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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Gian Luca Vriz; Luigi Grossi |
| Abstract: | Climate change has emerged as a significant global concern, attracting increasing attention worldwide. While green bubbles may be examined through a social bubble hypothesis, it is essential not to neglect a Climate Minsky moment triggered by sudden asset price changes. The significant increase in green investments highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of these market dynamics. Therefore, the current paper introduces a novel paradigm for studying such phenomena. Focusing on the renewable energy sector, Statistical Process Control (SPC) methodologies are employed to identify green bubbles within time series data. Furthermore, search volume indexes and social factors are incorporated into established econometric models to reveal potential implications for the financial system. Inspired by Joseph Schumpeter's perspectives on business cycles, this study recognizes green bubbles as a necessary evil for facilitating a successful transition towards a more sustainable future. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.06564 |
| By: | Arnita Rishanty (Bank Indonesia); Retno Puspita K. Wicaksono (Bank Indonesia); Rizkia Sari Yudawinata (WWF Malaysia, Malaysia); Siti Kholifatul Rizkiah (WWF Malaysia, Malaysia); Rafi Aquary (WWF Malaysia, Malaysia); Aurellia Puteri Arfita (WWF Malaysia, Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | Energy sector contributes significantly to emitting the largest emissions from fossil fuel combustions. Driven by the transition agenda towards a low-carbon economy, the industrial sector is expected to decarbonize its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. This paper aims to assess climate transition risks and their impact on the banking credit portfolios of high-emitting and energy-producing sectors in Indonesia, namely coal, oil & gas, power, and automotive sectors, using the 1in1000’s TRISK framework. Using credit data from 1, 567 observations in December 2022, the findings reveal that the majority of banks are expected to experience a notable increase in expected losses (EL) and probability of default (PD) in these sectors. In summary, using the average increase of PD, excluding outlier scenarios, coal sector exhibits the highest increase in PD (45.2%), followed by power (41.5%), oil & gas (0.1%), and, lastly, automotive (0.05%). Although the highest change in PD is observed in coal sector, the highest expected loss is observed in the power sector due to large exposure that the banks have in the power sector. Study signifies the role of banks, including central banks and financial supervisors as the regulatory bodies in facilitating the transition to a low carbon economy and to support the sectoral rebalancing process of high-risk sectors exposures in banks’ portfolio. Additionally, this study also presents several recommendations based on the analysis to guide central banks, financial regulators, and the financial sector at large in managing climate risks effectively. |
| Keywords: | Banking Stress Testing, Climate Scenario Analysis, Climate Transition Risk, High-Emitting Sectors |
| JEL: | Q4 Q2 O1 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp052023 |
| By: | Dragan Crnogorac (School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the determinants of carbon intensity across various economic sectors in the European Union, focusing on the period that already considers transition policies under the Paris Agreement and the Fit-for-55 initiative. As sectors exhibit diverging emission levels and transition policy implications, understanding the factors influencing carbon intensity has become increasingly relevant. We employ a panel regression analysis using data from 2014 to 2022, examining variables such as brown energy consumption share, total factor productivity, gross value added, employment metrics, energy prices, and environmental taxes. Our findings reveal that carbon intensity is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, with significant variations across sectors. Notably, sectors with high reliance on brown energy show a stronger correlation with carbon intensity levels. The results underscore the necessity for tailored transition policies that consider sector-specific characteristics to effectively reduce carbon emissions within the EU. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of integrating economic and environmental policies to foster a sustainable transition, providing valuable insights for policymakers aiming to achieve climate targets. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Intensity, Economic Sectors, Panel Regression Analysis, GMM, EU Climate Policies, Fit-for-55 Initiative, Brown Energy Consumption, Total Factor Productivity, Sector-Specific Transition Policies |
| JEL: | Q50 C23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14516478 |
| By: | Iustina Alina Boitan (Faculty of Finance and Banking, Bucharest University of Economic Studies); Wafaa Shabban (Doctoral School of Finance, Bucharest University of Economic Studies) |
| Abstract: | The study investigates the presence of unilateral or bilateral causality relationship between country-level environmental indicators (as a component of the ESG) and main banking system indicators represented by profitability, solvency, liquidity, efficiency, credit quality and savings ratio, as well as bank concentration. Five indicators belonging to the environmental dimension of the ESG are considered, related to food security, carbon emissions and pollution, and respectively energy sources and energy security. In line with the warnings issued by European authorities regarding the potential of environmental risks to be exacerbated by the physical adverse effects of climate change, we conducted the statistical analysis with an exclusive focus on European Union countries that exhibit a temperate climate profile. Granger causality test is employed in a country-by-country approach to assess the relationship between banking system and environmental indicators, in terms of a cause ? effect framework. Findings outline a significant relationship in terms of causality between country-level environmental indicators and banking system indicators. Interestingly, two out of the five environmental indicators (agriculture, forestry, and fishing value added, and respectively CO2 emissions) are always included in at least one causal relationship with banking system indicators, for every country in the sample. The influence of environmental indicators on banking activity (unidirectional) is most pronounced and precedes banking changes especially in Spain and Portugal, with Italy positioning at the bottom of the ranking. Another result points that banking indicators in most countries considered are particularly sensitive to previous changes in the carbon emissions level, in the production of electricity and energy consumption from polluting sources such as coal or fossil fuels. In terms of bilateral causality occurrence, Greece, Portugal and Spain witness most of them. The variables most often included in the causal interplay are related on one hand to CO2 emissions and agriculture, forestry, and fishing value added, and on the other hand to bank credit to bank deposits (a proxy for bank liquidity) and bank cost to income ratio (a proxy of the operational efficiency). |
| Keywords: | Environment; CO2 emissions; Renewable energy; Fossil fuel energy, Electricity production from coal; Agriculture, Forestry, and fishing; Banking system; Granger causality |
| JEL: | G21 Q20 Q59 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14516428 |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing mechanisms are central to mitigating climate change. These mechanisms work by internalizing the costs associated with greenhouse gas emissions, thus encouraging emissions reductions and promoting technological progress in favor of sustainable alternatives. However, the implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms faces numerous complexities and challenges, especially in developing countries, given the potentially regressive impact of carbon pricing on low-income groups, and the general lack of socio- political support. This policy paper offers a comparative review of two market-based carbon pricing strategies—carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETS)—to shed light on their effectiveness, implementation, and capacity to generate revenue. It also argues that carbon pricing should be integrated into a comprehensive policy framework that addresses both national priorities and international equity considerations, in order to effectively address global climate change. The effectiveness of these policies depends largely on their design and adaptation to the specific political and economic contexts in which they are implemented. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_07-24 |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | Green industrial policies are essential to enable the structural transformations needed for a successful transition to a low-carbon economy. Because of the pressing need to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, it is imperative to reallocate resources strategically from carbon-intensive sectors to sustainable, high-productivity industries. This transition is critical both to mitigate the impacts of climate change and to promote long-term economic growth and sustainability. This paper examines Morocco’s green transition and identifies several key issues that must be addressed to ensure success. These include the need for a coherent institutional framework, the implementation of effective regulatory measures, and greater private-sector involvement. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the importance of regional collaboration, innovation, and research and development in overcoming challenges to a sustainable transition. It also analyses the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) as a case study of how trade policies can be used to encourage decarbonization and align international trade practices with environmental objectives. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_13-24 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | National and regional visions for the future of water and food security have been at the forefront of sustainability talks. Nevertheless, the role of soil in water and food security and carbon management needs to be highlighted and integrated into these discussions and visions. The dynamic characterization of soil as a medium that accounts for the long-term impact of the agro-environmental conditions is of utmost importance to sustainability of these resources and to sustainable development in general. As the agriculture sector seeks to provide for growing populations by increasing food production, alternative sources of water must be found to alleviate the competition for water with other sectors, including energy and domestic water demand. Alternative sources include grey water, green water, and increasing water productivity for food production. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_14-24 |
| By: | Nadeen Omar (German University in Cairo); Jens Klose (THM Business School) |
| Abstract: | Global efforts towards mitigating climate change are gaining momentum, with reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and aiming for carbon neutrality being the main goals. Economic factors are major determinants of CO2 emissions coming from production and energy consumption. This paper empirically estimates these economic effects using an unbalanced panel of 78 countries with annual data from 1990 to 2022. We employ a panel vector autoregression (VAR) model to show the dynamic response of CO2 emissions to various macroeconomic variables, including population, GDP, investment, trade, oil prices, renewable energy consumption, inflation, effective exchange rates, and nominal interest rates. Extensive robustness checks account for panel heterogeneity by splitting the sample based on geography, income levels, population density, and emission levels. The results show significant responses of CO2 emissions to shocks from population growth, GDP growth, renewable energy consumption, and interest rates. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, climate change, energy consumption, economic growth, panel VAR |
| JEL: | Q54 F64 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202405 |
| By: | Daniel Piazolo |
| Abstract: | Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU have fallen by around 31 per cent by 2022 compared to 1990 levels – covering all relevant sectors like the real estate industry but also including international aviation. The rate of reduction has increased recently, but it is still not enough to achieve the EU targets. According to the EU commission, emissions will probably fall by around 51 per cent by 2030 - which is below the target set out by the “Green Deal” of 55 per cent. The European Environment Agency (EEA) is also cautious. In December 2023, the EEA stated that reaching this target was uncertain".Many actors in the real estate sector have committed themselves to ambitious goals of achieving considerable greenhouse gas emissions reductions or even climate neutrality. Greenhouse gas emissions should therefore fall as far as possible with the remaining emissions in areas such as cement production being offset thanks to forests and other landscape sinks as well as technical solutions. However, it becomes increasingly clear to the participants in the real estate sector, that these greenhouse gas emissions reductions are very costly. Emissions in the real estate sector are falling but not fast enough. Ever since the EU adopted its climate target for the year 2030, it has been clear that the international community's climate policy ambitions especially including the real estate sector will not be achieved unless more carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. |
| Keywords: | Buildings; Climate Change; Emissions Reductions |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-066 |
| By: | Fornari, Fabio; Pianeselli, Daniele; Zaghini, Andrea |
| Abstract: | We provide empirical evidence that the pricing of green bonds tends to be highly sophisticated and based on a two-tiered approach. When buying a green bond, investors do not look only at the green label of the bond but also consider additional characteristics that involve the soundness of the underlying project and the environmental score of the issuer. By comparing the yields at issuance of green bonds to those of a matched control sample of conventional bonds, we identify a premium of 16 basis points for the green label alone. However, when the environmental score of the issuer is in the top tercile of the cross-sectional distribution, the greenium increases up to doubling. Green certification and periods of heightened climate uncertainty also significantly influence the size of the greenium. Additionally, we find that this pricing mechanism fully emerged only after the Paris Agreement came into force in late 2016. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:304317 |
| By: | Louisa Chen; Koji Takahashi |
| Abstract: | We analyze how U.S. green and brown energy equity mutual funds and ETFs respond to public attention on climate change from 2006 to 2022. Our findings indicate that green fund inflows consistently increased, peaking in 2020 in reaction to climate news, while brown fund inflows steadily declined. This shift toward green investments may discourage brown investments and help mitigate the negative impacts of climate news on stock market and industry production growth. The pace of transition from brown to green funds aligns with changes in U.S. climate policy, with a faster transition associated with positive stock market performance and industry production growth. |
| Keywords: | green and brown fund flows, climate change news, evolving transition, pace of transition |
| JEL: | G11 G23 Q43 Q54 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1220 |
| By: | Corrêa-Dias, Lucas; Norris, Jordan; Pellegrina, Heitor |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of economic development on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from agriculture. We document the environmental implications of two agricultural transformations linked to economic development. First, a shift in consumer demand to food products with higher GHG emissions. Second, the adoption of modern, input-intensive technologies with high levels of GHG emissions. We incorporate these mechanisms in a quantitative, trade model by featuring different income elasticities of demand across food products, and multiple agricultural technologies for production across grid-cells covering the surface of the Earth, with food products and technologies being heterogeneous in their GHG emission intensity. Using the model's open economy structure, we prove that the income elasticities are identified without price data. We conduct a host of policy counterfactuals related to economic growth, trade policies, and sustainable diets. The GHG emissions from economic growth is understated by more than one third if diet and technology changes are shut down, and overstated by one hundred percent if global food supply readjustments are ignored. |
| Date: | 2024–10–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3dv4z |
| By: | Blaga Madzhurova (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); Dobrinka Stoyanova (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); Stefan Raychev (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between environmental health impacts, particularly premature deaths due to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure, and labour market outcomes across European Union (EU) member states from 2012 to 2021, with a special focus on Bulgaria. Utilizing a mixed-method approach that combines graphical analysis and PanelOLS regression modelling, the research examines how air pollution influences long-term unemployment and employment rates within the EU. The findings reveal a statistically significant negative correlation between PM2.5-related premature deaths and employment rates, suggesting that poor air quality contributes to lower labour market performance. Bulgaria exhibits a notable intersection of high long-term unemployment and environmental health challenges, highlighting the compounded effects of economic and environmental factors on labour market outcomes. This study underscores the importance of integrating environmental considerations into economic and labour market policies, especially for countries like Bulgaria that face significant challenges in both areas. By addressing these dual challenges, Bulgaria and other EU member states can enhance public health, improve labour market outcomes, and support a more sustainable and resilient economic future. The research contributes to the discourse on sustainable development, emphasizing the need for policies that simultaneously promote environmental health and economic productivity within the European Union. |
| Keywords: | Green transition, Labour market, Unemployment, Growth, Environmental health, PM2.5 Exposure, Air Pollution, Long-term Unemployment |
| JEL: | Q53 J64 I15 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14516475 |
| By: | Mukherji, Aditi; Marshall, Suzie; Arango, Jacobo; Costa, Ciniro; Flintan, Fiona E.; Hebebrand, Charlotte; Kihara, Job Maguta; Masso, Cargele; Molloy, Patrick; Rusinamhodzi, Leonard; Sapkota, Tek Bahadur; Vanlauwe, Bernard |
| Keywords: | climate change; agriculture |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:152247 |
| By: | Heinrichs, Sven; Isselstein, Franz |
