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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Giulio Cornelli; Magdalena Erdem; Egon Zakrajsek |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationship between the probability of a CEO forced-turnover and firm performance on several environmental dimensions. Our findings suggest that a higher risk of being terminated for the CEO is correlated with a lower environmental ranking, particularly on environmental innovation activities, and more ESG controversies for the firm. The inclusion of ESG-pay clauses in executives' compensation packages only marginally offsets such deterioration. Looking at data on Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, we consistently find that a rise in the probability of being terminated corresponds to an increase in scope 2 and 3 emissions ("carbon leakeage"), whereas scope 1 emissions remain unchanged. Through an instrumental variable approach, we trace the deterioration of firms' ESG controversies- and environmental innovation scores to a strategical re-orientation towards short-terminism. |
| Keywords: | corporate finance, ESG, emissions, environmental innovation, short-terminism |
| JEL: | D22 G30 G34 O31 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1190&r= |
| By: | Lionel Fontagné; Stephen Karingi; Simon Mevel; Cristina Mitaritonna; Yu Zheng |
| Abstract: | The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement aims to create a single market for goods and services, increase intra-Africa trade and promote sustainable socioeconomic development in Africa. African countries need to balance efforts to address these goals with the urgency of climate change. As of the 27th session of the Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2022, most African countries had submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to mitigate the impact of climate change. Establishing a carbon market is now on the policy agenda. This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium model with different sources of energy (including renewable energy) and an in-depth presentation of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the economic and environmental impacts of implementing the AfCFTA Agreement and adopting various climate policies in Africa, including those NDCs and the International Monetary Fund’s proposal of carbon price floors. It shows that implementing the agreement and achieving Africa’s climate objectives are compatible. Continental coordination of emissions reduction among African countries proves most efficient for climate action. |
| Keywords: | International Trade;Climate Change;AfCFTA |
| JEL: | F13 F17 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepidt:2024-04&r= |
| By: | Pablo, Elverdin; Said, Andrés D. |
| Abstract: | Since the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) has consistently risen, leading to a 1.15°C increase in global mean temperatures by 2022. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirms human activities as the primary cause of global warming, with emissions continuing to rise. Climate change has resulted in adverse impacts on various fronts, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities. International efforts, including the United Nations Frame-work Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, aimed at stabilizing green-house gas concentrations. These efforts were followed by the Paris Agreement in 2015, focusing on limiting global temperature increases and relying on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) from countries. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change mandates Countries to develop and regularly update national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. These inventories, aligned with IPCC methodologies, serve as crucial tools for transparent reporting, building mutual trust among countries for effective climate change agreements. National GHG inventories play a vital role in policy development, monitoring impact, and tracking progress toward achieving NDCs outlined in inter-national agreements, such as the Paris Agreement. Varying capacities for GHG inventory development among developing and developed countries, coupled with diverse reporting requirements, create challenges in data comparability. Developed countries face rigorous annual submission requirements, producing comprehensive National Inventory Reports and Common Reporting Format tables. In contrast, developing countries submit their national GHG inventories through Biennial Update Reports (BURs), and flexibility is granted to Least Developed Country Parties (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) regarding submission timelines. The re-porting landscape is progressing, with the introduction of the biennial transparency report (BTR) for Paris Agreement Parties. The BTR, due by December 31, 2024, will convergence in methodologies be-tween countries. |
| Keywords: | climate change; emissions from agriculture; global warming; greenhouse gases |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:lacwps:33&r= |
| By: | Catherine Marchewitz; Fernanda Ballesteros; Franziska Schütze; Nesrine Hadj Arab |
| Abstract: | A plethora of sustainable finance taxonomies are emerging worldwide to support shifting trillions for climate action. Employing a qualitative research approach, we use document analysis to assess 26 sustainable finance taxonomy frameworks worldwide that are in the developing phase or have been published and/or adopted. Based on literature and data we build a transition score (TS) to evaluate the framework’s contribution to transition to climate neutrality. We find that only few taxonomies meet most of our criteria for supporting the transition to carbon neutrality, although they are well embedded in environmental policy goals and cover the most important sectors in terms of emissions. The screening approach for economic activities is often not dynamic or aligned with a clear path to climate neutrality and the frameworks target often only specific financial products or a limited group of market participants. Most sustainable finance taxonomies do not carry disclosure and reporting obligations. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Finance Taxonomy, Green Finance, Transition Finance, EU Taxonomy, climate policy, transition plans |
| JEL: | G18 P00 Q01 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2083&r= |
| By: | Tanya O'Garra |
| Abstract: | Evaluation Summary and Metrics: "The Environmental Effects of Economic Production: Evidence from Ecological Observations" |
| Date: | 2023–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:liangevalsum&r= |
| By: | David Reinstein; Anonymous |
| Abstract: | Evaluation 2 (anonymous) of "The Environmental Effects of Economic Production: Evidence from Ecological Observations" for The Unjournal |
| Date: | 2023–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:liangetaleval2&r= |
| By: | David Reinstein; Elias Cisneros |
| Abstract: | Evaluation 1 of "The Environmental Effects of Economic Production: Evidence from Ecological Observations" for The Unjournal |
| Date: | 2023–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:liangetaleval1&r= |
| By: | Kruse, Tobias; Mohnen, Myra; Sato, Misato |
| Abstract: | This study investigates whether financial markets respond to firms’ climate actions. We exploit the signing of the Paris Agreement, which required governments to commit to ambitious climate action, as a quasi-natural experiment. Using a proprietary green revenue database, we find that firms deriving a significant fraction of their revenues from green goods and services experience on average a 10% increase in cumulative abnormal returns following the agreement. The empirical evidence indicates that financial markets are responding to opportunities associated with new green markets, and strengthening climate policies can reallocate capital to support green private sector investment. |
| Keywords: | green revenues; Paris Agreement; event study; corporate financial performance; green finance; H2020-MSCA-RISE project GEMCLIME-2020 (GA number 681228; Future Research Leaders (ES/N016971/1); Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) (ES/R009708/1); and PRINZ (ES/W010356/1 |
| JEL: | D20 G14 G18 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121969&r= |
| By: | Rozer, Viktor Rozer; Mehryar, Sara; Alsahli, Mohammad M. |
| Abstract: | The risks of climate change to economies are typically separated into physical risks and transition risks. Physical risks are the damages and losses that come from extreme weather events due to unmitigated climate change, while transition risks stem from the process of rapidly reducing carbon emissions and its potential disruptions to economies and society, such as stranded assets and shifts in production and the labour market. Combining the literature on spatial economic restructuring and climate disaster risk, we show that physical and transition risk can increase at the same time. We call this dynamic the climate change risk reduction trap, which occurs when new assets that are built as part of the low carbon transition become highly exposed and vulnerable to extreme weather and climate events. The paper provides an empirical illustration of this trap using the example of flash flood risk in Kuwait, a wealthy petroleum-based economy in the Middle East, and shows how decisions on urban planning and economic restructuring have increased flash flood risk. The analysis highlights the importance of considering climate disaster risk and environmental impact assessments in low carbon transition planning to avoid falling into the climate change risk reduction trap. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123010&r= |
| By: | Sharma, Anjali; Peng, Wei; Urpelainen, Johannes; Dai, Hancheng; Purohit, Pallav; Wagner, Fabian |
| Abstract: | Transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs) is a central strategy for reducing carbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions. Although the emission impacts of reduced gasoline combustion and increased power generation are well recognized, the impacts of growing EV manufacturing activities remain understudied. Here we focus on China and India, two of the fastest growing EV markets. Compared to a 2030 baseline scenario, we find national emissions of air pollutants could increase in certain high EV penetration scenarios as a result of the emission-intensive mineral production and battery manufacturing processes. Notably, national sulfur dioxide emissions could increase by 16%-79% if all batteries have nickel- and cobalt-based cathodes and are produced domestically. Subnational regions that are abundant in battery-related minerals might emerge as future pollution hotspots. Our study thus highlights the importance of EV supply chain decisions and related manufacturing processes in understanding the environmental impacts of the EV transition. |
| Date: | 2024–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:27hvu&r= |
| By: | Ekaterina Gratcheva; Bryan Gurhy |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the progression of the sovereign ESG landscape since the initial comprehensive assessment of the sector in 2021 in “Demystifying Sovereign ESG” by conducting a comparative analysis of the current sovereign ESG methodologies of commercial ESG providers. The 2021 study articulated the distinct nature of the sovereign ESG segment from corporate ESG and documented fundamental shortcomings in sovereign ESG methodologies, such as the “ingrained income bias”, lack of consensus on environmental performance, and conflation of risk and sustainability objectives. While sovereign ESG methodologies have evolved since 2021, the significant correlation across providers of aggregate, S, and G scores persist. In response to market demand there has been a notable shift towards greater focus on the E pillar against growing heterogeneity on climate and environmental considerations across ESG providers. The findings underscore the disparity between perceptions and realities in implementing a sustainability strategy within the sovereign debt asset class. This necessitates a reevaluation of sovereign ESG scoring methodologies towards outcome-based metrics and urges a globally coordinated effort to establish robust sustainability measurement frameworks. |
| Keywords: | ESG; sovereign debt; sovereign ESG scores; sustainability; environmental and climate sustainability; climate financial architecture |
| Date: | 2024–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/102&r= |
| By: | Provenzano, Sandro; Roth, Sefi; Sager, Lutz |
| Abstract: | Recent research suggests that short-term exposure to air pollution is associated with an elevated prevalence of respiratory infectious disease. In this paper, we examine the relationship between the air quality index and weekly cases of COVID-19 and influenza-like illnesses (ILI) in the United States. We address potential bias from omitted variables and measurement error with an instrumental variable approach using atmospheric temperature inversions. Unlike other recent studies, we find no relationship between air quality and either COVID-19 or ILI cases. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; respiratory disease; influenza; COVID-19; ES/P000622/1 |
