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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Jonas Teusch; Filippo Maria D’Arcangelo; Tobias Kruse; Mauro Pisu |
| Abstract: | What is the effect of recent carbon price developments on domestic emissions and carbon leakage? This paper first develops a comprehensive plant-level carbon pricing dataset for key heavy industries at risk of carbon leakage, i.e. aluminium, cement and steel plants in 140 countries, drawing on satellite observations. The new dataset reveals that the average plant-level carbon price for these sectors increased by a factor of seven from USD 1.4 per tonne of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) in January 2015 to USD 11/tCO2e in December 2021. Over the same time period, carbon price asymmetries i.e. the average difference in carbon prices among trading partners, increased by more than 350%. The paper then tests whether higher carbon prices have reduced plant-level emissions and whether rising carbon price asymmetries have affected international trade and led to carbon leakage. Results suggest that, on average, a USD 1/tCO2e increase in carbon prices reduces cement and steel plants’ emissions by 1.3%. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that carbon leakage through international trade offset around 13% of these domestic emission reductions. |
| Keywords: | carbon leakage, carbon pricing, climate policy, emissions trading, industrial decarbonisation |
| JEL: | C23 H23 Q41 Q48 Q54 F18 |
| Date: | 2024–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1813-en |
| By: | Ivana Capozza |
| Abstract: | Romania’s clean energy transition needs to accelerate for the country to decarbonise its economy by mid-century. Following an impressive decline from the early 1990s, emissions of greenhouse gases have stopped falling in recent years. Fossil fuel dependence, an increasing and ageing vehicle fleet and poorly insulated buildings increase energy use and carbon intensity. Moving away from fossil fuels in Romania calls primarily for more renewables; shifting to electricity in transport and buildings; substantial energy savings; and improved transport systems. This paper identifies policies that would help bring about these changes cost effectively, while minimising the socio-economic impact of the transition and contributing to improving people’s quality of life. The policy package should include institutional reforms and public investment, regulatory changes, financial support and consistent price signals to encourage private abatement actions. Measures to alleviate the impact of the net-zero transition on vulnerable communities and to adapt to climate change are also required. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, clean energy transition, climate policy, energy efficient buildings, energy taxes and subsidies, environment, just transition, Romania, sustainable transport |
| JEL: | H23 H30 O13 O18 Q32 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q48 Q54 Q58 R11 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1812-en |
| By: | Katherine Hassett; Rose Mba Mebiame; Aline Mortha; Miwa Nakai; Helene Ahlborg; Kavya Michael; Ugur Ozdemir; Ioannis Tikoudis; Nicolina Lamhauge; Olufolahan Osunmuyiwa; Toshi Arimura; Nick Johnstone |
| Abstract: | This paper offers insights on the factors that determine household choices related to energy use, based on data from the third OECD Survey on Environmental Policies and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). The analysis profiles households according to patterns in reported energy use and investment in energy-related technologies, assesses the factors driving such decisions and estimates households’ willingness to pay to reduce the emissions of the electricity they use. Results suggest that the feasibility of installing low-emissions energy technologies appears to remain a key obstacle to their uptake, and that households are willing to pay a small but positive premium for electricity produced with fewer emissions. The presence of cross-country differences in behaviours and preferences signals the importance of considering local factors in approaches to energy policies. Environmental concern and environmental motivation increase engagement in sustainable choices, pointing to the cross-cutting relevance of policy efforts to improve environmental knowledge and awareness. |
| Keywords: | energy conservation, energy efficiency, household behaviour, residential energy consumption |
| JEL: | D12 D91 Q40 Q42 Q54 C25 |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:247-en |
| By: | Beyer, Andreas; Schreiner, Lena |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a first empirical analysis of the impact of the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) climate-risk-related supervisory efforts on (i) climate risk exposure and related risk management of banks; and (ii) on the induced shifts in banks’ portfolio choices with regard to additional green finance. From 2020 onwards, the ECB has introduced various measures to enhance climate-risk-related supervisory efforts. Our identification strategy exploits the fact that the ECB’s efforts on climate supervision has only been introduced for selected banks within the European Union i.e., the Significant Institutions under the Single Supervisory Mechanism. Other banks (i.e., the Less Significant Institutions) have remained unaffected. We set up a difference-in-difference setup based on a novel data set and find a significant impact on both improvements in climate risk exposure and management and on an increase in banks’ green finance activities. JEL Classification: D25, G21, G28 |
| Keywords: | banking supervision, climate stress test, green lending, sustainable finance |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242952 |
| By: | Cabrini, Silvina; Olemberg, Demián; Cristeche, Estela; Pace, Ignacio; Amaro, Ignacio Benito |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses a challenge to agri-food systems. Recognizing the need for emission reduction, the European Union (EU) is contemplating the integration of the agricultural sector into formal carbon pricing mechanisms. This study employs the CLIMTRADE model to assess the potential consequences of a EU's carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) on beef trade for Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The model considers a baseline bilateral trade matrix, emission intensities, international transport emissions, and potential carbon prices, resulting in the corresponding impacts on imports and exports, depending on the scenario considered. The results indicate that imposing a carbon tax within the EU leads to reduced beef imports, increased domestic prices, and potential carbon leakage. However, deploying a CBAM could mitigate carbon leakage and further reduce emissions. This study contributes to the discussion on the consequences for livestock production in South America of the advancement of emission reduction policies in agriculture driven by developed countries and their implications for the configuration of international trade. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344399 |
| By: | Akter, Sonia |
| Abstract: | This study introduces a new concept and framework called Climate Resilient Development for Agriculture (CRDA). Unlike Climate Resilient Agriculture (CRA), which focuses solely on adjusting farming practices to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and maintain agricultural production in the face of climate change, CRDA takes a more comprehensive approach by integrating a development perspective. Its goal is to leverage synergies among actions, programs, and policies to achieve climate change mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable development goals while also addressing climate change-induced loss and damage. The CRDA framework outlines potential pathways leading to either high or low CRDA futures and emphasizes the importance of gender equality in its structure. Additionally, the study highlights the potential for actions under the CRDA framework to either exacerbate or mitigate gender disparities and proposes five crucial actions that can contribute to a gender-inclusive and climate-resilient future for the agriculture sector. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change |
| Date: | 2024–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344227 |
| By: | Galina Hale; Vlad Onescu; Ritesh Bhangale |
| Abstract: | The global food system is an important contributor to greenhouse gas emissions that lead to climate change. Animal agriculture is responsible for a large share of the food-system emissions, both directly and through the production of animal feed. Limiting global warming to the goals set forth by the international community will not be possible without rapid phasing out of a substantial share of animal-source food. We show that the rapid adoption of alternatives to animal-source foods, such as plant-only diet, or plant-based, cultured, or fermentation-derived analogs to animal products, can be consistent with climate goals. Importantly, the longer the delay in the adoption of alternatives, the larger the share of diet they will have to represent in 2050 for the food system to stay within its carbon budget. |
| JEL: | L66 Q11 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32736 |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh (World Bank); Do, Minh N.N. (National Economics University Vietnam); Nguyen, Cuong Viet (National Economics University Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | Very few studies have examined the impacts of both climate change and air pollution on student education outcomes, particularly in a developing country setting. Analyzing a rich database consisting of household and school surveys, test scores, and temperature and air pollution data over the past decade for Viet Nam, we find that a 1 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration in the month preceding exams leads to 0.015 and 0.010 standard deviation decreases in math and reading scores, respectively. We also find some indicative evidence of stronger impacts of air pollution for younger, primary school students who reside in urban areas and in districts with higher temperatures. While we find some mixed effects of temperature, we do not find significant effects on students' test scores for temperature extremes and air pollution over the past 12 months. Our findings offer policy-relevant inputs for the country's ongoing efforts to fight air pollution. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, climate change, weather extremes, education, Viet Nam |
| JEL: | O12 I10 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17160 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | The circular carbon economy (CCE) is an energy transition framework that is based on a holistic, technology-neutral and country context-sensitive approach to achieving net-zero emissions. It embraces all available technologies and tools, from renewable energy to carbon capture and storage (CCS). In November 2021, KAPSARC launched the first edition of the CCE Index, which is a composite indicator that enables cross-country comparisons on two related aspects: how countries are currently performing on the CCE, and how they are positioned to make progress toward CCEs and carbon or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions neutrality. |
| Keywords: | Air conditioning, Applied general model, Article 6, Blockchain, Circular Carbon Economy |
| Date: | 2023–03–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb06 |
| By: | Achilles, Catrina; Limbach, Peter; Wolff, Michael; Yoon, Aaron |
| Abstract: | Using project-level data from the Carbon Disclosure Project, we demonstrate how firms actually reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Most firms mainly pursue projects with small investments (median $127, 000) and short payback periods (maximum three years). Firms experiencing shortterm performance pressure, smaller in size, and with shorter decarbonization horizons are more likely to implement such projects. Short-term projects focus on energy efficiency (e.g., LED upgrades) rather than involving transformative technology. They yield more expected annual carbon dioxide (CO2) and monetary savings and have greater NPVs than the average longer-term project, but exhibit lower total CO2 savings over the projects' lifetime. Firms with a greater share of short-term projects exhibit higher future environmental ratings, but it is a combination of shortand long-term projects that generates the most expected CO2 savings. Our evidence suggests that typical firm climate engagements are neither costly nor long-term oriented. In sum, firms tend to mitigate rather than adapt to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Corporate greenhouse gas emissions reduction initiatives, Environmental investment decisions, ESG ratings, Financial incentives, Investment horizon |
| JEL: | D25 D62 G30 M41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfrwps:300682 |
| By: | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
| Abstract: | Mitigation Categories: Soil Health --- Nitrogen Management --- Livestock Partnership --- Grazing and Pasture ---Agroforestry, Forestry and Wildlife Habitat --- Restoration of Disturbed Lands --- Energy, Combustion, & Electricity Efficiency --- Wetlands --- Rice |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:344545 |
| By: | Ms. Margaux MacDonald; Ian W.H. Parry |
| Abstract: | Large reductions in global emissions are needed for the world to be on track to meet global temperature goals. Asia-Pacific countries have a critical role in emissions reduction given their large and rising share in global emissions. This paper discusses the main opportunities and behavioral responses for reducing emissions, and commonly used mitigation instruments. It then considers key design issues for carbon pricing, with a focus on emissions trading schemes (ETS), describes measures to overcome the obstacles to carbon pricing, and discusses experiences with carbon pricing relevant for Asia-Pacific economies. Lastly, the paper covers complementary policy reforms, including reinforcing mitigation instruments, public investment, fuel tax reform, green industrial policies, and supporting reforms to the energy sector. Carbon pricing, including ETSs can be the centerpiece of climate mitigation strategies for most countries, particularly if ETSs are designed to mimic some of the administrative and economic attractions of carbon taxes and implemented appropriately. |
| Keywords: | Emissions trading scheme; climate; Asia; mitigation instrument; climate mitigation strategy; mitigation opportunity; Asia-Pacific country; policy reform; transmission company; Carbon tax; Greenhouse gas emissions; Non-wage benefits; Asia and Pacific; Global |
| Date: | 2024–07–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/155 |
| By: | Ming Yan William Cheung; Bihong Huang |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of board gender diversity on the performance of firms whose greenfield investments are struck by natural disasters. We find that corporations with more diverse boards are more likely to earn higher net income but less likely to have negative earnings in front of natural disasters. Further analyses indicate that those corporations with more diverse boards invest less in countries vulnerable to climate change but more in countries ready to adapt for climate change. They have lower exposure to environmental policy risks and are more likely to establish dedicated committees to oversee the risks. |
| Keywords: | board gender diversity; climate change; natural disaster; greenfield investment; IMF working paper WP 24/157; time prefix; nonfinancial firm; Women; Natural disasters; Gender diversity; Global; East Asia |
| Date: | 2024–07–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/157 |
| By: | Taguchi, Hiroyuki |
| Abstract: | China’s rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent decades have deteriorated its air environmental quality. This study focuses on air pollutions in terms of CO, NO2, O3, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 in Chinese provinces. Although the heterogeneity of environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) from Chinese provinces has been studied, the positions of provincial EKCs (which reflect the province-specific pollution effects not affected by the provincial income levels) have not been investigated to date. Therefore, through a factor analysis of the heterogeneity of provincial pollutions under the EKC framework, we investigate how the governance shortage for pollution control contributes to the provincial pollution levels. We found that the governance shortage for pollution control accounted for about 50-70% of the province-specific air pollution levels. Our results indicate that China still has a much policy space to mitigate air pollutions. Particularly, in the Post-COVID-19 Era when industrial activities are recovered, pollution-control governance would be vital to make China’s economic growth sustainable. |
| Keywords: | air pollutions, pollution-control governance, Chinese provinces, environmental Kuznets curve |
| JEL: | O53 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121488 |
| By: | Frances C. Moore |
| Abstract: | Key methodologies used for managing weather risks have relied on the assumption that climate is not changing and that the historic weather record is therefore representative of current risks. Anthropogenic climate change upends this assumption, effectively reducing the information available to actors and increasing ambiguity in the estimated climate distribution, with associated costs for weather risk management and risk-averse decision-makers. These costs result purely from the knowledge that the climate could be changing, may arise abruptly, are additional to any direct costs or benefits from actual climate change, and are, to date, entirely unquantified. Using a case study of extreme rainfall-related flood damages in New York City, this paper illustrates how these ambiguity-related costs arise. Greater uncertainty over the current climate distribution interacts with a steeply non-linear damage function to greatly increase the mean and variance of the posterior loss distribution. This is a systemic information shock that cannot be diversified within the insurance sector, producing higher and more volatile premiums and higher reinsurance costs. These effects are consistent with recent developments in US property insurance markets, where premium increases, bankruptcies, and insurer withdrawals have been linked to the growing costs of natural disasters. |
| JEL: | G52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32684 |
| By: | Jérôme Deyris (UPN - Université Paris Nanterre) |
| Keywords: | European Central Bank climate change low-carbon transition monetary policy financial stability green central banking, European Central Bank, climate change, low-carbon transition, monetary policy, financial stability, green central banking |
| Date: | 2023–01–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04638404 |
| By: | Shitab Ishmam; Heidi Heinrichs; Christoph Winkler; Bagher Bayat; Amin Lahnaoui; Solomon Agbo; Edgar Ubaldo Pena Sanchez; David Franzmann; Nathan Ojieabu; Celine Koerner; Youpele Micheal; Bamidele Oloruntoba; Carsten Montzka; Harry Vereecken; Harrie-Jan Hendricks-Franssen; Jeerawan Brendt; Simon Brauner; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs; Sandra Venghaus; Daouda Kone; Bruno Korgo; Kehinde Ogunjobi; Vasco Chiteculo; Jane Olwoch; Zachary Getenga; Jochen Lin{\ss}en; Detlef Stolten |
| Abstract: | For fast-tracking climate change response, green hydrogen is key for achieving greenhouse gas neutral energy systems. Especially Sub-Saharan Africa can benefit from it enabling an increased access to clean energy through utilizing its beneficial conditions for renewable energies. However, developing green hydrogen strategies for Sub-Saharan Africa requires highly detailed and consistent information ranging from technical, environmental, economic, and social dimensions, which is currently lacking in literature. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive novel approach embedding the required range of disciplines to analyze green hydrogen cost-potentials in Sub-Saharan Africa. This approach stretches from a dedicated land eligibility based on local preferences, a location specific renewable energy simulation, locally derived sustainable groundwater limitations under climate change, an optimization of local hydrogen energy systems, and a socio-economic indicator-based impact analysis. The capability of the approach is shown for case study regions in Sub-Saharan Africa highlighting the need for a unified, interdisciplinary approach. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.07573 |
| By: | Lu, Pei Jyun |
| Keywords: | Risk And Uncertainty, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343980 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Many countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have reinforced their interest in enhancing domestic value creation from renewable energy industries while striving to achieve their green energy transition targets. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has identified key segments in the wind and solar supply chain for localization in the short term, medium term, and long term as part of its ongoing efforts to diversify its energy portfolio and protect its economy from external shocks. |
