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on Health Economics |
| By: | Anders, Sven; Schroeter, Christiane |
| Abstract: | Despite decades-old efforts to inform and educate consumers about healthier lifestyles through established dietary guidelines, diet-related diseases are on the rise. At the same time, consumers have developed more favorable attitudes towards nutritional supplements as a perceived alternative way to improve diet quality. Thus, there is a need to understand the role of nutritional supplements in U.S. consumers’ diets, given that supplements might serve as a possible policy tool to improve dietary behavior. We use data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to estimate the impact of nutritional supplements intake on respondent’s body weight outcomes, while controlling for diet quality based on individual Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) scores. Our analysis applies a set of innovative Propensity Score Matching (PSM) estimators that account for potential selection bias and endogeneity of the self-reported behavior and diet-health outcomes. The empirical analysis demonstrates a negative association between nutritional supplement intake and BMI. Our findings suggest that health-conscious individuals overinvest in health by taking nutritional supplements instead of improving diet quality through more appropriate food choices. Nutritional supplements have been discussed as a disease-preventative input that may enhance the 2 diets and health of at-risk populations. The analysis in this paper suggests that consuming supplements should not be thought of as a replacement for a healthy food-based diet. Our study provides an important contribution to the literature on a key food policy issue and contributes new insight with regard to the relationship between dietary choices and health behavior |
| Keywords: | At-risk Populations, Health Behavior, Healthy Eating Index-2010, Nutritional supplements, Obesity, Propensity Score Matching, Self-selection Bias., Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, I12, I10, D12, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa16:212806&r=hea |
| By: | Richard M. Bird (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | Excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco have long been a dependable and significant revenue source in many countries. More recently, considerable attention has been paid to the way in which such taxes may also be used to attain public health objectives by reducing the consumption of products with adverse health and social impacts. Some have gone further and argued that explicitly earmarking excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco to finance public health expenditures – marrying sin and virtue as it were – will both make increasing such taxes more politically acceptable and provide the funding needed to increase such expenditures, especially for the poor. The basic idea -- tax ‘bads’ and do ‘good’ with the proceeds -- is simple and appealing. But designing and implementing good ‘sin’ taxes is a surprisingly complex task. Earmarking revenues from such taxes for health expenditures may also sound good and be a useful selling point for new taxes. However, such earmarking raises difficult issues with respect to both budgetary rigidity and political accountability. This note explores these and other issues that lurk beneath the surface of the attractive concept of using increased sin excises on alcohol and tobacco to finance ‘virtuous’ social spending on public health. |
| Date: | 2015–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper1508&r=hea |
| By: | Xindong Xue; Marshall Mo; W. Robert Reed (University of Canterbury) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the 2005 and 2006 China General Social Survey (CGSS) to study the relationship between social capital and health in China. It is the most comprehensive analysis of this subject to date, both in the sizes of the samples it analyses, in the number of social capital variables it investigates, and in its treatment of endogeneity. We identify social trust, social relationships, and social networks as important determinants of self-reported health. The magnitude of the estimated effects are economically important, in some cases being of the same size or larger than the effects associated with age and income. Our findings suggest that there is scope for social capital to be a significant policy tool for improving health outcomes in China. |
| Keywords: | Social capital, trust, self-reported health, China, ordered probit regression, heteroskedastic ordered probit regression, interaction effects, endogeneity. |
| JEL: | I1 I18 P25 O53 |
| Date: | 2016–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:16/02&r=hea |
| By: | Villas-Boas, Sofia B |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2016–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt2348568h&r=hea |
| By: | Filip Pertold |
| Abstract: | In this paper I investigate the effect of sickness absence reform that reduced the replacement rate during the first three days of absence to zero. Using rich data on about 900,000 workers each quarter I find substantial decrease of sickness absence incidence. The richness of the data allows for studying heterogeneity of the treatment effect on several dimensions, in particular, job as well as firm characteristics. I show that sickness absence was reduced mainly in manufacturing, hotels and restaurant. Further, the low skilled occupations were affected much more compared to high skilled occupations, conditional on wages. I also find females to be more sensitive with respect to the changes of replacement rate compared to men. |
| Keywords: | sickness absence and incidence, policy reform, heterogeneous impact |
| JEL: | J22 I13 |
| Date: | 2015–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cel:dpaper:35&r=hea |
