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on Health Economics |
| By: | Andrew J.G. Cairns (Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences and Heriot-Watt University 4AS, United Kingdom. E-mail: A.J.G.Cairns@hw.ac.uk); Malene Kallestrup-Lamb (Aarhus University and CREATES); Carsten P.T. Rosenskjold (Aarhus University and CREATES); David Blake (Pensions Institute, Cass Business School, City University of London); Kevin Dowd (Durham University Business School) |
| Abstract: | We investigate and model how the mortality of Danish males aged 55-94 has changed over the period 1985-2012. We divide the population into ten socio-economic subgroups using a new measure of affluence that combines wealth and income reported on the Statistics Denmark national register database. The affluence index, in combination with sub-group lockdown at age 67, is shown to provide consistent sub-group rankings based on crude death rates across all ages and over all years in a way that improves significantly on previous studies that have focused on life expectancy. The gap between the most and least affluent is confirmed to be widest at younger ages and has widened over time. We introduce a new multi-population mortality model that fits the historical mortality data very well and generates smoothed death rates that can be used to model a larger number of smaller sub-groups than has been previously possible without losing the essential character of the raw data. The model produces bio-demographically reasonable forecasts of mortality rates that preserve the sub-group rankings at all ages. It also satisfies reasonableness criteria related to the term structure of correlations across ages and over time through consideration of future death and survival rates. |
| Keywords: | Danish mortality data; affluence; CBD-X model; gravity model; multipopulation mortality modelling |
| JEL: | J11 C53 G22 |
| Date: | 2016–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aah:create:2016-14&r=hea |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | Premiums for private health insurance, which are high and rising, are affected by various federal subsidies and regulations. In 2016, the federal government will subsidize most premiums, at a cost of roughly $300 billion. |
| JEL: | I13 I18 |
| Date: | 2016–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:511300&r=hea |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | CBO and the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation project that the federal subsidies, taxes, and penalties associated with health insurance coverage for the noninstitutionalized population under age 65 will result in a net subsidy from the federal government of $660 billion, or 3.6 percent of GDP, in 2016. For the entire 2017–2026 period, the projected net subsidy is $8.9 trillion. |
| JEL: | H30 I13 I18 |
| Date: | 2016–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:513850&r=hea |
| By: | Xiaotong Niu; Melinda Buntin; Joyce Manchester |
| Abstract: | The aging of the population exerts upward pressure on federal spending for health care, especially Medicare, as both the number and average age of elderly beneficiaries increase. Total Medicare expenditures may also be affected by changes in relative per-beneficiary spending for beneficiaries of different ages as the population ages. In this paper, we use the Master Beneficiary Summary File to estimate spending per beneficiary for the elderly population (people between ages 65 and 105) enrolled in the traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare program between 1999 and 2012. Over that period, |
| JEL: | I10 I13 I18 H51 |
| Date: | 2015–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:wpaper:51027&r=hea |
| By: | Audrey Laporte; Brian Ferguson |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cch:wpaper:15w001&r=hea |
| By: | Yi Zeng (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Melanie S. Brasher; Danan Gu; James W. Vaupel (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | - |
| Keywords: | China |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2015-004&r=hea |