| Keywords: | Belt and Road, Capital expenditure, Circular Carbon Economy, CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2023–03–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb13 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen is projected to play an important role in meeting decarbonization targets. Hydrocarbon-rich countries perceive this as an opportunity to decarbonize existing assets and monetize undeveloped hydrocarbon reserves. Meanwhile, non-traditional energy exporters rich in renewable energy resources view hydrogen as an opportunity to improve grid stability and a means to export surplus electricity. |
| Keywords: | Carbon, Carbon capture and storage, Carbon neutrality, Hydrogen |
| Date: | 2023–03–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb08 |
| By: | Beyer, Victor; Bauckloh, Michael Tobias |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the influence of methodological choices in portfolio sorts on the size of the carbon premium. By analyzing more than 100, 000 methodological paths, we find that variations in the construction of brown-minus-green portfolios create substantial non-standard errors. From 2009 to 2022, the mean carbon premium is -0.16% per month, with a non-standard error of 0.26%. Additionally, there is significant time-series variation in non-standard errors, which correlates with climate media attention. Controlling for unexpected changes in climate concerns substantially reduces methodology-induced uncertainty and helps explain the absence of a consistently positive carbon premium. |
| Keywords: | non-standard errors, portfolio sorts, carbon premium, methodological uncertainty |
| JEL: | C58 G11 G12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfrwps:300683 |
| By: | Ben Groom; Frank Venmans |
| Abstract: | An economic approach to calculating the Social Value of Temporary Reductions (SVTR) in atmospheric carbon is discussed. The SVTR allows different carbon removals projects to be prioritised in a way that maximises welfare and establishes equivalence between temporary, risky removals with permanent ones in terms of avoided welfare losses from climate damages. The approach is compared to previous attempts in the physical and natural sciences and economics to price temporary emissions reductions, none of which successfully integrate economics and climate science. Applications of the SVTR exist in public project appraisal, Life Cycle Analysis, pricing carbon debts and determining short term carbon credit and offset contracts. Potential criticisms of equivalence measures and tonne-year accounting stemming from concerns that temporary removals do not impact long-term temperatures are shown to be special cases of our integrated economic approach. Temporary removals provide transitory cooling benefits and if repeated are equivalent to permanent solutions. They also can have permanent effects via learning by doing or reducing the likelihood of tipping points. The SVTR helps determine how temporary removals can fit into an efficient response to climate. Ruling out temporary removals and equivalence, and the intertemporal transfers that they imply, could unnecessarily tie the hands of policy makers. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32734 |
| By: | Blumberg, Joey |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343557 |
| By: | Campiglio, Emanuele; Lamperti, Francesco; Terranova, Roberta |
| Abstract: | We develop a dynamic model where heterogeneous firms take investment decisions depending on their beliefs on future carbon prices. A policy-maker announces a forward-looking carbon price schedule but can decide to default on its plans if perceived transition risks are high. We show that weak policy commitment, especially when combined with ambitious mitigation announcements, can trap the economy into a vicious circle of credibility loss, carbon-intensive investments and increasing risk perceptions, ultimately leading to a failure of the transition. The presence of behavioural frictions and heterogeneity - both in capital investment choices and in the assessment of the policy-maker's credibility - has strong non-linear effects on the transition dynamics and the emergence of ‘high-carbon traps’. We identify analytical conditions leading to a successful transition and provide a numerical application for the EU economy. |
| Keywords: | behavioural macroeconomics; beliefs; credibility; heterogeneous expectations; investment decision-making; low-carbon transition; policy uncertainty |
| JEL: | D84 C63 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124234 |
| By: | Benami, Elinor; Bell, Anne; Messer, Kent D.; Zhang, Wei; Cecil, Michael |
| Abstract: | In 2022, the U.S. authorized one of the single largest investments in the history of agri- environmental programs worldwide. Among its provisions, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 directed $3billion (bn) in funding for the new Partnership for Climate-Smart Commodities (PCSC) to promote climate-smart agricultural practices and markets across the country. Additionally, the IRA directed another $11bn to the historically oversubscribed Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), and nearly $5bn to the Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP). This manuscript evaluates the PCSC’s added value compared to these existing programs and extracts lessons from their implementation. Using administrative data and program design documents, we assess and compare the structures and investments of each program, focusing on support for Historically Underserved Producers (HUPs). We find that past funding through EQIP, CSP, and RCPP primarily benefited states with more producers, and nearly 40% of the funds obligated in existing conservation programs supported practices that USDA already classified as climate- smart. Despite progress in enrolling more HUPs, retaining them requires addressing the disproportionate share of canceled and terminated contracts occurring among these groups. Furthermore, the shift towards partnership-style initiatives across conservation programs could enhance the impact and cost-effectiveness of funding, as well as it may unlock opportunities for Copyright 2024 by Elinor Benami, Anne Bell, Kent D. Messer, Wei Zhang, and Michael Cecil. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. more tailored agreements, particularly for tribal communities. Prior monitoring, reporting, and evaluation methods used in these programs often focus on the numbers of producers served, dollars obligated, contracts issued, or acreage covered paired with physical models used to estimate program impact. To make effective use of this unprecedented infusion of funding into conservation agriculture, however, we suggest novel, state-of-the-art evaluation techniques. Such techniques include deploying randomized experiments and leveraging project-relevant geospatial data merged with program administrative information to generate rigorous impact evaluation on producer behaviors within these programs as well as their corresponding economic and environmental impacts In so doing, this funding offers the chance to help build the evidence-base for strategic use of future conservation funding as well as help de-risk future investments for other types of financial services—thereby accelerating the transformation to sustainable agri- food systems in the US and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Public Economics, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344333 |
| By: | Arnone, Massimo; Laureti, Lucio; Costantiello, Alberto; Anobile, Fabio; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the critical role of the banking sector in facilitating the ecological transition through the integration of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) factors. By analyzing the intersection of ESG considerations and access to credit globally, the study highlights how banks can catalyze sustainable investments while balancing financial risks. Using a systematic literature review and k-Means clustering analysis, we assess the global landscape of credit access, emphasizing the implications of ESG adoption on financial stability and economic growth. The findings suggest that while ESG integration presents challenges, it offers significant opportunities for banks to enhance their competitiveness and foster resilient financial systems. The paper concludes by proposing policy recommendations aimed at improving the incorporation of ESG factors within credit risk management and promoting sustainable finance. |
| Date: | 2024–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:aetb9 |
| By: | Andres, Pia; Mealy, Penny; Handler, Nils; Fankhauser, Sam |
| Abstract: | This corrigendum resolves an error in the list of green products used to construct the product and country ‘Green Transition Outlook’ measures, as well as trends in overall green trade volume. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124374 |
| By: | Tarsia, Romano |
| Abstract: | This paper provides novel, firm-level estimates of the economic damages induced by temperature shocks. Leveraging European firm-level data, this study investigates the heterogeneity of damages across firms characteristics overlooked in aggregate analyses. The analysis consistently highlights negative (positive) impacts on the least (most) productive firms, contributing to both climate economics and the literature on aggregate productivity. Industry-specific effects indicate different susceptibilities across sectors to weather shocks. These results delve into the findings from the pooled sample which reveal a moderate U-shaped relationship between temperature and economic outcomes, suggesting significant adaptation for firms located in warmer areas. Temperature impacts on economic performance manifest with a lag, and varying persistence across firms. Methodologically, this work employs quantitative methods to address the potential drawbacks highlighted in the current climate econometrics discussion. |
| Keywords: | weather; climate change; firms; climate damages; economic performance |
| JEL: | D24 O13 O14 O52 Q51 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124251 |
| By: | Zhang, Yumei; Wang, Jingjing; Fan, Shenggen |
| Abstract: | Transforming diets is critical for sustainable food systems. While there have been increasing global discourses on healthy and sustainable diets, national and local actions often remain limited. This paper addresses this gap by focusing on China, the world’s largest developing country. We examine the specific challenges of defining healthy and sustainable diets for the Chinese population by considering regional dietary cultures, affordability, and environmental impact. We analyze how policy interventions, including both supply and consumer-side strategies, can promote the transition towards such diets. The findings can offer valuable lessons for other developing countries facing similar challenges. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344342 |
| By: | Thomas, Stefan; Schnurr, Birte; Wagner, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Damit die Wärmewende gelingt, gilt es, den Wärmebedarf durch energetische Modernisierungen - also bessere Dämmung, Wärmerückgewinnung und Energiemanagement - zu senken und auf klimafreundliche Heizungen umzustellen. Das nützt nicht nur dem Klima, sondern kann auch zu mehr sozialer Gerechtigkeit beitragen, wenn die Politik es richtig angeht. In diesem Zukunftsimpuls beschreiben Forschende des Wuppertal Instituts, welche Maßnahmen dafür zielführend sind. Menschen in wirtschaftlich benachteiligten Haushalten wohnen überwiegend zur Miete. Damit für sie - aber auch andere Mieter*innen - die Warmmiete durch die Wärmewende nicht steigt, müsste die Bundesförderung für Mietwohnungen verbessert werden. Aktuell ist sie jedoch bei der Heizungsumstellung für Eigenheime höher. Hier ließe sich entgegenwirken, indem die Förderung von Investitionen zur energetischen Modernisierung und Heizungsumstellung bei Mietwohnungen kurzfristig um mindestens 20 Prozent erhöht würde. Weitere Maßnahmen zur praktischen Unterstützung von Gebäudeeigentümer*innen bei der Umsetzung müssten die Förderung flankieren, um die Wärmewende sozial ausgewogen zu gestalten - eine wesentliche Voraussetzung, um die nationalen Klimaschutzziele zu erreichen. |
| Abstract: | Energy efficiency renovation and green heat will provide higher financial savings than refunds on CO2 pricing or energy price subsidies - if the German financial incentive scheme is enhanced accordingly For a successful heating transition to net zero emission buildings, we need to reduce heat demand through energy efficiency modernisation-i.e., better thermal insulation, heat recovery, and energy management-and to convert the heating systems to zero-carbon technologies. This will not only be for the benefit of the climate but also enhance social equity, if policy-makers do it right. In this "Zukunftsimpuls", researchers from the Wuppertal Institute discuss the facts and the measures that would be appropriate for reaching these objectives. In Germany, people in economically disadvantaged households predominantly live in rented dwellings. For social equity reasons, energy efficiency renovation and heating system conversion should not increase the total rents for these but also for other tenants. According to the analysis, this would require enhancements of German financial incentive scheme for these investments in rented dwellings. Currently, however, the incentive rates are higher for owner-occupied homes and apartments. Therefore, the grants to support energy efficiency renovation and heating system conversion in rented dwellings will need to be increased by at least 20 per cent. In addition, it should be accompanied by further measures that provide practical implementation support to building owners. This would be indispensable for implementing the heating transition while enhancing social equity-which is an important precondition for achieving the national climate change mitigation targets. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wupimp:300663 |
| By: | Jens-Uwe Franck |
| Abstract: | The EU has set itself an ambitious agenda to tackle climate change. Competition policy, including merger review, is called upon to play its part. Based on an analysis of the Commission’s practice, this paper identifies the key framework issues for the consideration of climate change concerns in merger control and the parameters for addressing them under the EU Merger Regulation and in the light of the European Treaties. One focus is on the implications of the differentiated allocation of regulatory powers. It is argued that a distinction must be made between scenarios in which the climate change argument is used to justify stricter or conceptually extended merger control and those in which it is argued that merger control should need to be relaxed for climate change reasons. With regard to the first scenario, shifts of a normative nature can be observed and are indeed called for, but these take place within the consumer welfare paradigm and it remains the case that the protection of competition is the sole overriding principle of the EU Merger Regulation. In contrast, in the second scenario, merger-specific positive effects on climate concerns need to be considered even if they are not captured by the consumer welfare paradigm. |
| Keywords: | antitrust law, merger control, climate change, environmental sustainability |
| JEL: | K21 K32 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_576 |
| By: | Quinterosa, Gabriela Herrera; von Plettenberga, Louisa; Otterb, Verena; Uehlekea, Reinhard; Hüttel, Silke |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi23:344242 |
| By: | Felix Bierbrauer |
| Abstract: | Should climate policy rely on a price of Carbon that is uniform across sectors? This paper studies this question from a public finance perspective. It is found that a justification for a uniform price can be given, but it relies on strong assumptions, among them indifference with respect to the distributive consequences of climate policy. Distributive considerations may imply that sectors whose output is consumed mostly by “the poor” should contribute less to meeting the government’s emission target, whereas sectors whose output is consumed mostly by “the rich” should contribute more. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, equity-efficiency trade-off, optimal taxation |
| JEL: | D63 H21 H22 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11201 |
| By: | Thielges, Sonja |
| Abstract: | Für den weltweiten Klimaschutz spielen die USA im "Super-Wahljahr" 2024 eine herausragende Rolle. Denn nach bisher dreieinhalb Jahren, in denen Präsident Joe Biden immense Erfolge im Klimaschutz gelangen, könnte ihm nun laut aktuellen Prognosen Donald Trump folgen. Trump nutzte bereits seine erste Präsidentschaft (2017-2021), um die Klimaschutzmaßnahmen der Vorgängerregierung weitgehend rückgängig zu machen. Dies hat er auch nach einem möglichen Wahlsieg im November vor. Konservative Think-Tanks haben ihm dafür mit dem "Mandate for Leadership" eine detaillierte Blaupause erstellt. Eine Rückkehr Trumps ins Weiße Haus wäre ein fataler Schlag für den Klimaschutz. Denn viele klimapolitische Maßnahmen der Biden-Regierung könnte eine zweite Trump-Administration streichen. Aber nicht alle. Die Zukunft der US-Klimapolitik hängt maßgeblich vom Wahlergebnis für das Weiße Haus, den Kongress, aber auch von den Fortschritten in den US-Bundesstaaten ab. Auch eine weitere demokratische Administration müsste jedoch nachlegen, um die Klimaziele der USA zu erreichen. |
| Keywords: | Dekarbonisierung, Methanemissionen, Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, Loan Programs Office, LPO, Federal Sustainability Plan, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, CHIPS and Science Act, Inflation Reduction Act, IRA, Local-Content-Klausel, Justice40, Priority Climate Action Plan, PCAP, Halbleiter, Climate Caucus, Mandate for Leadership, Project 2025, Carbon Capture and Storage, CSS, Carbon Capture and Utilization, CCU, Kamala Harris, Texas, New Mexico, Pennsylvania |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpakt:300626 |
| By: | Stefano Giglio; Theresa Kuchler; Johannes Stroebel; Olivier Wang |
| Abstract: | We explore the economic effects of biodiversity loss by developing an ecologically-founded model that captures how different species interact to deliver the ecosystem services that complement other factors of economic production. Aggregate ecosystem services are produced by combining several non-substitutable ecosystem functions such as pollination and water filtration, which are each provided by many substitutable species playing similar roles. As a result, economic output is an increasing but highly concave function of species richness. The marginal economic value of a species depends on three factors: (i) the number of similar species within its ecosystem function, (ii) the marginal importance of the affected function for overall ecosystem productivity, and (iii) the extent to which ecosystem services constrain economic output in each country. Using our framework, we derive expressions for the fragility of ecosystem service provision and its evolution over time, which depends, among other things, on the distribution of biodiversity losses across ecosystem functions. We discuss how these fragility measures can help policymakers assess the risks induced by biodiversity loss and prioritize conservation efforts. We also embed our model of ecosystem service production in a standard economic model to study optimal land use when land use raises output at the cost of reducing biodiversity. We find that even in settings where species loss does not reduce output substantially today, it lowers growth opportunities and reduces resilience to future species loss, especially when past species loss has been asymmetric across functions. Consistent with these predictions of our model, we show empirically that news about biodiversity loss increases spreads on credit default swaps (CDS) more for countries with more depleted ecosystems. |
| JEL: | E0 E30 E60 Q0 Q01 Q30 Q32 Q38 Q51 Q54 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32678 |
| By: | Fernández, Francisco J.; Vásquez-Lavín, Felipe; Rivera, Diego; Hernández, Francisco; Bopp, Carlos; Campos-Requena, Nélyda; Ponce, Roberto D. |
| Abstract: | A tariff is a crucial tool for managing rural water supply services. It helps cover the costs of operation, maintenance, and repair, ensuring the sustainability of these services. Unfortunately, due to suboptimal tariff structures, rural water systems lack the financial liquidity to handle unforeseen events. This puts them in a difficult position, especially with the increasing water demand and resource scarcity driven by climate change. Therefore, adjusting the current tariff settings is necessary to achieve financial and operational sustainability, balancing cost recovery with other social, economic, and environmental objectives. This study aims to determine how pricing components, such as fixed charges and variable costs, influence consumer acceptability of different tariff systems. Using a choice experiment, we evaluated Chilean rural water consumers' preferences for different tariff schemes. The results show that individuals are highly conservative regarding the price structure. Participants preferred maintaining existing tariffs, consistently favoring the status quo over alternative tariff structures. Significantly, the likelihood of selecting a new tariff structure is influenced more by alterations in the variable component than by changes in the fixed price of water. These findings provide valuable insights for achieving a balanced and sustainable approach to rural water management and help policy designs. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344377 |
| By: | Kitchaicharoen, J.; Suebpongsang, P.; Singvejsakul, J.; Pradit, O. |