| Abstract: | Climate change exists and poses a great threat to all living beings on our planet. Any further delay in global action on mitigation will make it more difficult to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all. In this exploratory study, an inductive approach based on qualitative evidence from expert interviews as well as literature is applied to assess the economic feasibility of ecologically enhancing unused land with an initial focus in Germany and using the so far limited financing potential of blockchain token to incentivize project participation and let investors earn sustainable returns from carbon sequestration and probable future biodiversity rewards. Security token offerings can be a valuable alternative for business and project financing. Tokenization reduces transaction costs through automation and disintermediation, supporting transparency and liquidity. The creation of agroforestry systems can serve as an effective way to benefit the environment as well as agriculture. Private funding initiatives are highly demanded for such activities as government subsidies diminish. Financial modelling shows that under the given assumptions the project can be economically feasible, providing returns comparable to benchmarks for agriculture investments and a positive Net Present Value. However, the expert interviews show, that the lease model / user right schematic should not be neglected and needs to be investigated further as it promises highly promising results. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Sequestration, Security Token, Security Token Offering, Blockchain, climate finance, HedgeToken |
| JEL: | Q57 Q52 Q58 G23 O31 Q01 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhbm:304401 |
| By: | Langinier, Corinne (University of Alberta, Department of Economics); Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada (University of Goettingen); Ray Chaudhuri, Amrita (University of Winnipeg) |
| Abstract: | Our theoretical model predicts that green innovation is an inverted U-shaped function of emission tax under free trade, while it is upward sloping under autarky. Our empirical analysis supports this finding by using the Environmental Policy Stringency Index (EPS) as a proxy for environmental regulations. Our theory also determines the conditions under which international technology transfers increase green innovation. The empirical results indicate that technology transfers increase green innovation at any given level of EPS, although the inverted U-shape persists. We observe that OECD and non-OECD countries lie on either side of the turning point. Implementing stricter environmental regulations in non-OECD countries increases green innovation, while the reverse is likely to hold for most OECD countries. Our findings also show that market-based regulations are more effective in non-OECD countries for fostering green innovation, while non-market-based regulations are more effective in OECD countries. |
| Keywords: | Green Innovation; Environmental Policy; International Trade; Technology Transfer |
| JEL: | O34 Q55 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–10–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:albaec:2024_008 |
| By: | Thais Nuñez-Rocha (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [2022-...] - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Inmaculada Martinez Zarzoso Zaki (Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Universitat Jaume I = Jaume I University); Chahir Zaki (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [2022-...] - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to examine how stringent environmental regulations affect international trade flows. We show that national environmental legislation reinforces the impact on trade of environmental provisions in deep trade agreements. |
| Keywords: | International trade environmental regulations environmental provisions in trade agreements F18 K32, International trade, environmental regulations, environmental provisions in trade agreements F18, K32 |
| Date: | 2023–03–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04731483 |
| By: | Langinier, Corinne (University of Alberta, Department of Economics); Ray Chaudhuri, Amrita (University of Winnipeg) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the impact of patent policies and emission taxes on green innovation. We allow for strategic interactions of firms in a duopolistic market in the presence of green conscious consumers. We identify a paradoxical effect of increasing emission taxes beyond a certain threshold which results in an increase in emissions. Decreasing patenting costs mitigates this paradox, while the impact of tightening patentability requirements is more complex. Moreover, we show that the greater the proportion of green-conscious consumers, the less likely firms are to license a green patent, which results in higher emissions levels. With green consumers, the lowest emissions occur for an intermediate range of taxes for which licensing does occur. Finally, we find that while tax increases lead to a switch from overinvestment to underinvestment in the absence of green conscious consumers, they have the reverse effect in their presence. |
| Keywords: | Patent; Green Innovation; Pollution |
| JEL: | L13 O34 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024–10–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:albaec:2024_007 |
| By: | Gregor Schwerhoff |
| Abstract: | Electricity production is the sector with the largest share of global emissions and there are many options for decarbonizing it. Identifying the lowest cost option for achieving decarbonization (and full reliability) is a complex optimization problem at the intersection of economics and engineering. Key determinants are the cost of individual technologies, the geographical potential, the complementarities between energy sources and supporting infrastructure like electricity grids and energy storage. This paper reviews the literature on the subject and draws high-level conclusions from the abundance of specialized analyses. It finds that energy-economy models have strongly changed projections of the optimal electricity mix in recent years. While the models differ in detail, models project that the share of renewable energy, mostly solar and wind power, increases steadily in a “below 2°C” scenario and becomes the dominant source of energy by 2050. An electricity system based on solar and wind power can use flexibility options as a complement instead of baseload energy. Models vary by the degree to which renewable energy is supported by carbon capture and storage, bioenergy, and nuclear energy. |
| Keywords: | energy transition; energy economy modeling; climate policy |
| Date: | 2024–10–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/213 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector is responsible for 72% of global water withdrawals, and is the biggest employer of the world’s most vulnerable and poor populations. Still, close to 84% of smallholder farms in low- and middle-income economies are located in water-scarce regions, with less than one third of them having access to irrigation (UN, 2024). These small-scale farmers also bear the heavy weight of land degradation and climate crisis. It is estimated that food production will need to increase by 50% by 2050 to meet the requirements of the growing world population (FAO, 2020). The agriculture sector amounts to 35% of total African GDP, yet a mere 4% of total government expenditure went into this sector (Hodder and Migwala, 2023). It is imperative to increase system resilience by reducing water-energy-food interdependencies through improved multisectoral policies, technologies, and adapted management. With the impacts of climate-related extreme events and the vulnerability of rural populations, an integrated approach to water management is the only way to close the water gap. Moving forward towards achieving global sustainable goals, rural communities must be empowered to ensure that they are the drivers of the expected socio-economic development through water development and management. This policy brief explores sustainable development in Africa through investment in rural development as the foundation for economic growth and community development. It provides a case study exploring the interrelationships of the resource nexus in Morocco, and the need to promote water as a catalyst for development and for development of policy coherence with related sectors. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_34-24 |
| By: | Sabrina Camélia Pagop; Luc Savard |
| Abstract: | This study conducts an in-depth exploration of the increasing interest in voluntary carbon markets (VCMs) in Africa, shedding light on the potential opportunities and challenges associated with African participation in these markets. VCMs have gained prominence as promising means to address climate change, driven by substantial financial incentives and market expansion. Nonetheless, persistent debates revolve around the legitimacy of carbon credits and their tangible contributions to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Drawing from secondary data sources, this research undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations of carbon markets, the historical evolution of VCM initiatives in Africa, and the specific challenges and opportunities that beckon African nations towards more active involvement. Historically, African countries have primarily been passive beneficiaries of VCMs. Therefore, this study aims to provide insights about how African countries can strategically navigate these markets to maximize their potential benefits for sustainable development while contributing meaningfully to climate change mitigation and adaptation endeavors. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_05-24 |
| By: | Tristan Jourde; Arthur Stalla-Bourdillon |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the dynamic nature of pro-environmental preferences through an analysis of sector valuations in global equity markets from 2018 to 2023. We classify companies into three groups based on their business activities: green (e.g., renewables), neutral, and brown (e.g., fossil energy). We then run panel regressions to test whether being in the green or brown sectoral category affects stock valuations. We find that investors value sector affiliation, positively for green and negatively for brown, even after controlling for other firm-level financial and extra-financial characteristics. The effect is sizeable, as we report a 24% overvaluation of companies in green sectors and a 12% undervaluation of companies in brown sectors on average compared to the rest of the market. In addition, companies in green sectors have come under increased investor scrutiny since 2018 and appear increasingly overvalued relative to the rest of the market. These results suggest that, for seemingly non-financial motives, investors have developed a strong preference for stocks in green sectors over time. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Preferences, Green Bubble, Stock Market, Stranded Assets, Valuation Ratios |
| JEL: | G10 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:964 |
| By: | Mounia Boucetta |
| Abstract: | Over the next decade, the energy transition will transform the global economic landscape in terms of regulations, industrial and energy investments, and technological solutions. The African continent is set to play a significant role in this transition while addressing its own sustainable development needs. To fully capitalize on this emerging dynamic, African countries should pursue innovative paths tailored to their specific contexts and constraints. They should also identify strategic levers to advance and accelerate their energy transition, maximizing economic, social, and environmental benefits. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_25-24 |
| By: | Thierno Bocar Diop; Lionel Védrine (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to shed light on the impact of the crop diversity criterion of green payments on farms' economic and environmental performances, alongside land use practices. In order to provide causal evidence, we exploit the natural experiment from the 2013 Common Agricultural Policy reform, which established stronger crop diversity eligibility criteria for farmers with over 10 ha (and 30 ha) of arable land. More precisely, we use a difference-in-discontinuity design on a sample of French farms and compare those respectively above and below the two thresholds. Our findings suggest that farms around 10 ha experienced significant land reallocation and an increase in crop diversity, while farms around 30 ha increase their number of crops. Interestingly, we also found that the main effects were primarily driven by farms that already met the diversification requirements. This suggests that the crop diversity criterion did not result in much additional change. |
| Keywords: | Green payments; Crop diversification; Difference in discontinuity; Windfall effect; France |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04739921 |
| By: | Dobrinka Stoyanova (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); Blaga Madzhurova (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); StefanBlaga Raychev (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates Bulgaria's economic convergence with the EU27, focusing on unemployment rates and GDP per capita from 2012 to 2022. Employing Beta, Gamma, Sigma, and Delta convergence measures, the research assesses the extent of Bulgaria's alignment with the economic performance of its EU counterparts. Additionally, the study critically examines the impact of Bulgaria's green transition?measured through recycling rates and renewable energy usage?on these convergence processes. The findings reveal a complex picture: while Bulgaria demonstrates strong Gamma and Delta convergence, suggesting improvements in its relative economic standing and a reduction in absolute disparities with the EU27, the absence of Beta and Sigma convergence indicates that overall economic growth and variability reduction remain insufficient for full integration. Furthermore, the analysis shows that although green transition efforts have positively influenced certain convergence aspects, they have not significantly contributed to broader economic alignment with the EU27. The study concludes that while Bulgaria is making notable progress in some convergence metrics, achieving comprehensive economic integration with the EU27 will require more robust and diversified policy interventions. The findings underscore the necessity for Bulgaria to enhance its environmental strategies with broader economic policies to effectively close the remaining gaps with its EU counterparts. |
| Keywords: | Economic Convergence, Bulgaria, EU27, Unemployment Rates, GDP per Capita, Beta Convergence, Gamma Convergence, Sigma Convergence, Delta Convergence, Green Transition, Recycling Rates, Renewable Energy, Economic Integration |
| JEL: | O47 Q56 E24 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14516476 |
| By: | Banzhaf, H. Spencer; Mathews, William; Walsh, Randall |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between racial segregation and environmental equity in Pittsburgh from 1910 to 1940. Utilizing newly digitized historical data on the spatial distribution of air pollution in what was likely America’s most polluted city, we analyze how racial disparities in exposure to air pollution evolved during this period of heightening segregation. Our findings reveal that black residents experi- enced significantly higher levels of pollution compared to their white counterparts, and this disparity increased over time. We identify within-city moves as a critical factor exacerbating this inequity, with black movers facing increased pollution expo- sure. In contrast, European immigrants, who were also initially exposed to relatively high levels of pollution, experience declining exposure as they assimilate over this time period. We also provide evidence of the capitalization of air pollution into hous- ing markets. Taken as a whole, our results underscore the importance of considering environmental factors in discussions of racial and economic inequalities. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–10–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccewp:347603 |
| By: | Leonardo STANLEY (Center for the Study of State and Society - CEDES (Argentina)); Francisco CASTAÑEDA (School of Economics, Government and Communications, Universidad Central de Chile (Chile)); Nassib SEGOVIA (School of Economics, Government and Communications, Universidad Central de Chile (Chile)) |
| Abstract: | In recent decades an important resource-accumulating agent, whose financial investments have spread across the world, has emerged: The Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF). This capital comes chiefly from economies that control natural resources and from budget surpluses that some nations can generate. The principal players are in the Middle East and Asia, whose resources come from oil and associated exports. SWFs, with their huge investment portfolios, have taken control of companies around the world, becoming, in turn, not just a principal provider of resources for the businesses but also creditors of various countries, with the objective of diversifying their investment portfolios. In practical terms, SWFs are state-owned investment vehicles that invest globally in various types of assets ranging from financial to real to alternative assets. The main purposes for their establishment are stabilising government and export revenues (fiscal), accumulation of savings for future generations in resource-rich countries to offset the future lack of natural resources (savings), and or/the management of foreign reserves. SWFs, however, could be pursuing more than one objective, mixing macro (fiscal, savings, reserves management) and development issues. SWFs are then capable of solving the Dutch Disease that characterise natural resource rich countries, even having a key role in transforming the economic structure. Developmental issues were basically associated with (traditional) industrial policies; SFWs goals, however, have recently, although timidly started to expand to include sustainable goals, as climate change issues. In Latin America, SWFs have mainly pursued macro-stabilization goals, whereas development related objectives are increasingly considered by funds in Asia and Africa. Furthermore, whereas the latter group has timidly begun to explore and invest in "green", Latin America keeps ignoring the issue due to its fiscal restrictions and urgent needs of income. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign funds, Climate change, energy transition, Investments and Financing |
| JEL: | F3 F55 H23 Q01 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2406 |
| By: | Bonetti, Pietro; Leuz, Christian; Michelon, Giovanna |
| Abstract: | The rise of shale gas and tight oil development has triggered a major debate about hydraulic fracturing (HF). In an effort to bring light to HF practices and their potential risks to water quality, many U.S. states have mandated disclosure for HF wells and the fluids used. We employ this setting to study whether targeting corporate activities that have dispersed externalities with transparency reduces their environmental impact. Examining salt concentrations that are considered signatures for HF impact, we find significant and lasting improvements in surface water quality between 9-14% after the mandates. Most of the improvement comes from the intensive margin. We document that operators pollute less per unit of production, cause fewer spills of HF fluids and wastewater and use fewer hazardous chemicals. Turning to how transparency regulation works, we show that it increases public pressure and enables social movements, which facilitates internalization. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation, Fracking, Real effects, Disclosure, Water pollution, Sustainability, Corporate social responsibility, Externalities, Unconventional oil & gas development |
| JEL: | D62 G38 K22 K32 L71 L72 M41 M48 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:304316 |