| By: | Yi Zeng (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Linda George; Melanie Sereny; Danan Gu; James W. Vaupel (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This study based on analyzing the unique datasets of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey clearly demonstrate that, compared to having son(s), having daughter(s) is beneficial at older ages, with regards to enjoying greater filial piety from and better relationships with children and satisfaction with care provided by children. The daughter-advantages of enjoying greater filial piety from and better relationships with children are more profound among oldest-old aged 80+ compared to young-old aged 65-79, and surprisingly more profound in rural areas compared to urban areas, while son-preference is much more prevalent among rural residents. We also discuss why the rigorous fertility policy until October 2015 and less-developed pension system in rural areas substantially contribute to the sustentation of the traditional son-preference which resulted in high sex ratio at birth (SRB) when fertility is low. We recommend China to take integrative policy actions of informing the public that having daughter(s) is beneficial for old age care, developing rural pension system and implementing the most recently announced universal two-child policy as soon as possible. We believe that these policy actions would help China to change the traditional son-preference, bringing down the high SRB, and enable more future elderly parents to enjoy their life including better care provided by daughters. |
| Keywords: | China, daughters, parents, sons |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2015-012&r=hea |
| By: | Dean Baker |
| Abstract: | The current system of financing pharmaceutical research through patent monopolies or other forms of market exclusivity is fundamentally flawed. It creates an altogether unnecessary problem by making drugs that are cheap to produce extremely expensive to the patients who need them. The fact that most of the cost is borne by third party payers undermines the traditional argument for market prices as conveying information about households’ desires. This system of pricing also leads to the sort of waste and corruption that would be predicted from a system in which government granted monopolies lead to items being sold at prices that are typically several thousand percent above their cost of production. This proposal outlines a plan for a pilot project of public financed clinical trials. Under this proposal, government(s) would set aside a limited amount of funding to finance clinical trials and bring drugs through national approval processes. This funding would be awarded under long-term contracts (8–10) years on a competitive basis. The winners of the contracts would test promising compounds of their choosing in the areas where they have designated an interest. As a condition of getting the funding, all the results of the tests will be fully available to the public. In addition, whatever drugs are approved would have no exclusivity conditions, so they could be sold as generics. In addition to making potentially important new drugs available to the public, this pilot will set a model for transparency in research. The practice of disclosing all test results in a timely manner should pressure other pharmaceutical companies to adopt the same practice. In addition, since the contracts and the number of trials will all be public information, this project will also provide substantial insights into the cost of clinical trials and drug development. |
| JEL: | I I1 I18 I14 |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:epo:papers:2016-02&r=hea |
| By: | Cherrie Bucknor; Dean Baker |
| Abstract: | A recurring theme in debates over Social Security policy is that workers should be encouraged to work later into their lives by raising the age at which they can get full benefits. Implicit in this argument is that most workers are in a situation where they would be able to work to an older age; however, many older workers stop working because they can no longer meet the physical demands of their job. In 2010, CEPR did an analysis that examined the percentage of older workers (ages 58 and over) who either worked in physically demanding jobs or in difficult work conditions. This paper is an update of that earlier study and is based on data from 2014. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and Occupational Information Network (O*NET) it finds that in 2014, 8.0 million workers ages 58 and older (34.5 percent) had physically demanding jobs, while 5.1 million workers ages 58 and older (22.1 percent) had jobs with difficult working conditions. About 10.2 million workers ages 58 and older (43.8 percent) were employed either in physically demanding jobs or jobs with difficult working conditions. The workers who were most likely to be in these jobs were Latinos, the least educated (less than a high school diploma), immigrants, and the lowest wage earners. Physically demanding jobs include general physical activities, handling and moving objects, spending significant time standing, walking or running, making repetitive motions, or having any highly physically demanding work. Highly physically demanding jobs require dynamic, explosive, static, or trunk strength, bending or twisting of the body, stamina, maintaining balance, or kneeling or crouching. Difficult working conditions include working in a cramped workspace, labor outdoors, or exposure to abnormal temperatures, contaminants, hazardous equipment, whole body vibration, or distracting or uncomfortable noise. |