| Abstract: | The Center for Agricultural Resource Systems Research at the Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University initiated a project for producing pesticide-free vegetable in the urban agro-ecosystem of Chiang Mai, aiming to serve as a model for promoting pesticide-free vegetable production in urban areas, aligned with Sustainable Development Goals 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). The project funded by the Program Management Unit on Area Based Development (PMU A) for a one-year duration starting from May 2021 and ended in April 2022. This study investigates the Social Return on Investment (SROI) of the project. The analysis aims to elucidates the project’s multifaceted outcomes and offer valuable insights for policymakers to encourage investments in safe vegetable production within urban domains. The SROI evaluation demonstrated the project’s success in achieving economic, social, and environmental objectives, particularly in establishing a sustainable source of safe food through a community of pesticide-free vegetable producers in urban areas. This initiative fostered community interaction, economic development, and improved health through pesticide-free vegetable consumption, showcasing a potential model for green urban communities. Despite challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the project yielded significant benefits over ten years period, with a net present value of $66, 831 and an SROI of 2.99, indicating that every $1 invested generated a social return of $2.99 – a favorable rate for agricultural projects. The project’s success underscores the importance of continued support from the Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, or relevant research funding agencies to sustain such impactful endeavors. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344451 |
| By: | Wollni, Meike; Bohn, Sophia; Ocampo Ariza, Carolina; Paz, Bruno; Santalucia, Simone; Squarcina, Margherita; Wätzold, Marlene |
| Abstract: | The global agri-food system faces major challenges of meeting growing food demand in an equitable way, while mitigating environmental impacts such as deforestation, soil degradation and climate change. Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) have surged in recent decades as a potential instrument to foster more sustainable global value chains and sourcing practices. While the number of VSS impact evaluations is growing, most studies focus on a single outcome dimension. In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework to assess the effects of VSS interventions on sustainable food system outcomes in three dimensions, considering potential trade-offs between them. To illustrate key trade-offs identified in our conceptual framework, we present empirical data from three case studies in Ghana, Rwanda, and Peru. Our empirical results shed light on associations between certification and various outcomes, including agricultural yields and income, biodiversity at farm and landscape scales, female empowerment, and food security. We highlight the importance of balancing trade-offs in multiple sustainability dimensions and assessing VSS performance within the broader policy and landscape context. Our study contributes to ongoing discussions on the effectiveness of VSS in promoting sustainability while highlighting potential trade-offs that must be addressed to achieve more sustainable food systems. |
| Keywords: | Supply Chain, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344358 |
| By: | Baraldi, Anna Laura; Fosco, Giovanni |
| Abstract: | Differing attitudes towards environmental issues between men and women as policymakers may affect policies and actions. Accordingly, this research analyses the issue of the causal relationship between women politicians and the level of air pollution. The analysis tests for this in Italy, exploiting a gender quota measure (Law 215/2012) as an exogenous shock to the percentage of female municipal councilors. Difference-indifferences instrumental variable approach finds that an increase in the percentage of female councilors decreases the maximum number of days in which at least one type of monitoring stations (among all the stations installed in the provincial capital municipality) has detected an excess of PM10 with respect to its daily limit. This research provides evidence of the most likely mechanism driving the results by proving that an increase in female officeholders has a positive impact on a number of environmental friendly policies and measures (as the bicycle lanes, the urban green, the bike- and carsharing services, district heating and traffic blockage) aimed at reducing the harmful air particles. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Gender quotas, Municipal elections, Female politicians |
| JEL: | C26 D72 J16 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–07–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121377 |
| By: | Robert W. Hahn; Nathaniel Hendren; Robert D. Metcalfe; Ben Sprung-Keyser |
| Abstract: | What are the most effective ways to address climate change? This paper extends and applies the marginal value of public funds (MVPF) framework to help answer this question. We examine 96 US environmental policy changes studied over the past 25 years. These policies span subsidies (wind, residential solar, electric and hybrid vehicles, vehicle retirement, appliance rebates, weatherization), nudges (marketing, energy conservation), and revenue raisers (fuel taxes, cap and trade). For each policy, we draw upon quasi-experimental or experimental evaluations of causal effects and translate those estimates into an MVPF. We apply a consistent translation of these behavioral responses into measures of their associated externalities and valuations of those externalities. We also provide a new method for incorporating learning-by-doing spillovers. The analysis yields three main results: First, subsidies for investments that directly displace the dirty production of electricity, such as production tax credits for wind power and subsidies for residential solar panels, have higher MVPFs (generally exceeding 2) than all other subsidies in our sample (with MVPFs generally around 1). Second, nudges to reduce energy consumption have large MVPFs, with values above 5, when targeted to regions of the US with a dirty electric grid. By contrast, policies targeting areas with cleaner grids such as California and the Northeast have substantially smaller MVPFs (often below 1). Third, fuel taxes and cap-and-trade policies are highly efficient means of raising revenue (with MVPFs below 0.7) due to the presence of large environmental externalities. We contrast these conclusions with those derived from more traditional cost-per-ton metrics used in previous literature. |
| JEL: | H0 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32728 |
| By: | Arnone, Massimo; Leogrande, Angelo; Costantiello, Alberto; Laureti, Lucio |
| Abstract: | This work aims to initiate a reflection on the awareness of environmental, social, and corporate governance issues, summarized in the acronym ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance), among Italian SMEs. The integration of ESG issues into business models has led to an expansion of the risk taxonomy affecting corporate management. In addition to traditional financial risks, new risks have emerged, primarily climate risk, environmental, and energy risks, which can significantly impact companies' ability to create economic value. This includes planning and designing virtuous initiatives focused on sustainability and the ability to build public-private partnerships with various stakeholders. After this theoretical framework aimed at highlighting the evolution of the concept of corporate sustainability following the introduction of ESG factors, a clustering of non-performing loans of Italian companies is proposed using a k-Means algorithm, comparing the results obtained through two different methods, namely the Elbow method and the Silhouette coefficient. Finally, using data on Italian regions between 2004 and 2023, an empirical analysis is conducted to provide an estimate of the relationship between non-performing loans and some variables related to ESG components. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, ESG, non performing loans, SMEs, clustering |
| JEL: | G00 G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 |
| Date: | 2024–07–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121452 |
| By: | Tröster, Bernhard; Papatheophilou, Simela; Küblböck, Karin |
| Abstract: | The Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) is a key EU legislation aimed at securing critical raw materials (CRMs) for green, digital, and defense sectors by enhancing extraction, processing, and recycling within the EU. It introduces measures to expedite permitting for strategic projects focused on strategic raw materials (SRMs), granting them "public interest" status and imposing stricter timelines. Our assessment indicates that while the CRMA could shorten permit processes, it will not significantly reduce overall project lead times. Concerns include reduced public participation in environmental impact assessments, as well as political influence and transparency deficiencies in the tasks of the European Commission. Despite introducing obligations for recycling and exploration, challenges such as low social acceptance, high costs, and administrative and budgetary burdens hinder the CRMA's goals. Crucially, the CRMA lacks a focus on reducing resource use, which is necessary to mitigate the environmental and social impacts of raw material projects. |
| Keywords: | Critical Raw Materials Act, Strategic Raw Materials, Mineral policies |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefser:300693 |
| By: | Hunnicutt, Patrick; Henderson, Geoffrey |
| Abstract: | Addressing policy failures such as crime, violence, and vulnerability to natural disasters often requires broad-based political participation. Prior research suggests policy failures themselves mobilize individuals to engage in politics, yet questions remain about how policy failures affect participation in the aggregate. While policy failures may make individuals more likely to participate, they also may undermine the collective action necessary to influence policy. We investigate the relationship between policy failures and aggregate-level political participation using the case of air pollution, a global threat to public well-being. Our research design leverages variation in particulate matter 2.5 dispersed by wind to estimate the effect of air pollution on county-level political participation in the United States. Our results show that air pollution undermines participation, likely because its health effects weaken individual and collective capacities for mobilization. Policy failures can be self-reinforcing—by undermining the prospects for mass mobilization, pollution may beget more pollution. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, pollution, policy failures, collection action, political participation, mobilization |
| Date: | 2023–09–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:globco:qt51h8846s |
| By: | Moritz A. Drupp; Jasper N. Meya; Björn Bos; Simon Disque |
| Abstract: | We study the heterogeneity of preferences regarding the limited substitutability of environmental public goods vis-a-vis private consumption goods and how it affects the economic valuation of environmental public goods. We show theoretically that mean marginal willingness to pay for an environmental public good decreases in society’s mean substitutability preference and increases in the heterogeneity of individual-level substitutability preferences. We then introduce an experimental framework to elicit individual-level substitutability preferences for the first time directly, which we apply to study general population preferences concerning the trade-off between market goods and forest ecosystem services. We estimate preference parameters for almost 1, 500 individuals and document substantial preference heterogeneity. The majority of individual preferences imply a complementary relationship, with a median elasticity of substitution (complementarity) of around 0.4 (2.5). We show that accounting for heterogeneity in substitutability preferences may considerably increase the societal value attached to environmental public goods. These findings are relevant for environmental cost-benefit analysis and for the comprehensive accounting of public natural capital. |
| Keywords: | substitutability, complementarity, heterogeneous preferences, non-market valuation, experiment, donations, public goods, policy appraisal |
| JEL: | Q51 Q56 H41 D64 C99 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11197 |
| By: | Anggraeni, L.; Amalia, S.; Perdinan; Adi, R.F. |
| Abstract: | Rice and coffee are strategic agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Rice is Indonesian main staple food and coffee is globally traded commodity that grown by Indonesian smallholders. There is growing concern regarding its production that sensitive to the change of temperature, rainfall and humidity. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study on the impact of climate change on rice and coffee production in Indonesia. The objective of the study is to assess the impacts of climate change on Indonesian macroeconomic performance and sectoral output. This paper using Computable General Equilibrium model with three simulations of productivity change under two climate scenarios of RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Climate change that reduces rice and coffee productivity affects Indonesia's macroeconomic performance. Climate change will reduce real GDP, real household consumption and exports. On the other hand, climate change will increase Indonesia's imports. Changes in macroeconomic performance in all scenarios of RCP 8.5 are worse than scenario 4.5. It is identified that climate change poses a negative risk to the quantity and quality of rice and coffee output and has a spiraling impact on increasing domestic prices, hence decrease the competitiveness. Climate change also contributed to reducing real income of households particularly for agricultural workers, agricultural entrepreneurs and low-income households in urban areas. Government climate change adaptation policies for rice and coffee are very important to overcome the decline in productivity and production. In addition, government should develop financial support and risk management system targeted towards vunerable groups affected by climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344444 |
| By: | Pies, Ingo; Schultz, Felix Carl |
| Abstract: | Der Weltklimarat (IPCC) hat jüngst eine Autorengruppe wohlwollend rezipiert, die die These vertritt, Klimaschutz könne (nur) durch Wachstumsverzicht - durch Nullwachstum und besser noch durch Negativwachstum - ambitioniert vorangetrieben werden. Wir rekonstruieren diese spezifische Degrowth-Argumentation und konfrontieren sie aus der Perspektive des ordonomischen Forschungsprogramms mit zwei kritischen Anfragen. Im Ergebnis sehen wir uns veranlasst, die im Titel aufgeworfene Frage zu verneinen. Unsere Gegenargumente lauten: (a) Degrowth verkennt die zivilisatorischen Vorzüge der postmalthusianischen Wachstumsgesellschaft. (b) Degrowth nimmt die klimapolitische Herausforderung nicht ernst genug. Insbesondere wird unterschätzt, dass die zum Klimaschutz für nötig gehaltenen Innovationen unternehmerischer Anstrengungen bedürfen und insofern marktwirtschaftliche Leistungsanreize voraussetzen. |
| Abstract: | The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently published a favourable assessment of a group of authors who argue that climate protection can only be ambitiously advanced by foregoing growth - through zero growth or, even better, through negative growth. We reconstruct this specific degrowth argumentation and confront it with two critical questions from the perspective of the ordonomic research program. As a result, we feel compelled to answer the question raised in this article's title in the negative. Our counter-arguments are: (a) Degrowth fails to recognize the civilizational advantages of the post-Malthusian growth society. (b) Degrowth does not take the climate challenge seriously enough. In particular, this specific group of degrowth proponents underestimates that the innovations considered necessary for climate protection presuppose entrepreneurial efforts and therefore require market-based performance incentives. |
| Keywords: | Degrowth, grünes Wachstum, Innovation, Klimapolitik, post-malthusianische Gesellschaft, Green Growth, Climate Policy, Post-Malthusian Society |
| JEL: | B59 O44 Q54 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:mlucee:300639 |
| By: | Dasol Kim; Luke Olson; Toan Phan |
| Abstract: | How does competition affect banks' adaptation to emergent risks for which there is limited supervisory oversight? The analysis matches detailed supervisory data on home equity lines of credit with high resolution flood projections to identify climate risks. Following Hurricane Harvey, banks updated their internal risk models to better reflect flood risk projections, even in areas unaffected by the disaster. These updates are only detected in banks with exposures to the disaster, indicating heterogeneous bank learning. We use this heterogeneity to identify how bank adaptation is affected by competition. Exposed banks reduce lending to areas with higher flood risks, but only in less competitive markets, suggesting that competition fosters risk-taking over risk mitigation. Additionally, banks are less likely to adapt in markets where competitors are also less likely to do so, suggesting a strategic complementarity in bank adaptation. More broadly, our paper sheds light on the role of competitive forces in how banks manage emerging risks and relevant supervisory challenges. |
| Keywords: | Banks; climate risk; real estate; natural disasters; competition; moral hazard. |
| JEL: | D14 E60 G21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–06–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedrwp:98617 |
| By: | Matzner, Anna; Steininger, Lea |
| Abstract: | We study the heterogeneous pass-through of carbon pricing on investment across firms. Using balance sheet data of 1.2 million European firms and identified carbon policy shocks, we find that higher carbon prices reduce investment, on average. However, less carbon-intensive firms and sectors reduce their investment relatively more compared to otherwise similar firms after a carbon price tightening shock. Following carbon price tightening, firms in demand-sensitive industries see a relative decrease not only in investment but also in sales, employment and cashflow. Moreover, we find no evidence that higher carbon prices incentivise carbon-intensive firms to produce less emission-intensively. Overall, our results are consistent with theories of the growth-hampering features of carbon price increases and suggest that carbon pricing policy operates as a demand shock. JEL Classification: Q54, Q58, D22, H23 |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, climate crisis, corporate finance, economic growth, public policy |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242958 |
| By: | Khera, Kartik; Büchele, Manfred; Büchele, Felix; Neuwald, Daniel Alexandre |
| Abstract: | With the increasing global demand for renewable energy, the challenge is identifying sustainable solutions´ avoiding land use conflicts. This study explores the potential of agrophotovoltaic (APV) systems, integrating photovoltaics with fruit production to simultaneously address energy generation and food production challenges. Focusing on the fruit orchards in Himachal Pradesh, India, a modelling study demonstrates the economic viability of APV systems, with relatively fast Return on Investment (ROI) of 5.3 and 5.9 years for cherry and apple production, respectively. The APV model, combining solar PV and fruit farms, is designed for a 1-hectare area. The dual use structure optimizes sunlight exposure while facilitating traditional agricultural practices. The financial analysis reveals substantial profits from fruit production and energy sales, contributing to the economic sustainability of APV. The study emphasizes the potential for increased farmer income, enhanced grid reliability, and rural electrification. Considering the unique challenges Himachal Pradesh faces, including cultivating apples and cherries of inferior quality, the paper recommends adopting innovative approaches. By harnessing solar power through APV, farmers can improve fruit quality, increase revenue, and contribute to a more sustainable and widespread energy distribution. This study is a foundation for future experimental verification and broader implementation of APV systems in diverse agricultural landscapes. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344374 |
| By: | Balasubramanya, Soumya |
| Abstract: | In recent years, policy discourse in South Asia has increasingly focused on reducing pressure on groundwater use in irrigated agriculture and reducing irrigation energy subsidies, while also not making farmers worse off. In an environment where pricing water and energy is administratively and politically challenging, much hope is placed on the widespread adoption of irrigation technologies that improve irrigation efficiency. This paper highlights knowledge gaps in this discourse, to identify avenues where research could inform evidence-based decision-making. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344327 |
| By: | Ekoh, Susan |