| By: | Clément Nedoncelle (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julien Wolfersberger (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study how weather shocks affect firm-level exports in low and middle income countries. While the impacts are negative on average, we find that large firms are significantly less affected. This feature is robust across sub-samples, specifications and confounding factors. We then examine the aggregate implications of these firm-level effects by studying changes in total exports under different climate scenarios by the end of the century. Results show that the overall trade-deterring effect of future weather conditions would be lower if there were more large firms in low and middle income countries. It suggests that the existing firm-size distribution may increase the aggregate cost of climate change. |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, nous étudions comment les chocs climatiques affectent les exportations des entreprises dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Même si les impacts sont en moyenne négatifs, on constate que les grandes entreprises sont nettement moins touchées. Cette fonctionnalité est robuste aux sous-échantillons, aux spécifications et aux facteurs de confusion. Nous examinons ensuite les implications globales de ces effets au niveau des entreprises en étudiant les changements dans les exportations totales selon différents scénarios climatiques d'ici la fin du siècle. Les résultats montrent que l'effet dissuasif global des conditions climatiques futures sur le commerce serait moindre s'il y avait davantage de grandes entreprises dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Cela suggère que la répartition actuelle par taille d'entreprise pourrait augmenter le coût global du changement climatique. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Economic development, International trade, Firms Structure |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03753384 |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has emerged as an important policy tool in the European Union's (EU) efforts to combat climate change and prevent carbon leakage. By put ting a price on carbon emissions embedded in certain goods imported into the EU, the CBAM has the potential to impact economies worldwide, including Morocco. This policy brief examines recent CBAM developments and assesses their implications for Morocco's economy and climate change efforts. It analyzes the challenges that the Moroccan economy may face, including implications for costs , competitiveness, compliance requirements, supply chain adjustments, and increased risk exposure. The brief also highlights the opportunities available to Morocco, and the importance of implementing targeted policies, strengthening the regulatory framework, promoting capacity-building initiatives, and fostering cooperation to navigate the CBAM transition period effectively . By understanding the complexities of CBAM and adopting proactive strategies, Morocco can position itself to capitalize on the opportunities and overcome the challenges presented by this transformative policy. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_29_23 |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | The energy landscape in 2024 is at a crossroads. Fossil fuels continue to dominate, with prices that are volatile due to geopolitical tensions and shifting demand patterns. However, renewable energy is on the rise thanks to cost declines, policy support, and growing consumer adoption. This Policy Brief examines five significant trends that will shape the energy landscape in 2024. Navigating the complex energy landscape requires careful risk monitoring and prudent policy responses. Key areas to monitor are potential spikes in oil and natural gas prices, and challenges to the expansion of renewable energy. By understanding these trends and proactively managing risks, countries can ensure a more sustainable and secure energy future. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_05_24 |
| By: | Yildiray Yildirim; Bing Zhu |
| Abstract: | In this study, we investigate the impact of climate hazards on Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS), particularly in the context of the 'originate-to-distribute' model and the 2017 risk retention rule. Our findings reveal a significant behavioral shift in CMBS deal originators due to climate shocks. We observe that when faced with climate events, loan originators expedite the sale of loans impacted by these events before they are bundled into securities. However, this trend changes under the risk retention rule, where underwriters exhibit a reluctance to originate and include climate-impacted loans in retention deals. This behavior indicates a more cautious approach towards loan origination in the face of climate risks. Moreover, our study highlights that underwriters, under the risk retention rule, tend to have a reduced exposure to climate hazards in their loan portfolios. Consequently, risk retention deals show a price advantage with a lower premium for climate risk. This can be explained by a notable decrease in the default risk associated with climate hazards post implementation of the retention rule. |
| Keywords: | Climate Hazards; Commercial Mortgage Backed Security; Default risk; Risk Retention Rule |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-052 |
| By: | Tefera, Mulugeta; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene |
| Abstract: | The Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) is Ethiopia’s national safety net program, launched in 2005 and currently in its fifth phase. The objective of the PSNP is to protect households’ food consumption and assets, reduce their vulnerability to shocks, and address underlying causes of extreme poverty (MoA FSCD 2020). Households who have an adult available to work are required to take part in public works that focus on building infrastructure and improving the natural resource base (MoA FSCD 2020). As such, these projects are partially designed to contribute to disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation and mitigation. However, there is limited evidence about how sustainable land management (SLM) activities are conducted under the PSNP on both publicly and privately operated lands, and how the uptake of these activities and their benefits differ by gender. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, households, food consumptio, poverty, shock, vulnerability |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:spirlb:8 |
| By: | Schultz, Alison |
| JEL: | H26 Q58 G23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302426 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | A 2023 United Nations progress report (UN, 2023) showed that, of the 169 targets that make up the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), only 15% are on track, and progress on many has either stalled or regressed. The Water-Energy-Food nexus approach has highlighted the utmost importance of understanding the interconnections between systems in order to accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. In this policy brief, we use the lessons learned from the water sector through a case study from Matagorda County in Texas, U.S. We take an analytical approach that facilitates the understanding of systems at different scales, using models that help reduce the complexity of the systems, and applying this knowledge to create synergies and solutions. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_01_24 |
| By: | Gagliardi Nicola (CEBRIG and DULBEA, Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Université Libre de Bruxelles); Elena Grinza (Department of Economics, Social Studies, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turin, Torino, CEBRIG (Université Libre de Bruxelles), LABORatorio Riccardo Revelli); Rycx François (CEBRIG and DULBEA, Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Université Libre de Bruxelles) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the impact of rising temperatures on firm productivity using longitudinal firm-level balance-sheet data from private sector firms in 14 European countries, combined with detailed weather data, including temperature. We begin by estimating firms' total factor productivity (TFP) using control-function techniques. We then apply multiple-way fixed-effects regressions to assess how higher temperature anomalies affect firm productivity - measured via TFP, labor productivity, and capital productivity. Our findings reveal that global warming significantly and negatively impacts firms' TFP, with the most adverse effects occurring at higher anomaly levels. Labor productivity declines markedly as temperatures rise, while capital productivity remains unaffected - indicating that TFP is primarily affected through the labor input channel. Our moderating analyses show that firms involved in outdoor activities, such as agriculture and construction, are more adversely impacted by increased warming. Manufacturing, capital-intensive, and blue-collar-intensive firms, compatible with assembly-line production settings, also experience significant productivity declines. Geographically, the negative impact is most pronounced in temperate and mediterranean climate areas, calling for widespread adaptation solutions to climate change across Europe. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Global warming, Firm productivity, Total factor productivity (TFP), Semiparametric methods to estimate production functions, Longitudinal firm-level data. |
| JEL: | D24 J24 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tur:wpapnw:094 |
| By: | Isabelle Tsakok |
| Abstract: | For over six decades, Morocco has largely equated the achievement of food self-sufficiency (FSS) in ‘strategic’ food commodities to achieving food security. Successive governments have succeeded in guaranteeing the availability of and access to these commodities for the poor and vulnerable. In so doing, they have maintained social stability by fulfilling a basic social contract with the people. This is a major achievement, but the financial, economic, and environmental costs of this FSS approach are enormous. Morocco is now under increasing pressure to revisit these costs under the existential threat of climate change. Water scarcity, is of course, not a new problem for Morocco, a semi-arid country, but climate change threatens to turn water scarcity into a water crisis. Although governments have invested heavily in dams, irrigation infrastructure, and micro-irrigation technologies, and have succeeded in building a significant irrigated agriculture sector; recurrent droughts still have major adverse impacts on GDP growth and the livelihoods of the smallholder majority, most of the poor and vulnerable in rural areas. Despite the substantial achievements of the Plan Maroc Vert with irrigated agriculture, Moroccan agriculture is still dualistic. Rainfed agriculture still occupies 80% of the cultivated area, employs most of the agricultural workforce, and is relied on by the majority of smallholders most of whom are still involved in low-productivity farming. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_06-23 |
| By: | Steve Borchardt,; Jean-Baptiste Jacouton,; Michele Maroni,; Luisa Marelli |
| Abstract: | Recent developments in Natural Language Processing (NLP) are revolutionizing knowledge management (Hu et al. 2023). The generation of Large Language Models, like ChatGPT, breaks down barriers between different types of languages (Naveed et al. 2023). In a few seconds, it is now possible to edit complex programming codes from a prompt written in vernacular language (Xu et al. 2022).As a specific branch of NLP, classification involves the recognition and mapping of references to a specific topic within a text. This technique is useful for analyzing large corpuses of documents. Conceptually, the classification of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a particularly technical case. Adopted in 2015, the 2030 Agenda constitutes a common framework for approaching and implementing human development policies while respecting environmental boundaries. The 2030 Agenda is structured around 17 objectives, which are themselves broken down into 169 targets. In this regard, training an NLP model for SDG classification requires a detailed understanding of the specificities of each objective, as well as their interactions. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–10–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en17443 |
| By: | Floris Blok; Franz Fuerst |
| Abstract: | The way in which climate change impacts land and property values has drawn considerable attention of economists over the recent years as the impacts of climate change are starting to be felt. Agricultural land and residential property at risk of flooding have received most attention. This paper looks at the case of altitude and (reduced) snowfall and winter sports in the European Alps, a region uniquely dependent on the right climatic conditions for its economic survival. We hypothesise that skiers and house-buyers switch from lower-lying, less snow-secure resorts to high-altitude areas with more reliable snowfall. Employing a panel comprising 303 Swiss municipalities across 45 different ski resorts, our study spans from 2001 to 2020. We regress changes in mean house prices at the municipal level over the 19-year period on altitude, temperature and (change in) snow cover duration. The channels through which climate might affect house prices indirectly (income, employment, visitor numbers) are also examined. We find that higher altitudes and lower temperatures are associated with increased house price appreciation over the 2001-2020 period for ski resorts but not for the control group of municipalities not located near a (major) ski resort. No such relationship is found for average snow cover duration or changes in snow cover. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; housing; Regional Analysis; Tourism |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-085 |
| By: | Zhang, Kesen; Pan, Zhen; Zhang, Keming; Ji, Feng |
| Abstract: | Background: The goal of “peak carbon and carbon neutrality” has pointed out the direction for the digital transformation (DIT) of enterprises. Companies need to pay a price when they seek green development or fulfill environmental responsibility. Out of self-interest, enterprises may exaggerate their environmental performance (EP) and then greenwashing behavior appears. Whether DIT can curb greenwashing behavior is a topic worth discussing. Objective: This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the influence of DIT on greenwashing and further discusses how government subsidies, resource slack, and external pressure affect them. The data of China’s listed A - share companies are used to test this theoretical framework. Methods: In this paper, multiple linear regression method is used to test the theoretical mechanism, and Hausman test and instrumental variable method are used to test the correctness of the conclusions. Results: (1) DIT has an inhibitory effect on greenwashing. (2) Government subsidies, resource slack, and public pressure positively moderate the relationship. (3) The effect of DIT does inhibit symbolic behavior, but the impact on substantive behavior is not obvious. The moderating effects of various variables are also different. Discussion: It is suggested that the government take the lead in building more digital public participation platforms to improve the online monitoring and early warning ability of enterprises’ greenwashing behavior, tourge enterprises to configure more intelligent and digital cleaner production equipment and facilities, and to improve their environmental performance. Local governments are encouraged to seize the trend of enterprises’ digital green transformation, introduce more government subsidy policies for DIT, improve digital infrastructure and digital intellectual property protection, and escort enterprises’ green DIT. The government and the banks should cooperate to give more green preferential loans, tax relief, and other measures to enterprises undergoing green DIT. |
| Keywords: | digitisation; digitization; environmental responsibility; greenwashing; legitimacy theory; resources slack |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–06–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:125707 |
| By: | Kilian Arthur Jea Enders |
| Abstract: | This research examines the role of voluntary certification, especially concerning the sustainable and governmental aspects for the real estate industry. The underlying paper delves into the implication and effectiveness of voluntary certification as a tool to promote ESG-conformity practices in real estate. By applying a systematic literature review on current academic papers, fragmented opinions regarding a certificate’s effectiveness can be perceived. The author identifies several key trends and controversial opinions regarding voluntary certification while examining its impact on investment decisions, market values, and regulatory landscapes. The findings indicate a complex interplay between economic-driven incentives, governmental regulation, and standards set within voluntary certification. This study contributes to understanding the dynamics between sustainable development and sustainable ambitions of and for the real estate industry. |
| Keywords: | Environmental impact assessment; Governance & Regulation; sustainability; Voluntary Certification |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-063 |
| By: | Jhorland Ayala-García; Danna Pérez-Ruidiaz |
| Abstract: | Los costos de transporte representan uno de los principales determinantes del comercio subnacional. Los desastres naturales como los deslizamientos de tierra pueden afectar vías principales y reducir el movimiento de carga entre ciudades. La vía Bogotá – Villavicencio en Colombia, conocida como la Vía al Llano, la cual es fundamental para el transporte de productos desde y hacia la región de los llanos orientales, enfrenta desafíos debido a su ubicación geográfica. Este documento analiza cómo los desastres naturales afectan el movimiento de carga por esta vía, así como los costos de fletes para los transportadores. Con datos del Registro Nacional de Despacho de Carga (RNDC) del Ministerio de Transporte y los reportes de estados de las vías del Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVIAS), se encuentra que los desastres naturales que afectan la Vía al Llano incrementan el valor del flete, y disminuyen el volumen de mercancías trasportadas por dicha vía. Esto demuestra que los desastres naturales tienen un efecto negativo sobre el comercio nacional, lo cual puede afectar la dinámica económica regional ante las amenazas del cambio climático. **** ABSTRACT: Transportation costs represent one of the main determinants of the level of subnational trade, and natural disasters such as landslides can affect main roads and reduce the movement of cargo between two cities. The Bogotá – Villavicencio highway in Colombia, known as the Vía al Llano, which is essential for the transportation of products to and from the eastern plains region, faces challenges due to its geographical location. This documents studies how natural disasters affect the movement of cargo along this route, as well as freight faced by transporters. With data from the National Registry of Freight Dispatch (RNDC) of the Ministry of Transportation and the state reports of the roads from the National Highway Institute (INVIAS), it is found that natural disasters that affect the Vía al Llano increase the freight cost and reduce the volume of goods transported. This shows that natural disasters have a negative effect on subnational trade, which can affect regional economic dynamics in the face of the threats of climate change. |
| Keywords: | desastres naturales, comercio subnacional, vías, costos de transporte, natural disasters, subnational trade, roads, transportation costs |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 R12 R41 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:region:329 |