| JEL: | I18 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122154&r= |
| By: | Hong Yuan; Minda Ma |
| Abstract: | The transportation sector is the third-largest global energy consumer and emitter, making it a focal point in the transition toward the net-zero future. To accelerate the decarbonization of passenger cars, this work is the first to propose a bottom-up charging demand model to estimate the operational electricity use and associated carbon emissions of best-selling battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in various climate zones in China during the 2020s. The findings reveal that (1) the operational energy demand of the top-20 selling BEV models in China, such as Tesla, Wuling Hongguang, and BYD, increased from 601 to 3054 giga-watt hours (GWh) during 2020-2022, with BEVs in South China contributing more than half of the total electricity demand; (2) from 2020 to 2022, the energy and carbon intensities of the best-selling models decreased from 1364 to 1095 kilowatt-hour per vehicle and from 797 to 621 kilograms of carbon dioxide (CO2) per vehicle, respectively, with North China experiencing the highest intensity decline compared to that in other regions; and (3) the operational energy demand of BEV stocks in China increased from 4774 to 12, 048 GWh during 2020-2022, while the carbon emissions of BEV stocks rose to 6.8 mega-tons of CO2 in 2022, reflecting an annual growth rate of ~50%. In summary, this work delves into the examination and contrast of benchmark data on a nation-regional scale, as well as performance metrics related to BEV chargings. The primary aim is to support nationwide efforts in decarbonization, aiming for carbon mitigation and facilitating the swift evolution of passenger cars toward a carbon-neutral future. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.10851&r= |
| By: | Xiwang Xiang; Minda Ma |
| Abstract: | The building sector is the largest emitter globally and as such is at the forefront of the net-zero emissions pathway. This study is the first to present a bottom-up assessment framework integrated with the decomposing structural decomposition method to evaluate the emission patterns and decarbonization process of global residential building operations and commercial building operation simultaneously over the last two decades. The results reveal that (1) the average carbon intensity of global commercial building operations has maintained an annual decline of 1.94% since 2000, and emission factors and industrial structures were generally the key to decarbonizing commercial building operations; (2) the operational carbon intensity of global residential buildings has maintained an annual decline of 1.2% over the past two decades, and energy intensity and average household size have been key to this decarbonization; and (3) the total decarbonization of commercial building operations and residential buildings worldwide was 230.28 and 338.1 mega-tons of carbon dioxide per yr, respectively, with a decarbonization efficiency of 10.05% and 9.4%. Overall, this study assesses the global historical progress in decarbonizing global building operations and closes the relevant gap, and it helps plan the stepwise carbon neutral pathway of future global buildings by the mid-century. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.13327&r= |
| By: | Lamentillo, Anna Mae Yu |
| Keywords: | carbon tax; carbon pricing; emissions trading system |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122913&r= |
| By: | Stephie Fried |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a macro heterogeneous-agent model to quantify the distributional impacts of higher temperatures in the US. Households adapt to temperature by using energy and equipment for heating and cooling. A key insight is that temperature acts as a transfer from nature, augmenting household income by the value of heating or cooling provided by nature. The welfare effects of climate change vary substantially with income, increasing welfare inequality in the colder parts of the US. This heterogeneity results from the effects of climate change on transfers from nature and on households’ extensive-margin decisions to purchase heaters and air conditioners. |
| Keywords: | climate change; heterogeneous-agent model; temperature; welfare effects |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:98315&r= |
| By: | IODICE Silvia (European Commission - JRC); ARBAU Luca; MAISTRALI Antigoni (European Commission - JRC); MARANDO Federica (European Commission - JRC); MELCHIORRI Michele (European Commission - JRC); PROIETTI Paola (European Commission - JRC); SULIS Patrizia (European Commission - JRC); TAINGUY Ophélie; VANDECASTEELE Ine |
| Abstract: | Heatwaves are one of the most concerning consequences of climate change, with record-breaking temperatures becoming more frequent and intense, and projected to continue. Extreme heat is particularly alarming in cities, where it leads to the Urban Heat Island effect. This effect causes higher local temperatures and urban areas to become hotter than surrounding suburban regions and rural areas. This is connected to the presence of more sealed surfaces and higher density of both people and heat-emitting infrastructures. We need to rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change. At the same time, we should adapt by diminishing exposure and vulnerability and increasing the overall resilience and adaptive capacity of cities. The deployment of green and blue infrastructures is one of the most effective measures to counteract the urban heat island effect. However, the combination of several strategies adapted to the local circumstances is the most powerful. This policy brief focuses on how to tackle severe heat in cities and provides recommendations, best practices and analytical tools that can be used by local authorities. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137891&r= |
| By: | van Dijk, Michiel; de Lange, Thijs |
| Abstract: | Recently, in many low- and middle-income countries, a rise in income, urbanization and a change in lifestyles have resulted in a shift in dietary patterns from mainly staple crops, such as rice, wheat and maize, towards a diet characterized by higher intake of meat, sugar and processed foods. This so-called nutrition transition has led to a situation in many countries that is referred to as the double burden of malnutrition, which is defined as the simultaneous observation of both undernutrition and overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable diseases. The change in diets, and in particular the worldwide rise in the consumption of animal protein, also has had a strong negative impact on the environment, including loss in biodiversity, water resource depletion, deforestation, and an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There is consensus that the transformation towards sustainable healthy diets is regarded as a key strategy to improve human nutrition and health, combat poverty and promote environmental sustainability. Sustainable healthy diets are defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as “a dietary pattern that promotes all dimensions of individuals’ health and wellbeing; has low environmental pressure and impact; is accessible, affordable, safe and equitable; and is culturally acceptable†. Several studies show that adoption of diets which are characterized by low-meat content or are completely plant-based, result in improved health outcomes but might lead to an increase in cropland, freshwater and fertilizer use in several low-income countries. This suggests that there might be unintended consequences and trade-offs that need to be addressed by decisionmakers when promoting the uptake of healthy diets. The aim of this study is to assess the potential trade-offs between socio-economic, health and environmental impacts associated with a transition towards healthier diets in Bangladesh for the period 2022-2040. The forward-looking approach, which compares two healthy diet scenarios with a business-as usual future in which the diets follow a pattern consistent with the widely observed nutrition transition, will be useful to inform long-run national strategies such as Vision-2041, Bangladesh’s long-run plan to achieve high-income status and eradicate poverty by 2041, as well as the national food system transformation pathway that has been developed with support from the 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit (UNFSS) initiative. |
| Keywords: | diet; environmental impact; health; socioeconomics; Bangladesh; Asia; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:144197&r= |
| By: | Gianluca Gucciardi; Elisa Ossola; Lucia Parisio; Matteo Pelagatti |
| Abstract: | The increasing interest in sustainability within economics and finance has led to the widespread adoption of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics, expressed as ratings or indices, for assessing firms’ sustainable performance. However, inconsistencies among data providers stem not only from definitional differences but also from disagreements in measuring ESG factors. This paper proposes a novel approach by conversely focusing on ESG factors common to data providers. Through three empirical approaches—correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and panel data regressions—we aim to understand the structural components shaping ESG metrics, particularly in the Environmental Pillar. Our findings emphasize a limited number of indicators that act as common factors across three providers, primarily concerning the management of natural resources. Despite their shared thematic focus, depending on the provider, these indicators are approached with different perspectives—such as risk management, corporate impact management, and integration into corporate strategy. This analysis offers valuable insights for companies, financial institutions, practitioners, scholars, and policymakers, enabling more concise information for analyses and decision-making in their respective fields. |
| Keywords: | ESG, ESG ratings, Common Factors, Rating Disagreement |
| JEL: | M14 G24 G3 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:536&r= |
| By: | Rose, Julian; Ankel-Peters, Jörg; Hodel, Hanna; Sall, Medoune; Bensch, Gunther |
| Abstract: | Claims for removing fossil fuel subsidies in the Global South are based on climate and equity concerns, but they can be at odds with improving access to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a clean cooking fuel. We examine the case of urban Senegal where LPG usage rates were among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa in the late 2000s. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, we show that LPG usage declined sharply following the removal of subsidies in 2009. Counterintuitively, the decline was not reversed when falling world market prices led to a local price decrease. To explore this puzzle, we use detailed cooking data from surveys we conducted in 2009 and 2019. We find that households change to charcoal after the subsidy removal, but they increasingly use newly promoted energy-efficient charcoal stoves. These stoves make charcoal cooking cheaper and hence the switch back to LPG less attractive. Our results underscore that the energy transition of the poor is highly price responsive - an important insight not only for the debate about fossil fuel subsidies but also carbon taxation. |
| Abstract: | Die Forderungen nach einer Abschaffung der Subventionen für fossile Brennstoffe im globalen Süden basieren auf Klima- und Gerechtigkeitsaspekten, können jedoch im Widerspruch zu einem verbesserten Zugang zu Flüssiggas (LPG) als sauberem Kochbrennstoff stehen. Wir untersuchen den Fall des urbanen Senegal, wo die LPG-Nutzungsraten in den späten 2000er Jahren zu den höchsten in Subsahara-Afrika gehörten. Anhand von Daten aus der Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) zeigen wir, dass die LPG-Nutzung nach der Abschaffung der Subventionen im Jahr 2009 drastisch zurückging. Interessanterweise führten fallenden Weltmarktpreise und einer damit einhergehenden lokalen Preissenkung nicht zu einer Rückkehr zum vorherigen Nutzungsniveau. Um diese Entwicklung zu untersuchen, verwenden wir detaillierte Kochdaten aus Umfragen, die wir 2009 und 2019 durchgeführt haben. Wir stellen fest, dass die Haushalte nach der Abschaffung der Subvention auf Holzkohle umsteigen, aber zunehmend neu geförderte energieeffiziente Holzkohleherde verwenden. Diese Öfen machen das Kochen mit Holzkohle billiger und damit den Wechsel zurück zu Flüssiggas weniger attraktiv. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen, dass die Energiewende der Armen in hohem Maße preisabhängig ist - eine wichtige Erkenntnis nicht nur für die Debatte über Subventionen für fossile Brennstoffe, sondern auch für die Besteuerung von Kohlenstoff. |
| Keywords: | Energy subsidies, air pollution, energy transition, clean cooking, climate policy |
| JEL: | O13 Q41 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:295229&r= |