| Abstract: | Cities are increasingly affected by the changing climate and a corresponding mobility and immobility of people. Hence, localising global and national frameworks and policies on climate im/mobility at the city level is increasingly important. This discussion paper examines how urban governance in two West African cities, Accra and Dakar, addresses climate im/mobility, focusing on the role of power in shaping urban climate governance processes. The study applies a qualitative approach, involving a review of climate action plans for both cities and interviews with key informants in the field, to investigate the presence or absence of climate im/mobility considerations in urban governance and the power dynamics influencing these processes. Results show that diverse interests of stakeholders significantly influence urban climate governance and its linkages to im/mobility. Power is observed in the interests of involved actors, in the limited financial capacity of both cities, lack of transferred competence and limited knowledge on climate im/mobility. The study recommends better vertical coordination, allocation of competencies to city authorities, equitable policy development, enhanced knowledge sharing, and the addressing of data gaps to improve urban responses to climate-induced mobility challenges. These findings are relevant for stakeholders and policy-makers working to integrate climate im/mobility into urban governance frameworks. |
| Keywords: | multi-level governance, climate im/mobility, cities, power, climate action |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:300856 |
| By: | Bård Harstad; Katinka Holtsmark |
| Abstract: | We analyze a fundamental dilemma and time-inconsistency problem facing a climate coalition producing natural gas. In the short term, it is tempting to export more to outcompete coal. When this policy is anticipated, however, investments in renewables fall and emissions ultimately increase. When the coalition cannot pre-commit, its policies will be counterproductive. We discuss the robustness of this result and possible solutions. If the coalition can invest directly in renewables, for instance, the incentive to maintain a high price on exports can mitigate the temptation to reduce the price to outcompete coal. Under certain conditions, the commitment outcome can be implemented. |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32718 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Natural gas is a feedstock for the petrochemical industry and a fuel of choice in the power sector to help transition toward clean, sustainable, and affordable energy. As vital as gas is for electricity generation, the petrochemical industry, and the transportation sector, many oil operators flare or vent associated gas as a by-product of oil extraction at the wellhead or gathering stations. |
| Keywords: | Coal bed methane, Applied general model, Bottom up model, Deep water |
| Date: | 2022–10–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb02 |
| By: | Lewin, Wolf-Christian; Weltersbach, Marc Simon; Eckardt, Josefa; Strehlow, Harry Vincent |
| Abstract: | Die Bestände von Dorsch und frühjahrslaichendem Hering der westlichen Ostsee sind in den letzten Jahren stark zurückgegangen und um 2015 ist der Westdorschbestand nach dem Überschreiten eines biologischen Kipppunktes zusammengebrochen, ohne dass Aussicht auf kurzfristige Erholung besteht. Der Rückgang der Fischbestände in Kombination mit strengeren Regularien, wirtschaftlichen, politischen und sozialen Veränderungen und das zunehmende Bewusstsein, dass natürliche Ressourcen geschützt werden sollten, haben zu Konflikten zwischen verschiedenen Stakeholdergruppen geführt. Im Rahmen des Projektes 'marEEshift' wurden am Thünen-Institut für Ostseefischerei i) Workshops mit Vertreter:innen der Berufs- und Freizeitfischerei, der Umweltorganisationen und der Fischereimanagement/der Politik durchgeführt, ii) Trends und Kipppunkte in der Angel- und Berufsfischerei sowie iii) Methoden zur Gewinnung, Validierung und Verbesserung der Datengrundlage zur Angelfischerei in der westlichen Ostsee untersucht. Die Workshops fanden im Winterhalbjahr 2019/2020 statt, der gemeinsame Abschlussworkshop mit allen Beteiligten sowie mit Vertreter:innen aus der Politik wurde aufgrund der Covid-19-Pandemie im September 2022 durchgeführt. Die Vertreter:innen der Stakeholdergruppen identifizierten zum Teil dieselben Faktoren als relevant für den Westdorschbestand (v.a. Klimaveränderungen, Eutrophierung, Einstromereignisse von Nordseewasser, Prädation, fischereiliche Entnahmen), wobei einige Faktoren von den Gruppen unterschiedlich bewertet wurden. Gemeinsame Ziele konnten unter den Stichworten 'gesunder Dorschbestand und nachhaltige Fischerei' und 'respektvoller Umgang zwischen den Stakeholdergruppen mit dem Ziel der Kompromissfindung' zusammengefasst werden. Als Maßnahmen diskutiert wurden u. a. eine bessere Ausgestaltung der Fangquoten, flexible Schonzeiten und Schutzgebiete, Erfolgskontrollen von Fischereiverordnungen, verstärkte Berücksichtigung des Wissens der Akteure, bessere wissenschaftliche Bestandsmodelle, die Vereinfachung gesetzlicher Vorschriften, Bürokratieabbau sowie vor allem die Reduzierung von Nährstoffeinträgen in die Ostsee. Im gemeinsamen Abschlussworkshop bestand Konsens, dass die nachhaltige Ostseeküstenfischerei erhalten und die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung geändert werden sollte, um die Umweltqualität der Ostsee zu verbessern. Schutzgebiete und Laichschonzeiten wurden als sinnvoll erachtet, sollten aber unter Beteiligung der Fischerei flexibel gestaltet werden, der Berufsfischerei Planungssicherheit geben und auf ihre Effektivität hin überprüft werden. Aus Sicht der Angelfischerei sollte generell mehr Wert auf Eigenverantwortung und Umweltbildung gelegt werden. In Zukunft soll die Kooperation zwischen den anwesenden Akteursgruppen verbessert und vor allem die Landwirtschaft mit einbezogen werden. Als eine Möglichkeit der Diversifizierung der Berufsfischerei wurde auch die Beschäftigung der Fischer im Sinne einer Fischbestandspflege als 'Förster des Meeres' diskutiert. Die Kommunikation zeigte, dass es trotz einiger Differenzen Gemeinsamkeiten gab, die die gemeinsame Entwicklung von Lösungsansätzen ermöglichen sollten. Zeitreihendaten zur Dorschangelfischerei an der deutschen Ostseeküste zeigten einen Rückgang der Zahl der Kutterangler:innen in den vergangenen Jahren, wohingegen die der vom Boot aus angelnden Personen vergleichsweise stabil blieb. Die Fang- und Entnahmeraten sowie der Anteil großer Dorsche in den Fängen nahmen über die Zeit ab. Eine Periode geringer Fangraten zwischen Dezember 2015 und Dezember 2017 korrespondierte mit der geringen Bestandsgröße des Westdorsches. Bei der deutschen Ostseefischereiflotte, die überwiegend aus kleinen und mittleren Fischereifahrzeugen besteht, nahmen Anlandungen und Erlöse seit 2000 kontinuierlich ab, wobei der Rückgang bei Fischereifahrzeugen unter 12 m Länge vergleichsweise geringer ausgeprägt war als bei mittelgroßen Fahrzeugen, vermutlich weil der Rückgang bei Dorsch und Hering durch Anlandungen von Süßwasserarten aus den Bodden teilweise ausgeglichen werden konnte. Interviews mit Berufsfischern zeigten, dass viele Fischende die Fischerei eher aus Gründen der Tradition und des Naturerlebens als aus finanziellen Gründen ausüben Die Studie zeigte einen tiefgreifenden Strukturwandel der deutschen Ostseefischerei, der vor allem durch einen Rückgang mittelgroßer Fischereifahrzeuge und einem zunehmenden Anteil kleiner Fahrzeuge gekennzeichnet ist, die vermehrt im Nebenerwerb betrieben werden können. 2022/23 wurde eine deutschlandweite, repräsentative Telefon/Fangtagebuch-Studie abgeschlossen. In dieser Studie wurden u. a. Angelaufwand, Angelmethoden, Zielfischarten, Fang- und Rücksetzraten und monetäre Ausgaben erfasst und die Angelnden zu Fangorientierung sowie zur Bedeutung des Angelns für ihr Leben und zu ihren Motiven für das Angeln befragt. Darüber hinaus wurden die Aspekte Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden, Klimawandel, Tierschutz und Fischereimanagement im Kontext der Angelfischerei abgefragt. Auf Basis der Studie wurde die Zahl der Angelnden an der deutschen Ostseeküste (Ostsee und Bodden) auf 221.579 (203.843 - 238.684, 95 % Konfidenzintervall (KI)) Personen geschätzt, die rund 1.035.086 (956.551 - 1.120.04695 % KI) Angeltage an der Ostsee und rund 181.000 Angeltage an den Boddengewässern verbrachten. In der Ostsee wurde am häufigsten auf Meerforelle, Dorsch, Hering und Flunder geangelt, in den Bodden auf Barsch, Hecht, Zander und Hornhecht. Ein Vergleich mit früheren Daten (2014/15) zeigte, dass sich Fang- und Rückwurfraten von Dorschangler:innen eher zwischen den Angelmethoden (Boot-, Kutter- und Uferangeln) als zwischen den Erhebungsmethoden unter-schieden und dass die Schätzungen von Fang- und Rücksetzraten durch Angelhäufigkeit (Avidity) und Erinnerungsfehler verzerrt werden können. Im Rahmen von 'marEEshift' wurden zudem in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen Studien i) zur ökonomische Bedeutung der Ostsee- und Boddenangelfischerei, ii) zu den potentiellen Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Managementmaßnahmen auf den Westdorschbestand, iii) den Präferenzen der Dorschangler:innen, iv) den Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Angelfischerei, v) den Hechtbeständen der Boddengewässer, vi) zur invasiven Schwarzmundgrundel (Neogobius melanostomus) in den Küstengewässern, und vii) der Umweltverträglichkeit von Weichplastikködern durchgeführt. |
| Abstract: | The stocks of western Baltic cod and spring-spawning western Baltic herring, important target fish species for commercial and recreational fisheries, have declined sharply in recent years. Around 2016, the western Baltic cod stock collapsed after passing a biological tipping point with no prospect of short-term recovery. The declining fish stocks combined with stricter management regulations, economic, political, and social changes, and an increasing awareness that natural resources must be used sustainably led to conflicts between different stakeholder groups. As part of the "marEEshift" project, the Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries conducted i) workshops with representatives of commercial and recreational fisheries, environmental organizations and fisheries management/policy, ii) analysed trends and tipping points in angling and commercial fisheries and iii) investigated methods for obtaining, validating and improving the data basis for angling fisheries in the western Baltic Sea. The workshops took place in the winter 2019/2020, the joint final workshop with all stakeholders as well as with representatives from politics was held in September 2022 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The representatives of the stakeholder groups named a number of factors that were identified by all groups as relevant for the development of the cod stock (climate change, eutrophication, inflow of water from the North Sea, predation pressure, and removals by commercial and recreational fishers), even if their importance was assessed differently in some cases. Common objectives were summarized under the keywords "healthy cod stocks and sustainable fishing" and "respectful interaction between stakeholder groups with the aim of finding compromises". Measures discussed included catch quotas that allow long-term planning, flexible closed seasons and protected areas, performance reviews of fishing regulations, greater consideration of the knowledge of stakeholders, improvement of the scientific stock assessment models, simplification of legal regulations, reduction of bureaucracy and, above all, reduction of nutrient inputs into the Baltic Sea. In the joint final workshop, there was consensus that sustainable commercial fishing in the Baltic Sea should be maintained and agricultural should be changed in order to improve the environmental quality of the Baltic Sea. Protected areas and closed seasons were considered sensible. They should be designed flexibly with the involvement of the fishery to give fishers planning security and be reviewed for their effectiveness. From the point of view of recreational fishers, more emphasis should be placed on personal responsibility and environmental education. In future, cooperation between the stakeholder groups should be improved and representatives of the agriculture should be included. The employment of fishers as "foresters of the sea" was also discussed as a way of diversifying commercial fisheries. The communication showed that, despite some differences, there was common ground that should enable the joint development of solutions. Time series data on cod fishing on the German Baltic Sea coast showed declining numbers of charter boat anglers in recent years, while the number of anglers fishing from small boats remained comparatively stable. The catch and removal rates as well as the proportion of large cod in the catches decreased over time. A period of low catch rates between December 2015 and December 2017 corresponded with the low stock size of western Baltic cod. In the commercial German Baltic Sea fishing fleet, which consists mainly of small and medium-sized fishing vessels (small scale fishery), landings and revenues have declined continuously since 2000. The decline was comparatively less pronounced for fishing vessels under 12 m in length than for medium-sized vessels, presumably because the decline in cod and herring was partially offset by landings of freshwater species from coastal Bodden waters. Interviews with commercial fishers showed that many fishers pursue fishing more for tradition and experiencing nature than for financial reasons. The study revealed a profound structural change in commercial German Baltic Sea fishery, which is characterized above all by a decline in medium-sized fishing vessels and an increasing proportion of small vessels, which may increasingly operate on a part-time basis. In 2022/23, a Germany-wide, representative telephone/diary study was completed. The study recorded fishing effort, fishing methods, target fish species, catch and release rates and expenditure and asked anglers about their fishing orientation, the importance of fishing for their lives and their motives for fishing. In addition, aspects of health and well-being, climate change, animal welfare and fisheries management were surveyed in the context of angling. Based on the study, the number of anglers on the German Baltic Sea coast (Baltic Sea and Bodden) was estimated at 221, 579 (203, 843 - 238, 684, 95 % confidence interval (CI)). The anglers spent around 1, 035, 086 (956, 551 - 1, 120, 04695 % CI) fishing days in the Baltic Sea and around 181, 000 fishing days in the Bodden waters. Sea trout, cod, herring and flounder were the most important target species in the Baltic Sea, while perch, pike, zander and garfish were fished for most frequently in the Bodden. A comparison with previous data (2014/15) showed that catch and discard rates of cod anglers differed more between fishing methods (boat, charter boat and shore fishing) than between survey methods and that estimates of catch and discard rates can be biased by fishing frequency (avidity) and recall error. |
| Keywords: | Westliche Ostsee, Nutzerkonflikte, Berufsfischerei, Freizeitfischerei, Umweltorganisationen, Kipppunkte, Trendanalysen, Westdorsch (Gadus morhua), mentale Modelle, Fischereimanagement, Western Baltic Sea, user conflicts, commercial fishery, recreational fishery, environmental NGOs, ecological and social tipping points, trend analyses, Western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), mental models, fisheries management |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:300641 |
| By: | Fukang Chen; Minhao Chen; Lin William Cong; Haoyu Gao; Jacopo Ponticelli |
| Abstract: | The pace of biodiversity loss requires drastic shifts in conservation efforts that carry substantial costs. We investigate how the financial market prices such conservation costs exploiting the "Green Shield Action, " a major regulatory initiative launched by the Chinese central government in 2017 to enforce biodiversity preservation rules in national nature reserves. We document that, while improving local biodiversity, the initiative led to a significant increase in bond yields for Chinese municipalities with national nature reserves. Evidence suggests that these effects are driven by expected increases in transition costs resulting from shutting down illegal economic activities within reserves and local public spending on biodiversity following the initiative. Overall, our results indicate that investors show little consideration beyond financial payoffs towards endeavors counteracting biodiversity loss. |
| JEL: | G12 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32743 |
| By: | Hertel, Thomas W. |
| Abstract: | In a series of highly cited papers over the period 2009 – 2023, earth system scientists have identified a set of nine planetary boundaries that must not be breached if we wish to avoid catastrophic consequences for nature and humanity. These range from well-mixed, global boundaries, such as climate-altering greenhouse gas emissions, to localized limits on freshwater availability and reactive nitrogen entering the environment. Recent estimates by Richardson et al. (2023), suggest that four of the nine planetary boundaries have already been breached. The food system is a key driver of all four exceedances and therefore must play a key role in any solutions. However, the establishment of these boundaries and the analysis of potential solutions has often been devoid of economic considerations. Furthermore, in the case of several of these planetary boundaries, limited attention has been given to the economic policies that might allow society to address them, as well as the likely synergies and tradeoffs across economic policies targeted to individual objectives. This paper seeks to bring further economic analysis to bear on the quantitative assessment of global and local economic policies aimed at respecting these planetary boundaries, concluding with six lessons to inform future research on this topic. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344346 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Aviation is crucial for connecting people and countries worldwide. Although aviation carriers, manufacturers, and governments have all aimed to increase energy efficiency through significant technological advances over recent decades, this transport mode has struggled to find alternatives to fossil-based fuels. However, recent developments in low-carbon aviation fuel (LCAF), sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), hydrogen-based fuel, and electric power have improved the sustainability of the sector. As a result, a better understanding of the current use, future development, and new challenges of energy sources is essential for the future of the aviation industry. |
| Keywords: | Aviation oil consumption, Aviation oil demand, Crude oil, Diesel |
| Date: | 2022–10–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb05 |
| By: | Lambarraa-Lehnhardt, Fatima |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses a threat to agricultural production in the Mediterranean region. Therefore, it is essential to build resilient and efficient farms to ensure food security and sustainable Mediterranean agriculture. Improved resilience of farms against climate shocks can enhance farm efficiency, depending on the farming system. Within the framework of the BIODIVER-SIFY project, the aim is to compare the resilience of different farming systems in the Mediterranean basin based on their diversification. To achieve this objective, a survey data is used from various case studies across the Mediterranean. The methodological approach is based on the impact of resilience capacity indicators on the technical efficiency of farms using the stochastic frontier model. The results show that the intensive farming system is more efficient, whereas the diversified farming system is more robust. Higher farm adaptability has a positive impact on the technical efficiency of diversified farming systems but a negative impact on the intensive ones. The results suggest trade-offs between resilience and farm efficiency that de-pend on the sustainability of the farming system. This study provides useful insights for farmers, policymakers, and researchers regarding the development of sustainable agricultural practices in the Mediterranean region. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi23:344247 |
| By: | Bartkowski, Bartosz |
| Abstract: | Agri-environmental policy in the European Union and elsewhere is increasingly oriented to-wards multifunctionality, i.e. the provision of public goods and/or reduction of environmental externalities next to the production of food and materials. Agricultural and agri-environmental policy approaches vary substantially across countries. However, they have two things in common: first, their limited success in improving the environmental quality of agricultural landscapes; and second, their reliance on voluntary payment schemes as the primary agri- environmental policy instrument. In this paper, I explore the full spectrum of theoretically available agri-environmental policy instruments for multifunctionality in a systematic way to demonstrate which options could be available and under what conditions. For this purpose, I combine concepts from ecosystem service research, property rights economics and public good economics. I use a list of ecosystem services provided in agricultural landscapes as a starting point. I characterize the individual ecosystem services by means of policy-relevant properties: the balance between public and private benefits, scale of provision, scale of benefits, degree of diffusion and attributability, spatial heterogeneity of benefit potential, spatial heterogeneity of management requirements, reversibility and permanence. I then leverage these properties to assess how well different policy instruments are likely to work for addressing the identified list of ecosystem services. For that, I consider policy instruments belonging to two property rights logics – “beneficiary pays” and “polluter pays”. The result of the analysis is a conceptual overview of a potential policy mix to address multifunctionality in agricultural landscapes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi23:344238 |