| By: | Magdalena Potz (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon, AMU IMPGT - Institut de management public et de gouvernance territoriale - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Solange Hernandez (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon, AMU IMPGT - Institut de management public et de gouvernance territoriale - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Sarah Serval (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon, AMU IMPGT - Institut de management public et de gouvernance territoriale - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | This chapter analyzes the French Citizens Convention for Climate (CCC), a democratic experiment in public policy cocreation, responding to climate change and the democratic crisis. The CCC, involving 150 citizens, aimed to propose measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Despite producing 149 proposals, the government's limited implementation led to widespread dissatisfaction, which highlights the complexities of policy cocreation. Through textual statistics analysis, the study reveals the "wicked" nature of cocreation, intensified by diverse values and interests among participants. It underscores the critical need for the government's political readiness and absorptive capacity in cocreation processes. While citizens showed commitment and capability, political-administrative elites displayed resistance, indicating a policy capacity gap. This resistance not only undermined the CCC's efforts but also exacerbated public distrust in political processes. The CCC's experience suggests that future cocreation initiatives in public policy must better integrate with political decision-making. The balance between standardization and contextual adaptation is key to effectively addressing complex societal issues. This chapter advocates for close monitoring of cocreation applications in public policy to assess their effectiveness in resolving societal challenges. |
| Keywords: | Absorptive capacity, citizen participation, cocreation, policy capacity, wickedization |
| Date: | 2024–07–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04714400 |
| By: | Kannika Thampanishvong; Nipon Paopongsakorn; Bhim Adhikari |
| Abstract: | Floods and drought are the extreme weather events that pose major concerns on rice farmers in Thailand, particularly those in the Chao Phraya River Basin (CPRB). To mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events on the rice production and their livelihoods, some of these farm households have undertaken some adaptation strategies, such as shifting crop calendar, changing rice varieties, etc. Using data from the survey of farm household in the CPRB, this study highlights the adaptation strategies adopted by farm households and analyzes the impacts of adaptation to extreme weather events on rice productivity using the endogenous switching model. Our results show that adaptation to floods that took place in CPRB increases the wet-season rice productivity. The unconditional impacts of adaptation on wet-season rice productivity are around 120 kilograms per rai (approximately 0.16 hectares). The treatment effect, which captures the counterfactual case whereby farm households who adapted instead chose not to adapt at the decision stage, shows that the impacts of adaptation on wet-season rice productivity is around 31 kilograms per rai, i.e. farm households who adapted to extreme weather events would have produced 31 kilograms less per rai if they did not adapt. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation; Extreme weather events; Chao Phraya River Basin of Thailand; Endogenous switching; Rice productivity |
| JEL: | Q12 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:221 |
| By: | Jennifer Schäfer |
| Abstract: | This systematic literature review examines the role of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors within the smart home innovation-decision process. Due to the potential for smart home technologies (SHTs) to foster sustainability, which is a superordination of ESG, such analysis is critical. Within the smart home context, no article combines all three ESG components in one body of research. The literature also does not distinctly connect ESG aspects with the innovation-decision process. Understanding this potential connection could help to increase the adoption of SHTs. By applying an open coding process, this literature review integrates ESG factors into the five stages of the innovation-decision process. Findings from this framework extension suggest that, environmentally, the literature covers ecological facets, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Socially, acceptability, psychology, socialization, sociodemographic implications, societies, and networks are significant. While governance factors address board characteristics and business models, further research is necessary. Moreover, future research should differentiate between the investor and the end-consumer perspective while enhancing insights on all three ESG components. |
| Keywords: | Esg; Innovation-decision process; literature review; Smart home technologies |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-014 |
| By: | Donni Fajar Anugrah (Bank Indonesia); Arnita Rishanty (Bank Indonesia); Maxensius Tri Sambodo (National Research and Innovation Agency); Ade Dwi Aryani (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | This research provides a new perspective on developing Indonesia's critical mineral industry ecosystem from the standpoint of business practitioners and experts. Despite Indonesia's significant potential in critical mineral resources, the success of downstream development is determined by how well the upstream and downstream ecosystems can be strengthened. This includes improving raw material and material efficiency, building a strategic position in the global value chain, ensuring long-term supply sustainability, stimulating local demand, prioritizing the use of green energy, enhancing effective hazardous waste management, and addressing social issues in mining and processing areas. The analysis of Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) in nickel downstream development indicates that, although substantial investment is required, a quicker return on investment can be achieved through technological changes, such as adopting pyrometallurgy. The NPV and IRR evaluation in copper downstream development demonstrates the economic feasibility of processing copper concentrate, showing significant profitability. The copper industry continues to grow with added value in the value chain, highlighting the economic benefits of copper downstream development. The prospects for downstream development of bauxite and aluminum are also promising. Based on NPV results, brownfield projects appear more economically viable than greenfield projects. Thus, the downstream development of critical minerals in Indonesia necessitates collaboration between the private sector (national and global) and the government to balance economic, social, and environmental objectives. |
| Keywords: | critical minerals, downstream, firm-level, value-added |
| JEL: | L72 O13 Q32 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp062023 |
| By: | Eléonore Disse (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | To qualify the sustainability of organizations, the business model approach questions whether it is possible to identify "sustainable value creation" (Lüdecke-Freund, 2020). While the polysemous notion of value was already unclear, its sustainable nature adds a further definitional difficulty. What's more, business model approaches do not enable to precisely address the impact of activities on the values in question. Our aim is to help clarify the sustainable business model approach to company sustainability through the prism of CARE ecological accounting framework (Rambaud & Richard, 2015). Our conceptual approach consists in applying CARE concepts and methodology to an illustrative case study inspired by a real farm business. We highlight how CARE repositions the understanding of sustainability in terms of the ability of a business to preserve human and natural capital while creating value (i.e. selling goods or services to obtain money resources). This reading leads to identify value propositions that consist in providing services that preserve the client's natural or human capitals. While other value propositions ultimately refer to the company's own human or natural capitals preservation. Thus, "sustainability" in business models should be clarified at least between making its own production process sustainable vs. contributing to its client's sustainability. Relying on an ecological accounting framework help designing strategies and activities to reach capital's preservation objectives according to anticipated costs. In the end, such framework can be used to lend credibility to sustainability claims possibly opening the door to the capture of financing solutions or market opportunities. |
| Keywords: | ecological accounting, value creation, business models, sustainable business models, natural capital |
| Date: | 2024–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04714330 |
| By: | Grazyna Wiejak-Roy; Rafal Mazur |
| Abstract: | Allotment gardens are widespread across Europe. Their gardeners maintain green oases in otherwise heavily built-up areas by cultivating urban land and caring for the green space. Thus, they generate positive externalities by privately managing public green spaces. Over the last few years, the popularity of allotment gardens has increased as an alternative to travel and a recreational place. This research looks into new phenomena in the design of allotment gardens and buildings to serve the evolving requirements of allotment gardeners. Using Warsaw as a case study of the largest and most dynamic allotment garden market in Poland, based on detailed landscape surveys and exploratory walks we identified new types of modern allotment garden designs, namely a new phenomenon of “designer huts”. We then in phenomenological interviews with the architects of these buildings unpacked the design process, outcomes and future design directions to ensure that future buildings are designed in harmony with the surroundings, respect for the natural environment, and support addressing urban environmental challenges. We expect that our observations will inform designers and policymakers in developing long-term strategies to effectively support this type of urban green space. |
| Keywords: | allotment garden; designer hut; family garden |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-007 |
| By: | Edem Douvi (University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, EA 3920, Besançon) |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Cereal production, Irrigation, Sub-Saharan Africa, FGLS model |
| Date: | 2024–09–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04704851 |
| By: | Martina ?vecová (University of Finance and Administration (VSFS)); Ale? Hes (University of Finance and Administration (VSFS)); Daniela ?álková (Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague); Jana Hinke (Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague) |
| Abstract: | The transition to a circular economy requires coordinated efforts across various spheres, including government policies, business practices, social norms, and consumer behaviour (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015; Hazen et al., 2017). Re-use centres and re-use points play a crucial role in this transition by extending the life cycle of products and materials, benefiting both the environment and the economy. These centres not only promote sustainable consumption but also contribute to social entrepreneurship through community education initiatives. For these centres to be effective, they must be embraced by citizens and consumers who recognize their social and economic value. To achieve this, re-use centres and other locations dedicated to repurposing goods must utilize verified research findings on the suitability of their products and the purchasing potential of different demographic groups.This exploratory study assesses the suitability of repurposed products, focusing on identifying demographic groups with the highest and lowest purchasing potential for selected used products. Covering 8 products and 25 variables across target groups, the study provides a detailed description of the relationships between specific products and specific target groups. These findings form the basis for exploring connections between these groups and the behavioural motivations underlying consumer behaviour, as outlined in the theory of behavioural economics. The research was conducted in June 2024 via a questionnaire survey of a representative sample of 1, 300 respondents, selected by quota sampling to match the distribution of the Czech Republic's population.The study reveals significant gaps between perceived suitability for sale and actual purchase, particularly in categories like art, automobiles, and books. The findings underscore the importance of tailored communication strategies that address specific product categories and consumer motivations. This research contributes to the sustainable development of the Czech economy, enhances the understanding of environmental economics at the microeconomic level, and provides a knowledge base for operators of re-use centres and re-use points. |
| Keywords: | Consumer, Consumer Economics Empirical Analysis, Marketing, Micro-Based Behavioural Economics, Recycling, Retail, Reuse Centre, Reuse Point, Social Entrepreneurship, Sustainability Economics |
| JEL: | M30 D12 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14516471 |
| By: | Jonathan M. Colmer; Suvy Qin; John L. Voorheis; Reed Walker |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the relationships between air pollution, income, wealth, and race by combining administrative data from U.S. tax returns between 1979-2016, various measures of air pollution, and sociodemographic information from linked survey and administrative data. In the first year of our data, the relationship between income and ambient pollution levels nationally is approximately zero for both non-Hispanic White and Black individuals. However, at every single percentile of the national income distribution, Black individuals are exposed to, on average, higher levels of pollution than White individuals. By 2016, the relationship between income and air pollution had steepened, primarily for Black individuals, driven by changes in where rich and poor Black individuals live. We utilize quasi-random shocks to income to examine the causal effect of changes in income and wealth on pollution exposure over a five year horizon, finding that these income-pollution elasticities map closely to the values implied by our descriptive patterns. We calculate that Black-White differences in income can explain approximately 10 percent of the observed gap in air pollution levels in 2016. |
| JEL: | H0 H4 Q5 R0 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33050 |
| By: | Ash, Thomas; Nikolaishvili, Giorgi |
| Abstract: | Metcalf and Stock (2023) find that an increase in carbon tax has a weakly positive effect on output and employment, along with a negative effect on C02 emissions over a 6-year horizon. The paper identifies a carbon tax shock and uses it to quantify the effect of a permanent unexpected increase in the carbon tax rate. The effect of this increase is obtained using a policy counterfactual exercise based on dynamic effects estimated using panel local projections. We use the authors' own Stata replication package to reproduce the main results of the paper and carry out additional robustness tests. We also conduct these empirical analyses using popular open-source econometric libraries in R. We compare the original permanent carbon tax increase policy counterfactual impulse responses to standard one-time carbon tax shock impulse responses. The justification for this robustness test is that carbon tax rate changes are persistent, so that a transitory shock effectively mimics a permanent shock. We find that (1) the authors' replication package successfully reproduces the results of the paper; (2) alternative local projection specifications and policy counterfactuals largely exhibit the same qualitative properties as the main results of the paper. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, policy counterfactual, panel local projection |
| JEL: | E23 E24 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:167 |
| By: | Ben Höhn; Sven Bienert; Yannick Schmidt |
| Abstract: | We introduce a comprehensive scoring model designed for both listed and non-listed companies within the real estate sector, offering a systematic approach to evaluate and benchmark their progress in achieving Net Zero commitments. The guide encompasses five distinct implementation categories, namely Targets, Strategies, Organizational Structure, Operational Measures, and Tracking/Monitoring/Reporting. These categories are identified through a prior qualitative study, which involves an extensive examination of Net Zero strategies and expert interviews. Utilizing these identified measures, we have developed a framework and executed an extensive survey involving ESG professionals in the industry representative of companies exceeding $1, 000 billion in AuM. The goal is to establish a ranking system for these measures, ultimately leading to the creation of a robust scoring system to assess holistic strategies. The implemented scoring system contributes to this initiative in three significant ways. Firstly, it streamlines the process for companies seeking to commit to net-zero carbon emissions by providing a structured evaluation framework. Secondly, it aids in pinpointing potential gaps in green actions within the strategies of these companies. Lastly, it enhances the transparency surrounding the quality of net-zero commitments, thereby mitigating the risk of (unintentional) greenwashing practices. |
| Keywords: | Decarbonization; Net Zero; Scoring Model; Transition risk |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-035 |
| By: | Lakdawala, Leah (Wake Forest University, Economics Department); Chakraborty, Judhajit (Michigan State University, Colorado State University); Nakasone, Eduardo (Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | We examine how extreme weather affects individuals’ perceptions of government and political institutions in Peru. We match granular data on cold weather shocks to individuals using variation in interview date and location and find that extreme cold worsens perceptions of democracy. Further, extreme cold reduces civic engagement in formal democratic institutions (participation in national elections) but increases participation in local neighborhood associations. We provide evidence that these effects work through several mechanisms: economic losses, increased incidence of illness, and higher crimes. Finally, we find that higher coverage of government-provided goods and services can attenuate the adverse effects of extreme cold. |
| Keywords: | extreme temperature; climate change; democracy; political trust; voting |
| JEL: | O13 P16 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:wfuewp:0118 |
| By: | Burchfield, Emily; Ferro, Marco; Hüttel, Silke; Lakes, Tobia Maike; Leonhardt, Heidi; Niedermayr, Andreas; Rissing, Andrea; Seifert, Stefan; Wesemeyer, Maximilian |
| Abstract: | Understanding agricultural land systems is paramount to preparing for future transitions under climate change. A first step in moving towards a systematic, multi-context comparison of agricultural land systems is an assessment of data availability and commensurability. We compare publicly available and publicly curated data describing agricultural land systems-those devoted to the production of food, fuel, and fiber-to map analytical potential for comparative research in the United States (US) and European Union (EU). We discuss how political priorities shape what we can(not) see in each region and articulate future data needs to support cross-context understanding of agricultural land systems dynamics. This comprehensive understanding of how and why agricultural land systems change is imperative to promoting sustainable, resilient, and just agriculture futures. |
| Keywords: | land systems, agricultural land, data comparison, US Farm Bill, EU Common Agricultural Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:forlwp:304300 |
| By: | Santiago Izquierdo-Tort (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico); Seema Jayachandran (Princeton University); Santiago Saavedra (Universidad del Rosario) |