| JEL: | H H6 H62 H63 H68 J J1 J14 J18 J3 J32 J38 |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:epo:papers:2016-04&r=hea |
| By: | Andreas Schaefer (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Environmental pollution adversely affects children’s probability to survive to adulthood, reduces thus parental expenditures on child quality and increases the number of births necessary to achieve a desired family size. We argue that this mechanism will be intensified by economic inequality because wealthier households live in cleaner areas. This is the key mechanism through which environmental conditions may impose a growth drag on the economy. Moreover, the adverse effect of inequality and pollution on children’s health may be amplified, if the population group that is least affected decides about tax-financed abatement measures. Our theory provides a candidate explanation for (1) the observed positive correlation between inequality and the concentration of pollutants at the local level, and (2) the humpshaped evolution of child mortality ratios between cleaner and more polluted areas during the course of economic development. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous Growth, Endogenous Fertility, Inequality, Mortality, Pollution |
| JEL: | O10 Q50 I10 |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:16-241&r=hea |
| By: | Bengtsson, Tommy (Lund University); Nilsson, Anton (Aarhus University) |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the long-term effects of smoking on disability retirement. Exploiting population-wide registry data from Sweden, we contribute to the literature by accounting for a much broader range of potential confounders. In particular, by the use of sibling and twin fixed effects, we account for all unobserved heterogeneity in childhood environment and family characteristics. Moreover, we are able to control for detailed information on socioeconomic status, marital status and health. We also contribute by comparing effects on different diagnoses for which disability pension was granted, thus shedding some light on the biological mechanisms linking smoking to disability retirement. We demonstrate a strong association between smoking and disability retirement. Among individuals aged 50-64, smokers have a six percentage point higher probability of receiving (full) disability pension. However, while the relationship remains significant when accounting for confounders such as family environment, the size of the effect is much attenuated. Effects are concentrated to mental and musculoskeletal conditions, but effects on neoplasms, nervous system, eye and circulatory diagnoses are also found. The results are largely driven by health problems severe enough to merit hospitalization, and there is no evidence of a role played by financial incentives. |
| Keywords: | smoking, disability retirement, specific conditions, siblings, twins |
| JEL: | I12 J26 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9881&r=hea |
| By: | Currie, Janet (Princeton University); Schwandt, Hannes (University of Zurich) |
| Abstract: | Analysts who have concluded that inequality in life expectancy is increasing have generally focused on life expectancy at age 40 to 50. However, we show that among infants, children, and young adults, mortality has been falling more quickly in poorer areas with the result that inequality in mortality has fallen substantially over time. This is an important result given the growing literature showing that good health in childhood predicts better health in adulthood and suggests that today's children are likely to face considerably less inequality in mortality as they age than current adults. We also show that there have been stunning declines in mortality rates for African-Americans between 1990 and 2010, especially for black men. The fact that inequality in mortality has been moving in opposite directions for the young and the old, as well as for some segments of the African-American and non-African-American populations argues against a single driver of trends in mortality inequality, such as rising income inequality. Rather, there are likely to be multiple specific causes affecting different segments of the population. We show that the differential timing of smoking reductions among the rich and the poor can explain a significant fraction of the current increase in mortality inequality in older cohorts. |