| By: | Aklin, Michaël; Buntaine, Mark T; Mildenberger, Matto |
| Abstract: | International cooperation depends on conditional commitments between states. We examine the politics of conditional commitments in climate change using three experiments in ten major carbon-emitting countries. We specifically investigate whether public pledges of conditional action made by national governments increase public support for ambitious climate action in other countries. We find that only unconditional pledges increase public support for policy ambition in foreign countries. Additionally, countries seeking financial and technical transfers only gain foreign support for transfers when they combine conditional pledges with ambitious unconditional pledges. We also observe that the public in most countries only favors making part of their country’s climate pledge conditional on other countries’ actions when their home country makes an unconditional commitment at or above the average level necessary to prevent dangerous warming. Overall, public preferences are unconditionally aligned with addressing the climate problem. Conditional commitments are more aligned with increasing domestic support for climate policy than unlocking more ambitious settlements between countries. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, climate change, conditional commitments, international governance, climate policy |
| Date: | 2023–08–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:globco:qt3mb417zg |
| By: | Yilong Xu (Utrecht School of Economics, Utrecht University); Mikolaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Nick Hanley (University of Glasgow); Leonhard Lades (University of Stirling); Charles N. Noussair (Eller College of Management, University of Arizona); Steven Tucker (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | We consider how people's emotions affect their stated preferences and willingness to pay for changes in environmental quality, focusing on the effect of incidental emotions. We use videos to induce emotional states and test the replicability of the results reported in Hanley et al. (2016). Additionally, we employ a novel methodology - Face reading software - to verify whether the intended emotional states were successfully induced. We find that our treatments succeed in implementing the predicted emotional condition in terms of self-reported emotions, but had a variable effect on measured (estimated) emotional states. We replicate the result from Hanley et al. (2016): induced emotional state has no significant effect on stated preference estimates or on willingness to pay for an environmental quality change. Moreover, we confirm that, irrespective of the treatment assignment or emotional state - be it self-reported or measured - we observe no significant effect of emotion on preference estimates. We conclude that stated preference estimates for environmental change are unaffected by changes in incidental emotions. Our results suggest that preference estimates are robust to the emotional state of the responder. |
| Keywords: | Choice experiments; Laboratory Experiments; Behavioral Economics; Environmental Valuation; Emotions; Cost-Benefit Analysis |
| JEL: | Q51 Q57 D03 |
| Date: | 2024–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:24/06 |
| By: | Naomi-Rose Alexander; Longji Li; Dr. Jorge Mondragon; Sahar Priano; Ms. Marina Mendes Tavares |
| Abstract: | This study examines the green transition's effects on labor markets using a task-based framework to identify jobs with tasks that contribute, or with the potential to contribute, to the green transition. Analyzing data from Brazil, Colombia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States, we find that the proportion of workers in green jobs is similar across AEs and EMs, albeit with distinct occupational patterns: AE green job holders typically have higher education levels, whereas in EMs, they tend to have lower education levels. Despite these disparities, the distribution of green jobs across genders is similar across countries, with men occupying over two-thirds of these positions. Furthermore, green jobs are characterized by a wage premium and a narrower gender pay gap. Our research further studies the implications of AI for the expansion of green employment opportunities. This research advances our understanding of the interplay between green jobs, gender equity, and AI and provides valuable insights for promoting a more inclusive green transition. |
| Keywords: | Labor Market Transition; Climate Change; Employment |
| Date: | 2024–07–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/156 |
| By: | Wellhausen, Rachel L |
| Abstract: | In the global waste trade, importers buy foreign-origin waste and scrap. After recycling waste products into raw materials destined for new goods, the leftovers are just trash—imported negative externalities that can overwhelm low-capacity developing states. Yet there is power in piles of foreign garbage, especially as modern waste management systems are designed around trade. When a waste product’s imports concentrate in fewer states, those states gain market power to raise tariffs while still accommodating domestic demand. To support the theory, I introduce a list of 179 internationally traded waste products (HS 6-digit), as well as novel data on product-level tariffs and the international distribution of waste imports (1995–2020). I show the theory in action following China’s shocking 2017 ban on imports of 26 waste products, where states on the receiving end of diverted imports have exercised their newfound power to use tariffs in service of environmental protection. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Global South, end-of-life (EOL) waste, environmental protection, tariffs |
| Date: | 2023–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:globco:qt40m4179x |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | On September 6, 2022, the workshop “ESG: A Barrier or a Solution to the Oil and Gas Investment Emergency?” was held in conjunction with the Arab Petroleum Investment Corporations (APICORP). This workshop had the following objectives: To continue the campaign to inform stakeholders about the alarming low investment situation in the oil and gas sector, which could result in a supply deficit in two to three years unless urgent measures are taken. To analyze the main factors affecting investment attractiveness in the sector, with particular attention to the climate issues that have shifted investors’ priorities to other industries. To analyze the role of environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) scores and strategies and possible solutions that could help the oil and gas industry attract more investment and, at the same time, cope with its sustainability responsibilities. |
| Keywords: | Agreement, Allocations, Alternative fuels, Balance |
| Date: | 2023–02–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb11 |
| By: | Ioannis Tikoudis; Andrea Papu Carrone; Rose Mba Mebiame; Nicolina Lamhauge; Katherine Hassett; Olof Bystrom |
| Abstract: | This paper offers new insights on household choices related to transport, based on data from the third OECD Survey on Environmental Policies and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). The analysis explores the role of key factors determining the choice of fuel type in vehicles and the choice of transport mode in trips. The study uses choice experiment data to estimate the importance of key drivers of electric vehicle purchase decisions and to project future adoption rates of electric vehicles. Results show that income, location and environmental awareness play important roles in the choice of whether to own a vehicle, and its fuel type. Convenient access to charging, such as at home or workplace, can significantly increase the likelihood of choosing an electric vehicle. |
| Keywords: | car ownership, electric vehicle adoption, EV subsidies, fuel type choice, household behaviour, mode choice, range anxiety, recharging infrastructure |
| JEL: | C25 D12 D91 Q54 R40 |
| Date: | 2024–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:246-en |
| By: | Santiago Izquierdo-Tort; Seema Jayachandran; Santiago Saavedra |
| Abstract: | Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are a widely used approach for forest conservation through which people are paid to avoid deforesting land they enroll in the program. We present findings from a randomized trial in Mexico that tested whether a PES contract that requires enrollees to enroll all of their forest is more effective than the traditional PES contract that allows them to exercise choice. The modification's aim is to prevent landowners from enrolling only parcels they planned to conserve anyway while leaving aside other parcels to deforest. We find that the full-enrollment treatment reduces deforestation by 41% compared to the traditional contract. This extra conservation occurs despite the full-enrollment provision reducing the compliance rate due to its more stringent requirements. The full-enrollment treatment more than quadrupled cost-effectiveness, highlighting the potential to substantially improve the efficacy of conservation payments through simple contract modifications. |
| JEL: | O13 Q23 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32689 |
| By: | Fulton, Lew; Yang, Chris; Burke, Andrew; Acharya, Tri Dev; Bourne, Beth; Coffee, Daniel; Kong, David |
| Abstract: | To achieve California’s ambitious climate goals, a shift to hydrogen fuel for some transportation sectors may be essential.In this report, we explore the build-out of a hydrogen fuel distribution system including uptake of light-, medium-, and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles. Our analysis of Base and High Case scenarios includes costs of building and operating a hydrogen vehicle and fuel system and estimates workforce impacts. We consider scenarios with about 125, 000 vehicles by 2030 in the Base Case and 250, 000 in the high case. This increases by an order of magnitude to 2045. Vehicle and station investment costs associated with the Base Case reach anywhere from $4 to 12 billion USD by 2030 and increase by a factor of eight by 2045. Costs per kg of hydrogen, including fuel transmission to stations and station costs delivered to vehicles, could be in the range of $4 to 8 per kg. This becomes $6 to 10/kg as a final delivered cost, if production of hydrogen were to cost $2/kg. Workforce impacts in the Base Case include 600 to 2, 200 jobs created by 2030, rising rapidly thereafter. This report was prepared by the ITS-UC Davis Energy Futures Hydrogen Program in partnership with the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Hydrogen fuels, fuel cell vehicles, electric vehicles, market penetration, capital costs, economic impacts, jobs |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt133538gw |
| By: | Sahoo, Dukhabandhu; Behera, Jayanti; Biswas, Chandrima |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to explore the determinants of the use of climate smart agriculture technology (CSAT) among agrarian households of Odisha, India. The effect of climate change and the consequent unpredictability of weather patterns make agricultural production vulnerable. It calls for a solution wherein it is required to transform the existing agricultural practices to make it more efficient, more productive and less prone to climate change. So, the farm inputs should be more adaptive that can be ushered in by adopting CSAT by the practitioners. It is a smart agriculture process that minimizes the negative effect of climate change on agricultural production and contributes towards sustainable agricultural system. The result of the Fractional and Beta regression reveals that higher the level of social capital, higher is the intensity of the use of CSAT by the households. The use of CSAT is less in households that are female headed and belong to the scheduled tribes in comparison to the households that are male headed and belong to the scheduled castes. However, the households having knowledge about the technology use it more than the households with no knowledge of CSAT. The households who think that CSAT is not women-friendly use the technology more in comparison to households that think that women do not have the skills to use the technology. The intensity of the use of CSAT is higher for households where the female takes agricultural decisions. Further, the use of CSAT is less in families where land is owned by the male members only. This calls for institutional arrangements to ensure wider usage of social capital, land ownership by the female members and their economic empowerment by providing them better wages and livelihood so that agrarian households will be interested to use CSAT in agriculture that can ultimately cater to the growing demand of food. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:344215 |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio |
| Abstract: | This paper studies convergence in family house prices across 364 counties in the US from 1975 to 2022. We use the club convergence test to contrast the null hypothesis of full convergence, and if it is rejected, to identify endogenously convergence clubs that follow the same convergence pattern. We reject the hypothesis of absolute convergence and identify six different convergence clubs. We also explore some determinants that could explain the formation of clubs, and find that certain weather conditions, income level and education variables are correlated with the final subgroups identified by the club convergence test. Specifically, clubs with low family house price indexes are characterized by a lower income levels, a higher percentage of the population with college degrees, and a greater frequency of extreme weather conditions over the last two decades, such as extreme hot and cold days. In the current emergency context where these extreme weather conditions are becoming more frequent, and climate models continue to predict that their importance will continue increasing, these results are important to understand the impacts of climate change on family housing markets and adopt suitable mitigation policies. |
| Keywords: | Family house prices; convergence clubs; US counties; income; education; weather |
| JEL: | D10 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121487 |
| By: | Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | Die Auswirkungen der Erderwärmung - wie Dürren, Ernteausfälle und Waldbrände, aber auch Starkregen und Überschwemmungen - treten immer häufiger und heftiger auf. Im Zukunftsimpuls "Klimafolgenanpassung: gutes Leben in einer sich rasant verändernden Welt absichern" zeigen Forschende des Wuppertal Instituts, mit welchen Herausforderungen wir uns auseinandersetzen müssen und wie eine effektive und nachhaltige Anpassung an die Folgen des Klimawandels gelingen kann. Das Impulspapier deckt eine große thematische Bandbreite ab: Neben Empfehlungen für den Umbau der Städte oder Anpassungen in Landwirtschaft und Gesundheitswesen, enthält es auch Ansätze zu naturbasierten Lösungen, zu wirtschaftlichen Chancen und Risiken sowie zu integrierten Strategien, die Klimaschutz und Klimafolgenanpassung intelligent miteinander verknüpfen. |
| Abstract: | The effects of global warming - such as droughts, crop failures and forest fires, but also heavy rainfall and flooding - are becoming more frequent and more severe. In the Zukunftsimpuls paper "Climate impact adaptation: securing a good life in a rapidly changing world", researchers from the Wuppertal Institute show the challenges we face and how we can adapt effectively and sustainably to the consequences of climate change. The paper covers a wide range of topics: In addition to recommendations for the conversion of cities or adaptations in agriculture and healthcare, it also contains approaches to nature-based solutions, economic opportunities and risks as well as integrated strategies that intelligently link climate protection and climate impact adaptation. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wupimp:300662 |
| By: | Többen, Dorothea; Rößle, Kathrin |
| Abstract: | Diese Arbeit untersucht die Entwicklung der ESG-Scores der DAX-Unternehmen über einen Zeitraum von 2015 bis 2021. Dabei werden sowohl der übergreifende ESG -Score als auch die Subkategorien Environmental, Social und Governance berücksichtigt. Aus der Analyse resultiert, dass sich die Scores insgesamt in den letzten sieben Jahren deutlich verbessert haben, es jedoch innerhalb der DAX-Unternehmen nach wie vor große Unterschiede gibt. Einige Unternehmen wie Mercedes Benz, SAP oder die Allianz weisen konstant sehr gute ESG-Scores auf, während bei anderen Unternehmen wie Beiersdorf, Brenntag oder Porsche noch Raum für Verbesserungen besteht. Bei genauerer Betrachtung der einzelnen Pillar Scores zeigt sich, dass der Social Pillar Score im Untersuchungszeitraum durchschnittlich die besten Werte aufweist und beim Environmental Pillar Score ein stetig ansteigender Score zu erkennen ist. Ferner wird ersichtlich, dass im Rahmen des Untersuchungszeitraums mit im Schnitt 22 Punkten der größte Anstieg beim Governance Score zu finden ist. |
| Keywords: | DAX-Unternehmen, ESG-Scores |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rpaebs:300651 |
| By: | Kelley, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | The scientific understanding of the causes of global warming is based on a vast body of rigorous, peer-reviewed research but there is not nearly as much systematic empirical evidence on consequences for humans. Using direct questions about satisfaction with winter and summer weather, we show that warming's effects can be reliably estimated from survey data and have a major impact on subjective well-being. Combining a US national survey (N=2295) and standard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data on actual month-by-month temperatures at each location, we find that changes to be expected from the widely discussed, allegedly "dangerous" two degrees Celsius of global warming are both familiar and small. They are equivalent to moving from Wisconsin to Michigan, or Virginia to North Carolina, or more generally 180 miles south. Such warming will greatly increase Americans' satisfaction with winter weather, especially in the north, and somewhat decrease satisfaction with summer weather in both north and south. On balance the nation benefits slightly. Regional differences are large, with northerners' gains roughly equivalent to a 4% to 6% increase in their GDP, while southerners losses are about the same. These changes are important, in and of themselves about as large as the combined financial implications of all other aspects of global warming. They have important policy implications, suggesting that prompt action to reduce carbon emissions may not be optimal as that would restrict warming both in the summer and in the south (gains) but also in the winter and in the north (losses). |
| Date: | 2024–07–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:f2zcw |
| By: | Adu-Baffour, F.; Daum, T.; Obeng, A. E.; Birner, R.; Bosch, C. |
| Abstract: | Illegal small-scale mining and processing activities (ASM) have led to vast areas of degraded, contaminated, and abandoned local-community lands, posing a major environmental concern in many developing countries. In the absence of effective state mechanisms to enforce more sustainable mining and post-mining practices, there are increasing discussions on whether community-based solutions could be a second-best solution to restore such lands. This paper analyzes a unique case of an NGO-initiated, community-based ASM land restoration project in Ghana, examining the conditions under which communities could ensure sustainable land rehabilitation outcomes. Qualitative methods are used to map out key actors and relationships to make community-based rehabilitation projects work, followed by the stated preferences method to estimate factors influencing the local communities’ decision to contribute to mined land restoration, including phytoremediation, a technique to reduce contamination. Our findings reveal that there is community support for reclaiming and remediating former ASM lands using communal labor. However, support depends on land tenure arrangements, among other factors. Chiefs, as community overlords, were perceived among the most influential actors as they have the power to enact and enforce local laws and sanction noncompliance with regards to customary land management. Local community members and landowners, however, were seen to be largely not organized, with different land use priorities and unregulated and insecure land tenure structures. Overall, this study shows that community-based solutions could be a second-best option for mined-land rehabilitation, however, such efforts need to pay close attention to social networks, norms, rules, and practices, to be successful and ensure that community members really benefit. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi23:344243 |
| By: | Gelan, Ayele U.; Atkinson, Giles |