| By: | Alexandra Hüttel; Judith Lehner |
| Abstract: | The transition of the steel sector to carbon neutrality requires significant investment. In this study, we aim to better understand the scale of investment required for a transition to hydrogen-based steelmaking and the ability of listed steelmakers to finance this investment. First, we analyze how capital expenditures are estimated in the academic literature and compare them with reported investment costs of green steel projects. Second, we focus on how a targeted transition to carbon neutrality would affect the balance sheet and leverage of listed steelmakers operating in the EU-27 and compare the required investments with the companies’ past capital expenditures. The study concludes that capital expenditure may be underestimated in the academic literature and derives recommendations for referencing and contextualizing capital expenditure estimates. Based on the identified impacts at the company level, we conclude with a discussion of the capabilities of listed steel producers to achieve carbon-neutral production, also from an industrial policy perspective. |
| Keywords: | Steel, investment cost, capital expenditure, CAPEX, decarbonization |
| JEL: | G31 G32 L61 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2082&r= |
| By: | Tayarani, Hanif; Nitta, Christopher J.; Tal, Gil |
| Abstract: | To maximize the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potential of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), it is critical to develop EV dynamic charging management strategies. These strategies leverage the temporal variability in emissions associated with generated electricity to align EV charging with periods of low-carbon power generation. This study introduces a deep neural network tool to enable BEV drivers to make charging sessions align with the availability of cleaner energy resources. This study leverages a Long Short-Term Memory network to forecast individual BEV vehicle miles traveled (VMT) up to two days ahead, using a year-long dataset of driving and charging patterns from 66 California-based BEVs. Based on the predicted VMT, the model then estimates the vehicle's energy needs and the necessity of a charging session. This allows drivers to charge theirvehicles strategically, prioritizing low-carbon electricity periods without risking incomplete journeys. This framework empowers drivers to actively contribute to cleaner electricity consumption with minimal disruption to their daily routines. The tool developed in this project outperforms benchmark models such as recurrent neural networks and autoregressive integrated moving averages, demonstrating its predictive capabilities. To enhance the reliability of predictions, confidence intervals are integrated into the model, ensuring that the model does not disrupt drivers' daily routine trips when skipping non-critical charging events. The potential benefits of the tool are demonstrated by applying it to real-world EV data, finding that if drivers follow the tool’s predictive suggestion, they can reduce overall GHG emissions by 41% without changing their driving patterns. This study also found that even charging in regions with higher carbon-intensity electricity than California can achieve Californian emission levels for EV charging in the short term through strategic management of non-critical charging events. This findingreveals new possibilities for further emissions reduction from EV charging, even before the full transition to a carbon-neutral grid. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Charging behavior, forecasting, machine learning |
| Date: | 2024–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt77t9p8sf&r= |
| By: | Olivier Boiral; David Talbot; Laurence Guillaumie; Marie-Christine Brotherton |
| Abstract: | Despite the strategic and economic importance of the agri-food sector, sector-specific environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues are still relatively unidentified. Definitions are often quite broad and the relevance of ESG risks is seen rather elastically. The diversity of risks and interdependencies inherent to the agri-food sector are not fully explained, and are therefore poorly understood by stakeholders. Yet, this sector alone is responsible for 10% of Quebec’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, there are issues of food waste, consumption habits, waste management, working conditions and compliance with standards. This represents potentially significant financial and reputational risks for companies. In this study, the authors examine the issues associated with ESG risks in the agri-food sector, and put forward elements that could improve the monitoring of companies' ESG performance and thus help to mitigate these risks. The authors provide an overview of the issues and practices in this field, in order to better understand the motivations for implementing these practices, the key issues in the agri-food sector and the main initiatives adopted by companies. Malgré l’importance stratégique et économique du secteur agroalimentaire, les enjeux environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance (ESG) spécifiques à ce secteur sont encore relativement peu étudiés. Les définitions sont souvent assez générales et la pertinence de risques ESG est perçue de façon plutôt élastique. La diversité des risques et les imbrications inhérentes à l’agroalimentaire sont peu renseignées et donc mal saisies par les parties prenantes. Pourtant, à lui seul, ce secteur est responsable de 10 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) du Québec. À cela s’ajoutent les enjeux de gaspillage alimentaire, d’habitudes de consommation, de gestion des déchets, ou encore des conditions de travail et de respect des normes. Cela représente autant de risques financiers et réputationnels potentiellement lourds pour les entreprises. Dans cette étude, les auteurs examinent les enjeux associés aux risques ESG du secteur agroalimentaire et mettent de l’avant des éléments qui permettraient d’améliorer le suivi de la performance ESG des entreprises et ainsi d’atténuer les risques. Les auteurs brossent un portrait des enjeux et des pratiques dans ce domaine afin de mieux comprendre les motivations pour la mise en place de ces pratiques, les enjeux saillants dans le secteur agroalimentaire et les principales initiatives adoptées par les entreprises. |
| Keywords: | ESG, Agri-food, Quebec, Ethics, Strategic issues, Risk management, ESG, Agroalimentaire, Québec, Ethique, Enjeux stratégique, Gestion des risques |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirpro:2024rp-08&r= |
| By: | Ahmad, Saba |
| Abstract: | Water, essential for all life, is abundantly present in nature and crucial for the environmental health of communities. Pakistan, ranking ninth among countries with limited access to clean water, has 21 million people out of 207 million facing this challenge. The study focuses on analyzing drinking water quality and health impacts in Havelian district. Twenty-one samples from eleven locations were examined for various physical and chemical parameters. Respondents overwhelmingly favored bottled water as safest, while solutions like filters and pipeline upgrades were suggested to address water quality issues. Few health issues were reported due to overall better water quality, with typhoid and diarrhea being most common. The study offers insights valuable for policymakers and researchers, discussed along with recommendations in subsequent sections. |
| Keywords: | Drinking water; quality; chemical properties; consumer health; consumer decisions. |
| JEL: | Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120870&r= |
| By: | Sara Balestri (Dipartimento di Economia Internazionale, delle Istituzioni e dello Sviluppo, DISCE, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy); Raul Caruso (Dipartimento di Politica Economica, DISCE, & Centro Studi Economia Applicata (CSEA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy - Catholic University ‘Our Lady of Good Counsel’, Tirana, European Center of Peace Science, Integration and Cooperation (CESPIC)) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the influence of climate change vulnerability on the likelihood and severity of communal violence, with a particular emphasis on delineating large-scale regional patterns. Specifically, the analysis centres on Sub-Saharan Africa and South/South-East Asia - both regions being predominantly characterized by rain-fed agriculture and climate-sensitive economic activities - spanning the years 1995 to 2021. Relying on the ND-GAIN Vulnerability Index as a multidimensional measure for propensity of societies to be negatively impacted by climate change, we found robust evidence that greater vulnerability is conducive to a higher likelihood and severity of communal violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, in South/South-East Asia, results suggest that current climate variability, measured as rainfall deviations within the period, exerts a greater effect on communal violence outbreak than overall vulnerability to climate change. In both regions, greater access to productive means is significantly associated to the reduction of communal violence. |
| Keywords: | communal violence, vulnerability, climate change, conflicts, Africa, Asia |
| JEL: | D74 O13 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctc:serie5:dipe0036&r= |
| By: | Ngoepe, Letlhogonolo Kearabilwe; Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo |
| Abstract: | Various ‘green’ investment channels cater specifically to environmentally conscious investments. In this paper, we investigate the optimal green investment strategy by comparing the risk of three green financial instruments– green bonds, green equity, and a balanced 50/50 bond equity fund. Using the dynamic and frequency connectedness approaches by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) and Baruník and Křehlík (2018), we analyze how financial risk affects green investment over various time horizons. Our findings show that green equity possesses the highest risk spillovers. Furthermore, green bonds and the ESG equity index provide risk diversification benefits for green investors. The balanced index displays a low risk-return nexus, further indicating that green investors are better off by investing in a diversified portfolio. Lastly, under unfavourable market conditions, the green investment market instruments provide little to no diversification against each other. |
| Keywords: | Green equity, ESG equity index, balanced index, frequency connetedness |
| JEL: | C5 F3 G15 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121091&r= |
| By: | Chang, Simon (University of Western Australia); Chatterjee, Ishita (University of Western Australia Business School); Yu, Li (Central University of Finance and Economics) |
| Abstract: | We conducted a large-scale lost letter experiment with a novel design across all seasons in Beijing to study whether ambient air pollution influences helping behavior. We assessed air pollution by PM2.5 and PM10. Our novel design allowed us to collect real-time granular data from the streets. To mitigate endogeneity bias, we used the occurrence and intensity of thermal inversion as instrumental variables. We found that ambient air pollution increased the probability for a lost letter to be posted. Our finding suggests that when exposed to ambient air pollution, individuals may cope with the resulting adverse mental states by helping others. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, helping behavior, particulate matter, thermal inversion, China |
| JEL: | D9 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17011&r= |
| By: | Désiré Kanga; Mr. Boileau Loko; Gomez Agou; Mr. Kangni R Kpodar |
| Abstract: | We examine push and pull factors, including demographic, geography, culture, economic and human development, politics and climate, and uncover the key determinants shaping migration patterns within Africa. Our findings emphasize the significance of political (instability, ethnic tensions) and socio-demographic (human development, common language, population size and structure) factors, climate shocks, along with economic motivations, in driving intra-African migration. Understanding these multifaceted factors is vital for policymakers in formulating effective strategies to leverage human capital mobility to promote sustainable development in the region. |
| Keywords: | Migration; climate shocks; human development; political risk |
| Date: | 2024–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/097&r= |
| By: | Rieger-Fels, Markus; Schlepphorst, Susanne; Dienes, Christian; Akalan, Rodi; Icks, Annette; Wolter, Hans-Jürgen |
| Abstract: | Die Politik verfolgt mit einer Reihe an regulatorischen Maßnahmen das Ziel, den Klimaschutz voranzutreiben. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Maßnahmen hängt auch von der Reaktion der regulierten Unternehmen und damit von deren Akzeptanz der Regulierung ab. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Akzeptanz verschiedener Regulierungsmaßnahmen, die zum Klimaschutz beitragen sollen. Es werden Aspekte der Regulierung identifiziert, die der Akzeptanz abträglich sind, sowie Möglichkeiten erörtert, dem entgegenzuwirken. |