| Keywords: | mortality, inequality, racial differences, smoking |
| JEL: | I14 I32 J11 J13 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9903&r=hea |
| By: | Woldemichael, Andinet (African Development Bank); Gurara, Daniel Zerfu (International Monetary Fund); Shimeles, Abebe (African Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | In the absence of third party and prepayment systems such as health insurance and tax-based healthcare financing, households in many low-income countries are exposed to the financial risks of paying large medical bills from out-of-pocket. In recent years, community based health insurance schemes have become popular alternatives to fill such void in the healthcare financing systems. This paper investigates the impact of these schemes on out-of-pocket spending based on three rounds of nationally representative data from Rwanda. We estimate an Extended Two-Part Model to address endogeniety in insurance enrollment and censoring in healthcare expenditure data. We find that community based health insurance program has non-linear and mixed impacts on out-of-pocket expenditure. While the program significantly increases the probability of overall spending, it decreases the amount of per capita spending on healthcare. The program also significantly reduces spending on drug but increases outpatient spending with no detectable impact on inpatient services. Furthermore, we find notable heterogeneity in treatment effects in which households in the top income distribution realize the highest reduction in out-of-pocket spending. |
| Keywords: | impact, health insurance, out-of-pocket, low-income, endogeneity |
| JEL: | C21 C34 D04 I13 I15 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9922&r=hea |
| By: | Katharine A. Phillips; Aparna Keshaviah; Darin D. Dougherty; Robert L. Stout; William Menard; Sabine Wilhelm |
| Abstract: | Continuation-phase escitalopram delayed time to relapse, and fewer escitalopram-treated subjects relapsed than did placebo-treated subjects. |
| Keywords: | Pharmacotherapy, body dysmophic disorder |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:16d61a5c8641445e891d6509903cf174&r=hea |
| By: | Greg Chojnacki; Jonah Deutsch; Irma Perez-Johnson; Samia Amin; Matthew Darling; Jaclyn Lefkowitz |
| Abstract: | This brief presents initial findings on the effects of an intervention designed to increase employer responsiveness to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). |
| Keywords: | labor, nudge, employment, worker, employee, OSHA, citation, behavioral, intervention |
| JEL: | J |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:18fbfd82c7774942b0656905966694ed&r=hea |
| By: | Susan G. Haber; Suzanne G. Wensky; Nancy T. McCall |
| Abstract: | Policy makers should consider increasing the strength of nursing home resident and PCP relationships as one strategy for reducing inpatient and ER utilization. |
| Keywords: | nursing home, hospital, emergency room, primary care provider |
| JEL: | I |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:2031574a07794a33813a3851a4968629&r=hea |
| By: | Jody Schimmel Hyde |
| Keywords: | obesity, applicants, federal disability programs |
| JEL: | I J |
| Date: | 2016–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:36bc1d8871fb4229be4117d45880f025&r=hea |
| By: | Stacy Berg Dale; Arkadipta Ghosh; Deborah N. Peikes; Timothy J. Day; Frank B. Yoon; Erin Fries Taylor; Kaylyn Swankoski; Ann S. O’Malley; Patrick H. Conway; Rahul Rajkumar; Matthew J. Press; Laura Sessums; Randall Brown |
| Abstract: | This article describes the impacts for Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries’ cost, service use, quality of care, and patient experience of the first two years of the Comprehensive Primary Care (CPC) initiative. |
| Keywords: | Comprehensive Primary Care Initiative, advanced primary care, risk-stratified care management, patient centered medical home, Medicare fee for service, health information technology, propensity score matching |
| JEL: | I |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:3f33382ecf564030af2e31d39d4fa4fa&r=hea |
| By: | C. Jacobs Johnson; M. Hu; J. Thomas; K. Boller; M. Young |
| Keywords: | Informal Caregivers Research Project , INCARE, Caregiver/Parent Interview Protocol |
| JEL: | I |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:81a592371e4b4fe196a6ea2121b672c5&r=hea |
| By: | Anne Stahl; Jody Schimmel Hyde; Harnam Singh |
| Keywords: | obesity, social security, disability, determinations |
| JEL: | I J |
| Date: | 2016–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:89cd58ef7c8d4aca916cf34241851f9b&r=hea |
| By: | Jenna Libersky; Cara Stepanczuk; Rebecca Lester; Kristie Liao; Debra Lipson |