| By: | Matthew Robson (Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, UK.); Miqdad Asaria (Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK.); Richard Cookson (Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK.); Aki Tsuchiya (Department of Economics and School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK.); Shehzad Ali (Centre for Health Economics and Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK.) |
| Abstract: | Policy makers faced with equality-efficiency trade-offs can articulate the nature and extent of their health inequality aversion using social welfare functions. In this study we use data from an online survey of the general public in England (n=246) to elicit health inequality aversion parameters by numerically solving Atkinson and Kolm social welfare functions. We elicit median inequality aversion parameters of 10.95 for Atkinson and 0.15 for Kolm. These values suggest substantial concern for health inequality among the English general public which, at current levels of quality adjusted life expectancy, implies weighting health gains to the poorest fifth of people in society six to seven times as highly as health gains to the richest fifth. |
| Keywords: | health inequality, inequality aversion, social preferences, survey, welfare function |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chy:respap:125cherp&r=hea |
| By: | Teresa Ghilarducci; Bridget Fisher; Kyle Moore (Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis (SCEPA)) |
| Abstract: | Foreign-born Hispanic men can expect to live 3.2 years longer than their U.S.-born counterparts. As successive generations of Hispanic-Americans are born in the U.S., the longevity advantage attributed to the Hispanic-American population will likely disappear and their health outcomes will begin to approach what would be expected given their relatively low socioeconomic status. Proposals to raise the retirement age must anticipate this decrease in Hispanic-Americans longevity or risk disproportionately affecting this community. |
| Keywords: | Retirement, 401(k), Pensions, Race, Health, Hispanic |
| JEL: | H55 J26 J32 D63 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:epa:cepapn:2015-03&r=hea |
| By: | John Buckell (School of Public Health, Yale University); Andrew Smith (Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds); Claire Hulme (Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds); John Young (Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds) |
| Abstract: | Community hospitals provide intermediate care, which is rising up the political agenda as issues of population ageing and the integration of health and social care gain prominence. Currently, services in community hospitals are modestly provided, but funding could be channelled to aid their expansion, if supported by evidence. The clinical benefits of community care relative to hospital-based treatment are well documented for elderly patients. However, economic evidence of intermediate care is scant. In this study, we look to provide some insights the costs of service provision in intermediate care. Specifically, we consider the provision of intermediate care in community hospitals, and apply econometric techniques for the first time. We make use of a unique data set to explore the cost structure of intermediate care in the community hospital setting and assess the relative efficiency thereof. We further consider the drivers of costs and economies of scale. We find efficiency of around 83% and evidence of economies of scale in community hospitals. |
| Keywords: | Efficiency; Community Hospitals; Intermediate Care; Benchmarking |
| JEL: | I11 I18 K23 L32 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lee:wpaper:1601&r=hea |
| By: | Italo A. Gutierrez; Pierre-Carl Michaud |
| Abstract: | We estimate the effects of employer downsizing on older workers’ health outcomes using different approaches to control for endogeneity and sample selection. With the exception of the instrumental variables approach, which provides large imprecise estimates, our results suggest that employer downsizing increases the probability that older workers rate their health as fair or poor; increases the risk of showing symptoms of clinical depression; and increases the risk of being diagnosed with stroke, arthritis, and psychiatric or emotional problems. We find weaker evidence that downsizing increases the risk of showing high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a measure of general inflammation. We find that downsizing affects health by increasing job insecurity and stress, but that its effects remain statistically significant after controlling for these pathways, suggesting that other mechanisms such as diminished morale and general demotivation also affect worker health. Our findings suggest that employers ought to consider actions to offset the detrimental health effects of reducing personnel on their remaining (older)workers. |
| Keywords: | older workers, employer downsizing, health outcomes |
| JEL: | I12 M51 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lvl:criacr:1511&r=hea |
| By: | Dana Petersen; Rachel Miller |
| Keywords: | Children's health, insurance coverage, low-income families, California |
| JEL: | I |
| Date: | 2016–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:27db7eade5a44a6ab1dfba5bdafd5cd4&r=hea |
| By: | Carol V. Irvin; Noelle Denny-Brown; Alex Bohl; John Schurrer; Andrea Wysocki; Rebecca Coughlin; Susan R. Williams |
| Abstract: | This executive summary provides highlights from the 2014 Annual Report from the national evaluation of the Money Follows the Person Rebalancing Demonstration. It highlights grantee progress on their statutory goals, strategies used by leading programs to improve transitions and LTSS system performance, trends in transition rates and post-transition outcomes, how Medicare and Medicaid expenditures change after someone transitions from institutional to community-based services, and how MFP participants quality of life changes after the transition. |