| Abstract: | Politicians seek to advance climate protection with a series of regulatory measures. The effectiveness of these measures depends on the reaction of the regulated companies and thus on their acceptance of the regulation. This study examines the acceptance of various regulatory measures that are intended to contribute to climate protection. It identifies aspects of regulation that are detrimental to acceptance and discusses ways of counteracting this. |
| Keywords: | Klimaschutz, Regulierung, Akzeptanz, Bürokratie, Emissionshandel, Climate protection, regulation, acceptance, red tape, emissions trading |
| JEL: | H23 K32 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifmmat:296488&r= |
| By: | Don Fullerton |
| Abstract: | Research about the circular economy is dominated by engineers, architects, and social scientists in fields other than economics. The concepts they study can be useful in economic models of policies – to reduce virgin materials extraction, to encourage green design, and to make better use of products in ways that reduce waste. This essay attempts to discuss circular economy in economists’ language about market failures, distributional equity, and policies that can raise economic welfare by making the appropriate tradeoffs between fixing those market failures and achieving other social goals. |
| Keywords: | disposal, dumping, environment, extraction, litter, policy, product design, recycling, remanufacturing, repair, reuse, social justice, sustainability |
| JEL: | H23 Q38 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11109&r= |
| By: | Bigerna, Simona; Hagspiel, Verena; Kort, Peter M. (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Wen, Xingang (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:6e8478eb-6632-4a1e-9dc7-f4fb753943d8&r= |
| By: | Echebarria, Koldo |
| Abstract: | The nations that signed the Paris Agreement periodically submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with climate mitigation and adaptation goals. Complementarily, countries should also formulate and implement National Adaptation Plans (NAP) and periodically update them. This means that every country is required by law to outline a course of action in response to global warming and submit a pledge with specific objectives it is committed to achieving. These pledges are then reviewed and renewed every five years. Every round of pledges is meant to intensify the level of commitment and is negotiable, meaning that other parties can offer concessions or support in return for a more robust pledge. The pledge and review method were introduced first in 1991; however, in 1997, the international community chose to adopt legally binding emission reduction targets in the Kyoto Protocol. The pledge and review methods were reintroduced in the 2009 Copenhagen Accord, following its limited success and the inability to reach an agreement on new targets. The NDC wording took the place of the pledge-and-review expression in the negotiations that resulted in the Paris Agreement. The fact that NDCs rely on voluntary commitments from signatory nations—many of whom lack the financial, technological, or institutional means to effectively combat climate change—has drawn criticism. Setting top-down targets, however, results in a distributional problem among nations that has proven unsolvable. Furthermore, targets are by no means a good solution in the absence of efficient review and compliance procedures. Since pledges—both in terms of the degree of commitment and the methods used—are subject to review and are not legally binding, NDCs offer a more practical strategy for international collaboration on mitigating climate change.1 The "naming and shaming" process—a form of peer and reputational pressure—is the foundation of the NDC method. Climate change politics have gradually changed because of the rise of bottom-up society initiatives and transnational networks of non-govern-mental actors, placing increased pressure on national governments and international organizations. |
| Keywords: | capacity development; climate change mitigation; global warming; Sustainable Development Goals; Latin America and the Caribbean |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:lacwps:32&r= |
| By: | Tang, H.; Reiner, D M.; Chen, W. |
| Abstract: | The deep decarbonization of China’s hard-to-abate industries requires urgent expansion of clean hydrogen deployment, which is still in its infancy ascribed to its weak cost-competitiveness compared with the fossil-based counterparts and uncertain diffusion prospects. To address this problem, this study evaluates the supply potential and levelized cost of hydrogen production from onshore wind and solar PV on a 1 km-grid level, which collaborates with the established bottom-up plant-level hydrogen demand inventory to reveal the spatial heterogeneity and sectoral disparity of the hydrogen layouts for the first time. A total maximum hydrogen demand potential of 108.9 Mt H2/yr is identified considering industrial layouts nowadays, which can be fed by 313 hydrogen hubs with the weighted-average levelized cost of 1.26 – 4.53 USD/kg H2 in 2060. Furthermore, a top-level strategy for scaling up shared hydrogen infrastructure networks is envisaged built upon the multi-criteria and multi-scale comparison of these hydrogen hubs, which may provide insights into the design of policy instruments tailored to specific hydrogen hubs. |
| Keywords: | Green hydrogen, hard-to-abate industries, supply, end-use |
| JEL: | D24 Q21 Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2024–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2426&r= |
| By: | Lee, King Fuei |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a catering hypothesis of ESG disclosure, where managers adjust their disclosure policies based on investor valuation of high-disclosure companies. The study examines 2, 207 US-listed firms from 2005-2022, and finds a significant positive relationship between the ESG disclosure premium and firm ESG reporting. Managers respond to prevailing investor demand for ESG data by disclosing more when investors place a stock price premium on companies with high disclosure levels and disclosing less when investors prefer companies with low disclosure levels. This research enriches sustainability accounting literature by exploring the impact of managerial decision-making and investor demand on ESG disclosure, providing insights for stakeholders and policy development. It also expands understanding of the connection between corporate policy, sustainability, and catering considerations, benefiting stakeholders, directors, and investors interested in improving ESG practices and capital allocation for sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | ESG disclosure, ESG reporting, sustainability reporting, catering incentives, catering effects, disclosure premium |
| JEL: | M41 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120930&r= |
| By: | Rainald Borck (University of Potsdam, CESifo, CEPA); Peter Mulder (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht University) |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of energy and transport policies on pollution in two developing country cities. We use a quantitative equilibrium model with choice of housing, energy use, residential location, transport mode, and energy technology. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for two developing country cities, Maputo, Mozambique, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the counterfactual simulations, we study how various transport and energy policies affect equilibrium pollution. Policies may be induce rebound effects from increasing residential energy use or switching to high emission modes or locations. In general, these rebound effects tend to be largest for subsidies to public transport or modern residential energy technology. |
| Keywords: | pollution, energy policy, discrete choice, developing country cities |
| JEL: | Q53 Q54 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:78&r= |
| By: | David Reinstein; Tanya O'Garra |
| Abstract: | Evaluation Summary and Metrics: "Does the Squeaky Wheel Get More Grease? The Direct and Indirect Effects of Citizen Participation on Environmental Governance in China" |
| Date: | 2023–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:squeakyevalsum&r= |
| By: | Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) |
| Abstract: | USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) regulates the importation, interstate movement, and environmental release or field testing of certain plants and organisms produced through biotechnology. This factsheet answers frequently asked questions about APHIS’ biotechnology regulations. Who regulates agricultural products of biotechnology? What do APHIS’ biotechnology regulations cover? What plants are exempt from APHIS’ biotechnology regulations? How do I verify a plant’s regulatory status? Where can I find a list of modified crops not subject to APHIS regulation? When can modified crops be safely commercialized? When do I need a permit from APHIS? How does APHIS ensure compliance with biotechnology regulations and permit conditions? How does APHIS address regulatory noncompliance? Does APHIS inspect all field tests? What are common compliance infractions? How does APHIS make sure commercial food and feed is free of field-test materials? How does APHIS comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)? Does APHIS involve the public in important policy decisions? Where can I go for more information? |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:343272&r= |
| By: | Wiebe, Michael |
| Abstract: | Gendron-Carrier et al. (2022) studies the effect of subway openings on urban air pollution. The authors find a null average effect, but a negative effect in cities with high initial pollution. In this comment, I perform several robustness checks on the negative effect for high-pollution cities, and repeat the main analyses for low-pollution cities. I show that the main finding for high-pollution cities is robust, and find mixed results for low-pollution cities. I implement an alternative back-of-the-envelope calculation for the effect of subway openings on infant mortality, and find a smaller number of averted deaths. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:121&r= |
| By: | Anonymous; David Reinstein |
| Abstract: | This is an evaluation of of "Does the Squeaky Wheel Get More Grease? The Direct and Indirect Effects of Citizen Participation on Environmental Governance in China". Please see further content below. |
| Date: | 2023–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:squeaky-e2&r= |
| By: | Cullen S. Hendrix (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)--the warming and cooling cycle in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean that affects both global atmospheric and ocean conditions--is a driver of geopolitical risk at the global scale. Using nonlinear cross-convergent mapping, a technique for characterizing causal relationships in dynamic systems, it finds ENSO is causally related to geopolitical risk at the global level, but that finding is not replicated at the country level for countries whose economies are most strongly influenced by ENSO cycles. Put differently, ENSO-related geopolitical risk is an emergent phenomenon evident only at the Earth system level. Then, using monthly observations of ENSO and geopolitical risk, the paper reports a curvilinear, contemporaneous relationship between ENSO and risk, with La Nina conditions associated with lessened geopolitical risk relative to El Nino and neutral climate conditions. The effects are statistically and substantively significant, and the relationship is demonstrated to be stronger in more recent decades (post-1990). The effect for geopolitical risk of transitioning from La Nina to neutral ENSO conditions is of similar magnitude to that of the outbreak of a major interstate war. |
| Keywords: | climate change, global warming, natural disasters, geopolitical risk, domestic and international conflicts |
| JEL: | C53 D74 F51 Q34 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-14&r= |
| By: | Mr. Kalin I Tintchev; Laura Jaramillo |
| Abstract: | Using a comprehensive drought measure and a panel autoregressive distributed lag model, the paper finds that worsening drought conditions can result in long-term scarring of real GDP per capita growth and affect long-term price stability in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States (FCS), more so than in other countries, leaving them further behind. Lower crop productivity and slower investment are key channels through which drought impacts economic growth in FCS. In a high emissions scenario, drought conditions will cut 0.4 percentage points of FCS’ growth of real GDP per capita every year over the next 40 years and increase average inflation by 2 percentage points. Drought will also increase hunger in FCS, from alreay high levels. The confluence of lower food production and higher prices in a high emissions scenario would push 50 million more people in FCS into hunger. The macroeconomic effects of drought in FCS countries are amplified by their low copying capacity due to high public debt, low social spending, insufficient trade openness, high water insecurity, and weak governance. |
