partially depend on health status by introducing a component indexed to society's average level of old-age disability. Reducing the average disability rate in the economy then lowers pension benefits as the need to finance long-term care services also drops. We study the effects of introducing such a 'comprehensive' Social Security system on individual decisions, capital accumulation, and welfare. We first show that health investments can boost savings and capital accumulation under certain conditions. Second, if individuals are sufficiently concerned with their health when old, it is optimal to introduce a health-dependent pension system, as this will raise social welfare compared to a system where pensions are not tied to the society's average level of old-age disability. Our analysis thus highlights an important policy recommendation: making PAYG pension schemes partially health-dependent can be beneficial to society. |
| Keywords: | Curative Health Investments, PAYG Pension System, Disability, overlapping generations, long-term care |
| JEL: | H55 I15 O41 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2407&r=hea |
| By: | Anna Bárdits (HUN-REN Centre for Economic and Regional Studies); Gábor Kertesi (HUN-REN Centre for Economic and Regional Studies) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how the type of home environment – family foster care or residential care – affects the adult outcomes of individuals who were raised in state care during adolescence. While it is established in the literature that living in residential care is detrimental for babies, the effect of living in different types of care as an older child is underexplored. We use Hungarian individual-level administrative panel data and follow the children from age 13 until age 19. We show that the adult outcomes of adolescents who grew up in a foster family are substantially better even after controlling for a rich set of variables, including indicators of cognitive and non-cognitive skills, and mental problems observed at age 13. Young adults who grew up in family foster care are 8 percentage points more likely to complete secondary education, and 11 percentage points less likely to spend at least 6 months without either working or studying at age 19, than comparable peers raised in residential care. Using mental health medication is 5 percentage points less likely. For girls, the probability of teenage birth and abortion are smaller by 12 percentage points each. IV estimations using local foster mother capacity as an instrument reinforce the beneficial effect of family foster care.. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: foster care, residential care, institutional care, state care |
| JEL: | J12 J13 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2403&r=hea |
| By: | Bansak, Cynthia; Dziadula, Eva; Wang, Sophie Xuefei |
| Abstract: | This study documents increased intergenerational support for elderly parents in China among adults who were exposed to the "Later, Longer, Fewer" (LLF) family planning campaign in the 1970s. Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we identify adults of childbearing age whose fertility was reduced. We find LLF exposure increases the likelihood of wife's parents residing in the same household. As expected in a patrilineal society, the increase in support is realized by the husband's parents through more visits and financial transfers. Supporting our findings of stronger social networks, LLF exposure significantly increases the elderly parent's age at death. |
| Keywords: | Fertility, China, "Later, Longer, Fewer" campaign, Family planning, Co-residency, Intergenerational transfers, Aging population |
| JEL: | H31 I31 J13 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1403&r=hea |
| By: | Bertrand Chopard (Université Paris Cité, LIRAES, F-75006 Paris, France.); Olivier Musy (Université Paris Cité, LIRAES, F-75006 Paris, France.) |
| Abstract: | The integration of AI for healthcare redefines medical liability, converting decisionmaking into a collaborative process involving a technological tool and its user. When a harm is caused, both users and manufacturers of AI may be responsible. The judicial system has yet to address claims of this nature. We build a model with bilateral care to study which combinations of liability rules are socially efficient. Both agents could face strict liability, be subject to negligence rules or face hybrid regimes: one agent faces a fault liability regime, while the other operates under strict liability. We highlight two crucial elements: (i) the sharing scheme of the payment of compensation between users and producers (ii) the nature of their cares (complements or substitutes). The latest AI Liability Directive from the European Parliament in the field of medicine advocates the implementation of a strict liability regime for producers and a fault liability regime for users. We show that this regime is socially efficient. A novel framework is not necessary. |
| Keywords: | medical liability; joint liability; artificial intelligence; bilateral care; european regulation |
| JEL: | I11 L13 K13 K41 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afd:wpaper:2404&r=hea |
| By: | Dorothy Adams; Veerle Miranda |