| Keywords: | Money Follows the Person , MFP, Medicaid, rebalancing, long-term services and supports, LTSS, home- and community-based services, HCBS |
| JEL: | I J |
| Date: | 2015–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:3160f3a1b89242eda5bb81e3848dea96&r=hea |
| By: | Tricia Collins Higgins; Karina Wagnerman |
| JEL: | I |
| Date: | 2016–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:7fbf353170f04d18b614173717765c76&r=hea |
| By: | Carol V. Irvin; Noelle Denny-Brown; Alex Bohl; John Schurrer; Andrea Wysocki; Rebecca Coughlin; Susan R. Williams |
| Abstract: | This report details the findings to date for the national evaluation of the Money Follows the Person Rebalancing Demonstration. It describes in detail grantee progress on their statutory goals, strategies used by leading programs to improve transitions and LTSS system performance, trends in transition rates and post-transition outcomes, how Medicare and Medicaid expenditures change after someone transitions from institutional to community-based services, and how MFP participants quality of life changes after the transition. |
| Keywords: | Money Follows the Person , MFP, Medicaid, rebalancing, long-term services and supports, LTSS, home- and community-based services , HCBS |
| JEL: | I J |
| Date: | 2015–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:9b65ddba1a2d4f0ba66d6fb1a5cca77f&r=hea |
| By: | Leslie Foster |
| Keywords: | children's health, insurance coverage, low-income families, Texas |
| JEL: | I |
| Date: | 2016–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:9ba08e2fd3514ad28209bdf25f2a757f&r=hea |
| By: | Shachar Kariv (University of California-Berkeley); Dan Silverman (Arizona State University) |
| Abstract: | After middle age, further aging is associated with lower levels of many cognitive abilities, some of which could influence import economic decisions. Our prior research (Choi et al., 2014) shows a substantial negative relationship between age and the consistency of choices with economic rationality (decisionmaking quality). This paper investigates the sources of that negative correlation using panel data on more than 4,000 members of a panel study in the Netherlands. The analysis finds no evidence that the correlation between age and rationality is, in fact, a just a cohort, not an age effect. Similarly, there is little evidence that the correlation is due to other forms of cognitive or health declines. Rather, the findings indicate that age has an independent and negative effect on economic rationality. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mrr:papers:wp335&r=hea |
| By: | Marta Barazzetta; Simon Appleton; Trudy Owens |
| Abstract: | We investigate adaptation of subjective well-being using a randomised controlled trial. We find that providing medical equipment to a random sample of Ugandan adults with lower limb disabilities has a positive effect on their physical health, using both objective and self-reported measures. Treated patients experience a significant improvement in life satisfaction initially, but the effect is not prolonged. After one year, life satisfaction returns to the pre-treatment level. This evidence of adaptation is supported by observations of changes in reference levels and is robust to alternative estimation methods including instrumental variable estimation and intention-to-treat analysis. |
| Keywords: | Happiness, adaptation, health |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notcre:15/08&r=hea |
| By: | Alistair Hunt; Julia Ferguson; Fintan Hurley; Alison Searl |
| Abstract: | Outdoor air pollution is a major determinant of health worldwide. The greatest public health effects are from increased mortality in adults. However, both PM and O3 also cause a wide range of other, less serious, health outcomes; and there are effects on mortality and morbidity of other pollutants also, e.g. nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). These adverse health effects have economic consequences; OECD (2014) suggests that the social costs of the health impact of outdoor air pollution in OECD countries, China and India was approximately USD 1.7 trillion and USD 1.9 trillion, respectively, in 2010. However, the study highlights that though the social costs of premature mortality account for the majority of these totals, the social costs of morbidity remain poorly estimated. The objective of this paper is to inform the development of improved estimates of the social costs of human morbidity impacts resulting from outdoor air pollution in two components; namely to develop a core set of pollutant-health end-points to be covered when estimating the costs of morbidity, and to review current estimates of the cost of morbidity from air pollution. |
| Keywords: | health impact assessment, air quality regulation, non-market valuation |
| JEL: | I18 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016–01–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:99-en&r=hea |