| Keywords: | climate change; long-term growth and inflation; climate policy |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/106&r= |
| By: | Sarah Potin (LA TELESCOP); Julie Chaurand (LA TELESCOP); Chloé Beaudet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Léa Tardieu (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Ce rapport présente la méthode proposée et testée pour aider à la définition d'une trame noire, à partir d'images satellites nocturnes à très haute résolution spatiale (Jilin-1). Il présente ensuite une analyse croisée de la pollution lumineuse, des enjeux écologiques à partir d'une modélisation et de l'acceptabilité sociale associée à différentes modalité de réduction de l'éclairage artificiel nocturne. |
| Keywords: | Pollution lumineuse, Images de nuit THRS, Perte de dispersion, Biodispersal, Experience de choix discrets, Acceptabilité sociale |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04573796&r= |
| By: | Julia Jadin; Florine Le Henaff |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of Covid-19 containment measures on household carbon footprints, with a focus on gender dynamics and redistributive effects. Using data from the Belgian Household Budget Survey for 2018 and 2020, we find that households with male breadwinners experienced a more substantial decrease in carbon footprints. This reduction is primarily due to a significant decline in the consumption of carbonintensive goods and services, such as transportation and dining out, which these households utilize more extensively. Our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating gender considerations in the assessment of carbon reduction policies. By understanding the link between gender and consumption behaviors, policymakers can design more equitable and effective interventions to mitigate household carbon emissions. Understanding this link also presents opportunities for targeted policies and incentives, particularly in transportation, ensuring that decarbonization efforts address the distributive nature ofcarbon footprints. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, Household, Carbon Footprint: Gender |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/374567&r= |
| By: | Robin Sogalla; Joschka Wanner; Yuta Watabe |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the elusive role of productivity heterogeneity in new trade models in the trade and environment nexus. We contrast the Eaton-Kortum and the Melitz models with firm heterogeneity to the Armington and Krugman models without heterogeneity. We show that if firms have a constant emission share in terms of sales — as they do in a wide range of trade and environment models — the three models’ emission predictions exactly coincide. Conversely, if firms have a constant emission intensity per quantity — a prominent alternative in the literature — the emission equivalence between the three models breaks. We provide a generalization that nests both constant emission shares in sales and constant quantity emission intensities as special cases. We calibrate the models to global production and trade data and use German firm-level data to estimate the key elasticity of how emission intensity changes with productivity. Our multi-industry quantification demonstrates that the role of firm heterogeneity depends both on the model and the estimated parameters. Moving from the Armington model to the EK model increases the emissions effect on trade, while moving from the Krugman model to the Melitz model decreases the emission effects on trade. |
| Keywords: | International trade; carbon emissions; firm heterogeneity |
| JEL: | F11 F12 F18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2077&r= |
| By: | Humphreys, Patrick; Imas, Miguel |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on how transportation and marketing bespoke products as “sail cargo” can promote the common good. The context is the Sail Cargo Alliance’s, UK “Sail Cargo Divisions”, who each promoted trading of sail cargo in their locality. We assess the implementation of this aim in each division on a set of four key sustainable development enabling factors, The results reveal that inadequate performance on this factor set led to the failure, in 2023, of the operating companies for all Divisions except Sail Cargo London and Sail Cargo Kent whose operating companies merged in 2021 thereby gaining the complementary resources that enabled the merged operating Company (Raybel Charters) to bounce forward. We describe a proof-of- value use case initiated within the transformed Division: Sail Cargo Channel in collaboration with Raybel Charters, that can guide the future sustainable development of all the Sail Cargo Alliance’s Divisions for the common good. |
| Keywords: | cluster-building bottom-up; enabling factors; entrepreneurial innovation clusters; Sail Cargo; social innovation; sustainable decision support; sustainable development; T&F deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122867&r= |
| By: | Pollack, Adam; Santamaria-Aguilar, Sara; Maduwantha, Pravin; Helgeson, Casey; Wahl, Thomas; Keller, Klaus |
| Abstract: | Many climate policies adopt improving equity as a key objective. Achieving this broad goal is non-trivial. A key challenge is that policies often conceive of equity in terms of individuals but introduce strategies that focus on spatially coarse administrative areas like census tracts. For example, the Justice40 Initiative in the United States requires 515 diverse federal programs to prioritize funds for “disadvantaged” census tracts. This strategy is largely untested and contrasts with the federal government’s definition of equity as the “consistent and systematic fair, just and impartial treatment of all individuals.” How well does the Justice40 approach improve equity in climate adaptation outcomes across individuals? We analyze this question using a case study of a municipality that faces repetitive flooding and struggles to effectively manage these risks due to limited resources and public investment. We find that Justice40 is an obstacle to equity. In contrast, we design simple funding based on household risk burden that cost-effectively perform well on a wide range of equity and economic objectives. “Disadvantaged community” indicators defined at coarse spatial scales face the risk of poorly capturing many natural hazards and can be ineffective for meeting equity promises about climate-related investments. |
| Date: | 2024–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6ewmu&r= |
| By: | Diego D\'iaz; Pablo Paniagua; Cristi\'an Larroulet |
| Abstract: | The consequences of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, are evident: death, coordination problems, destruction of infrastructure, and displacement of population. However, according to empirical research, the impact of a natural disaster on economic activity is mixed. Natural disasters could have significant economic effects, especially in developing economies. This is particularly important for highly seismic countries such as Chile and New Zealand. This paper contributes to the literature on natural disasters and economic development by analyzing the cases of two affected regions within these countries in the wake of major earthquakes experienced during 2010-2011: Maule (Chile) and Canterbury (New Zealand). We examine the impact of natural disasters on GDP per capita by applying the synthetic control method. Using the synthetic approach, we assess the effects of these two earthquakes by building counterfactuals to compare their recovery trajectories. We find that Chile and New Zealand experienced opposite economic effects. The Canterbury region grew 10% more in three years than its synthetic counterfactual without the earthquake, while the Maule region declined by 5%. We build synthetic controls at a regional and economic-sector level, looking at aggregated and sectoral effects. The difference in institutions, such as property rights and the large amount of government spending given for reconstruction after the New Zealand earthquake relative to Chile's, help to explain the difference in outcomes. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.12041&r= |
| By: | Paul Waidelich; Joscha Krug; Bjarne Steffen |
| Abstract: | Policymakers regularly rely on public financial institutions and government offices to provide loans for clean energy projects. However, both the market failures that public loan provision addresses and its role in a policy strategy that also features instruments directly addressing environmental and innovation externalities remain unclear. Here, we develop a model of banks providing loans for clean energy projects that use a novel technology. This early-stage lending builds up banks’ financing experience, which spills over to peers and hence is undersupplied by the market. In addition to this cooperation problem, bankability requirements can result in a coordination failure whereby the banking sector remains stuck in an equilibrium with no loans for the novel technology even when a preferable equilibrium with loans exists. Public provision of early-stage loans is inferior to de-risking instruments in solving this cooperation problem because it crowds out private banks’ loan provision. However, public loan provision—ideally in combination with additional de-risking measures to support banks in internalizing learning spillovers—can more effectively resolve the coordination failure by pushing the banking sector to a better equilibrium. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, credit guarantees, government loans, multiple equilibria, renewable energy, state investment bank |
| JEL: | G21 H81 Q48 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11118&r= |
| By: | Lætitia Guérin-Schneider (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04575292&r= |
| By: | Don Fullerton |
| Abstract: | Research about the circular economy is dominated by engineers, architects, and social scientists in fields other than economics. The concepts they study can be useful in economic models of policies – to reduce virgin materials extraction, to encourage green design, and to make better use of products in ways that reduce waste. This essay attempts to discuss circular economy in economists’ language about market failures, distributional equity, and policies that can raise economic welfare by making the appropriate tradeoffs between fixing those market failures and achieving other social goals. |
| JEL: | H23 Q38 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32419&r= |
| By: | David A Roiz (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy); Paulina A Pontifes (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frédéric Jourdain (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier, Santé Publique France, Cellule Océan indien [Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France] - Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France]); Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Boris Leroy (BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Anne-Charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); María José Tolsá-García (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frédéric Simard (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | Invasive Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes transmit viruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika, posing a huge public health burden as well as having a less well understood economic impact. We present a comprehensive, global-scale synthesis of studies reporting these economic costs, spanning 166 countries and territories over 45 years. The minimum cumulative reported cost estimate expressed in 2022 US$ was 94.7 billion, although this figure reflects considerable underreporting and underestimation. The analysis suggests a 14-fold increase in costs, with an average annual expenditure of US$ 3.1 billion, and a maximum of US$ 20.3 billion in 2013. Damage and losses were an order of magnitude higher than investment in management, with only a modest portion allocated to prevention. Effective control measures are urgently needed to safeguard global health and well-being, and to reduce the economic burden on human societies. This study fills a critical gap by addressing the increasing economic costs of Aedes and Aedes-borne diseases and offers insights to inform evidence-based policy. |
| Keywords: | Economic costs, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, Invasive mosquitoes, economic costs Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus dengue Zika chikungunya invasive mosquitoes, economic costs, dengue, chikungunya, invasive mosquitoes |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04573122&r= |
| By: | Flörchinger, Daniela; Frondel, Manuel; Sommer, Stephan; Andor, Mark Andreas |