| Abstract: | This study is concerned with food security effects of global warming in Kuwait. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approach to monitor impacts of human activities on climate change has essentially remained top-down. Hence, it fallen out of favour among end user communities. In this procedure, the needs of policymakers at national scale have been peripheral. Kuwait's food security is a good illustration of this. The study is implemented by applying a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Kuwait. The model was calibrated on Kuwaiti data to examine food security impacts of the five Shared Socio-economic Pathways. The simulation results indicate asymmetrical impacts on Kuwait's agriculture and food processing industries. Arid countries would benefit by enhancing national capacities to assess food security implications of global warming scenarios. |
| Keywords: | arid agriculture; food prices; food security; global warming scenarios; integrated assessment models |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–09–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124122 |
| By: | Mantey, Vida; Bosch, Christine; Missiame, Arnold; Birner, Regina; Birkenberg, Athena; Yameogo, Viviane Guesbeogo; Mburu, John |
| Abstract: | Dairy production is an important contributor to food security and poverty reduction, but it is also a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The development of smallholder agricultural carbon projects, such as the Mt. Elgon project, provides an opportunity for farmers to receive benefits for adopting sustainable practices that not only potentially increase farm productivity but also reduce GHG emissions. While there is growing evidence that agricultural cooperatives in conventional development projects improve the adoption of agricultural technologies and the economic performance of smallholder farms, there is a research gap on the role that dairy cooperatives can play in smallholder agricultural carbon projects. This study examines the role of dairy cooperatives in smallholder agricultural carbon projects and assesses the impact of cooperative membership on the technical efficiency of smallholder dairy carbon farmers in Western Kenya. The study used a mixed methods approach. A participatory and visual mapping tool, Net-Map, was used to identify key actors and their linkages. Stochastic frontier and endogenous switching regression models were used to estimate technical efficiency and assess the impact of cooperative membership on the technical efficiency of smallholder dairy carbon farmers, respectively. The results show that dairy cooperatives in carbon projects play an important role in project design and implementation, as well as in carbon monitoring and reporting. On average, smallholder farmers are 35.3 percent technically efficient, and cooperative members have lower technical efficiency than non-members. This finding can be attributed to the way these dairy cooperatives were set up and the fact that some farmers joined the cooperatives to participate in the project. Furthermore, an average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) and an average treatment effect on the untreated (ATU) of 0.311 and 0.251 respectively was observed. In general, the study concludes that without critical sources of heterogeneity, dairy cooperatives can support smallholder carbon farmers not only to improve their efficiency but also to promote sustainable dairy farming. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344343 |
| By: | Mariam Aboulkhouyoul (•JPEG - Laboratoire des sciences Juridiques, Politique, Economiques et de Gestion - AU - Avignon Université, AU - Avignon Université); François Fulconis (AU - Avignon Université, •JPEG - Laboratoire des sciences Juridiques, Politique, Economiques et de Gestion - AU - Avignon Université, CRET-LOG - Centre de Recherche sur le Transport et la Logistique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Patrick Pujo (AMU - Aix Marseille Université, CRET-LOG - Centre de Recherche sur le Transport et la Logistique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | The article looks at the crucial influence of regulation in the process of moving towards a circular economy, with a particular focus on the packaging and packaging waste sectors in the automotive industry. The analysis examines how current and emerging regulations are shaping industry practices and encouraging the adoption of more sustainable models in packaging management, thereby contributing to the move towards a circular economy. |
| Abstract: | L'article se penche sur l'influence cruciale de la réglementation dans le processus de transition vers une économie circulaire, en mettant tout particulièrement l'accent sur les secteurs des emballages et des déchets d'emballage dans l'industrie automobile. L'analyse examine comment les réglementations actuelles et émergentes façonnent les pratiques industrielles et encouragent l'adoption de modèles plus durables dans la gestion des emballages, contribuant ainsi à l'évolution vers une économie circulaire. |
| Keywords: | économie circulaire, emballages industriels, règlementation, déchets d'emballages, industrie automobile, transition |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04637212 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center; Baker Hughes (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | For decades, the oil and gas industry has delivered the world with the best value proposition in the forms of reliable, affordable, safe energy supplies. As global population projections soar, demand for all forms of energy is also set to rise, with hydrocarbons expected to play a dominant role in the energy mix for the foreseeable future. However, current global greenhouse gas (GHG) targets and today’s definition of clean energy highlight the opportunity for emissions management and create an economic incentive for producers and consumers to decarbonize, with both groups playing a critical role in the energy transition. |
| Keywords: | Air conditioning, Applied general model, Article 6, Blockchain |
| Date: | 2022–09–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb03 |
| By: | Kaifang Luo; Yueming Lucy Qiu; Pengfei Liu; Yingdan Mei |
| Abstract: | Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) techniques are vital to decarbonization goals. A CCUS supply chain captures CO₂ and delivers it to a suitable location where CO₂ can either be used or injected deep underground for long-term storage. CCUS projects reduce carbon emissions but also pose certain risks to local communities. Using nationwide CCUS data combined with property-level transaction records from 1990 to 2021 in the U.S., we quantify the net impact of proximity to CCUS projects on nearby housing prices in light of their positive and negative externalities. The results show that proximity to CCUS projects leads to a price premium on nearby house sales prices, but such effects disappear beyond the 4.2-km buffer. Compared to homes without CCUS projects nearby, houses with CCUS projects within 4.2 km typically command a price premium of 3.90% (or $8, 582). CCUS deployment could be facilitated with a more detailed explanation of the housing price premium. The observed increase in property values near CCUS operations in the U.S. provides insights that could inform CCUS project development in other regions, though local regulatory and socio-economic factors must be carefully considered. |
| JEL: | Q4 Q51 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32713 |
| By: | Simon Baumgartinger-Seiringer (Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria); Balazs Pager (Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria); Michaela Trippl (Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) |
| Abstract: | This article focuses on regions in industrial transitions (RITs) in the context of climate change mitigation and their varying paths towards sustainability, drawing on rich data from 11 regions in 9 countries in the Danube area in Europe. Inspired by recent work on green regional vulnerability, challenge-oriented regional innovation systems and transformative resilience, the article conceptualizes regional industrial transition pathways as the outcome of a complex interplay between distinct geographies of (1) vulnerability to, (2) preparedness for, and (3) responsiveness to transition pressures. Empirically, the article employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative analyses of regional structural conditions (focusing on vulnerability and preparedness) with qualitative investigations of agency of regional and non-regional actors (focusing on responsiveness). In doing so, the article unravels diverse pathways that regions adopt to navigate industrial transitions. We contend that these insights hold important implications for the design of tailor-made regional industrial transition strategies. |
| Keywords: | Regions in industrial transitions, vulnerability, preparedness, responsiveness, transformative resilience |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoe:wpaper:2403 |
| By: | Wongpit, P.; Sisengnam, K. |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on addressing the innovation gap in the agricultural sector of Lao PDR, a critical component of the population's primary livelihood. Emphasizing the 9th National Socio-Economic Development Plan for 2021-2025 and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Strategy 2025 and Vision 2030, the research examines recent innovation models in agriculture and rural development in the country. Out of the 30 models interviewed, 10 are highlighted for their significant impact on the development of agriculture, rural areas, and smallholder farmers, demonstrating the applicability of these innovations. The study explores potential innovations, such as the role of the Lao Farmer Network as a national platform for information sharing, the Coffee Production Cooperative in connecting domestic producers with foreign consumers, and the creative use of saffron to reduce waste from coffee processing. Despite their potential, certain innovations, including Beef Research and Development Farm cost-effective animal feed formulas and specific rice-growing techniques, encounter limited adoption among farmers or production groups. Challenges impeding widespread implementation encompass insufficient investment, an unsuitable environment, and limited markets. Notably, hydroponics vegetable farming poses challenges due to its requirement for significant investment and specialized knowledge, potentially excluding smallholder farmers. To foster agricultural innovation, the study proposes several policy implications: collaboration between governments and the private sector in R&D investment, improving access and adopt innovations through tax incentives and financial support, establishing a platform for technology sharing, allocating resources to education and training programs, prioritizing environmental sustainability in agricultural innovation to prevent harm to the environment. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344455 |
| By: | Bello, Lateef Olalekan; Awotide, Bola Amoke; Danso-Abbeam, Gideon; Sakurai, Takeshi |
| Abstract: | Climate change remains a major impediment to food security in majority of developing countries, such as the West Africa Sahel (WASR), due to the rudimentary and rain-fed production system practiced by most farmers. The adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies (CSAT), which aim to increase resilience and adaptation to changing climatic conditions, is crucial for boosting crop productivity and increasing food sufficiency. This study examined the food security impact of smallholder farmers adopting CSAT in WASR (Mali and Niger). We control for potential endogeneity bias that could occur in this study by employing the extended ordered probit and multinomial endogenous treatment effect model to analyze food security impact using the two most common approaches, which are the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Food Consumption Scores (FCS). The impact results from the HFIAS estimation indicate that CSAT adopters are more food insecure than non-adopters in WASR. Subsequently, the FCS estimation results show that smallholder farmers adopting CSAT are less food secure than non- adopters. Further analysis of mechanisms and pathways to food security revealed that CSAT 2 Copyright 2024 by Lateef Olalekan Bello, Bola Amoke Awotide, Gideon-Danso-Abbeam, and Takeshi Sakurai. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. adopters significantly reduced the share of crop production they retained for household consumption compared to non-adopters. Subsequent findings revealed that adopters of CSAT generate significantly higher crop revenues than non-adopters. This implies that CSAT adopters sell the majority of their marketable surplus and retain a minor share for household consumption. These findings suggest that farm-level sensitization programs could emphasize the need for farmers to strike a balance between agricultural investment and food security. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344323 |
| By: | Forsyth, Tim; McDermott, Constance L.; Dhakal, Rabindra |
| Abstract: | Equitable resilience is an increasing focus of development policy, but there is still insufficient attention to how the framings of equity itself shape what, and who, is targeted through development efforts. Universalistic assumptions about climate risk or social marginalization can define equity in ways that hide dynamic and intersectional influences on what constitutes risk to whom under different circumstances. This paper investigates the implications of two different equity framings for resilience in Jumla District, western Nepal. Drawing on more than one hundred household surveys plus in-depth qualitative interviews in six villages, we find that state-led efforts to present post-civil war development as the “equal distribution” of roads and infrastructure, agricultural commercialization, and protection against systemic climate risk fail to reflect local experiences of risk, which are often expressed in terms of social exclusion rather than vulnerability to climate change. Yet, simultaneously, other efforts at building resilience that use caste and gender as indicators of social marginalization overlook how transitions in livelihoods and individual agency have changed vulnerability contexts for many people, or the increasing vulnerability to climate change of more landed farmers. The paper urges more critical attention to how normative framings of equity shape what, and for whom is considered equitable resilience, including assumptions about transformative change from analysts themselves. Representing risks and vulnerability in terms of socially marginalized groups alone might deny the dynamic, intersectional, and contextual interconnection of risks and social agency; and might impose unhelpful subjectivities of their own. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115924 |
| By: | Domptail, Stéphanie Eileen; Mörsdorf, Jessica |
| Abstract: | The science of agricultural and natural resource use economics tends to be developed and applied within a post-positivist epistemological standpoint. Researchers, objective and exter-nal, investigate a state of being on the ground and interpret their results in the context of theo-ries of agricultural and natural resources, which we assume as close to the truth as humanity can be on a given day. This epistemological positioning follows from the scientific method developed within the Western Cartesian worldview in the 17th century. Our current knowledge relies on ecological social and economic theories that were largely developed in Europe since then - in such, they pertain to a European Cartesian ontology. Yet, the paper’s premise is that knowledge is a social construction and is contextual to specif-ic ontologies. Following the pluriverse idea, we point to limits of a single world perspective, also in science and research when attempting to address creatively the multiple environmental crises the current civilisation generated. Our paper aims to make the point that a decolonized teaching and research curricula is needed to support a deeper change in humans’ relation to nature towards sustainability. We use the decolonization concept to highlight power relations between scientists and researches as well as between different forms of knowledge. This will lead us to reflect on the tangible implications for decolonization of research in agricultural economics and natural resource use. Especially, we suggest developing awareness on the po-sitionality of researchers and on structural power relations transported by research and data collection methods. These are first steps towards the possible development of a more inclu-sive epistemology. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi23:344244 |
| By: | Koenigsmarck, Markus; Geissdoerfer, Martin |
| Abstract: | An increasing number of investors is including sustainability considerations in their investment processes. This can improve both financial and corporate sustainability performance. The emergence of sustainable investing as an academic research field has been accompanied by considerable interest from the industry. Despite its importance, there is still no uniform understanding of what a socially responsible investment (SRI) comprises. There is a multitude of similar terms that are not clearly defined and delineated, accompanied by a lack of a uniform understanding of how sustainability should be measured in the investment context. The resulting confusion hinders conceptual clarity, a material barrier for both scholarly and practitioner endeavours in the field. We try to address these issues by conducting a structured literature review based on database searches and cross-reference snowballing. We aim to provide a synthesised and unified definition of SRI and ancillary terms and to draw attention to the exact sustainability measurements. We (1) outline the history of the concept, (2) concisely define SRI and related terms, (3) propose a trinomial sustainability indicator framework (the Cambridge SRI indicator framework) for conceptualisation, and (4) use this framework to provide a structured overview of sustainability indicators for SRIs. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:147726 |
| By: | Naudé, Wim (RWTH Aachen University) |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurship scholarship and policy are based on the myth of firm growth as imperative and the related myth of perpetual economic growth. This paper takes issue with the obsession with this growth myth, discussing the dangers it poses. Green growth and sustainable entrepreneurship are exposed as oxymorons. Given the dangers and the impossibility of perpetual growth, the paper then tries to answer the question of what role entrepreneurship could play in a post-growth society or in degrowth (the proposed approach to get there). The tentative conclusion is that entrepreneurship is incompatible with current visions of post-growth and degrowth. Degrowth and post-growth societies are post-entrepreneurship societies. While seeing how post-growth and degrowth could be made compatible with entrepreneurship is complicated, it does not mean it is impossible. More imagination and attention by entrepreneurship and post-growth scholars on the nature of entrepreneurship beyond growth is required sooner rather than later. Since economic growth is not perpetual, time is running out. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship, economic growth, capitalism, polycrisis, climate change |
| JEL: | L26 L21 O40 O44 P17 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17158 |
| By: | Estelle Fourat (IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Eric Blanchart (UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Miriam Cué Rio (SENS - Savoirs, ENvironnement et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Maria J Darias (UMR MARBEC - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation - MARBEC - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Arona Diedhiou (IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Isabelle Droy (SOURCE - SOUtenabilité et RésilienCE - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - IRD [France-Nord] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Frédéric Jacob (UMR LISAH - Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre Janin (DEVSOC - UMR Développement et Sociétés - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Marjorie Le Bars (SENS - Savoirs, ENvironnement et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Alissia Lourme-Ruiz (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Insaf Mekki (INRGREF - Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - IRESA - Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis], UCAR - Université de Carthage (Tunisie)); Philippe Méral (SENS - Savoirs, ENvironnement et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Pascale Moiti-Maizi (Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, SENS - Savoirs, ENvironnement et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Josiane Seghieri (IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Eric O Verger (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Food systems and their sustainability have been extensively studied in high-income countries (HICs), yet less so in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite their importance for global food security. In this study, we conducted a systematic scoping review to describe the extent, range, and nature of peer-reviewed literature assessing the sustainability performance of food systems in LMICs. The review revealed a recent and heterogeneous literature. From this diversity, 3 archetypes of epistemological approaches emerged, classified by their purpose: observational , modeling , and transformative . All 3 approaches apply existing or tailored methods to specifically study food systems, and their objectives are to observe, model, or transform different parts of the food systems towards sustainability. Gaps in the literature include inconsistent definitions of food systems and frameworks and understudied drivers of food systems sustainability. Therefore, the development of a comprehensive and systematic inventory of frameworks and their sustainability is crucial to determine the most suitable interdisciplinary methodologies for specific contexts and generate actionable knowledge for food systems transformation. |