| Abstract: | To understand the growth and diversity of Medicaid managed long-term services and supports (MLTSS) programs, we visited five states in Summer 2014: Arizona, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Wisconsin. This paper presents themes related to design, implementation, oversight, and improvement of MLTSS. |
| Keywords: | Medicaid, managed care, long-term services and supports, home- and community-based services, MLTSS |
| JEL: | I |
| Date: | 2016–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:8e13d1456f7d40429f6b874a2cbb704e&r=hea |
| By: | Deborah Peikes; Erin Fries Taylor; Stacy Dale; Ann O'Malley; Arkadipta Ghosh; Grace Anglin; Kaylyn Swankoski; Aparajita Zutshi; Lara Converse; Randall Brown |
| Abstract: | This is the appendix for the report describing the implementation and impacts of the Comprehensive Primary Care initiative over its first two years. |
| Keywords: | Comprehensive Primary Care Initiative, advanced primary care, risk-stratified care management, patient centered medical home, Medicare fee for service, health information technology, propensity score matching |
| JEL: | I |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:93e1ccb2586647d89ce1f873f4f22d70&r=hea |
| By: | David R. Mann; Todd Honeycutt |
| Abstract: | Disability status—experiencing a functional limitation caused by a health condition—is dynamic throughout the life cycle, even during adolescence and young adulthood. |
| Keywords: | Youth, Transition to adulthood, Disability changes, Longitudinal surveys, Survey attrition |
| JEL: | I J |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:a0bc0d339d7a431f84e49db82879a1b4&r=hea |
| By: | Kara Contreary; Eugene Rich; Anna Collins; Ann S. O'Malley; Jim Reschovsky |
| Abstract: | In this brief, we use four illustrative clinical cases to explore barriers to and facilitators of physicians recommending evidence-based treatments at the point of care. |
| Keywords: | Point of Care, Physician, Payers, Purchasers, Health |
| JEL: | I |
| Date: | 2016–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:e90c0b98048148349cba280a39dbb819&r=hea |
| By: | Kimberly Smith; Dana Rotz; Brian Goesling; Elizabeth Cook; Kelly Murphy; Jack Stevens |
| Abstract: | This study reports interim findings from a large-scale demonstration project and evaluation of Teen Options to Prevent Pregnancy, an 18-month clinic-based intervention designed specifically for pregnant and parenting adolescents. |
| Keywords: | teen pregnancy, sex education, adolescents, PPA |
| JEL: | I |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:effe67a2aff7439c8f08930fcb5bb1a3&r=hea |
| By: | Lisa Schottenfeld; Dana Petersen; Deborah Peikes; Richard Ricciardi; Hannah Burak; Robert McNellis; Janice Genevro |
| Abstract: | This white paper offers a conceptual framework as well as strategies that providers can use to ensure that team-based care in primary care settings is patient-centered. These strategies are intended to support the development of good relationships between teams and patients, equally strong collaboration within the team itself, and an orientation towards engaging patients as knowledgeable partners in care. |
| Keywords: | patient-centered, primary care, AHRQ, team-based, care delivery |
| JEL: | I |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:fee47ad151194572a827a9ef77d286ba&r=hea |
| By: | Abhijit Banerjee; Sharon Barnhardt; Esther Duflo |
| Abstract: | Iron deficiency anemia is frequent among the poor worldwide. While it can be prevented with the appropriate supplement or food fortification, these programs often do not consistently reach the poorest. This paper reports on the impact of a potential strategy to address iron deficiency anemia in rural areas: double fortified salt (DFS) - salt fortified with iron and iodine. We conducted a large-scale experiment in rural Bihar. In 200 villages, randomly selected out of 400, DFS was introduced at a price that was half the regular retail price for DFS. After two years, we find no evidence that either selling DFS in villages or providing it for free directly to households has an economically meaningful or statistically significant impact on hemoglobin, anemia, physical health, cognition or mental health. For the sales experiment, we can reject at the 95% level a reduction of 2.5 percentage points in the fraction anemic in the entire sample, and 3.7 percentage points among those who were previously anemic. Using an IV strategy, we find a statistically significant, though relatively small, increase in hemoglobin and reduction in the fraction anemic for adolescents, a subgroup that has responded well to supplements and fortification in earlier studies. These disappointing results are explained both by relatively low take up and by low impact of DFS even when consumed more regularly for the majority of the population. |