| Abstract: | Using identification with the environmentalist movement Fridays for Future, this paper empirically tests the effect of a novel type of prime on pro-environmental behavior: the reminder of their previously stated attitude towards Fridays for Future. On the basis of a large-scale survey experiment including the incentivized choice between a voucher for a flight or a train ride, we find evidence that respondents who receive such an identity prime are more likely to behave in line with the movement's moral principles in that they take the train. Our results suggest that pro-environmental behavior may be enhanced by reminding individuals of their attitude towards environmental matters. |
| Abstract: | Anhand der Identifikation mit der Umweltbewegung Fridays for Future wird in diesem Beitrag empirisch die Wirkung einer neuen Art von Prime auf umweltfreundliches Verhalten getestet: die Erinnerung an die zuvor geäußerte Einstellung zu Fridays for Future. Auf der Grundlage eines groß angelegten Umfrageexperiments, das die Wahl zwischen einem Gutschein für einen Flug oder eine Zugfahrt vorsieht, finden wir Hinweise darauf, dass die Befragten, die einen solchen Prime erhalten haben, sich mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit im Einklang mit den moralischen Prinzipien der Bewegung verhalten, indem sie den Zug wählen. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass umweltfreundliches Verhalten durch die Erinnerung an die eigene Einstellung zu Umweltfragen gefördert werden kann. |
| Keywords: | Pro-social behavior, priming, cognitive dissonance |
| JEL: | D81 D91 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:295230&r= |
| By: | Gildas Appéré (UA - Université d'Angers); Damien Dussaux (OCDE - Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development); Alan Krupnick (RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE WASHINGTON DC USA - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Muriel Travers (Nantes Univ - Nantes Université) |
| Abstract: | Asthma is a non-communicable and non-curable lung disease that affects 10% of children and 4% of adults worldwide and is associated with an array of environmental contaminants and chemicals. This article offers values suitable for use in cost–benefit analyses of the willingness to pay (WTP) for reduced severity of asthma in adults and children and in reduced probability of getting asthma for these two population groups, all in the context of reducing chemical exposures. To this end, an online survey was administered between November 2021 and May 2022 to 12 727 respondents from seven countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This article applies two stated preference methods for eliciting WTP: the contingent valuation method for reduced asthma severity and choice experiments for reduced probability of getting asthma of various severities. The context for such elicitations was a set of household products that contain fewer hazardous chemicals than what is currently available in supermarkets but are more expensive. The study finds that the WTP for reducing asthma severity in adults by one step, e.g. from "moderate plus" to "moderate", isUSD2022 529 per year on average. The parental WTP for reducing asthma severity in their children is USD2022 PPP 948 per year and is on average 1.8 times higher than their WTP for themselves. The mean value of a statistical case (VSC) of adult asthma which would be applied to predictions of new cases of asthma avoided by a regulation equals USD2022 280 000, while the mean VSC of childhood asthma equals USD2022 430 000. |
| Keywords: | Asthma, Health risk, Economic valuation, Stated preferences, Value of a statistical case |
| Date: | 2024–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04436960&r= |
| By: | Meiyi Zhuang; Xinyi Zhang; Hisahiro Naito |
| Abstract: | Health is one of the most critical factors that affects retirement behavior, and poor health may lead to early retirement among middle-aged and older adults. In China, where the population is aging rapidly, early retirement has significant implications for the economy. Recent studies have shown that air pollution, particularly PM2.5, can cause various illnesses, such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, and diabetes. In this paper, we analyze the effects of PM2.5 on the retirement and health of middle-aged and elderly people, assuming that the effects of air pollution on retirement are highly nonlinear and different for farmers and non-farmers. To control for potential endogeneity, we use 2SLS estimation. The regression results for non-farmers show that higher PM2.5 concentrations increase the probability of heart-related diseases and early retirement behavior. Specifically, we found that a 10 microgra per cubic meters(about one standard deviation) per cubic meter increase in PM2.5 concentration is associated with a 58% increase in the probability of heart-related diseases and a 57% increase in early retirement. This implies that roughly 12.1 million people could continue participating in the labor market if the government can reduce PM2.5 concentration by 10 microgram per cubic meter across the country. For farmers, we found that higher PM2.5 concentration is associated with a higher probability of lung-related diseases, but we did not find evidence that it increases early retirement. For both non-farmers and farmers, we did not find evidence that a higher PM2.5 concentration decreases financial wealth. These findings suggest that higher air pollution deteriorates the health of non-farmers, increases the disutility of work, and induces early retirement but does not affect the financial wealth of farmers and non-farmers. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tsu:tewpjp:2024-001&r= |
| By: | Alice Gillerot (VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement); Philippe Jeanneaux (Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement); Etienne Polge (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, ACT - Département sciences pour l'action, les transitions, les territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Collective action among farmers is regularly presented as a driver for the adoption of agroecological practices on farms. This study proposes to extend the analysis of relational drivers in the implementation of changes in practices beyond peer groups, by looking at their collective organization around territorialized supply chains involving other actors. More specifically, this paper proposes to study the role that this collective organization around territorial supply chains plays in the changes toward agroecological practices carried out on farms. The study of the individual farm trajectories as a chain of events is an approach that allows the understanding and analysis of changes in practices. As we are interested in coordination mechanisms based on interactions between actors as a driver for agroecological transition, we mobilize the framework and tools of social network analysis. In particular, in order to analyse the relational drivers in the trajectories of changes practices, we mobilize the relational chain approach through the method of quantified narratives. This approach allows us to understand changes in practices on farms as collective actions, through the study of relationships activated by farmers in order to have access to different types of resources during their trajectory. Thus, our work feeds the literature mobilizing the method of quantified narratives for the analysis of farm transition trajectories, which we modulate by focusing on the trajectory of a particular cropping system analysed through the agronomic and socio-economic principles of agroecology. We conducted semi-structured interviews with eight farmers who are members of a territorial organic wheat-flour- bread supply chain collective that includes a miller and a baker, all located in the plain of Limagne (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Following these interviews focused on their changes in wheat-growing practices, we identified five phases of agronomic and socio-economic coherence in their trajectories, that we evaluated through the prism of the agroecological principles. We then identified the relationships activated by the farmers to access the various resources needed to carry out the changes in practices during these different phases. Based on their trajectories, a typology of farms was created. This typology helps to understand the different roles played by farmers' collectives developing territorial supply chains in the different types of farms, by analysing during which phases of the trajectory they intervene, to provide access to which resources, in articulation with which other actors. Although the interests for participation vary between the different types of farms, it appears that the farmers' collective developing territorial supply chains systematically give access to commercial, cognitive, social and material resources. As a result, they favour access to strategic resources on the farms, making it possible to couple changes in agricultural practices and their economic valorisation. These resources contribute to a change in the farmers' posture during their trajectory, moving from a role of raw material producers to a role of co-designers of agroecological products. |
| Abstract: | L'action collective entre agriculteurs est régulièrement présentée comme un levier pour la mise en oeuvre de changements de pratiques agroécologiques dans les exploitations agricoles. Cette étude propose d'ouvrir l'analyse des déterminants relationnels dans l'adoption de changements de pratiques au-delà des groupes de pairs en s'intéressant à leur organisation collective autour de filières territoriales faisant intervenir d'autres acteurs. Pour ce faire, la méthode des narrations quantifiées a été mobilisée dans le cadre d'entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des 8 agriculteurs membres d'un collectif filière territoriale intégrant un meunier et un boulanger. L'analyse de ces trajectoires a permis la création d'une typologie des fermes favorisant la compréhension du rôle que joue le collectif filière territoriale dans les changements de pratiques menés par ses différents membres. Bien que les intérêts pour la participation au collectif varient entre les différents types de fermes, il ressort que le collectif donne systématiquement accès à des ressources tant commerciales, que cognitives, sociales et matérielles. De ce fait, le collectif favorise l'accès à des ressources stratégiques dans les exploitations agricoles permettant de coupler la mise en oeuvre de changements de pratiques agricoles et leur valorisation économique. Ces ressources contribuent à un changement de posture des agriculteurs au cours de leur trajectoire, passant d'un rôle d'exécutants producteurs de matières premières à un rôle de coconcepteurs de produits agroécologiques. |
| Keywords: | Farm, transition trajectories, agroecological practices, farmers’ collective, quantified narratives, Exploitation agricole, trajectoires de transition, pratiques agroécologiques, collectifs agricoles, narrations quantifiées |
| Date: | 2024–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03962520&r= |
| By: | Peretto, Pietro; Valente, Simone |
| Abstract: | We fully characterize the transition to sustained growth of resource-constrained economies using a model of industrialization that reproduces key stylized facts of resource use and prices. Natural scarcity, endogenous demography and innovations generate different growth regimes: knowledge-based innovations can potentially feed productivity growth in the long run, but exhaustible primary inputs and population pressure may halt economic development at earlier stages. Our model reproduces two well-documented empirical regularities -- a U-shaped path of resource prices and a hump-shaped path of resource extraction -- as secular trends that arise across growth regimes. Resource use and prices reach their respective turning points at different stages of development, and we may observe a peak in extraction followed by a long period where both resource use and its market price fall. The decoupling of price and quantity dynamics hinges on general-equilibrium interactions between demography and three sources of endogenous technological change, namely, increases in the mass of intermediate firms, vertical innovations within each intermediate firm, and endogenous extraction costs affected by learning-by-doing in the primary sector. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous Growth, Population, Natural Resources, Sustainability. |
| JEL: | E10 L16 O31 O40 |
| Date: | 2024–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120828&r= |
| By: | Stephie Fried; Kevin Novan; William B. Peterman |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a general equilibrium lifecycle model to explore the welfare and inequality implications of different ways to return carbon tax revenue back to households. We find that the welfare maximizing rebate uses two thirds of carbon-tax revenue to reduce the distortionary tax on capital income while using the remaining one third to increase the progressivity of the labor-income tax. This recycling approach attains higher welfare and more equality than the lump-sum rebate approach preferred by policymakers as well as the approach originally prescribed by economists __ which called exclusively for reductions in distortionary taxes. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax; inequality; overlapping generations; Revenue recycling |