| Abstract: | Increasingly, countries are integrating personalised public services to enhance access to, and the experience of those services to significantly improve outcomes for service users. Integrated services are particularly valuable for those with multiple and complex needs who require a range of tailored and, in some cases, specialised supports and services from more than one agency or service provider. Service specialisation can make it difficult for these service users to get the right mix of services and at the right time that best meet their needs. This paper provides a summary of how countries are integrating services to improve the lives and outcomes of care experienced by young people, people with disabilities, and people leaving prison. The paper is intended for policymakers who are seeking new or improved approaches to improving the outcomes of those who rely on personalised services. |
| Keywords: | Social Issues/Migration/Health |
| JEL: | Z18 |
| Date: | 2024–03–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:305-en&r=hea |
| By: | Knutsson, Daniel (Orebro University School of Business, Research institute of Industrial Economics, and Center for Health Economics Research, Uppsala University); Tyrefors, Björn (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate a non-targeted summer youth employment program (SYEP) for high school students aged 16-19 in Stockholm, Sweden, where public sector job offers were as good as randomly assigned. In contrast to previous studies evaluating SYEP that targeted groups with lower socioeconomic status, we find substantial labor market effects but no effects on education, crime, or health outcomes. However, income is negatively affected except during the program year. The penalty increases in absolute terms but does not change much in relative terms over time. The penalty is consistently statistically significant and large just after high school graduation but there are indications that the penalty attenuates at ages 24. The adverse effects are the largest for applicants not enrolled in an academic track, who are males, and with less educated mothers. Interestingly, the extensive margin (having a job) is not the critical factor. Instead, a SYEP job offer affects the probability of obtaining more qualified and fulltime employment after high school graduation. We argue that receiving a program job leads to less private-sector labor market experience, provides a negative signal, and disrupts (private) labor market connections, which is vital for those seeking a job just after high school. |
| Keywords: | Labor market programs; Youth unemployment; Summer employment; Randomlist; SYEP |
| JEL: | J13 J21 J38 J45 |
| Date: | 2024–03–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ifauwp:2024_005&r=hea |
| By: | Rovetta, Alessandro (Mensana srls); Mansournia, Mohammed Ali |
| Abstract: | Since the original formulation by Sir Ronald Fisher in the early 1920s, the concept of statistical significance has been subject to serious misinterpretations. Despite more than 100 years having passed, these criticalities remain as vivid today as they were back then, if not more so. Given that the misuse of statistical testing in public health can lead to highly dangerous outcomes such as the approval of ineffective treatments or the rejection of effective ones, in this brief letter, we present a series of examples aimed at definitively dispelling some of the most common and erroneous beliefs about statistical significance. |
| Date: | 2024–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3s2nt&r=hea |
| By: | Celidoni, Martina; Costa-Font, Joan; Salmasi, Luca |
| Abstract: | Longevity expectations (LE) are subjective assessments of future health status that can influence a number of individual health protective decisions. This is especially true during a pandemic such as COVID-19, as the risk of ill health depends more than ever on such protective decisions. This paper examines the causal effect of LE on some protective health behaviors and a number of decisions regarding forgoing health care using individual differences in LE. We use data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe, and we draw on an instrumental variable strategy exploiting individual level information on parental age at death. Consistent with the too healthy to be sick hypothesis, we find that individuals, exhibiting higher expected longevity, are more likely to engage in protective behaviours, and are less likely to forgo medical treatment. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in LE increases the probability to comply always with social distancing by 0.6%, to meet people less often by 0.4% and decreases the probability to forgo any medical treatment by 0.6%. Our estimates vary depending on supply side restrictions influencing the availability of health care, as well as individual characteristics such as their gender and the presence of pre-existing health conditions. |
| Keywords: | coronavirus; Covid-19; longevity expectations; private information; health behaviours; foregone medical treatment; health capital; SHARE; Europe; instrumental variables; forgone medical treatment |
| JEL: | I12 I18 |
| Date: | 2022–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115979&r=hea |
| By: | Chaufan, Claudia (York University); Hemsing, Natalie |