| Abstract: | Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are a widely used approach to incentivize conservation efforts such as avoided deforestation. Although PES effectiveness has received significant scholarly attention, whether PES design modifications can improve program outcomes is less explored. We present findings from a randomized trial in Mexico that tested whether a PES contract that requires enrollees to enroll all of their forest is more effective than the traditional PES contract that allows them to exercise choice. The modification’s aim is to prevent landowners from enrolling only parcels they planned to conserve anyway while leaving aside other parcels to deforest. We find that the full-enrollment treatment significantly reduces deforestation compared to the traditional contract. This extra conservation occurs despite the full-enrollment provision reducing the compliance rate due to its more stringent requirements. The full-enrollment treatment quadrupled cost-effectiveness, highlighting the potential to substantially improve the efficacy of conservation payments through simple contract modifications. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation, Payments for Ecosystem Services, financial incentives, contract design, Mexico |
| JEL: | O13 Q23 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pri:cepsud:325 |
| By: | Beata Wieteska-Rosiak |
| Abstract: | The paper examined the approach to shaping the circular economy (CE) in the ESG strategies of real estate and construction sector entities in response to climate change. The theoretical perspective indicates models and possibilities of applying the circular solutions in construction investments. The aim of the article is to identify the directions of implementation of circular economy principles by entities in the real estate and construction sector. Based on the analysis of the ESG strategies of entities from the real estate and construction sector (WIG real estate and construction index), this study leads to the conclusion that entities are becoming more and more active in implementing solutions from the circular economy, which is an opportunity to spread good practices to all real estate market stakeholders. The circular activities specified in the analyzed strategic documents differ in terms of type and scope of implementation. On the one hand, there is a positive direction in the implementation of circular principles and, on the other hand, there is still untapped potential for the development of the circular economy in real estate and construction. Unlocking the sustainable and circular potential requires stimulating the development of financial, economic, legal and social conditions by public, social and private sector. |
| Keywords: | circular practices; Climate Change; Sustainability Reporting; Sustainable Real Estate |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-087 |
| By: | Julius Berger |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between extreme weather conditions and the risk of flooding-induced harvest failure in Nigerian agriculture using a probit model. I use household-level survey and gridded weather data to exploit weather variation across time and space. Risk of harvest failure increases for agricultural households with more extreme weather conditions. The effect is especially pronounced for a subsample of households in high-risk areas. Overall, extreme weather conditions more than double the risk of flooding-induced harvest failure. Educational attainment acts as a resilience strategy by enabling individuals to shift into other economic sectors and actively choose a less risky location of residence. Internet access per se does not seem to have a significant impact. |
| Keywords: | Flooding Risk, Nigeria, Agriculture, Resilience Strategy, Education, Communication |
| JEL: | Q12 Q54 I25 D83 N57 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_412 |
| By: | Drigo, Alessandra |
| Abstract: | This study addresses the presence of an environmental justice issue along the dimensions of income and ethnicity in the urban context of Bologna, Italy. Among other Italian cities, Bologna has historically had a left-leaning political tendency and has made considerable substantial efforts to address social issues extensively. This makes it a useful cross-section dataset links gridded PM2.5 concentration data at 0.01°x0.01° resolution with census demographic characteristics and income per capita information for the year 2011. This study presents two main findings. i) It confirms the existence of an environmental justice gap, which affects vulnerable segments of the population along both income and ethnicity dimensions. A 1% increase in income per capita is associated with a 0.09% decrease in PM2.5 levels (a rise of 1 standard deviation of income per capita in the census corresponds to a reduction of -0.53 mg/m³ in PM2.5); whereas a 1% increase in the share of non-white individuals living in the census tract leads to a 0.13% increase in PM2.5 levels (+3.92 mg/m³ increase associated with a rise of 1 standard deviation in the proportion of non-whites in the census). ii) There is currently no evidence to suggest that exposure disparities for nonwhite individuals are changing depending on income level, whether it is lower or higher. Residence in lower/higher income areas of the city does not significantly exacerbate/alleviate these disparities for non-white communities. Overall, these results highlight the widespread occurrence of environmental injustice across various geographical and political settings, including those that have historically prioritized social concerns. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–10–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:347666 |
| By: | Helena Mantere; Juha Franssila |
| Abstract: | Interest in indoor environmental quality (IEQ) has increased within Finland's real estate sector, gaining more attention from both property owners and tenants. IEQ-related technologies can improve the quality of indoor environments, but also enable monitoring of IEQ and even occupancy. These solutions can enhance employee well-being, but also reduce costs for tenants and property owners, and support their sustainability goals. But despite the growing interest and the recognized benefits, adoption of IEQ technologies has been rather slow in the real estate industry. The purpose of the research is to examine whether and how real estate owners and tenants perceive value in IEQ in office environments, in post-pandemic context. The research focuses on identifying and evaluating the key IEQ attributes that create value for the tenants. Additionally, the research aims to assess owners and tenants’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved IEQ and IEQ technologies. The research utilizes a mixed-method approach, employing both interviews and a questionnaire to achieve a comprehensive understanding. As a result, a framework is created for evaluating the value generated by IEQ. With the framework, for instance office tenants' needs can be assessed and met more effectively. |
| Keywords: | Indoor Environmental Quality; office environment; Value Creation; Willingness to pay |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-127 |
| By: | Francis Perrin |
| Abstract: | À l’approche du Sommet africain du climat (Africa Climate Summit), qui se tiendra à Nairobi du 4 au 6 septembre 2023, de très nombreuses organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) ont écrit au président du Kenya, William Ruto, pour lui faire part de leurs inquiétudes concernant l’ordre du jour de ce sommet. Selon ces ONG, les intérêts des entreprises et des pays occidentaux pourraient prendre le pas sur ceux de l’Afrique. Les vraies priorités sont notamment d’éliminer progressivement les énergies fossiles et d’investir dans les énergies renouvelables et il est nécessaire que l’ordre du jour soit revu et modifié en vue de refléter les priorités africaines dans la lutte contre le changement climatique, a expliqué cette coalition d’environ 300 ONG. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_33-23 |
| By: | Francis Perrin |
| Abstract: | À l’approche du Sommet africain du climat (Africa Climate Summit), qui se tiendra à Nairobi du 4 au 6 septembre 2023, de très nombreuses organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) ont écrit au président du Kenya, William Ruto, pour lui faire part de leurs inquiétudes concernant l’ordre du jour de ce sommet. Selon ces ONG, les intérêts des entreprises et des pays occidentaux pourraient prendre le pas sur ceux de l’Afrique. Les vraies priorités sont notamment d’éliminer progressivement les énergies fossiles et d’investir dans les énergies renouvelables et il est nécessaire que l’ordre du jour soit revu et modifié en vue de refléter les priorités africaines dans la lutte contre le changement climatique, a expliqué cette coalition d’environ 300 ONG. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rtrade:pb_33-23 |
| By: | da Silva Neto, Darcy Ramos; da Silva Cavalcante, Joubert Ryan; Bernabé, Jhonatan Kallil |
| Abstract: | We reproduced West (2024) "Formal designation of Brazilian indigenous lands linked to small but consistent reductions in deforestation, " which investigates the impact of formally recognizing Indigenous Lands (ILs) on deforestation rates in Brazil from 1986 to 2021. The original study uses a quasi-experimental design, employing temporal and sectional matching methods to compare deforestation rates before and after IL designation, concluding an average reduction of -0.05% in deforestation. To verify these findings, we conducted three main tests: a logit analysis, the consideration of negative deforestation values in the Atlantic Forest, and the synthetic control method. The logit analysis assessed the relationship between IL designation and covariates like land size, elevation, slope, and proximity to urban centers, confirming that these factors significantly influence IL designation, consistent with the original study. We also examined the treatment of negative deforestation values in the Atlantic Forest, originally treated as zero. By retaining these values, we found no significant impact on the study's overall results, indicating that the original methodological choice did not affect the main conclusions. Finally, the synthetic control method was used to replicate the counterfactual analysis of IL-designated areas, demonstrating that these areas consistently exhibited lower deforestation rates compared to the synthetic control post-2011. These tests confirmed the original study's findings, demonstrating that the formal designation of ILs contributes to small but significant reductions in deforestation, supporting the effectiveness of ILs as a strategy for environmental conservation and indigenous rights protection. The reproducibility of these results reinforces the study's conclusions. |
| Keywords: | Land tenure, Governance, Impact evaluation, Matching, Leakage |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:173 |
| By: | Thomas Melonio; Rémy Rioux; Jean-David Naudet |
| Abstract: | The issue of international development and climate financing is currently at the forefront, especially in the run up to COP29, COP30 and to the 2025 FfD4 Conference in Seville. However, the international community lacks widely shared and adapted measures that could form the foundation of a comprehensive global policy in this area, particularly through precise eligibility standards, target-setting, and tracking progress. Despite its recognized limitations, Official Development Assistance (ODA) remains by far the most well-known and used metric, particularly in public and democratic debates.The “Total Official Support for Sustainable Development” (TOSSD) and the various climate finance aggregates have more recently been added to the toolkit used by the development community. However, so far, these measures have not resulted in a standardized, clarified, and complementary framework that could support a comprehensive global public policy and the clear set of incentives linked to it.This Policy Paper revisits these various concepts to outline a series of proposals and directions for evolving towards a coherent architecture for measuring development financing. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en17487 |
| By: | Koundouri, Phoebe; Papayiannis, Georgios I.; Petracou, Electra V.; Yannacopoulos, Athanasios N. |
| Abstract: | In this paper we propose a consensus group decision making scheme under model uncertainty consisting of a two-stage procedure and based on the concept of Fr´echet barycenter. The first stage is a clustering procedure in the metric space of opinions leading to homogeneous groups, whereas the second stage consists of a proposal most likely to be accepted by all groups. An evolutionary learning scheme of proposal updates leading to consensus is also proposed. The schemes are illustrated in examples motivated from environmental economics. |
| Keywords: | consensus group decision making, model uncertainty, environmental decision making, Fréchet barycenter |
| JEL: | A1 C0 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122006 |
| By: | Luca Cattani (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Giulio Pedrini (Kore University of Enna); Dorel Manitiu (Alma Laurea Consortium) |
| Abstract: | This research examines the changing landscape of academic curricula, with a specific focus on the integration of sustainable development topics into university programs. As the provision of “green skills†and the creation of “green jobs†gain momentum in the sustainability debate at the European and international levels, we aim to analyze unequal labor market (LM) outcomes among graduates resulting from the expansion of green curricula. To address the current gap in research, we use data from the AlmaLaurea Interuniversity Consortium, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and the Italian Labour Force Survey, conducting a panel fixed effects analysis to evaluate the impact of environmentally focused programs on various graduates' LM outcomes. Our findings shed light on the role of sustainability-oriented higher education in shaping local labor market outcomes and, consequently, inequality among graduates. Our research contributes to the broader discourse on unequal graduate outcomes by offering insights into the consequences of incorporating environmental sustainability into higher education programs. By focusing on the Italian context, we provide new evidence on the potential unintended social consequences of sustainability-oriented higher education policies in the context of a just transition. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, higher education graduates’ employability, local labour markets |
| JEL: | O30 J24 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp55 |
| By: | Caro, Florian; Labovich, Asher; Okechi, Chidubem; Reinstein, David; Rodrigues, Maria Clara |
| Abstract: | Colantone et al. (2024a) use survey data to examine how a major ban on combustion engine cars in Milan, Italy affected voting behavior of treated car owners. The authors find that the ban raised the probability of voting for the populist right wing Lega party by 15.4-18.3 percentage points, a 70-80% increase relative to the average car owner. The estimate is statistically significant at the 5% level. These effects are driven by dissatisfaction with money losses rather than more antagonistic attitudes towards environmental protection. In this report, we inspect the data and replication package of the paper with two sets of exercises. First, we successfully computationally reproduce all the main results of the paper. Second, we test the robustness of the authors' main results by exploring different definitions of control variables, variations in the regression specifications, and alternative econometric models and research designs. Our results generally confirm the authors' conclusions, but are smaller in magnitude and suggest that the ATTs in the original paper might have been overstated. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:168 |
| By: | Benjamin Combes (I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | As a rising trend in consumption practices, an emerging topic in political discourse, and an elusive matter for businesses, sufficiency is a multifaceted concept with deep historical and philosophical roots, with a promising potential for impact. As it is understood that the growth of human activities has led to the progressive overshoot of the Earth's system to sustain them in the long term (Rockström et al., 2009), and that this growth does not lead to a proportional improvement in the quality of life – past a certain threshold (Easterlin, 1974), the objectives of the thesis are to explore the viability of sufficiency-led consumption and business models to address the current global environmental and societal challenges. We seek to articulate the consumption and production angles around sufficiency practices, in order to contribute to the research on new and sustainable business models. We shall strive to present business leaders and public authorities with clarification on an emerging subject, and to provide tools for its implementation. Specific topics we seek to explore pertain to the tension between sufficiency strategies and financial performance, and, more broadly, value creation, in the cleaning industry and electronic goods sectors; unexpected rebound effects of sufficient consumption models; and the cultural traits that make or break new sufficiency-led models. |
| Keywords: | sufficiency, production, consumption, business models, sustainability, CSR, sobriété, durabilité, modèles d'affaires, consommation, RSE |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04737920 |
| By: | Li, Shasha; Yang, Biao |
| JEL: | D82 G11 G32 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302416 |
| By: | Aurelio Tobías (IDAEA - Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [España] = Spanish National Research Council [Spain], School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health [Nagasaki, Japan] - Nagasaki University); Carmen Íñiguez (CIBERESP - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública = Consortium for Biomedical Research of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Valencia, Valencia); Magali Hurtado Díaz; Horacio Riojas; Luis Abdon Cifuentes; Dominic Royé; Rosana Abrutzky; Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho; Paulo Hilario Nascimento Saldiva (USP - Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo); Nicolás Valdés Ortega; Patricia Matus Correa; Samuel Osorio; Gabriel Carrasco; Valentina Colistro; Mathilde Pascal; Olivier Chanel (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Lina Madaniyazi; Antonio Gasparrini |
| Abstract: | What this study adds: This study provides evidence of the health burden and economic losses attributable to heat and cold in Central and South American countries, covering various climates and populations. Most of the mortality burden for Central and South American countries is caused by cold compared to heat. The results showed geographical and climatic variations, indicating a significantly higher impact of nonoptimal temperatures in countries of the Southern Cone and locations with temperate climates. These findings offer direct evidence to guide policymakers in developing public health policies for mitigation and adaptation to the region's health effects and economic impacts of nonoptimal temperatures. |
| Keywords: | Nonoptimal temperatures, Mortality burden, Economic loss, Time series, Distributed lag nonlinear models, Multicountry, Central and South America |
| Date: | 2024–10–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04734482 |
| By: | Berlemann, Michael; Eckmann, Timur; Eurich, Marina |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302434 |