| JEL: | Q58 E62 H21 H23 |
| Date: | 2024–05–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:98314&r= |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin; Ivanov, Bozhidar |
| Abstract: | This paper offers a holistic framework for an adequate understanding of the concept and components of agri-food governance and for assessing its quality. Agri-food governance is defined as a complex system with five components: (1) agri-food and related agents, (2) means (rules, forms, and mechanisms) that govern agents’ behavior, activities, and relationships, (3) processes and activities related to making diverse managerial decisions, (4) specific social order resulting from the governing process, and (5) outcomes of the functioning of the system in terms of the realization of sustainable development goals. For a holistic assessment of the quality of agri-food governance, a multidimensional hierarchical system with good governance 11 principles, 21 criteria, and 36 indicators and reference values is presented. The assessment of the farming component of agri-food governance system in Bulgaria, based on statistical and expert data, showed that its overall quality is at a moderate European Union level. In terms of sustainability, the quality of governance is at a good level, while for process, means, and order components, it is at a satisfactory level. The quality of agrarian governance is highest in terms of equity and solidarity and the good functioning public sector. The quality of agrarian governance is lowest in terms of stakeholder involvement and the Good Working Private Sector. In the future, in the latter two areas, combined actions of public, private, and collective agents are needed to improve the country’s agri-food governance. This study showed that particular attention is needed to improve currently inferior decision-making transparency, unacceptable lobbying, and high transaction costs for dealing with other agents, mitigate agricultural contribution to climate change, increase the significance of agriculture, match management decisions to public expectations, increase the competency and expertise of agrarian agents, and improve farm access to public support. The suggested framework for agri-food governance analysis and assessment is to be further adapted to the specificity of different agri-food systems and applied more broadly in diverse agri-food systems in a particular country and region, and international comparisons between (different EU) countries. The widespread application of the GAMPOS framework requires the systematic collection of new types of micro and macro data about the characteristics of governance agents, means, processes, order, and sustainability in different agri-food systems, including through official national, EU, and international statistical systems as well as the cooperation of all participating and interested parties in good governance. |
| Keywords: | governance; agri-food systems; quality; principles; criteria; indicators; assessment |
| JEL: | Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120858&r= |
| By: | Vianney Dequiedt (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Audrey-Anne De Ubeda (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Édouard Mien (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | Regularly the subject of international discussions over the last two decades without reaching a consensus, taxation on maritime transport has been on the agenda of international negotiations since the Summit for a New Global Financing Pact held in Paris in June 2023 and the Paris Pact for People and the Planet (4P). The past year has been marked by strong political declarations and signals, including the launch of a taskforce on international taxation1 to tackle the joint development, climate and nature agenda. It has further affirmed the opening of an unprecedented window of opportunity, which many countries in the South and North are eager to seize. |
| Keywords: | Tax, Taxation, Tax coordination |
| Date: | 2024–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04573848&r= |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | IFPRI’s 2023 Annual Report offers highlights from our research around the world and of our analysis and communications on addressing global challenges that contribute to hunger and malnutrition. In 2023, IFPRI continued the critical work on crisis and resilience-building that began with the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war, and rising food prices. Our research also continued to inform policymakers and stakeholders on climate resilience and sustainability, healthy diets and nutrition, inclusive and efficient food systems, institutions and governance, and rural transformation, all with attention to gender and the world’s most vulnerable people, with the goals of reducing poverty and ending hunger and malnutrition. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; resilience; nutrition; food systems; climate change |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:annrep:2023&r= |
| By: | Romero, Sandra MCP |
| Abstract: | The Universal Basic Mobility (UBM) pilots in Oakland and Los Angeles, launched in 2021, were innovative initiatives to address transportation equity and access issues in historically underserved communities. These experimental programs examined the impact of providing flexible transportation benefits to low-income residents. However, the current program designs fall short of achieving accessibility and sustainability objectives. Instead, they serve as initial steps in exploring UBM as a potential transportation equity strategy. The report explores the motivation behind local agencies initiating UBM pilots despite existing transportation benefit initiatives, and provides insights from program practitioners on the challenges and opportunities in UBM implementation. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Universal Basic Mobility, Mobility as a Service, transportation disadvantaged persons, transportation equity, pilot studies, user side subsidies, accessibility, sustainable transportation |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt4b73k640&r= |
| By: | Valve, Helena; D'Amato, Dalia (University of Helsinki, Finland); Hebinck, Aniek; Lazurko, Anita; de Pater, Mara; Březovská, Romana Jungwirth; Saarikoski, Heli; Laspidou, Chrysi; Keune, Hans; Ziliaskopoulos, Konstantinos |
| Abstract: | Individual actors and actor groups are vital catalysts of transformative change as they are able to initiate bottom-up interventions that nurture and protect biodiversity. This paper analyses biodiversity-focused practices across the civil, market and public spheres to identify the modes of intervention that actors in Europe utilise when they seek to fight biodiversity loss as part of their every-day work or voluntary activism. Studying how actors locate and engage with biodiversity issues allowed us to develop a typology of intervention modes and to unravel interlinkages between biodiversity governance and bottom-up action in a new manner. The seven modes of intervention identified from the rich qualitative data demonstrate how modes of biodiversity action vary in terms of the tangible issues they seek to address. Practitioners and activists locate options for change in resource management practices, production and consumption systems, market conditions, and land-use, amongst others. The findings enact a Europe in which cohesion policies, land-use pressures and power lobbies controlling resource management generate resistance and spark innovation. The aspirations to affect policymaking and biodiversity governance vary from one mode to another. The typology also grants visibility to potentially unrecognised modes and mediations along which transformative change is and might be further catalysed. The categorisation of the modes of intervention thus helps policymakers learn from and engage with innovations and niches. It also makes explicit the critical roles that some grassroots actors have adopted, as governance bodies have not done their share in fostering of transformative change. |
| Date: | 2024–05–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:e6vfx&r= |
| By: | Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo J. (World Bank); Puerta-Cuartas, Alejandro (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Ramos, Andrey (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of severe wildfire events on Bolivia's poverty and labor market outcomes. We use a panel from 2005 to 2020 utilizing NASA's MODIS Collection-6 MCD64A1 burned area product and household surveys. To attain survey representativeness at a lower geographical level, we aggregate neighboring municipalities using the max-p-region algorithm. Using the Interactive Fixed Effects Counterfactual Estimator, we estimate the causal effects of severe wildfire events on poverty, household per-capita income, and the agricultural sector. We find a significant short-term increase in poverty explained by a temporary decline in household per capita and, specifically, agricultural labor income. |
| Keywords: | poverty, counterfactual estimators, natural disasters |
| JEL: | I32 Q54 J43 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16988&r= |
| By: | Héloïse Valette (LISST - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marine Colon (UM - Université de Montpellier, AgroParisTech, UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses knowledge in social sciences about the conditions for and the process of institutional change in the urban sanitation sector in the Global South. We conducted a literature review of 148 papers. This review is organised around the six steps of institutional change proposed by Greenwood et al. (2002). Most studies focus on conditions and barriers to change, on the "legitimacy" of social or technological innovations, and the actors promoting change. The change process is rarely analysed from a long-term perspective, nor at the city scale, calling for further research. |
| Keywords: | Sanitation, Global South, Institutional change, Literature review |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04561473&r= |
| By: | N. S. Gonchar |
| Abstract: | To implement the previously formulated principles of sustainable economic development, all non-negative solutions of the linear system of equations and inequalities, which are satisfied by the vector of real consumption, are completely described. It is established that the vector of real consumption with the minimum level of excess supply is determined by the solution of some quadratic programming problem. The necessary and sufficient conditions are established under which the economic system, described by the "input-output" production model, functions in the mode of sustainable development. A complete description of the equilibrium states for which markets are partially cleared in the economy model of production "input-output" is given, on the basis that all solutions of system of linear equations and inequalities are completely described. The existence of a family of taxation vectors in the "input-output" model of production, under which the economic system is able to function in the mode of sustainable development, is proved. Restrictions were found for the vector of taxation in the economic system, under which the economic system is able to function in the mode of sustainable development. The axioms of the aggregated description of the economy is proposed. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.09984&r= |
| By: | Simmonds, Jeremy; Kerswell, Ailsa; Maron, Martine |
| Abstract: | Businesses and other organisations are increasingly making "nature positive" commitments, similar to the trend of "net-zero" carbon pledges. Such commitments are essential to meet the global goal of ensuring more nature in the world by 2030 than in 2020, with continued recovery beyond that. However, making a commitment to contribute to a nature positive future requires a nuanced understanding of the nature positive concept and how it can be delivered, both on the ground and within organisational structures. Here, we outline key considerations for making robust nature positive commitments, avoiding common pitfalls, and emphasise the importance of evidence-based, incremental approaches that build ambition over time. We provide a checklist to help organisations develop solid foundations for their contribution to a nature positive world, ensuring commitments are actionable, transparent, and beneficial for both nature and organisations themselves. |
| Date: | 2024–05–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nx2j3&r= |
| By: | Shaheen, Susan A.; Pan, Alexandra |