| By: | Alexander Petersen (Laboratory for the Analysis of Complex Economic Systems, IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy); Daniele Rotolo (SPRU, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom); Loet Leydesdor (Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | We develop a model of innovation that enables us to trace the interplay among three key dimensions of the innovation process: (i) demand of and (ii) supply for innovation, and (iii) technological capabil- ities available to generate innovation in the forms of products, processes, and services. Building on triple helix research, we use entropy statistics to elaborate an indicator of mutual information among these dimensions that can provide indication of reduction of uncertainty. To do so, we focus on the medical context, where uncertainty poses signi cant challenges to the governance of innovation. We use the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of MEDLINE/PubMed to identify publications classi ed within the categories \Diseases" (C), \Drugs and Chemicals" (D), \Analytic, Diagnostic, and Ther- apeutic Techniques and Equipment" (E) and use these as knowledge representations of demand, supply, and technological capabilities, respectively. Three case-studies of medical research areas are used as representative 'entry perspectives' of the medical innovation process. These are: (i) human papilloma virus, (ii) RNA interference, and (iii) magnetic resonance imaging. We nd statistically signi cant periods of synergy among demand, supply, and technological capabilities (C??D??E) that point to three-dimensional interactions as a fundamental perspective for the understanding and gov- ernance of the uncertainty associated with medical innovation. Among the pairwise con gurations in these contexts, the demand-technological capabilities (C??E) provided the strongest link, followed by the supply-demand (D ?? C) and the supply-technological capabilities (D ?? E) channels. |
| Keywords: | triple helix; Medical Subject Headings; MEDLINE/PubMed; synergy; innovation; knowledge order; mutual information; dynamic vocabulary; redundancy. |
| JEL: | O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2016-01&r=hea |
| By: | Matthew L. Wallace (Ingenio (CSIC-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain); Ismael Rafols (Ingenio (CSIC-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain; SPRU (Science Policy Research Unit), University of Sussex, Brighton, England; Observatoire des Sciences et Techniques (OST-HCERES), Paris, France) |
| Abstract: | Since outbreaks in 2003, avian influenza has received a considerable amount of funding and become a controversial science policy issue in various respects. Like in many so-called “grand challenges”, a variety of perspectives have emerged over how to “tackle” avian influenza and public voices have expressed concern over how research funds are being allocated. In this article we inquire into the priorities of avian influenza research. We use qualitative and quantitative data to examine the relations between societal demands for public science and the existing “research landscape”. Interviews of a cross-section of stakeholders revealed a diversity of perspectives on existing research and its desired outcomes, and a generalized difficulty to explicitly connect the two. We also observed a lack of a common understanding of priorities for conducting and applying research. Rather than well-defined research agendas, we found that most public avian influenza research is shaped by three institutional contexts: pharmaceutical industry priorities, publishing and public research funding pressures, and the mandates of international and national science-based policy or public health organizations. Our results are significant for informing not only resource allocation issues, but also a broad perspective of research governance that explicitly takes into account underlying incentive structures when defining priorities. |
| Date: | 2016–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2016-02&r=hea |
| By: | Anurag Banerjee (Durham Business School, United Kingdom); Milanjan Banik (Mahindra Ecole Centrale, India); Ashvika Dalmia (Durham Business School, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Worldwide, India has the highest number of people defecating in the open. In an attempt to reduce number of open defecation, a supply side initiative is underway. In 2014-2015, Government of India, constructed 8 million toilets. However, an important aspect for this supply-side initiative to become successful is to create demand for toilets. In this paper we look at household demand for toilets, and study the factors leading to open defecation. Using Demographic and Health Survey data we create a wealth index, and use it to rank household preference for toilets vis-à-vis 20 other different consumer durables. Our results suggest, among lists of household items that any individual want to have, toilets get a lower preference – ranked 12, out of 21. Additionally, we examine preference structure for using toilets among residents from various federal states in India. We find residents of NorthEastern states are more likely to use toilets. We further investigate factors leading to toilet usage among households. Results indicate a strong case for imparting education and public awareness, especially, among the female cohort. Length: 36 pages |
| Keywords: | sanitation, household sanitation, toilets, india |
| JEL: | M13 M15 M21 M37 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:arwopa:awp154&r=hea |
| By: | David Aadland (University of Wyoming); David Finnoff (University of Wyoming); Kevin X. D. Huang (Vanderbilt University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the nature of rational expectations equilibria for economic epidemiological models, with a particular focus on the behavioral origins of epidemiological bifurcations. Unlike mathematical epidemiological models, economic epidemiological models can produce regions of indeterminacy or instability around the endemic steady states. We consider SI, SIS, SIR and SIRS versions of economic compartmental models and show how well-intentioned public policy may contribute to disease instability and uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | economic epidemiology, bifurcation, dynamics, disease, indeterminacy, rational expectations |
| JEL: | D1 I1 |
| Date: | 2016–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:van:wpaper:vuecon-16-00004&r=hea |
| By: | Miriam Schneidman; Joanne Jeffers; Kalina Duncan |