| By: | Eduardo A. Haddad; Inácio F. Araújo |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a synthetic view of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the economic sectors and regions that make up the Moroccan economy, taking into account the current economic structure and production technologies. Therefore, the potential effects must be understood as signals to think about interventions aimed at redirecting the desired trajectories of sustainable development. The application of the tools developed to give scientific support to this analysis reveals the current structure of Morocco’s regional economies, inserted into the context of the national and world economies. The intricate web of interrelationships between the different sectors of each region’s productive apparatus— manifested by its supply chains, the generation of income by sectors, and their expenditures— is duly represented. Each of the 20 sectors into which the Moroccan economy was divided produces distinct effects on the productive system as a whole, duly measured by the instruments developed. Likewise, when analyzing the 12 regional economies one by one, one can assess their multidimensional impacts in the context of an integrated interregional system. Finally, to implement the hierarchical analysis based on pre-defined weights for the different structural indicators considered in the study, a tool was developed that provides a hierarchy of sectors (regions) most likely to contribute to the dimensions of development most closely associated with revealed preferences of the actors involved in the decision-making process. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_07-23 |
| By: | Van Khanh Pham; Duc Minh Le |
| Abstract: | In the times we live in today, humanity faces unprecedented environmental challenges. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened new doors in our collective efforts to address our planet's pressing problems; however, many have doubts on the actual extent of impact that AI have on the environment. In particular, AI also assisting dirty production is a drawback that is largely absent from the literature. To investigate the impact of AI on the environment, we establish mathematical models to model the economy and the production process of goods based on outdated and advanced technologies. The secondary results are stated in the form of lemmas, the main results are stated in the form of theorems. From the theorems we conclude that AI may not on its own prevent an environmental disaster, a reason of which is its concurrent contribution to dirty production. With temporary government intervention, however, AI is able to avert an environmental disaster. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.06501 |
| By: | Miguel Vazquez; Otaviano Canuto |
| Abstract: | Low-carbon hydrogen is a potential contributor to the goals defined in the Paris Agreement, i.e. limiting the increase in the global average temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The transformation of hydrogen production is a part of this effort, as current production methods in the hydrogen industry are carbon-intensive. To achieve net-zero scenarios, hydrogen production and consumption will need to change. Creating a pipeline of projects plays a central role in driving overall costs down. However, notwithstanding the impressive targets and project announcements that have been made, few low-carbon hydrogen projects have reached the final investment decision stage. It is necessary to design a set of policy tools to promote low-carbon hydrogen investment. To that end, we assess the matching process between the potential supply of capital and the demand for capital associated with projects. This paper looks at the problem from the point of view of financial closure of those projects. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_09-24 |
| By: | Madhok, Raahil; Yin, Leikun; Jin, Zhenong |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the development-environment tradeoff from cultivating cash crops. We classify cashew plantations between 2015-2021 across Benin, one of West Africa’s largest cashew producers, using a deep learning model trained on data from field visits. We document large income gains from exposure to these cashew plantations, but at the expense of nearby forest cover. We identify this tradeoff with cross-sectional comparisons on household survey data, two-way fixed effects with panel data, and a shift-share instrumental variables design using global cashew price shifts to instrument local cultivation. A 10 percentage point increase in land share under cashews increases local GDP by 1.3%, but reduces forest cover by 2.6%. Cost- benefit calculations show that doubling cultivation would generate $USD 66 million in aggregate income gains but cost $USD 147 million in terms of forest loss. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–10–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:347614 |
| By: | ASIANI, Freddy |
| Abstract: | The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is rich in natural resources, but its economy remains vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices. Endogenous economic diversif ication, a concept aimed at broadening a country’s economic base by utilizing its own resources and capacities, could offer a pathway to sustainable and self-sustaining development in the DRC. This paper explores the Theory of Endogenous Diversification by examining its theoretical foundations, international experiences, and specific strategies applicable to the DRC, integrating mathematical developments to support this new theory. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous economic diversification, Resource curse, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sustainable development, Human capital, Infrastructure, Innovation and technology, Agriculture, Ecotourism, Mathematical growth model. |
| JEL: | O13 O14 O15 O16 O33 Q32 Q33 |
| Date: | 2024–10–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122276 |
| By: | Mr. Philippe Wingender; Jiaxiong Yao; Robert Zymek; Benjamin Carton; Mr. Diego A. Cerdeiro; Miss Anke Weber |
| Abstract: | European countries have set ambitious goals to reduce their carbon emissions. These goals include a transition to electric vehicles (EVs)—a sector that China increasingly dominates globally—which could reduce the demand for Europe’s large and interconnected auto sector. This paper aims to size up the tradeoffs between Europe’s shift towards EVs and key macroeconomic outcomes, and analyze which policies may sharpen or ease them. Using state-of-the-art macroeconomic and trade models we analyze a scenario in which the share of Chinese cars in EU purchases rises by 15 percent over 5 years as a result of both a positive productivity shock for car production in China and a demand shock that shifts consumer preferences towards Chinese cars (given China’s dominance in the EV sector). We find that for the EU as a whole, the GDP cost of this shift is small in the short term, in the range of 0.2-0.3 percent of GDP, and close to zero over the long term. Adverse short-run effects are more significant for smaller economies heavily reliant on the car sector, mainly in Central Europe. Protectionist policies, such as tariffs on Chinese EVs, would raise the GDP cost of the EV transition. A further increase in Chinese FDI inflows that results in a significant share of Chinese EVs being produced in Central European economies, on the other hand, would offset losses in these economies by supporting their shift from supplying the internal combustion engine (ICE) production chain to that of EVs. |
| Keywords: | Electric vehicles; green transition; trade; tariffs; global value chains. |
| Date: | 2024–10–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/218 |
| By: | Mina Baliamoune |
| Abstract: | Greater female participation in the labor market and in international trade have been recognized as important drivers for economic growth and essential targets in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, achieving both targets simultaneously will be difficult, if not impossible, in most Middle East and North African (MENA) countries without additional policies to eliminate the remarkably high levels of gender inequality in the labor market. In such countries, women are either excluded from the gains from trade or bear most of the burden of adjustment to greater integration in the global economy. Policymakers should recognize the impacts of greater integration into global trade on women’s labor-market outcomes, and should implement resolute policy measures to alleviate (if not eliminate) these impacts. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rtrade:pb_06-24 |
| By: | Mina Baliamoune |
| Abstract: | Greater female participation in the labor market and in international trade have been recognized as important drivers for economic growth and essential targets in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, achieving both targets simultaneously will be difficult, if not impossible, in most Middle East and North African (MENA) countries without additional policies to eliminate the remarkably high levels of gender inequality in the labor market. In such countries, women are either excluded from the gains from trade or bear most of the burden of adjustment to greater integration in the global economy. Policymakers should recognize the impacts of greater integration into global trade on women’s labor-market outcomes, and should implement resolute policy measures to alleviate (if not eliminate) these impacts. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbtrad:pb_06-24 |
| By: | Cimini, Francesco; Kalantzis, Fotios |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of green and digital investments on the investment inefficiency level of European firms. We define investment inefficiency as the deviation from the optimal investment level, which depends on both the net present value (NPV) of the projects and the marginal benefit and cost of investment. Leveraging matched data from the European Investment Survey (EIBIS) and ORBIS, which results in a sample of 4, 892 firmyear observations from 27 European countries surveyed over the period 2021-2023, we employed a panel data regression model to estimate the effect of green and digital investments on investment inefficiency. Our analysis shows that both types of investments reduce investment inefficiency, particularly for under-investing firms. We also find evidence of a statistically significant interaction effect between green and digital investments for over-investing firms, suggesting that digital technologies can enhance the efficiency gains from green investments. Our results have important implications for policy makers and business managers who aim to foster the twin digital and green transition in Europe and improve their investment efficiency and competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | European Investment Bank Investment Survey, Investment Inefficiency, Green investment, Digital investment, Twin transition |
| JEL: | M41 G31 Q53 O33 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:eibwps:304395 |
| By: | Nurfatima Jandarova (Tampere University, Finnish Centre of Excellence in Tax Systems Research (FIT)); Aldo Rustichini (University of Minnesota) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the evolution of the distribution of genotypes in European populations over the past 14, 000 years. In our model, evolution is driven by selection operating after a shift in the productivity of agriculture, induced by the post-Younger Dryas climate change, in a Roy model where individuals self-select into one of two sectors, foraging and farming. The model extends a standard Wright-Fisher model to include two technologies and sexual reproduction. We test the model in two data sets, ancient and modern DNA, matching the observed distributions of genetic variables (allele frequencies and lineages). We show that a shift in the distribution of allele frequencies in a direction favoring higher cognitive ability, occurred when climate warming changed the relative productivity of agriculture and foraging. The general implication we draw is that historical transformations (e.g., climate change and technological change) may affect the distribution of genotype and thus economic equilibria and institutions. |
| Keywords: | technological change, occupational choice, individual characteristics, genetic transmission, population genetics |
| JEL: | E71 J24 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fit:wpaper:27 |
| By: | Beate Fischer (University of Kassel, Institute of Economics); Tom Schütte (University of Kassel, Institute of Economics); Heike Wetzel (University of Kassel, Institute of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates whether a residential solar mandate in the case of roof renovation is a useful complement to economic incentives for further photovoltaics (PV) adoption. Analyzing determinants affecting PV ownership and installation intentions among single-family homeowners, as well as factors influencing support for a solar mandate and perceptions of its effectiveness, our empirical results, based on a survey of German utility customers, show that a residential solar mandate is a rather unpopular policy measure among homeowners. However, a solar mandate addresses two important factors which increase the willingness to install PV: firstly, the perception that the personal environment expects more PV, and secondly, an upcoming roof renovation. Both social desirability and a favorable time window can be institutionalized through a solar mandate. In terms of support for a solar mandate, we find that the perceived effectiveness of such a mandate has a strong influence on homeowner support. Perceived effectiveness, in turn, is closely related to perceived cost savings and perceived environmental benefits of PV. Based on these results, we conclude that an active information policy regarding the environmental and cost implications of PV expansion is essential to increase the acceptance of a solar mandate. |
| Keywords: | Photovoltaics, solar mandate, public support, empirical analysis |
| JEL: | D12 Q42 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202402 |
| By: | Kyle, Jordan; Ragasa, Catherine |
| Abstract: | The Women’s Empowerment in Agrifood Governance (WEAGov) is an assessment tool developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and partners to evaluate women’s empowerment across the national policy cycle related to agrifood systems. WEAGov helps national policymakers, civil society actors, and researchers identify specific gaps and opportunities for enhancing women’s voice and agency in the agrifood policy process. It also aids in monitoring progress towards women’s empowerment in agrifood systems governance and related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This implementation manual describes WEAGov’s approach and methodology and provides guidance for its use. Additional support materials are available on the WEAGov project website (https://www.ifpri.org/project/womens-empowerment-agrifood-governance-weagov/), which is regularly updated. |
| Keywords: | policies; women's participation; agrifood systems; socioeconomic development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:155060 |
| By: | Neerbewendé Abdoul Rachid Pafadnam (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | Although there is no consensus on the relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth, much of the economic literature suggests that natural resource abundance negatively affects economic growth in developing countries, leading to the resource curse theory. This situation led the international community to create the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in 2003 to promote the effective contribution of natural resources to economic growth through a process involving governments, extractive industries, and civil society. Considering 99 developing countries from 1995 to 2019 and applying recent heterogeneity-robust difference-in-differences (DID) estimators, we find a positive and statistically significant relationship between EITI implementation and economic growth. Several robustness checks support this result.Most interestingly, the analysis of EITI's dynamic effects reveals that these effects occur only in the short and medium terms. In addition, we tested several potential transmission channels and identified the increase in foreign direct investment and the rise in resource revenue as the main transmission channels. Moreover, we postulate and investigate four possible explanations behind the EITI's mixed results on long-term growth: the lack of evidence of a negative relationship between natural resource abundance and long-term economic growth over the study period, a possible increasing reliance on non-resource taxes, a possible signaling effect targeted by member countries, and the lack of effect of EITI implementation on reducing corruption. Finally, the document provides economic policy recommendations for better governance in the management of natural resources in order to increase their contribution to development financing. Furthermore, improving governance in managing critical minerals is vital to avoid a "new curse of critical minerals". |
| Keywords: | Governance Natural resources Economic growth Extractive industries transparency Resource curse Heterogeneous and dynamic treatment effects. JEL Classification: G38 O13 O19 O43 Q32 Q38, Governance, Natural resources, Economic growth, Extractive industries transparency, Resource curse, Heterogeneous and dynamic treatment effects., JEL Classification: G38, O13, O19, O43, Q32, Q38 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04727043 |
| By: | Strzelecka, Celina |
| Abstract: | This article examines the implementation and impact of the Digital Urban Waste Tracking System (DUWTS) in Poland, a smart waste management technology designed to enhance waste segregation practices in urban environments. DUWTS combines public administration and private sector efforts to oversee proper waste disposal through advanced dataveillance technologies. The system utilizes electronic ground containers equipped with sensors and QR codes to weigh and record waste, aiming to improve recycling levels and manage waste data. The purpose of the research is to critically explore the concept of "waste data reflectivity, " highlighting the socio-technological implications of data representation in waste management. The major findings reveal significant distortions and errors in data reflection, impacting various stakeholders, including municipalities, waste disposal companies, and residents. The study concludes that while DUWTS represents a technological advancement, it also perpetuates existing challenges in waste management by obscuring true complexities and responsibilities. Integrating critical discard studies and critical data studies, the article provides a nuanced understanding of the data-driven waste management systems' complexities and challenges. |
| Date: | 2024–10–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ebzsv |
| By: | Sébastien Shulz (COSTECH - Connaissance Organisation et Systèmes TECHniques - UTC - Université de Technologie de Compiègne, IFRIS - Institut francilien recherche, innovation et société - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - OST - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - ESIEE Paris - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | After a mixed start, the market for short-distance car-sharing platforms is now booming, with considerable public support in the name of the ecological transition of the mobility sector. Yet the solution of a market of digital platforms to meet the environmental challenges of the private car is not self-evident. To understand how this alignment came about, I carried out a survey through semi-structured interviews (N=22), the collection of grey literature and press articles (N=698), and the observation of the socio-technical characteristics of the main platforms (N=5). I analyzed this material by placing myself at the crossroads between the sociology of the political construction of markets and the sociology of market arrangements. The article shows why and how the state favors the techno-market capitalist platform model over the other two models (cooperative and social utility), helping to build an economy of capture. It concludes with a discussion of the tension between the state's objectives of greening the mobility sector, and its support for capitalist platforms whose model is likely to generate "rebound effects". |