| Abstract: | The growth of carsharing in North America since the service was first introduced in 1994 has had notable impacts on travel behaviour, including vehicle ownership and modal shift. Existing forms of carsharing (e.g., roundtrip, one-way, and peer-to-peer) alter the conventional cost structure of driving from one of fixed cost to variable cost. Multiple studies have shown that overall, carsharing users increase public transit and non-motorized modal use, with some users also selling their vehicle or postponing future vehicle purchases as a result of being a carsharing member. These modal impacts have led to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with driving. Further, research has shown that carsharing may provide additional accessibility to individuals without a personal vehicle. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the travel behaviour impacts of carsharing and findings on the demographics of carsharing users. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9qf5h094&r= |
| By: | Gérard Pogorel (IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris, SES - Département Sciences Economiques et Sociales - Télécom ParisTech); Francesco Cappelletti (ELF - European Liberal Forum) |
| Abstract: | In addressing the EU's contemporary chal- lenges, this analysis acknowledges a critical intersection between the imperatives of se- curity, sustainability, and industrial auton- omy. The EU undertakes substantial efforts in these domains. The rapidly shifting glob- al context, its considerable volatility, and emerging trends render any immediate as- sessment of recent policy initiatives prema- ture. However, this dynamic and uncertain landscape underscores the limitations of conventional forecasting and necessitates an ongoing reassessment of the EU's strate- gic priorities. Central to this discourse is the policy ‘trilemma' confronting the Union: the need to simultaneously uphold security, fos-ter sustainability, and maintain the focus on competitiveness. In this sense, industrial au- tonomy refers to the EU's strategic capacity to reinforce its industrial base and supply chains in key sectors, adapting swiftly to global eco- nomic and geopolitical shifts. This chapter explores these issues and proposes coherent changes in approach, all within the frame- work of an EU policy trilemma focusing on security, sustainability, and competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | Europe, industrial policy, sustainability, security, competitively |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04571370&r= |
| By: | Tobón-Cuenca, Juan Pablo; De La Fuente Solari, Jacinta; Rojas, Mariana González; Ayala, Renata Cavazos; Sotelo, Saragoza Nieves Ccarhuas; Palencia-Sánchez, Francisco (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) |
| Abstract: | Food insecurity is defined as the “impossibility of not being able to buy enough food or nutritious food for general health and well-being”. According to PAHO, this problem has evidenced an increase in the regions of Latin America and the Caribbean, which led to the fact that between 2019 and 2021 the number of hungry people in the region has increased by 13.2 million, reaching a total of 56.5 million hungry people in 2021. This situation has affected the population in general, including school children. Faced with this problem, the implementation of a single isolated public policy would not allow a definitive solution, so it must be approached from multiple aspects in order to mitigate the impact of this on society. A clear example is the measure carried out in Colombia, which consisted of a Protocol for urban and peri-urban agroecological agriculture in public spaces. In this way, a single public health measure was obtained with an environmental, population and economic impact, which can be developed to mitigate food insecurity in schoolchildren. |
| Date: | 2024–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ftjvz&r= |
| By: | Rogers, Ben; da Cruz, Nuno F.; Ripa, Francesco; Hamilton-Jones, Imogen |
| Abstract: | In recent years, post-growth ideas and policies have been catching the attention of policymakers, activists, and academics across the globe. Our research finds that European cities in particular are at the leading edge of the recent surge in interest. From Amsterdam to Glasgow, Barcelona to Vienna, European city governments and urban residents are seeking ways to realign their priorities away from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and towards the pursuit of social and ecological well-being. Despite this trend, most of the existing thought on post-growth has focused on the national or global levels; much less attention has been paid to what a distinctly urban post-growth political agenda might look like. This article begins to fill that gap, focusing on the European case and the cities currently at the forefront of post-growth experimentation. We explore the emergence of post-growth thinking both globally and at the city level by analyzing related terms (such as circular economy or degrowth) in academic and policy publications, and in Google search trends. While post-growth-related terms have only recently begun to be linked to cities, our analysis shows that interest in urban post-growth is rising steeply, especially in Europe where even the most growth-critical terms are beginning to permeate mainstream political debates. To conclude, we step back to consider the relevance of post-growth ideas to European cities and to ask what an urban post-growth agenda might look like. |
| Keywords: | circular economy; Doughnut Economics; European cities; beyond GDP; urban post-growth; LSE Cities' European Cities Programme at the London School of Economics and Political Science is supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies |
| JEL: | O40 R00 |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:119483&r= |
| By: | Radu Tanase; Ren\'e Algesheimer; Manuel S. Mariani |
| Abstract: | Addressing global challenges -- from public health to climate change -- often involves stimulating the large-scale adoption of new products or behaviors. Research traditions that focus on individual decision making suggest that achieving this objective requires better identifying the drivers of individual adoption choices. On the other hand, computational approaches rooted in complexity science focus on maximizing the propagation of a given product or behavior throughout social networks of interconnected adopters. The integration of these two perspectives -- although advocated by several research communities -- has remained elusive so far. Here we show how achieving this integration could inform seeding policies to facilitate the large-scale adoption of a given behavior or product. Drawing on complex contagion and discrete choice theories, we propose a method to estimate individual-level thresholds to adoption, and validate its predictive power in two choice experiments. By integrating the estimated thresholds into computational simulations, we show that state-of-the-art seeding methods for social influence maximization might be suboptimal if they neglect individual-level behavioral drivers, which can be corrected through the proposed experimental method. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.13224&r= |
| By: | Pollack, Adam; Doss-Gollin, James; Srikrishnan, Vivek; Keller, Klaus |
| Abstract: | A software package for adding parametric uncertainty to the national structure inventory and estimating flood losses with uncertain depth-damage relationships: https://github.com/abpoll/unsafe. |
| Date: | 2024–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jb9ta&r= |
| By: | François Facchini (UP1 UFR02 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - École d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Le budget européen a des caractéristiques réglementaires et financières originales. Le budget européen est de la compétence du Conseil des ministres et du parlement européen, mais la Commission européenne dispose du monopole de l'initiative. L'accord institutionnel de Berlin de mars 1999 a institué la programmation pluriannuelle des dépenses communautaires. Le budget 2021-2027 a été voté par les élus de 2019 et est plafonné à 1074, 3 milliards d'euros. Il s'accompagne d'un plan de relance (NextGenerationEU) de 807 milliards d'euros en prix courants sur cette même période. En 2023, l'Union européenne a mobilisé 168, 6 milliards d'euros en crédits de paiements de cette somme. En 2022 151 milliards d'euros pour les 27 pays de l'Union. Le budget de l'Union représentait 0, 1% du RNB en 1960. Il correspond à 1% du RNB européen en 2022 et devrait passer à 1, 8% en 2027. Ce budget est réparti en sept domaines et 40 programmes (2021-2027). Le domaine le plus important est celui de la « Cohésion, résilience et valeurs ». Il représente 52% des dépenses publiques totales de l'UE en 2022. Ensuite viennent les dépenses en faveur des ressources naturelles et en particulier les dépenses agricoles qui après avoir été longtemps les principales dépenses de l'UE ne représentent qu'un quart de ces dernières. Ces dépenses sont financées essentiellement par des ressources issues des budgets des Etats membres (91%), et les excédents budgétaires de l'année passée (+ autres recettes). La France est un contributeur net. Elle reçoit moins qu'elle ne donne. Le rapport entre ce que la France verse et qu'elle reçoit est de plus en plus défavorable à la France. Cet ensemble de constat justifie trois propositions. La première est que le budget européen ne finance pas des biens publics européens. Alors qu'il paraît justifié d'un point de vue économique de traiter au niveau européen des biens tels que le climat, la défense ou la protection contre les crimes des gangs européens, le financement des biens agricoles, et des inégalités territoriales devrait probablement être traité à un niveau national voir local (administration publique locale). Le fait que les élus de 2024 voteront des budgets dont le plafond a été fixé par les députés issus des élections de 2019 ne peut aussi que conduire à une réflexion sur le retour au principe de l'annualité budgétaire. Le plan de relance NextGenerationUE et son recourt massif à l'emprunt apparaissent enfin comme paradoxales et porteur d'une menace, la création d'un impôt européen. Cette stratégie est paradoxale car il s'accompagne d'un retour des critères de convergence qui exige des Etats, à juste titre, l'assainissement de leurs finances publiques. Elle est porteuse d'une menace, car pour emprunter l'UE promet aux acheteurs des titres européens de créer un impôt propre, i.e. des ressources pérennes qui contourneraient le principe de souveraineté national en matière de fiscalité et conduiraient à un nouvelle source d'augmentation des impôts. |
| Keywords: | Budget européen, Subsidiairity, Green deal, Budget pluriannuel, Commission européenne, Impôt européen, Finances Publiques |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-04591278&r= |
| By: | Vianney Dequiedt (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Audrey-Anne De Ubeda (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Édouard Mien (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | Sujet régulier des discussions internationales ces deux dernières décennies sans avoir fait l'objet d'aucun consensus, la taxation du transport maritime est à l'agenda des négociations internationales depuis le Sommet pour un nouveau pacte financier mondial qui s'est tenu à Paris en juin 2023 et le Pacte de Paris pour les peuples et la planète (4P). Rythmée par des déclarations et signaux politiques forts, dont la mise en place d'une task force sur la fiscalité internationale1 pour renforcer l'action en faveur du développement, du climat et de la nature, l'année écoulée n'a cessé de confirmer l'ouverture d'une fenêtre d'opportunité inédite, dont de nombreux pays du Sud et du Nord entendent bien se saisir. |
| Keywords: | taxation, Fiscalité, Coordination fiscale |
| Date: | 2024–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04573855&r= |
| By: | Molina, Antonio Manuel Sierra; Gonzalez, Daniela; Carrera, Jesús; Darrigrande, Josefina; Coronado, Priscila Elizabeth Castillo; Palencia-Sánchez, Francisco (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) |
| Abstract: | The high rate of childhood obesity in Mexico, especially in Nuevo León, highlights the need for more effective measures. Although policies such as taxes on sugary beverages and front-of-package labeling of foods have been implemented, the results remain concerning. Other Latin American countries face similar challenges and have implemented various interventions but have yet to reverse the trend. A policy brief pilot project called "School Education Gardens" is proposed in Nuevo León, inspired by successful international experiences with school gardens. This project aims to promote healthy eating habits and environmental awareness among children through participation in agriculture and nutrition. Its implementation will require intersectoral collaboration and ongoing monitoring to assess its effectiveness. In summary, this project represents a promising strategy to address childhood obesity in Mexico and Latin America, prioritizing education, and community action. |
| Date: | 2024–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2sydp&r= |