| Abstract: | Worldwide, deaths from cancer exceed those caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, and malaria combined. Seventy percent of deaths due to cancer occur in low-and middle-income countries, which are often poorly prepared to deal with the growing burden of chronic disease. Over a period of 18 months, the cancer care and control South-South knowledge exchange brought together a group of stakeholders from five countries in Africa - Botswana, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia to share experiences, lessons, and good practices through a set of video conferences and a site visit to Zambia. All five countries have demonstrated commitment, initiated various cancer control and cancer screening programs, and expressed interest in sharing their experiences. The knowledge exchange on cancer care and control aimed to raise awareness, increase knowledge of effective strategies, and strengthen regional collaboration in cancer control planning and expanding equitable access to cancer treatment. This paper presents highlights of the country experiences shared, common challenges discussed, and innovative solutions explored during the knowledge exchange. Topics addressed include population-based surveillance and data collection to better document the burden of cancer; strategies for designing and implementing successful national cancer care and control programs; innovative approaches for strengthening cancer prevention efforts such as human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination programs; task sharing and other strategies to build capacity and increase access to services; analytical tools for understanding the costs of programs; financing models, including public private partnerships, to increase cancer prevention and care; policy reforms needed to improve access to palliative care; and opportunities for regional collaboration. |
| Keywords: | health care providers, psychosocial support, emergency plan, social mobilization, caregivers, risks, reproductive health, economic growth, counselors, urbanization, ministries ... See More + of health, vaccination, national resources, young girls, informed decisions, pharmacists, prevention, family support, laws, cervical cancer screening, equitable access, premature death, morbidity, health education, international organizations, community health, discrimination, health insurance, health research, health care, drugs, cervical cancer, aging populations, legal status, patient education, health, holistic approach, health workers, breast cancer, publications, prevention efforts, rural population, information systems, civil society organizations, community participation, hospital, public health, radiation, knowledge, cost effectiveness, public policy, healthy lifestyles, rural populations, national plans, ministry of health, diseases, aids relief, training, immunization, infectious diseases, patients, patient, smoking, intervention, leukemia, health systems, aging, hospices, nurses, coverage of population, observation, health management, dissemination, medical school, marriage, essential health care, levels of knowledge, tuberculosis, gynecology, screening, service delivery, sustainable population, global health, gross domestic product, mortality, political support, social support, palliative care, cancer, progress, quality care, medical research, workers, surgery, policies, physiotherapy, national strategy, quality of care, chronic disease, hiv, surveillance, policy makers, health policy, health outcomes, occupational safety, hygiene, workshop, hepatitis b, family planning, medical personnel, decision making, chemotherapy, nutrition, populations, workshops, malaria, security policy, quality control, policy, infant health, quality of life, world health organization, lifestyles, internet, risk factors, health system, ministers of health, vaccines, physicians, communicable diseases, government agencies, children, alcoholic, liver cancer, clinics, generic drugs, lack of awareness, health providers, rural areas, general practitioners, disability, addiction, referral systems, national leaders, population, bereavement, research program, early detection, quality assurance, strategy, epidemiology, registration, families, women, medicines, referral system, hospitals, health interventions, aids, illnesses, urban population, secondary education, behavior change, health services, implementation, demand for services, nursing, national health systems, service providers, pharmaceutical companies |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpdps:100898&r=hea |
| By: | Howley, P,; |
| Abstract: | While much recent research has focused on what happens to individual’s well-being following the onset of health conditions, one as yet unaddressed question is what happens to wellbeing once individuals are no longer suffering from those same health conditions. If treatment has long term adverse effects, or if individuals become more worried about their health even when the health condition no longer represents a significant impediment, then individuals may not return to pre-disability levels of well-being. Using a large nationally representative dataset, I compare the well-being of individuals who report that they were previously diagnosed with one of 13 different health conditions but now no longer have those health conditions, to the well-being of individuals who report that they have never been diagnosed with those same health conditions. For many of the health conditions examined, and using a number of different well-being measures, I observed significant differences in the well-being of both groups. This could suggest that individuals may not return to pre-disability levels of quality of lifeonce they recover from health conditions. |
| Keywords: | life satisfaction; health; adaptation: |
| JEL: | I1 I31 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:hectdg:16/02&r=hea |