| Abstract: | Après des débuts mitigés, le marché des plateformes de covoiturage courte distance connaît un essor et un soutien public importants au nom de la transition écologique du secteur de la mobilité. Pourtant, la solution d'un marché de plateformes numériques en vue de répondre aux enjeux environnementaux de la voiture individuelle ne va pas de soi. Pour comprendre comment cet alignement a été opéré, j'ai mené l'enquête à travers des entretiens semi-directifs (N=22), la récolte de littérature grise et d'articles de presse (N=698), ainsi que l'observation des caractéristiques sociotechniques des principales plateformes (N=5). J'ai analysé ce matériau en me plaçant au croisement au croisement de la sociologie de la construction politique des marchés et la sociologie des agencements marchands. L'article montre pourquoi et comment l'État favorise le modèle des plateformes capitalistes techno-marchandes par rapport aux deux autres modèles (coopératif et d'utilité sociale) en contribuant à construire une économie de la captation. Il conclut sur la tension entre les objectifs d'écologisation du secteur de la mobilité porté par l'État, et son soutien aux plateformes capitalistes dont le modèle est susceptible d'entraîner des « effets rebonds ». |
| Keywords: | Platform, Car-sharing, Digital economy, Political construction of markets, Ecological transition, Plateforme, Covoiturage, Economie numérique, Construction politique des marchés, Transition écologique |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04715550 |
| By: | Siqi Huang; Anupam Nanda; Eero Valtonen |
| Abstract: | Research on ESG issues in real estate has indicated a complex link between sustainable real estate and financial success. A particular challenge in exploring the link comes from the lack of robust measures of various aspects of real estate sustainability, partly due to the limited availability of granular data. Presently, the assessment of firm-level real estate sustainability mainly uses ESG or CSR ratings from rating agencies, which rely heavily on self-disclosed ESG data from real estate companies. These third-party ESG/CSR ratings come with several limitations, including overlooking the potential impact of disclosure language patterns and sentiment bias on ESG ratings. In this study, we focus on the words around ESG actions and promises from official disclosures and credible news sources and offer a comprehensive evaluation of real estate companies' sustainability performance. We focus on 65 US REITs over a 15-year time period. Our preliminary analysis, based on computational linguistic techniques, highlights various salient features of what companies disclose in the public domain. |
| Keywords: | ESG Discourse; Real Estate Sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-076 |
| By: | Daria Denti (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Paola Proietti (Joint Research Centre); Alice Siragusa (Joint Research Centre); Iraklis Stamos (Joint Research Centre) |
| Abstract: | Rising economic inequality poses a significant urban challenge. Research indicates that current deficiencies in defining urban economic inequality hinder monitoring and policy formulation. We propose that the emphasis on decent work and inclusive growth outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 8 and 10, could aid in refining this definition. By integrating insights from urban inequality research in regional science with space-neutral inequality domains from SDG literature, we present a novel characterisation of urban inequality encompassing income and working conditions. Our approach emphasises the inclusion of populations not captured by official registries, multidimensionality, and within-city metrics, which we operationalise in a monitoring framework. We validate our framework through mixed-method analysis, employing the city of Bologna, Italy, as a case study and engaging local stakeholders to interpret the findings. Our metrics reveal spatial patterns of inequality overlooked by conventional approaches. Multidimensional measures, integrating employment with underemployment and income with demographic factors, unveil nuanced inequality dynamics both between and within urban areas. Similarly, metrics incorporating homeless individuals and irregular migrants in the target population illuminate previously obscured dimensions of inequality. Finally, we underscore the utility of data generated by municipalities and other local stakeholders, which remain underutilised in urban inequality research. |
| Keywords: | urban inequality, income, employment, homeless, SDGs |
| JEL: | D31 D63 H75 J15 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp53 |
| By: | Abdelmounaim Aggour (Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir]); Raja Elboq (ESITH) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to identify and analyse the main obstacles hindering the transition of textile and apparel supply chains towards sustainability, while exploring the motivations to overcome them. Using a qualitative research methodology based on semi-structured interviews with 6 key informants from the textile and apparel industry in Morocco, this study seeks to understand the specific challenges and motivations of companies in this sector on their path to sustainability. The findings enhance our understanding of the complex dynamics within the industry, providing insights for guiding policies and practices aimed at promoting a more sustainable textile and apparel supply chain in Morocco. |
| Abstract: | Cet article vise à identifier et analyser les principaux obstacles entravant la transition des chaînes logistiques du textile et de l'habillement vers la durabilité, tout en explorant les motivations pour les surmonter. En utilisant une méthodologie de recherche qualitative, basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de 6 informateurs clés de l'industrie du textile et de l'habillement, cette étude cherche à comprendre les défis spécifiques ainsi que les motivations des entreprises de ce secteur dans leur parcours vers la durabilité. Les résultats obtenus améliorent notre compréhension des dynamiques complexes du secteur, offrant ainsi des indications utiles pour orienter les politiques et les pratiques visant à promouvoir une chaîne logistique du textile et de l'habillement plus durable au Maroc. |
| Keywords: | sustainable supply chain, textile and apparel industry, barriers, motivations, Morocco, chaîne logistique durable, textile et habillement, obstacles, Maroc |
| Date: | 2024–10–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04739495 |
| By: | Heep-Altiner, Maria; Land, Matthias; Sebold-Bender, Monika; Schüte, Michael |
| Abstract: | Nach jedem größeren Elementarschadenereignis häufen sich die Rufe nach Pflichtversicherungslösungen, ohne dass hier die Frage gestellt wird, ob solche Risiken überhaupt versicherbar sind. Gerade bei Elementarrisiken gibt es aber einige Hindernisse, die bei einer fairen Lösung sowohl für Versicherte und Versicherungsunternehmen als auch für die Gesellschaft insgesamt bewältigt werden müssen. |
| Abstract: | After any bigger natural disaster event, there is a huge public request for obligatory insurance solutions without any consideration if those risks are insurable or not. Especially, with respect to natural disaster risks, there are some obstacles that have to be removed in order to reach a fair solution for the insured, the insurance companies, and the society in general. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:thkivw:304406 |
| By: | Otaviano Canuto Hinh T. Dinh Karim El Aynaoui Hafez Ghanem Badr Mandri |
| Abstract: | This policy brief was originally published on T20 India website A decade of poor growth, increased poverty, and political instability followed the serious debt difficulties that emerged worldwide in the 1980s. There are concerns that the looming debt crisis could create similar challenges and result in even more severe consequences. However, the current economic climate differs in many ways from that of the 1980s, when international banks and Paris Club creditors held most of the external debt. Today, the profile of creditors is more diverse, and the mechanisms established by the G20 and multilateral development banks to address this new crisis are partly based on outdated approaches that are no longer effective in adapting to new realities. As a result, a more holistic and integrated approach is required to address the challenges of external debt faced by developing countries, particularly in Africa. Such an approach should take into account the issue of over-indebtedness while also addressing climate protection, the most pressing issue of the 21st century. A promising solution to tackling these challenges could be a new debt reduction initiative focused on climate action. This policy brief recommends a ‘Debt Relief for Climate Initiative’ that will link debt reduction with investments in climate adaptation and mitigation projects. |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rtrade:none |
| By: | Céline Grislain-Letrémy; Julie Sixou; Aurélie Sotura |
| Abstract: | During heatwaves, urban heat islands (UHI) affect cities neighborhoods heterogeneously due to differences in urban form, building quality, vegetation, and human activity. Some populations are particularly vulnerable, such as older adults and young children or low-income households, who have fewer options facing UHI. In this paper, for the first time, we measure UHI exposure among households depending on their income in the major French cities. We build and match finely localized data on temperature, vegetation, residential building density, height and period of construction, and households socioeconomic characteristics across nine of the largest French cities. We find that the relationship between UHI exposure and income depends on their pre-existing spatial sorting. In cities like Paris, the French capital, where both affluent and low-income households reside close to the city center, UHI exposure by income follows a U-shaped curve. In contrast, in cities where affluent households live in rich suburbs, like Lyon, France's second largest city, UHI exposure decreases with income. We also find that vulnerable households, defined by both age and income criteria, are slightly more exposed but far less able to renovate their dwellings or leave cities during heatwaves. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Urban Heat Islands; Urban Areas; Spatial Inequalities |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 R14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:966 |
| By: | Burbano-Figueroa, Oscar |
| Abstract: | Los sistemas agrícolas de todo el mundo se están volviendo cada vez más vulnerables debido a los impactos del cambio climático. El aumento de las temperaturas, los patrones de lluvia impredecibles y los eventos climáticos extremos más frecuentes amenazan la productividad y la sostenibilidad de la agricultura, particularmente en regiones que dependen en gran medida de la agricultura para su sustento. Los enfoques tradicionales de adaptación al cambio climático, que dependen de modelos predictivos y de la planificación a largo plazo, a menudo no abordan adecuadamente las profundas incertidumbres que plantea el cambio climático. Estos enfoques suponen que las condiciones climáticas futuras pueden preverse con precisión, lo cual es cada vez más poco fiable debido a la complejidad de los sistemas climáticos. En contraste, los métodos de análisis de decisiones diseñados para la incertidumbre profunda ofrecen un marco más flexible y adaptable para desarrollar estrategias agrícolas resilientes. Este artículo explora cuatro de estos métodos: Toma de Decisiones Robusta (RDM, por sus siglas en inglés), Vías de Políticas Adaptativas Dinámicas (DAPP), Redes de Decisiones Bayesianas (BDN) y Teoría de Decisión Info-Gap (IGDT). Estos métodos permiten a los tomadores de decisiones evaluar una amplia gama de escenarios futuros potenciales y desarrollar estrategias que funcionen bien en diferentes resultados posibles, sin depender de un solo futuro predicho. A través de estudios de casos y ejemplos, este artículo proporciona evidencia de que estos métodos son más efectivos para construir resiliencia en los sistemas agrícolas bajo condiciones de incertidumbre. La integración de estos marcos de toma de decisiones en las políticas agrícolas, particularmente en regiones vulnerables, puede ayudar a garantizar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las prácticas agrícolas, la seguridad alimentaria y los medios de vida rurales. El artículo concluye con recomendaciones para escalar estos métodos y llama a la investigación futura sobre su aplicación en diversos contextos agroecológicos. |
| Date: | 2024–10–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6fwh5 |
| By: | Francis Perrin |
| Abstract: | À la fin de la COP28, qui s’est tenue à Doubaï (E mirats arabes unis) du 30 novembre au 13 décembre 2023, les E tats qui ont signé et ratifié la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) ont adopté par consensus le ‘‘ Global Stocktake’’ qui prévoit notamment que le monde doit engager une transition qui l’éloignera des énergies fossiles ( ‘‘ transitioning away from fossil fuels’’) de façon ‘‘juste, ordonnée et équitable’’ (‘‘in a just, ordered and equitable manner’’). Un peu moins de 200 E tats sont donc en théorie tenus d’aller dans le sens de ce texte qui fait d’ailleurs déjà l’objet de plusieurs interprétations. De nombreux pays ont estimé qu’il s’agissait du ‘‘début de la fin des énergies fossiles’’, une conclusion qui nous semble un peu hâtive. Au-delà de ces diverses interprétations, revenons sur l’attitude des pays qui ont beaucoup travaillé pour obtenir l’inscription de la phrase citée ci-dessus dans le texte final de la COP28 et qui se sont félicités de ce résultat en estimant que cette COP représentait un tournant majeur. Il y en a beaucoup et nous ne pourrons pas être exhaustifs dans le format de cette note. Mais les exemples que nous avons sélectionnés sont très représentatifs. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_47-23 |
| By: | Marc Bidan (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Hugues Ferreboeuf (The Shift Project. Redesigning the economy to achieve carbon transition); Laurie Marrauld (ARENES - Arènes: politique, santé publique, environnement, médias - UR - Université de Rennes - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP], IDM - Institut du Management - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP]); Florence Rodhain (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School) |
| Abstract: | L'informatique en nuage et les pratiques qui s'y rattachent sont l'une des activités les plus énergivores de tout l'écosystème numérique. Le 10 mars 2021, un incendie a détruit entièrement l'un des quatre centres de données strasbourgeois de OVH, le numéro un français du "cloud computing". Cet incendie malheureux (voir la photo, p. 153) et ses conséquences lourdes doivent nous inciter à repenser le rapport du numérique à l'environnement et à sa propre durabilité. Les dégâts et les impacts de cet incendie montrent que le "cloud", le « nuage », n'est pas si éthéré que cela. Bien au contraire. Lorsque le centre de données brule, c'est bien de la matière qui brule. Nos données sont hébergées et traitées dans des usines, même si leur réalité physique, virtualisée par les discours marketing et médiatiques, est devenue de moins en moins perceptible pour l'utilisateur final. |
| Keywords: | développement durable, environnement, industrie numérique, pollution, pollution numérique |
| Date: | 2024–02–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04712797 |
| By: | Mehmet Muzaffer Sandalc? (Department of Engineering, K?rklareli University, Kayal? Campus) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper titled ?The Modelling of Potential Evapotranspiration Based on Climate Data Using Empirical and Heuristic Methods? is to estimate the potential evapotranspiration in the Ergene Basin, Turkey. Accurately observing the amount of total evapotranspiration in any given region usually is a perilous task given the fact that setups to directly observe evapotranspiration are costly build and highly effort-inducing to operate. Therefore, calculating the potential evapotranspiration of a region by using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith formula instead of observing directly is preferred. However, FAO-56 PM formula requires a lot of different data sets, which may not be accessible in various regions, to effectively utilize. For this reason, scientists have been researching different methods to calculate potential evapotranspiration without the need for numerous climate data sets. In this paper, in the first step, reference evapotranspiration was calculated using the FAO-56 PM empirical formula. In the second step, potential evapotranspiration was calculated using the Blaney-Criddle empirical formula. In the third step, climate data including Rs, E, Tmax, Tort, Tmin, and Sh were used to calculate potential evapotranspiration using the MARS and GMDH heuristic methods. Among these methods, the GMDH method combining Rs, E, Tmax, Tort, Tmin, and Sh yielded the best performance with performance criteria of R2= 0.9846, MSE=49.07, MAE=5.56, and AARE=7.23 compared to the reference evapotranspiration. |
| Keywords: | Evapotranspiration, FAO-56, Blaney-Criddle, Heuristic Methods, Ergene Basin |
| JEL: | C51 C52 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:14816441 |
| By: | Anne Saint-Eve (SayFood - Paris-Saclay Food and Bioproduct Engineering - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, AgroParisTech, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)); Isabelle Souchon (SQPOV - Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale - AU - Avignon Université - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Louis-Georges Soler (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julien Delarue (UC - University of California) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to determine the sensory drivers of liking, perceived naturalness, and healthiness of pizzas in an ecological setting. The approach consisted in evaluating beliefs, perceptions, and liking by consumers of a large range of 16 pizzas representative of the French commercial market and selected on environmental and nutritional criteria. Sixty-four pizza consumers were invited to take 16 different meals in real-setting conditions of consumption at a university restaurant with pizza as the main course. Pizzas were also characterized by a trained sensory panel. This study confirms a positive link between liking and healthiness and naturalness, even though individual differences were evident, with some consumers prioritizing naturalness while others favored healthiness. Frozen pizzas are perceived as highly processed but were well liked when evaluated in the dining condition. Overall, preferences were mainly driven by the presence of multiple pieces of vegetables, sauce, and color. Drivers of dislike were mostly related to texture (stickiness and difficulty to cut). Although preference, naturalness, and healthiness mappings are relatively similar, our models show a discrepancy in the way texture drives preferences and perceived healthiness. This suggests that texture may play a critical role in the trade-offs between liking and healthiness, and that there may be a fine line between what is considered a desirable texture and a healthy texture. Individual regressions provided insights into consumer diversity, while combining sensory profiling with consumer-based methods offered a comprehensive understanding of product perception. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude vise à déterminer les déterminants sensoriels de l'appréciation, de la naturalité perçue et du caractère sain des pizzas dans un contexte écologique. La démarche a consisté à évaluer les croyances, les perceptions et l'appréciation par les consommateurs d'une large gamme de 16 pizzas représentatives du marché commercial français et sélectionnées sur des critères environnementaux et nutritionnels. Soixante-quatre consommateurs de pizzas ont été invités à prendre 16 repas différents dans des conditions réelles de consommation dans un restaurant universitaire avec une pizza comme plat principal. Les pizzas ont également été caractérisées par un panel sensoriel entraîné. Cette étude confirme l'existence d'un lien positif entre l'appréciation, la salubrité et le naturel, même si des différences individuelles sont apparues, certains consommateurs privilégiant le naturel tandis que d'autres préféraient la salubrité. Les pizzas surgelées sont perçues comme hautement transformées, mais elles ont été bien appréciées lorsqu'elles ont été évaluées en condition de repas. Dans l'ensemble, les préférences étaient principalement motivées par la présence de plusieurs morceaux de légumes, de sauce et de couleur. Les facteurs d'aversion étaient principalement liés à la texture (collante et difficile à couper). Bien que les cartographies des préférences, du naturel et de la salubrité soient relativement similaires, nos modèles montrent une divergence dans la manière dont la texture détermine les préférences et la salubrité perçue. Cela suggère que la texture peut jouer un rôle essentiel dans les compromis entre l'appréciation et la salubrité, et qu'il peut y avoir une frontière ténue entre ce qui est considéré comme une texture souhaitable et une texture saine. Les régressions individuelles ont permis de mieux comprendre la diversité des consommateurs, tandis que la combinaison du profilage sensoriel et des méthodes basées sur les consommateurs a permis d'obtenir une compréhension globale de la perception des produits. |