| Date: | 2024–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04662942 |
| By: | Stéphane Ondo Ze (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Mechthild Donner (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Zouhair Bouhsina (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Les clusters de bioéconomie circulaire participent à la transition vers des systèmes économiques et industriels plus décarbonés (Hermans et alii., 2019). La bioéconomie implique l'idée de ressources limitées, qu'elle enjoint à utiliser de manière durable (McCormick et Kautto, 2013, Brunori, 2013). Comme l'économie circulaire, la bioéconomie est un outil au service de la transition écologique des territoires (Vivien et alii., 2022). Cette transition est portée par la remise en cause des réseaux de production et de distribution qui s'étendent à l'échelle mondiale (Donner et de Vries, 2023). Dès lors, la bioéconomie circulaire s'oppose à un modèle économique linéaire, qui consiste à extraire, fabriquer, consommer et jeter (Béfort et alii., 2023). Sylvain Caurla et de Claire Montagné-Huck (2017) abordent la bioéconomie avec trois niveaux d'acception. D'abord politique, car fondée sur le concept de l'utilisation de la biomasse pour la production. Puis disciplinaire, en situant le concept dans un cadre disciplinaire économique. Enfin théorique, parce que la bioéconomie repense et transcende complètement l'approche économique néoclassique et consumériste. En effet, la bioéconomie fait référence à un nouveau modèle d'organisation. Ce modèle est voulu circulaire et de proximité, et nécessite l'émergence de nouvelles convergences à l'échelle des territoires et des acteurs des filières biosourcées. Le cluster de bioéconomie, ou biocluster répond à cette convergence d'acteurs, de moyens et d'outils de production. Un biocluster est un certain type de cluster orienté vers la durabilité, composé d'un groupe géographiquement proche, d'entreprises interconnectées et d'organisations associées dans le domaine de la bioéconomie (Hermans et alii., 2019). Un biocluster circulaire est de plus caractérisé par sa circularité, ici la valorisation des co-produits de l'agriculture et de la forêt. Les bioclusters circulaires contribuent au développement de la bioéconomie en favorisant l'innovation et la production de connaissances inter ou transdisciplinaires, l'organisation collaborative et solidaire ainsi que la diffusion des technologies autour des bioressources. L'ancrage territorial des différents acteurs est par conséquent très fort (Benoit, 2021). D'autant que les coproduits sont des communs territoriaux qui nécessitent une « appropriation collective à l'échelle territoriale » (Lanciano, 2017, p. 25), pré-requis au renforcement et à la viabilité des projets de biocluster. L'originalité du sujet réside dans l'analyse de la viabilité des bioclusters circulaires ruraux émergents, un domaine d'étude encore peu développé. Dans ce projet, nous développons encore d'un outil d'analyse multicritères pour la viabilité des bioclusters. La démarche scientifique générale de cette étude vise à proposer des prérequis nécessaires à la viabilité de la mise en place d'un biocluster circulaire en zone rurale. Cette étude rentre dans le cadre du projet TETRAE BICCOC pour Bioclusters circulaires en Occitanie. Il est question d'évaluer la viabilité économique, sociale et écologique des projets de création des entités de ce type, fondés selon une prospective territoriale. L'objectif principal de la présente étude est ainsi de proposer et tester un cadre d'analyse de la viabilité de bioclusters circulaires émergents. Dans sa phase d'enquête, l'étude est menée à l'aide d'entretiens. Les entretiens sont réalisés auprès de porteurs de projets de bioclusters ruraux en Occitanie. Avec une très grande variété de productions et de filières d'exploitation, l'Occitanie a une forte tradition agricole (Terrieux et alii., 2021). Elle dispose d'un potentiel important pour le développement de la bioéconomie, notamment, en termes de ressources biologiques renouvelables. Il est aussi réalisé des entretiens auprès de porteurs de projets en Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur et en Bretagne. Considérer plusieurs cas et régions d'étude permettra de dépasser les spécificités régionales pour mieux caractériser les éléments clé de la viabilité de bioclusters émergents. La grille d'entretien comporte des questions ouvertes permettant à la personne interrogée de faire part de sa connaissance de l'initiative, de son contexte et de l'écosystème entrepreneurial autour du biocluster. A cet effet, nous proposons un Canvas pilote évaluant la viabilité des initiatives de bioclusters circulaires ruraux émergents. Notre matrice Canvas est issue d'une analyse multicritères construite sur la base d'une bibliographie sur les modèles d'affaires bioéconomiques, les clusters, l'économie circulaire, les chaînes d'approvisionnement et l'école de proximité. L'outil est encore nourri des échanges et des propositions de facteurs de viabilités des initiatives des bioclusters circulaires et ruraux émergents avec des chercheurs du projet BICCOC. Les résultats attendus suggèrent que les bioclusters circulaires émergents ont le potentiel de jouer un rôle important dans la transition durable des territoires ruraux, mais aussi dans d'autres régions françaises. Cependant, il est important de comprendre les freins et les leviers auxquels ces clusters particuliers sont confrontés, afin de les soutenir et de les développer de manière durable. Cela justifie encore l'élaboration de notre outil d'analyse multicritère d'évaluation de la viabilité des bioclusters circulaires ruraux émergents. |
| Keywords: | Biocluster circulaire rural émergent, Viabilité, Freins et Leviers, Canvas, Durabilité |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04638721 |
| By: | Guy Fournier (Pforzheim University, LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Adrian Boos (Pforzheim University); Dimitri Konstantas (GSEM - Geneva School of Economics and Management); Danielle Attias (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | This open access book explores a vision for a sustainable future in urban mobility through the AVENUE project, showcasing full-scale demonstrations of automated minibuses in European cities. AVENUE pioneers on-demand, door-to-door services, challenging traditional fixed bus itineraries. It delves into the implementation of automated vehicles, emphasizing safety, services, cybersecurity, and accessibility. Part two evaluates the economic, environmental, and social impacts on companies, citizens, and cities. By integrating automated vehicles into Mobility-as-a-Service and Intelligent Transport Systems, the book argues for the using of automated vehicles as game changer towards a transformative shift to sustainable, citizen-centric mobility. It advocates for efficiency, flexibility, and resilience of the transport system without imposing coercive transformation policies. |
| Keywords: | Open Access, Horizon 2020 AVENUE project, Citizen centric, Sustainable mobility, Automated Vehicles in MaaS, Mobility-as-a-Service, Automated Vehicles in ITS, Intelligent Transport System, Cooperative, Connected and Automated mobility, Public Transport Operators, Public Transport Authorities, AV technology provider, OEM, Transformation strategy, Transition management, Change management, Systemic approach, Business models |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04651664 |
| By: | Beniwal, Ezaboo; Kishore, Avinash |
| Abstract: | Over the past few decades Agricultural irrigation in South Asia has emerged to be dominantly groundwater sourced. The size and structure of a region’s groundwater economy is closely intertwined with its energy economy. Until only a few years ago, diesel was the main source of energy for groundwater irrigation in the region while farmers in the rest of South Asia had access to subsidized or free electricity to operate their pumps. With rapid improvements in rural energy supply, this energy-divide is now disappearing. This has potential to change the area’s groundwater energy nexus. Farmers in Bihar, a populous state of India, have installed more than 200 thousand electric pumps for irrigation since 2015. We use data from a representative sample of 1440 farmers from the state to assess the pattern of electrification of groundwater irrigation and its impact on pump ownership, water markets, and water use in agriculture. Electrification of irrigation is skewed towards west and south Bihar. On average, electric pump owners have smaller landholdings than diesel pump owners and they charge significantly lower irrigation fees from water buyers. However, three out of four pump owners report not selling water from their pumps. Farmers using electric pumps—owned or rented—irrigate their crops more intensively and have higher cropping intensity. Near free electricity for irrigation may undermine the fiscal and environmental sustainability of the irrigation led agricultural growth in Bihar. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344383 |
| By: | Mieno, Taro |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343697 |
| By: | Hellstern, Laura; Gebhardt, Beate; Hess, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | European agriculture is being confronted with the need to transform towards more sustainable practices. However, development paths towards sustainability differ greatly depending on the farms’ operating characteristics, management systems and starting positions, and farmers’ individual decisions play an important role in this process. A survey was conducted of conventional and organic German farmers about what they perceive to be the most outstanding, above-standard sustainability activities undertaken on their farms – their sustainability excellence. Results from a mixed methods approach show that organic farms primarily view their organic farming practices as sustainability excellence, while conventional farms mostly contribute to diverse cultural landscapes and optimise nutrient management. In future, both farming types should strengthen efforts to learn from one other. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi23:344234 |
| By: | Gao, Xinchuchu |
| Abstract: | In order to achieve the goal of climate neutrality, while also enhancing Europe’s industrial competitiveness on the global stage, the acceleration of the twin – green and digital – transitions has been among the top priorities for the European Union (EU). Given the multiplicity of policy areas involved in these twin transitions as well as the nature of the EU as a multilevel organisation, coherence is the key requirement for the twin transitions to be successful. Drawing on the concept of coherence, this article explores whether the EU can be considered a coherent actor when pursuing the twin transitions. It understands coherence as a process to reduce contradictions across different policy domains rather than as a status where no contradictions exist. It also challenges previous views centred solely on coherence during policy implementation, and proposes a broader assessment that begins by framing different policy domains as mutually beneficial and aligned towards common goals. This perspective introduces two dimensions of coherence – conceptual and operational – along horizontal and vertical levels. By examining how policies are framed and interconnected across different levels of governance and policy agendas, this study reveals that while the link between the green and digital transitions and the need for coordination across different governance levels has been widely accepted, conceptual coherence varies across governance levels and policy areas. Furthermore, the study argues that operational coherence – putting ideas into practice – lags behind conceptual coherence, which highlights the challenges of implementing the twin transitions effectively. |
| Keywords: | European Union; climate neutrality; green and digital twin transitions; digitalisation; coherence |
| JEL: | N40 N43 |
| Date: | 2024–06–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124203 |
| By: | Rubén Domínguez-Díaz (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Samuel Hurtado (BANCO DE ESPAÑA) |
| Abstract: | We use an endogenous growth model calibrated to the Spanish economy to evaluate the effects of a rapid doubling of international prices of brown energy inputs. In the baseline calibration of the model, which resembles the current state of the Spanish economy, this results in a 0.30% drop in GDP on impact. After increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix from 26% to 85%, in line with the 2050 targets for the Spanish economy, the same shock results in a 0.24% fall in GDP on impact, and the recovery is faster: the present discounted value of the full GDP response is reduced by 65%. The three main conclusions that we draw from this exercise are: i) an increase in the share of renewables makes the economy less vulnerable to shocks in international prices of brown energy inputs; ii) this vulnerability reduction is less than proportional: dividing the share of brown energy by approximately five only reduceds the size of the effects on GDP by between 21% and 65%; and iii) the main statistic that determines how much the vulnerability is reduced is not the share of brown energy inputs, but the degree to which final energy prices respond to the shock to brown energy prices. |
| Keywords: | energy prices, green transition, external shocks, carbon tax |
| JEL: | O38 O52 O44 E32 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2425 |
| By: | Rachel Bonnifield (Center for Global Development); Rory Todd (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | Lead is a dangerous neurotoxin, and lead poisoning remains one of the most serious and neglected public health challenges in the developing world, with major negative impacts on global health, education, and overall economic development. There is now growing international momentum to mitigate lead pollution, with the goal of dramatically reducing human lead exposure and consequent adverse effects. Yet before lead exposure can be effectively mitigated, it is essential to understand why humans are being exposed to lead in the first place and therefore how policymakers can intervene to stop further exposure. To date, such research into the major sources of lead exposure—broadly referred to as source assessment—in developing countries has been limited. Thus, there is limited information and no global scientific consensus about the most important causes of global lead exposure. Given growing global interest in addressing lead poisoning, there is an urgent need to better understand the major sources of lead exposure in different settings by increasing the volume and quality of related research. Tailored to a policy audience, this paper offers a state-of-the-science review of methods for doing so. First, it provides background for understanding lead exposure—that is, how and why lead enters the environment, how it behaves once there, and how environmental lead results in elevated blood lead levels for humans. Second, it outlines basic principles for source assessment, including a discussion of objectives and terminology. Third, it details the range of methods available for understanding the sources of lead exposure and describes how such methods can be used in combination to understand major sources of lead exposure in a given context. Finally, it considers major policy-relevant gaps in the literature base about sources of global exposure and offers suggestions for a research agenda in this space. |
| Date: | 2024–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:333 |
| By: | Myeki, LW; Nyhodo, B,; Mpyana, BM; Nakana, E; Yeki, N; Makhele, B; Smith, R; Chokoe, C; Ntombela, S; Mazibuko, N; Ngqangweni, S |
| Abstract: | Transformation towards sustainable agri-food systems remains a hot topic due to the pressing need to attain sustainable development-related goals. The paper was designed to uncover the impact of statutory incentives on sustainable transformation of agri-food system in South Africa. We apply behavioural economic method, comprising of psychological attributes and economic- related measures on cross-sectional data obtained from farmers supported through statutory levies and trust funds collected and administered by 14 agricultural industries. The results show that participants are appreciative, socially pressured, and possess high perception of their ability to perform sustainable transformation. Hence, we found a positive endorsement for the impact of statutory incentives on sustainable transformation in agri-food system, regardless of gender distinction. This endorsement is high among older farmers compared to their younger counterparts, and also high in horticulture and field crops compared to livestock sector. Finally, results reveal that sustainable transformation is consistently determined by attitudes, present time, and agreeableness. We conclude that multidisciplinary approach avails more insights on the research agenda for transformation of agri-food systems and tends to yield to better policy options for selection of beneficiaries towards driving sustainable transformation of agri-food system within agricultural industries in South Africa. |
| Keywords: | Dairy Production/Industries, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344253 |
| By: | Victor Counillon (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Eléonore Disse (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Télécom Paris) |
| Abstract: | We are looking to identify what organizational ontology is adapted to integrate ecological issues into accounting and explore how this ontological focus can help building a shared understanding of organizations in the context of ecological crises, by bridging sciences. We adopt a conceptual approach by unveiling the ontological presuppositions underlying some financial and socio-environmental accounting. A hypothetical case study is mobilized to illustrate how C.A.R.E ecological accounting relies on alternative assumptions about the organizational ontology. Ontological presuppositions on organizations are related to the purpose of each accounting framework. Integrating the ecological responsibility of human activities into accounting demands to better consider the impacts organizations have on natural and social entities. "Relational ontologies" seem best adapted to such an understanding. Coupled with a process-based ontology from an extension of traditional accounting, natural and human capitals' uses can be followed and managed. Taking this ontological prism renews the role of accounting: ecological accounting structures and makes sense of information, is fed by and feeds other domain-specific ontologies (e.g. hydrology, climatology, pedology, law, economics). This enables conceptualization of organizational ontology as intrinsically related to these same ontologies. Only then can knowledge generated about organizational processes be rendered relevant in these domains. |
| Keywords: | organization ontology, accounting ontology, ecological accounting, interdisciplinarity, relational ontology, Basic Formal Ontology, natural capital |
| Date: | 2024–07–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04639877 |
| By: | Barrett, Christopher B.; Gόmez, Miguel I. |
| Abstract: | The need for agrifood systems transformation to improve economic, environmental, equity and health outcomes is widely recognized. Attention typically focuses on changing farming practices, consumers’ dietary choices, or both. Midstream agrifood value chain actors, who intermediate between primary producers and food consumers, too often get overlooked. This paper explains the importance of inducing midstream agrifood value chain actors to become active agents of agrifood systems transformation, discusses policy tools that can accelerate needed changes, and highlights key topics for future research. |
| Keywords: | Supply Chain |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344330 |
| By: | Aditya, Korekallu Srinivasa; Dagmar, Mithöfer |
| Abstract: | Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS) are an important component of India’s effort towards sustainable energy transition and are promoted with financial support under the PM-KUSUM program. In spite of the promise and the policy push, the adoption of SPIS is low. In this paper, we use the Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) for evaluating the policy attributes in the promotion of SPIS. We selected five attributes of SPIS with different levels for the choice experiment, and a ‘D-efficient’ non-zero prior choice experimental design was used. The data was collected from 500 farmers randomly chosen from 31 villages across Mysore district, Karnataka, India, and analyzed using the random parameter logit model. For a nuanced interpretation and contextualization of the results, follow-up qualitative interviews were conducted. The results highlight that farmers preference, as indicated by the highest part worth, is for a loan with a repayment holiday of three years, followed by guaranteed service provision for 10 years. Given that SPIS is a new technology with a high initial investment, easing liquidity constraints and assuring farmers with guaranteed repair services act as strong incentives to adopt it. These findings can be incorporated into the existing policies so that they align well with farmers' preferences. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344382 |