| JEL: | I0 I00 I1 O11 |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22121&r=hea |
| By: | Charles Courtemanche; James Marton; Benjamin Ukert; Aaron Yelowitz; Daniela Zapata |
| Abstract: | The Affordable Care Act (ACA) aimed to achieve nearly universal health insurance coverage in the United States through a combination of insurance market reforms, mandates, subsidies, health insurance exchanges, and Medicaid expansions, most of which took effect in 2014. This paper estimates the causal effects of the ACA on health insurance coverage using data from the American Community Survey. We utilize difference-in-difference-in-differences models that exploit cross-sectional variation in the intensity of treatment arising from state participation in the Medicaid expansion and local area pre-ACA uninsured rates. This strategy allows us to identify the effects of the ACA in both Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states. Our preferred specification suggests that, at the average pre-treatment uninsured rate, the full ACA increased the proportion of residents with insurance by 5.9 percentage points compared to 3.0 percentage points in states that did not expand Medicaid. Private insurance expansions from the ACA were due to increases in both employer-provided and non-group coverage. The coverage gains from the full ACA were largest for those with incomes below the Medicaid eligibility threshold, non-whites, young adults, and unmarried individuals. We find some evidence that the Medicaid expansion partially crowded out private coverage among low-income individuals. |
| JEL: | I13 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22182&r=hea |
| By: | Petri Böckerman; John Cawley; Jutta Viinikainen; Terho Lehtimäki; Suvi Rovio; Ilkka Seppälä; Jaakko Pehkonen; Olli Raitakari |
| Abstract: | The increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide has led to great interest in the economic consequences of obesity, but valid and powerful instruments for obesity, which are needed to estimate its causal effects, are rare. This paper contributes to the literature by using a novel instrument: genetic risk score, which reflects the predisposition to higher body mass index across many genetic loci. We estimate IV models of the effect of BMI on labor market outcomes using Finnish data that have many strengths: genetic information, measured body mass index, and administrative earnings records that are free of the problems associated with non-response, self-reporting error or top-coding. The first stage of the IV models indicate that genetic risk score is a powerful instrument, and the available evidence from the genetics literature is consistent with instrument validity. The results of the IV models indicate weight reduces earnings and employment and increases social income transfers, although we caution that the results are based on small samples, and are sensitive to specification and subsample. |
| JEL: | D62 I1 I12 J01 J24 J3 J7 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22200&r=hea |
| By: | Antonakakis, Nikolaos; Collins, Alan |
| Abstract: | In 1955 Simon Kuznets hypothesized an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and income inequality. Environmental and obesity variants substitute pollution and body mass metrics for income inequality. Graphical depictions of both feature widely in economic literature. In this study, we investigate the existence (or lack thereof) of a suicidal Kuznets curve. Controlling for several country-specific socioeconomic suicide determinants among 73 countries over the period 1990-2010, we find evidence of an N-shaped suicidal Kuznets curve between per capita income and suicide rates of the male population of 25-34, 34-54 and 55-74 age groups and the female population of the 55-74 age group. The turning points of per capita income for the male population of 25-34, 34-54 and 55-74 age groups are $7,727 and $46,306, $5,266 and $22,726, and $3,459 and $53,260, respectively, while for the female population of the 55-74 age groups are $4,022 and $43,351. On average and across both genders, as per capita income increases, suicide rates for those aged 25-34 and 35-54 follow an increasing trend and peak when per capita income reaches $7,304 and $6,498, respectively, then follow a declining trend until $60,819 and $25,129, respectively, and increase thereafter again. These results remain robust to a battery of robustness checks. |
| Keywords: | Suicide, GDP growth, Kuznets curve, Unemployment, Fertility, Life expectancy |
| JEL: | C33 E32 I15 I31 J13 |
| Date: | 2016–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:71108&r=hea |