| Keywords: | Healthiness, Naturalness, Beliefs, Plant/animal protein ratio, Multi-component food, Field testing |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04732750 |
| By: | Jérémie Gilbert |
| Abstract: | Au cours des dernières décennies, les initiatives pour reconnaître des droits à la nature se sont multipliées, donnant naissance à un mouvement global. Or, il existe de multiples pistes de synergies entre ce mouvement et les droits humains. Ils s’inscrivent dans une même pensée philosophique, éthique et morale de reconnaissance de droits fondés sur les valeurs inhérentes et intrinsèques des entités vivantes – aussi bien humaine que non-humaines. Dans ce contexte, cette recherche se penche sur les liens du triptyque : droits humains conventionnels, droit à un environnement sain et droits de la nature avec pour objectif d’offrir une analyse de l’interdépendance entre ces familles de droits et la façon dont les acteurs du développement peuvent se saisir de ces enjeux dans une logique écocentrique. L’objectif de cette réflexion n’est pas que théorique, au contraire. En effet, la jurisprudence des droits humains intègre de plus en plus les droits de la nature comme faisant partie du droit à un environnement sain. Le droit à un environnement sain met ainsi l’accent sur le lien entre le bien-être des êtres humains et le reste du monde naturel – soulignant la réciprocité intrinsèque entre tous ces éléments. La complémentarité des droits humains et des droits de la nature se traduit également par les efforts déployés par les défenseurs des droits et de l’environnement issus des peuples autochtones, pour lier les droits culturels à une approche relationnelle de la nature. Cette dernière favorise l'émergence d'une approche juridique considérant le monde naturel comme un système interconnecté, composé de nombreuses formes de vie en relation dynamique les unes avec les autres englobant la biosphère dans son ensemble – humaine et non-humaine. L’approche plus relationnelle à la nature représente un élément important de la jurisprudence émergente des tribunaux internationaux et régionaux concernant les droits des peuples autochtones. Elle souligne l’importance de sortir des dichotomies humains/nature pour penser différemment la relation des humains aux non-humains et réviser la relation au vivant en tenant compte des approches des peuples autochtones. À ce titre, l’ambition de cette recherche est d’analyser comment ces liens entre les familles de droits peuvent contribuer à un nouveau modèle de développement véritablement durable, pour l’ensemble du vivant. Néanmoins, cette étude analyse aussi les potentiels conflits entre les droits humains et les droits de la nature sachant que les mesures de protection de l'environnement peuvent restreindre le champ de la liberté d'action individuelle et sont susceptibles de limiter la jouissance des droits humains. Le principe de proportionnalité – qui est souvent au cœur des décisions relatives aux droits humains – pourrait devenir un véhicule pour gérer de tels conflits. Ce principe met sur un pied d’égalité les intérêts humains et les intérêts de la nature – plutôt que d’imposer une quelconque hiérarchie entre ces intérêts parfois divergents.Enfin, cette recherche explore comment une telle complémentarité entre les droits humains et les droits de la nature peut conduire à une nouvelle approche moins anthropocentrique du droit au développement, ainsi que du droit international pénal. En se basant notamment sur l’importante jurisprudence de nombreux pays d’Amérique Latine qui ont déjà intégré les droits de la nature au même niveau que les droits humains dans leur système interne, la recherche montre comment une approche reconnaissant et respectant à la fois les droits humains et les droits de la nature est essentiel pour construire une société juste, durable et équilibrée qui valorise et préserve la dignité et l'interdépendance de toutes les formes de vie, et rompre avec une conception majoritairement dominée par une approche anthropocentrique et économique envers la nature. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–10–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr17491 |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic, cost-of-living crisis and emerging geopolitical risks and conflicts have significantly disrupted economies and impacted people's lives. How’s Life? 2024 - Well-being and Resilience in Times of Crisis, the 6th edition of the How's Life? report series, provides a compass to understand how well OECD governments are navigating these interconnected challenges. It presents the latest insights from over 80 indicators in the OECD Well-being Framework and assesses the social, economic, and environmental outcomes that matter most to people’s lives. It identifies current social, inclusion and sustainability challenges, and highlights key policy areas and emerging risks needing further attention. The main findings of How's Life? 2024 are summarised in this policy insights. |
| Date: | 2024–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:wiseab:17-en |
| By: | Marshall Burke; Joel Ferguson; Solomon M. Hsiang; Edward Miguel |
| Abstract: | We survey the quantitative research literature linking climate and conflict, a body of research that spans multiple academic disciplines and has roughly doubled in size in the last decade. It makes three main contributions. First, we carry out a meta-analysis – updating Hsiang et al (2013) and Burke et al (2015) with a far larger sample – and confirm that extreme climate is associated with elevated risk of inter-group conflict, intra-personal violence, and self-harm. The estimated average effects are smaller than the earlier estimates, although they remain meaningful in magnitude and highly statistically significant. Second, we present a methodological discussion and empirical illustration of how the use of data at different spatial and temporal scales can affect these results. Third, we discuss specific studies that present evidence on the mechanisms underlying this relationship including: (1) economic conditions, income, and agricultural productivity; (2) socio-demographic factors; (3) migration and transportation costs; (4) policy, politics and institutions; and (5) psychological and physiological factors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of policy implications and some open questions. |
| JEL: | O1 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33040 |
| By: | Rim Awkal (UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the institutional pressures faced by Lebanese private universities, using neo-institutional theory as an analytical framework, within a context marked by Lebanon's deep economic and political crisis. Through in-depth interviews with university professors and administrators, we identify and analyze the forms of isomorphism—coercive, mimetic, and normative—that influence the functioning of these institutions. The analysis reveals that coercive isomorphism, primarily driven by government regulations and accreditation requirements, is the most dominant form of pressure. However, elements of mimetic isomorphism are also observed, where universities adopt practices similar to those of institutions perceived as more prestigious, in response to the environmental uncertainty exacerbated by the crisis. Normative isomorphism, though less prominent, emerges through the shared professional standards of faculty and administrative staff. These findings offer a new perspective on institutional dynamics within Lebanese private universities, highlighting the additional challenges they face in a national environment in crisis. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude explore les pressions institutionnelles qui s'exercent sur les universités privées libanaises en utilisant la théorie néo-institutionnelle comme cadre d'analyse, dans un contexte marqué par une crise économique et politique profonde au Liban. À travers des entretiens approfondis menés avec des professeurs et des administrateurs universitaires, nous identifions et analysons les formes d'isomorphisme—coercitif, mimétique, et normatif—qui influencent le fonctionnement de ces institutions. L'analyse révèle que l'isomorphisme coercitif, résultant principalement des régulations gouvernementales et des exigences des organismes d'accréditation, est le type de pression le plus dominant. Cependant, des éléments d'isomorphisme mimétique sont également observés, où les universités adoptent des pratiques similaires à celles d'institutions perçues comme plus prestigieuses, en réponse à l'incertitude environnementale exacerbée par la crise. L'isomorphisme normatif, bien que moins prononcé, émerge à travers les standards professionnels partagés par le corps professoral et administratif. Ces résultats offrent une nouvelle perspective sur les dynamiques institutionnelles au sein des universités privées libanaises, mettant en lumière les défis supplémentaires auxquels elles sont confrontées dans un environnement national en crise. |
| Keywords: | Pressions institutionnelles, Isomorphisme, Théorie néo-institutionnelle, Universités privées libanaises, Crise économique, Crise politique, Régulation, Gouvernance universitaire |
| Date: | 2024–09–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04729394 |
| By: | Vijayakumar Bharathi S (Symbiosis International University); Arif Perdana (Monash university); T S Vivekanand; V G Venkatesh (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie); Yang Cheng (AAU - Aalborg University [Denmark]); Yangyan Shi (Macquarie University [Sydney]) |
| Abstract: | his study integrates technology-organisation-environment (TOE) theory with situation-actor-process(SAP) and learning-action-performance (LAP) models to provide a comprehensive evaluation of com-plex seafood supply chain management (SCM) systems. We present a framework based on Blockchaintechnology that facilitates the transformation of the seafood supply chain ecosystem from its currentstate to a more streamlined one in the future. This framework offers the potential for driving trans-formation and delivering advantages that encompass improved data efficiency, sustainable practices, and streamlined integration across the seafood supply chain. Our research highlights the importanceof accurate data management, stakeholder involvement, regulatory compliance, cybersecurity, cost-effectiveness, transparency, and sustainability for the successful integration of Blockchain in seafoodSCM systems. This allows stakeholders to make informed decisions and optimise spending.Furthermore, we emphasise the significant value of transparency provided by Blockchain, which ena-bles stakeholders to make well-informed decisions and optimise their spending. |
| Keywords: | Blockchain, Supply chainmanagement, Seafood industry, TOE, Blockchain supply chain management seafood industry TOE, supply chain management, seafood industry |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04737690 |
| By: | Stern, Lennart |
| JEL: | F55 F53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302448 |
| By: | Clara Husson (UPR HORTSYS - Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Flore Magnant (UICN - Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature UICN); Grégoire Savourey (UICN - Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature UICN); Magali Aubert (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Joël Huat (UPR HORTSYS - Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Cirad-PERSYST - Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Keywords: | Systèmes agroforestiers, Mayotte |
| Date: | 2023–11–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04732861 |
| By: | Petrolia, Daniel R.; Haner, Judy |
| Abstract: | Numerous coastal restoration projects have been funded and implemented in Alabama and Mississippi, but very little effort has gone into estimating the value of the services provided by these projects. Our work focused on 23 coastal habitat restoration projects in Alabama and Mississippi, most of which were constructed as a result of post-Deepwater Horizon funding. We organized projects into four categories: marsh creation, living shorelines, oyster cultch, and beach enhancement. We collected cost and benefit information for each project. Benefits were organized into nine categories: marsh habitat created, restored, or enhanced; marsh habitat protected; bottom reef habitat created; breakwater reef habitat created; oysters produced; benthic secondary production enhanced; beach/dune habitat created; recreational beach trips enhanced; and residential property values enhanced. Benefits were quantified based on data found in project documentation, including project summaries, monitoring reports, and other information obtained from project personnel. Benefits were monetized using benefit transfer, a method that takes existing benefit values from one or more existing studies and applies them to a new study. Fortunately, a handful of valuation projects have been completed in recent years specifically for our study area and habitat types, making benefit transfer relatively straightforward. Median, lower-bound, and upper-bound benefit values were estimated and benefit-cost (B-C) ratios were calculated. Of the fifteen completed projects, ten of them have positive estimated median net benefits, that is, median total benefits generated by the project exceed project cost. All but two projects have positive estimated net benefits under the upper-bound benefit values. Only one project has positive estimated net benefits even under the lower-bound benefit values. Ten of the fifteen projects have median benefit-cost ratios greater than 1.0. Five projects have median benefit-cost ratios greater than 2.0, meaning that for every dollar invested, they yielded over $2 in benefits. Two projects have median ratios greater than 3.0. Projects with construction or monitoring ongoing had incomplete benefit information, making a complete analysis infeasible. We also evaluated projects at the categorical level. This analysis was limited to projects with construction complete. Here, we placed multi-category projects into their own category. Of the five marsh creation projects analyzed, four have median B-C ratios greater than one. Two of the four living shoreline projects have B-C ratios greater than one, all three of the oyster cultch projects have B-C ratios greater than one, and one of the three multi-category projects have B-C ratios greater than one. At the categorical level, the oyster cultch category is estimated to have the highest average B-C ratio, followed by marsh creation, living shoreline, and multi-category projects. Overall, oyster cultch, marsh creation, and living shoreline categories are estimated to have average B-C ratios greater than 1.0, whereas multi-category projects are estimated to have an average B-C ratio less than 1.0. Based on our set of projects, this analysis indicates that oyster cultch projects tend to deliver the most “bang for the buck”, delivering an average of $3.80 -- and potentially substantially more -- in benefits for every dollar invested. Marsh creation projects deliver an average of $1.77 for every dollar invested. Living shoreline projects deliver an average of $1.10. Multi-category projects are estimated to cost more than the value of their benefits, on average. We wish to note however, that some muti-category projects have other components that were not fully monetized here. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2024–09–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:missrr:347607 |
| By: | Jonathan Colmer; Eleanor Krause; Eva Lyubich; John Voorheis |
| Abstract: | We examine the labor market impacts of the U.S. coal industry’s decline using comprehensive administrative data on workers from 2005-2021. Coal workers most exposed to the industry’s contraction experienced substantial earnings losses, equivalent to 1.6 years of predecline wages. These losses stem from both reduced employment duration (0.37 fewer years employed) and lower annual earnings (17 percent decline) between 2012-2019, relative to similar workers less exposed to coal’s decline. Earnings reductions primarly occur when workers remain in local labor markets but are not employed in mining. While coal workers do not exhibit lower geographic mobility, relocation does not significantly mitigate their earnings losses. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-53 |
| By: | Alou Adessé Dama (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Anouck Daubrée (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Rota-Graziosi Grégoire (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | La quatrième Conférence internationale sur le financement du développement qui se tiendra en Espagne du 30 juin au 3 juillet 2025 discutera et renouvellera la stratégie de mobilisation des ressources nécessaires à l'atteinte les Objectifs du développement durable (ODD). Elle succède à la conférence d'Addis-Abeba de 2015 qui soulignait le rôle essentiel des systèmes fiscaux nationaux pour le financement du développement. La mobilisation des recettes intérieures, en particulier fiscales, est ainsi devenue une priorité de nombreux pays engagés dans de multiples réformes fiscales. |
| Keywords: | Fiscalité, UEMOA, Objectifs de développement durable |
| Date: | 2024–10–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04737440 |
| By: | SERKAN AYLAN (FACULTY OF TOURISM, SELÇUK UNIVERSITY) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the research is to determine the trend and development of ecotourism over a 34- year period (1990-2024) in the international literature. For this purpose, the bibliometric analysis method, which is one of the quantitative research methods, has been used in the study. The data regarding the 9243 articles (as of 09.05.2024) that contain the concept of ecotourism in the titles, keywords, and abstracts, were retrieved from the Scopus database. In the analysis of the data, Biblioshiny, a web interface provider application and open source software design for Bibliometrics R-package (R-Studio software), bibliometrics library, and bibliometrics have been used in accordance with certain parameters. When some of the findings that came out as a consequence of the analysis have been analyzed, it can be observed that there are 9243 articles in 1756 different journals, the most of articles are multi-authored, the most articles were publishedin 2023, the journal that published the most articles is Journal Of Sustainable Tourism, theauthors are Jiekuan Zhang and Yurong Zhang and the affiliation is Griffith University.Furthermore, in the author collaboration network analysis, it has been found that 8 different clusters have been formed. When the collaboration among countries has been considered in terms of the emergence of articles on ecotourism, it has been found that China, United Kingdom, USA, Canada are the ones that have the highest level of collaboration with other countries. It is thought that the results of this study are important in terms of visually mapping the development process of research on the international level and conveying it to the reader and shedding light on the studies to be conducted in the future on this subject. |
| Keywords: | Tourism; Ecotourism; Bibliometrics; Visual Mapping Technique; Scopus; R-Studio |
| JEL: | N54 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14516381 |