| By: | Seungho Choi; Ross Levine; Raphael Park; Simon Xu |
| Abstract: | Although corporate finance theory suggests how adverse shocks influence shareholder preferences toward corporate risk-taking and executive compensation, few researchers explore this relationship empirically. We construct a firm-year measure of unexpected shocks to environmental regulatory stringency. We find that adverse environmental regulatory shocks typically prompt corporate boards to reduce the risk-taking incentives of CEO compensation. However, this pattern is not uniform. Financially distressed firms exhibit milder reductions in compensation convexity, with some even increasing it, suggesting a “gambling for resurrection” strategy. Moreover, the strength of corporate governance influences shareholders’ capacity to align executive incentives with changing shareholder risk preferences. |
| JEL: | G34 G38 M52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32663 |
| By: | Barissoul, Ayoub; Feuerbacher, Arndt; Tshotsho, Tshotsho; Wieck, Christine |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to determine maize and paddy yield difference under organic and conventional farming in Bhutan, and subsequently determine factors influencing this difference. Results from arithmetic mean comparison show that maize organic yield is on average 40.9% lower compared to conventional, and 36.9% lower for paddy. Simple linear regression is used to determine factors influencing the yield. Findings indicate that, in contrast to other studies, female-headed households are much more productive than male-headed households. Temperature plays a significant role in determining yield of both crops, so does the use of machinery. Surprisingly, education, labor, and precipitation showed no significant impact on the level of output. Alongside gender, proximity to markets and use of agrochemicals had a major influence on the yield of both crops. Analysis also showed that elevation and climate characteristics heavily influence the yield, this is depicted by yield comparisons across different agro-ecological zones. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi23:344239 |
| By: | Arnone, Massimo; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | The competitiveness of financed intermediaries cannot be based exclusively on financial sustainability, i.e. the ability to create profit, but it is also necessary to acquire a transversal vision of sustainability focused on the three ESG dimensions. The paper intends to propose a reflection on the main impacts of the integration of ESG factors on business decisionmaking and operational processes in the financial sector. In this context, we try to understand what role FinTech can play in favor of greater sustainability. Furthermore, through an empirical analysis, some determinants relating to social, environmental, and governance issues are identified which influence the volume of financial resources moved in the factoring market at a European level. Machine learning models are also proposed to estimate the volume |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Factoring, ESG, FinTech, Machine Learning, Clusterization |
| JEL: | G00 G21 G22 |
| Date: | 2024–06–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121342 |
| By: | Antman, Francisca M. (University of Colorado, Boulder); Flynn, James (Miami University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of beer on mortality during the Industrial Revolution in 18th century England. Due to the brewing process, beer represented an improvement over available water sources during this period prior to the widespread understanding of the link between water quality and human health. Using a wide range of identification strategies to derive measures of beer scarcity driven by tax increases, weather events, and soil quality, we show that beer scarcity was associated with higher mortality, especially in the summer months when mortality was more likely to be driven by waterborne illnesses related to contaminated drinking water. We also leverage variation in inherent water quality across parishes using two proxies for water quality to show that beer scarcity resulted in greater deaths in areas with worse water quality. Together, the evidence indicates that beer had a major impact on human health during this important period in economic development. |
| Keywords: | beer, water quality, mortality, industrial revolution |
| JEL: | N33 I15 Q25 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17164 |
| By: | Manthos D Delis (Audencia Recherche - Audencia Business School); Kathrin De Greiff (Swiss Finance Institute); Maria Iosifidi (Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School); Steven Ongena (UZH - Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich) |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04636040 |
| By: | Fahimeh Asgari; Seyedeh Gol Ara Ghoreishi; Matin Khajavi; Ali Foozoni; Ali Ala; Ahmad Gholizadeh Lonbar |
| Abstract: | Energy usage and GDP have been the subject of numerous studies over the past decades. It has been overlooked by previous studies that energy consumption correlates with economic growth in relation to GDP. This study uses threshold regression and Granger causality testing to identify GDP-dependent causality in ten OECD countries over the last 10 years. There is a significant correlation between economic growth and energy consumption. Energy consumption and short-term economic growth are statistically significantly correlated. There is a significant positive effect of energy consumption (EC) on GDP in the short run below the threshold of $10, 936 USD since the coefficient is 3.34 and the p-value is 0.0252. There is a -0.0127-correlation coefficient and a 0.0327 p-value associated with GDP Granger-cause EC over the long run. EC and GDP are not causally related for GDP per capita above $10, 936 USD. In the long run, GDP Granger causes EC with a coefficient of -0.1638 and a p-value of 0.0675. According to the study, sustainable development requires sustainable use of natural resources, technological investment, foreign direct investment, and gross fixed capital formation. Economic growth can be boosted while adhering to sustainability goals by implementing these recommendations. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.09711 |
| By: | ASIANI, Freddy |
| Abstract: | The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is endowed with vast natural resources, including cobalt, copper, and diamonds. Despite this wealth, the country struggles with economic challenges, notably high poverty rates and instability. This paper introduces the Theorem of Industrial Diversification in the DRC, proposing that diversifying the industrial sector can promote sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty, contingent on proper infrastructure and supportive government policies. Early findings indicate that targeted investments and policy incentives can drive this transformation, offering a strategic framework for policymakers to enhance economic stability and prosperity. |
| Keywords: | Industrial diversification, Economic growth, Poverty reduction, DRC, Infrastructure, Economic policies, Natural resources, Foreign investments, Sustainable development, Mathematical analysis. |
| JEL: | C61 O10 O13 O14 O25 O55 |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121440 |
| By: | Bhagyashree, Katare; Yenerall, Jacqueline; Zhao, Shuoli; Wang, Xuejian |
| Abstract: | Technological advancements, such as online grocery shopping, have significantly transformed consumer retail environments and experiences. Effectively studying consumer behavior in these new environments requires the use of novel methodological approaches, which will also aid in the development of interventions to encourage healthy and sustainable consumption. This paper begins by providing an overview of the current literature on novel approaches to analyzing consumer behavior. To contribute to this literature, the paper also examines consumer decision-making pathways within online grocery shopping platforms. Specifically, the paper focuses on exploring the consumers' digital footprints, such as page visits, product additions and removals, and interactions with information labels to identify patterns and interests in consumer responses to healthy and sustainable consumption. The study investigates potential heterogeneities in consumers’ socio-demographics and attitudes, aiming to provide insights for shaping online shopping environments to promote healthy and sustainable food choices. Findings highlight the potential benefits of integrating consumer search tracking data with environment design to facilitate informed and conscious food choices. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344348 |
| By: | Seifert, Stefan; Wolff, Saskia; Hüttel, Silke |
| Abstract: | We analyze ecological improvement potentials of agricultural landscapes in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Using an eco-efficiency approach, we model agricultural landscapes at a 20km² hexagonal grid. Ecological output is captured by indicators based on agricultural land cover data from the Integrated Administration and Control System. We derive measures for landscape configuration and composition including a Shannon crop diversity index, edge density, grassland shares, ecological focus areas, and landscape elements. We approximate economic output potential using local standard farmland values. Ecological improvement potentials are measured against a non-convex frontier estimated with the non-parametric, robust order-m estimator. We find overall high eco-efficiency of the agricultural landscapes; yet for the given economic output potential, landscapes could improve in the ecological direction. We detect spatially concentrated improvement potentials for single ecological indicators. Our results underline that eco-efficiency requires coordination at the landscape scale where directional improvement potentials can help designing locally adapted strategies. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi23:344236 |
| By: | Gomtsian, Suren |
| Abstract: | Shareholder say-on-pay voting allows institutional investors to influence the incentives of managers and, consequently, corporate behaviour. Surprisingly, the preferences of investors on executive compensation have been largely overlooked in the ongoing debates on the role of say-on-pay in corporate governance and the impact of shareholder stewardship on sustainable corporate behaviour. The analysis of investor disclosed explanations of say-on-pay votes in the FTSE 100 companies during 2013–2021 shows that institutional investors rely repeatedly on several dominant themes aimed at improving the incentives of corporate managers and controlling managerial rent extraction. But shareholder interests remain the core focus of say-on-pay votes, with only few investors demanding that companies reward executive directors for protecting the interests of a broader range of affected stakeholders. Additionally, most investors can be grouped into several clusters formed around the voting recommendations of proxy advisers. A group of UK-based institutional investors stands out by taking a more individualistic and diverse approach to the stewardship of executive compensation. These findings highlight the role of local investors in the oversight of executive pay, the growing influence of proxy advisers along with the increasing share of foreign institutional investors, and the influence of best practice governance codes in driving investor stewardship preferences. |
| Keywords: | and governance (ESG); corporate governance; environmental; executive pay; investor stewardship; say on pay; shareholder engagement; social |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120792 |
| By: | Ishan B. Nath; Valerie A. Ramey; Peter J. Klenow |
| Abstract: | Does a permanent rise in temperature decrease the level or growth rate of GDP in affected countries? Differing answers to this question lead prominent estimates of climate damages to diverge by an order of magnitude. This paper combines indirect evidence on economic growth with new empirical estimates of the dynamic effects of temperature on GDP to argue that warming has persistent, but not permanent, effects on growth. We start by presenting a range of evidence that technology flows tether country growth rates together, preventing temperature changes from causing growth rates to diverge permanently. We then use data from a panel of countries to show that temperature shocks have large and persistent effects on GDP, driven in part by persistence in temperature itself. These estimates imply projected future impacts that are three to five times larger than level effect estimates and two to four times smaller than permanent growth effect estimates, with larger discrepancies for initially hot and cold countries. |
| JEL: | E01 O44 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32761 |
| By: | Cabrera Espinosa, Carlos; Martínez Piva, Jorge Mario; Máttar, Jorge; Padilla, Ramón; Peralta Quesada, Leda; Schatan, Claudia |
| Abstract: | México se vería beneficiado de la implementación de políticas de desarrollo productivo (PDP), que impulsen un proceso de desarrollo inclusivo y sostenible, permitan atender los grandes retos del país y ayuden a cerrar las profundas desigualdades territoriales. Las PDP están resurgiendo en diversos países desarrollados y en desarrollo, y se están convirtiendo en herramientas clave para enfrentar los principales retos productivos que se derivan de las transformaciones geopolíticas globales, los acelerados cambios tecnológicos, el cambio climático y la degradación ambiental. En este documento se presentan las conclusiones de los diálogos organizados por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y la Fundación Friedrich Ebert (FES) a lo largo de 2023 con representantes del sector público, empresarial, sindical, académico, instituciones internacionales y organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Se propone elaborar un plan nacional para el desarrollo productivo sostenible que surja de un proceso liderado por el Estado, con la participación del sector privado, la academia y la sociedad civil, para lo cual se identificaron 10 principios rectores, un conjunto de instrumentos y mecanismos de implementación con enfoque territorial y basados en procesos colaborativos, como las iniciativas clúster y las cadenas de valor. |
| Date: | 2024–06–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:80417 |
| By: | Iwan Bos (Department of Organisation, Strategy, and Entrepreneurship, Maastricht University); Giovanni Maccarrone (Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome); Marco A. Marini (Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome) |
| Abstract: | Anti-consumerism is a doctrine that aims to discourage excessive consumption because of its damaging effect on the environment. It can either focus on creating psychic costs for consumers (a ‘stick’) or psychic benefits for non-consumers (a ‘carrot’). This paper examines the impact of these two approaches on competition and welfare. The competitive effect is comparable in both cases – anti-consumerism (weakly) reduces competitive pressure as well as prices, outputs and profits. In terms of consumer and social welfare, however, the carrot performs strictly better than the stick. |
| Keywords: | Anti-Consumerism, Stick and Carrot, Environmental Externalities |
| JEL: | D11 L13 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.07 |
| By: | Wüpper, David; Oluoch, Wyclife Agumba; Hadi |
| Abstract: | Agricultural and environmental economists are in the fortunate position that a lot of what is happening on the ground is observable from space. Most agricultural production happens in the open and one can see from space when and where innovations are adopted, crop yields change, or forests are converted to pastures, to name just a few examples. However, converting images into measurements of a particular variable is not trivial, as there are more pitfalls and nuances than “meet the eye”. Overall, however, research benefits tremendously from advances in available satellite data as well as complementary tools, such as cloud-based platforms for data processing, and machine learning algorithms to detect phenomena and mapping variables. The focus of this keynote is to provide agricultural and environmental economists with an accessible introduction to working with satellite data, show-case applications, discuss advantages and weaknesses of satellite data, and emphasize best practices. This is supported by extensive Supplementary Materials, explaining the technical foundations, describing in detail how to create different variables, sketch out work flows, and a discussion of required resources and skills. Last but not least, example data and reproducible codes are available online. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344359 |
| By: | De Miguel, Carlos J.; Lorenzo, Santiago; Ferrer, Jimy; Gómez, José Javier; Alatorre, José Eduardo |
| Abstract: | La fijación de precios del carbono es una de las opciones de política pública para desincentivar las actividades de producción y consumo que generan emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). En este documento se presenta un panorama del uso de la fijación de precios del carbono en América Latina y el Caribe, así como de otras políticas económicas asociadas. Se incluye un examen del estado de los precios explícitos del carbono, como los impuestos al carbono, los sistemas de permisos de emisiones transables, y también los precios implícitos, como el precio social del carbono, que se incluye dentro de la evaluación de la inversión pública. Destaca en este sentido que el uso de estos instrumentos de precios es aún escaso en la región y, además, tiene una baja cobertura en términos de GEI. Por el contrario, es más frecuente el uso de los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles (precio negativo del carbono): los presupuestos que se destinaron a estos subsidios entre 2013 y 2022 fue casi diez veces mayor al financiamiento climático. En el documento se analizan dos escenarios de reforma de los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles y se muestran sus efectos económicos, sociales y ambientales. |
| Date: | 2024–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:80499 |
| By: | Severin Borenstein; Lucas W. Davis |
| Abstract: | Over the last two decades, U.S. households have received $47 billion in tax credits for buying heat pumps, solar panels, electric vehicles, and other “clean energy” technologies. Using information from tax returns, we show that these tax credits have gone predominantly to higher-income households. The bottom three income quintiles have received about 10% of all credits, while the top quintile has received about 60%. The most extreme is the tax credit for electric vehicles, for which the top quintile has received more than 80% of all credits. The concentration of tax credits among high-income filers is relatively constant over time, though we do find a slight broadening for the electric vehicle credit since 2018. The paper then turns to the related question of cost effectiveness, examining how clean energy technology adoption has changed over time and discussing some of the broader economic considerations for this type of tax credit. |
| JEL: | H23 Q42 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32688 |
| By: | Jean-Marc Bonmatin (CBM - Centre de biophysique moléculaire - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - INC-CNRS - Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); L.P. Belzunces (AE - Abeilles et Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Cyril Vidau (ITSAP - Institut de l'abeille); Amélie Bajolet (Association Bee Friendly); Elodie Nguyen (Association Bee Friendly) |
| Abstract: | Toxibees is based on a system of rating different criteria. In total, ten criteria are analysed, four of which characterise the toxicity of the molecule, or in other words its intrinsic danger, and six of which characterise the behaviour of the molecule in the environment, making it possible to qualify the risk of bees being exposed to the molecule. All these criteria are important to take into account if we are to reliably estimate the actual toxicity of a molecule. A molecule poses a risk to bees if it is toxic and if bees are exposed to it. The toxiscore increments the scores obtained for each criterion, to which a weighting factor is added.The methodology is transparent and can be freely consulted by downloading the document: https://toxibees.certifiedbeefriendly.or g/IMG/pdf/presentation_de_la_methodologi e_de_notation_version_finale.pdf. |
| Abstract: | Toxibees se base sur un système de notation de différents critères. Au total, dix critères sont analysés dont quatre caractérisent la toxicité de la molécule, ou dit autrement sa dangerosité intrinsèque, et six caractérisent le comportement de la molécule dans l'environnement, permettant ainsi de qualifier le risque d'exposition des abeilles à la molécule. Tous ces critères sont importants à prendre en compte pour pouvoir estimer de manière fiable la toxicité réelle d'une molécule. Une molécule présente donc un risque pour les abeilles si elle est toxique et si les abeilles se retrouvent exposées à cette molécule. Le toxiscore incrémente les notes obtenues pour chaque critère auxquelles est ajouté un facteur de pondération.La méthodologie est transparente et librement consultable en téléchargeant le document : https://toxibees.certifiedbeefriendly.or g/IMG/pdf/presentation_de_la_methodologi e_de_notation_version_finale.pdf |
| Keywords: | Toxiscore, abeille, pesticides, environnement, toxicité |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04630350 |