| By: | Zlata Bruckauf; Tania Gaspar; Sophie D. Walsh; UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre |
| Abstract: | Adolescence is a time of transitions when experimentation, risk taking and active peer interactions can be viewed as a part of the development process. Yet, for some groups of young people with reported poor psychosomatic health, low life satisfaction or unhealthy eating habits these experiences may be different. Empirical evidence is limited for recognising the overlapping and cumulative risks of adolescents’ health disadvantage and multiple externalized risk behaviours and outcomes (smoking, drinking, binge drinking, regular fighting, injuries and bullying). Drawing on the most recent 2013/2014 data of the Health Behaviour of School Children (HBSC) study, this paper examines the risks of individual and cumulative risks (three or more types) associated with being in the bottom group of psychosomatic health complaints, life satisfaction and unhealthy eating (excessive sugar consumption) across 29 countries. |
| Keywords: | adolescent health; health education; socio-economic status; |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucf:inwopa:inwopa844&r=hea |
| By: | Aliu, Armando; Cilginoglu, Hakki; Özkan, Ömer; Aliu, Dorian |
| Abstract: | This study aims to analyze inter-stakeholders’ interactions, destination governance, reverse innovation and the tasks of central government within Turkish medical tourism market. The investigation’s objective is to shed lights on scientists and practitioners regarding to what extent medical tourism is affected by stakeholders. Likewise, the originality of this investigation is that this study is the first attempt that links up reverse innovation and stakeholder approach as a holistic strategy and competitive advantage tool in medical tourism. The statistical evidences of Turkey also support the fact that the incline of medical tourism incomes and benefits is tightly bound on key inter-stakeholders’ collaborations, marketing tools, specific strategies, effective governance mechanism and cooperation with civil society organizations. This study is a thematic case that comprises particular research fields and formulates advanced arguments that are embedded in enriched relevant literature review and the highlights of the 7th International Health Tourism Congress. |
| Abstract: | Bu calismanin amaci; Türk medikal turizm piyasasinda merkezi yönetimin görevleri, tersine inovasyon, destinasyon yönetisimi ve paydaslar arasi etkilesimleri analiz etmektir. Arastırmanin hedefi; bilim insanlarina ve sektördeki profesyonellere / uygulayicilara medikal turizmin paydaslar tarafindan ne dereceye kadar etkilendigi hakkinda isik tutmaktir. Ayrica, bu arastirmanin özgünlügü medikal turizmde rekabet avantaji araci ve bütünsel strateji olarak paydas yaklasimi ile tersine inovasyon arasinda baglanti kuran ilk girisim olmasidir. Türkiye’nin istatistiksel verileri de medikal turizmdeki yükselis trendinin ve faydalarinin sivil toplum kuruluslari ile isbirligi, efektif yönetisim mekanizmasi, spesifik stratejiler, pazarlama araclari ve kilit paydaslar arasi isbirliklerine sikica bagli oldugunu desteklemektedir. Bu calisma tematik bir örnek olay olup, 7. Uluslararasi Saglik Turizmi Kongresi’nde vurgulanan hususlar ile iliskilendirilmis literatür taramasina dayali olarak formüle edilmis gelismis argümanlar ve spesifik arastirma alanlarini icermektedir. |
| Keywords: | Medical Tourism,Reverse Innovation,Stakeholders,Collaboration,Destination Governance |
| JEL: | F63 H51 I11 I15 I18 M38 |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:140617&r=hea |
| By: | Xue, Xindong; Mo, Erxiao; Reed, W. Robert |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the 2005 and 2006 China General Social Survey (CGSS) to study the relationship between social capital and health in China. It is the most comprehensive analysis of this subject to date, both in the sizes of the samples it analyses, in the number of social capital variables it investigates, and in its treatment of endogeneity. The authors identify social trust, social relationships, and social networks as important determinants of self-reported health. The magnitude of the estimated effects are economically important, in some cases being of the same size or larger than the effects associated with age and income. Their findings suggest that there is scope for social capital to be a significant policy tool for improving health outcomes in China. |
| Keywords: | social capital,trust,self-reported health,China,ordered probit regression,heteroskedastic ordered probit regression,interaction effects,endogeneity |
| JEL: | I1 I18 P25 O53 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201613&r=hea |