| Abstract: | As the COVID-19 global vaccination campaign was launched in December of 2020, vaccination became mandatory for many healthcare workers (HCWs) worldwide. Large minorities resisted the policy, and the responses of authorities to this resistance led to damaged professional reputations, job losses, and suspension or termination of practice licenses. The joint effect of dismissals, early retirements, career changes, and vaccine injuries disabling some compliant HCWs from adequate performance, has exacerbated existing crises within health systems. Nevertheless, the position of leading health authorities has been that the benefits of a fully vaccinated healthcare labour force - protecting health systems, vulnerable patient populations, and even HCWs themselves – achieved through mandates, if necessary, outweigh its potential harms. Informed by critical policy and discourse traditions, we examine the expert literature on vaccine mandates for HCWs. We find that this literature neglects evidence countering claims about the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, dismisses the science supporting the contextual nature of microbial virulence, miscalculates patient and system-level harms of vaccination policies, and ignores or legitimizes the coercive elements built into their design. We discuss the implications of our findings for the sustainability of health systems, for patient care, and for the well-being of HCWs, and suggest directions for ethical clinical and policy practice. |
| Date: | 2024–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:z7usq&r=hea |
| By: | Ehmke, Mariah D.; Restrepo, Brandon J. |
| Abstract: | Data from the 2011–20 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were leveraged to estimate obesity disparities prior to the spring 2020 arrival of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and during the first year of the pandemic, and then intra-pandemic changes in adult obesity rates were estimated across various population subgroups. Adult obesity was modeled as a function of various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics—household composition, urbanicity, Census region, age, race, gender, income, and education—over pre-pandemic and pandemic periods using a linear regression model estimated by ordinary least squares. The regression coefficients were then used to calculate the pre-pandemic and intra-pandemic obesity rates for the overall population and by subpopulation. Overall U.S. adult obesity prevalence was significantly higher during the first year of the pandemic by 1.3 percentage points (pp). This amounts to an obesity increase of 3.2 percent when compared with an obesity rate of 40.7 percent over the pre-pandemic period from January 1, 2019, to March 12, 2020. The net societal increase in early pandemic obesity rates was not evenly distributed across subpopulations. Obesity rates significantly increased by a larger amount for adults in subgroups with a lower accumulation of long-term human capital (such as education and skills) and greater potential need for institutional and societal support. Intra-pandemic obesity growth rates were significantly higher by 5.6 percent among adults with annual household incomes that qualified for benefits from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and by 7.3 percent for adults whose education level was below a high school diploma. Higher intra-pandemic growth rates for obesity were also observed for young adults (aged 20–39) (5.6 percent) and adults aged 20 years or older living in the West Census region and west to the Pacific Ocean, which includes all States from Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico (7.6 percent). |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Health Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Labor and Human Capital, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersap:340802&r=hea |
| By: | Josselin Thuilliez (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UR - Université de Rennes); Nouhoum Touré (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | High levels of vaccine hesitancy remain poorly understood during an epidemic. Using high-frequency data in France at departmental level and exploiting the Covid-19 vaccination campaign calendar, we observe that vaccination among the elderly influences vaccination among young adults. We then propose a simple epidemiological economic model with two partially vaccinated demographic groups – the young and the elderly – and two opinions on vaccination - "vaxxers" and "antivaxxers". The utility to get vaccinated for the young depends on the vaccination behavior of the elderly, their opinion of the vaccine and the epidemic environment. Our results suggest that mutual interactions between individuals' vaccination opinions and infection prevalence may lead to the emergence of oscillations and disease traps. The vaccination behavior of the elderly can be harnessed to promote vaccination. |
| Keywords: | Vaccination, Economic epidemiology, Opinion dynamics |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-04490900&r=hea |
| By: | Eva Moreno Galbis (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Felipe Trillos Carranza (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The massive shift towards teleworking during the COVID pandemic relatively deteriorated working conditions of people occupying positions that could not be teleworked because they were more exposed to the risk of infection. Exploiting French data, we analyse the differential changes in sorting across occupations of immigrants and natives during years preceding the pandemic. Immigrants sorted relatively more into occupations intensive in non-routine manual tasks. These occupations cannot be teleworked. We find an increase in immigrants' sorting into occupations intensive in non-routine interactive and analytical tasks. However, in contrast with natives, immigrants were moving away from occupations intensively using new technologies. |
| Keywords: | task specialization, health-status, immigrants, gender, jobs |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04167186&r=hea |