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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Ángel Iván Moreno (Banco de España); Teresa Caminero (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that global net-zero should be achieved by 2050. To this end, many private firms are pledging to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. The Climate Data Steering Committee (CDSC) is working on an initiative to create a global central digital repository of climate disclosures, which aims to address the current data challenges. This paper assesses the progress within European financial institutions towards overcoming the data challenges outlined by the CDSC. Using a text-mining approach, coupled with the application of commercial Large Language Models (LLM) for context verification, we calculate a Greenhouse Gas Disclosure Index (GHGDI), by analysing 23 highly granular disclosures in the ESG reports between 2019 and 2021 of most of the significant banks under the ECB’s direct supervision. This index is then compared with the CDP score. The results indicate a moderate correlation between institutions not reporting to CDP upon request and a low GHGDI. Institutions with a high CDP score do not necessarily correlate with a high GHGDI. |
| Keywords: | ESG, sustainability, environment, climate change, carbon emissions, natural language processing, climate data challenges, OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Google’s text-bison |
| JEL: | C88 G32 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2326&r=env |
| By: | H, Gopi; S, Megha; K B, Rangappa |
| Abstract: | Human wellbeing and environmental sustainability are the key factors for economic development, which are directly dependent on the water source. Water resources of the state continue to play a crucial role in the sustainable development of the states in the years to come. Groundwater is another vital source for meeting nearly half of the demand for irrigation, industrial production, and municipal water needs for both rural and urban areas. Underdeveloped countries depend on the primary sector more for their livelihood, and groundwater resource is the primary source for their agronomic practices. Because 1/3rd of the agricultural land depends on rainfall in India, the others have been cultivated with surface water and groundwater resources. The surface water source will not be available longer than groundwater. Farmers depend more on groundwater. Due to large output and productivity nowadays, farmers have been digging more bore wells in the land than required and, at the same time-consuming, more power to lift water. These scenarios destroy the agricultural lands' quality of soil by over lifting the water, and there might be land sliding, groundwater exploitation, loss of fossil water, etc. Agricultural dependency has been declining for several reasons, and if agriculture continues the exploitation scenario, what are the severe problems for the future generation? Therefore, the study aims to analyze the influence of the exploitation of groundwater resources through digging bore wells on the sustainability of agricultural lands. The study planned to consider the primary and secondary data using descriptive research analysis. |
| Keywords: | Groundwater, Sustainable agriculture, Fossil water, land sliding. |
| JEL: | J2 J21 J23 J6 J61 O31 O44 |
| Date: | 2022–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118828&r=env |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to develop a new model or approach to earnings management for sustainability. The challenges posed by climate change and environmental degradation have stimulated interest in sustainability. But such interest has not led to the development of new models that demonstrate how earnings management by firms can contribute to sustainability and sustainable development. I show that the surplus income model allows a firm to contribute or donate to a relevant sustainability activity or project out of its surplus income. Under this model, managers have an incentive to generate surplus income from which they can contribute to a relevant sustainability activity or project, thereby making the firm a champion of sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Earnings management, surplus income model, income smoothing, income targeting, tax rebate, environment, sustainability, sustainable development, accounting, managerial discretion |
| JEL: | M10 M40 M41 M48 Q01 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118803&r=env |
| By: | Ali, Amjad; Sumaira, Sumaira; Siddique, Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar; Ashiq, Saima |
| Abstract: | The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has witnessed unprecedented economic growth in recent decades, propelling it onto the global stage. However, this rapid growth is often associated with a notable increase in carbon dioxide emissions, which carry significant environmental ramifications. In light of this pressing concern, this research undertakes a comprehensive examination of the intricate relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, urbanization, and carbon dioxide emissions within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1980 to 2020. This study employs autoregressive distributed lag approach to uncover the multifaceted dynamics at play. The empirical findings of the study reveal a compelling narrative about the Kingdom's natural landscape. Particularly noteworthy is the revelation that economic growth, urbanization, and energy consumption emerge as pivotal long-term drivers of escalating pollution. These findings underscore the critical necessity for policies that strike a balance between economic development and environmental preservation. Furthermore, the study disentangles the intricate web of causation among these factors. It becomes evident that economic growth and pollution exhibit bidirectional causality, illuminating the intricate connection between economic prosperity and environmental consequences. Additionally, commercial activities have been empirically shown to exert a substantial influence on pollution levels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To address these challenges, a pivotal shift towards a low-carbon technological revolution is proposed as a means of achieving sustained economic development. This transition towards environmentally friendly technologies holds the potential to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, paving the way for a greener and more prosperous future for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| JEL: | O4 Q4 R0 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118832&r=env |
| By: | Ashiq, Saima; Ali, Amjad; Siddique, Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar; Sumaira, Sumaira |
| Abstract: | Across the globe, human lifestyles are accelerating carbon emissions, and this phenomenon is especially pronounced in developing nations. As the world grapples with the compelling imperative to address severe environmental challenges, technology has emerged as a steadfast ally. Over recent decades, the advancement of cutting-edge technology and the granting of patent rights have ignited a profound discourse on novel approaches to mitigating environmental threats. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investigating how innovations might assist in reducing carbon emissions. The current study looks at how innovation affects carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian nations. The goal of this study is to use panel OLS and fixed effects methodologies to examine the influence of innovation on CO2 emissions in five South Asian nations from 1980 to 2019. The study's findings show that carbon dioxide emissions are negatively impacting environmental quality, while technological developments help to lower these carbon emissions. The findings argue for the development of initiatives to foster and expand technical innovation, particularly in South Asian countries. This research underscores the imperative of harnessing innovation to confront the immediate environmental challenges that loom large in the twenty-first century, as we strive for a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, CO2 emissions, environment, South Asia |
| JEL: | O3 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118760&r=env |
| By: | Horvath, Arpad PhD; Greer, Fiona PhD; Apte, Joshua PhD; Rakas, Jasenka PhD |
| Abstract: | California must operate and maintain an effective and efficient transportation infrastructure while ensuring that the health of communities and the planet are not compromised. By assessing transportation projects using a life-cycle perspective, all relevant emission sources and activities from the construction, operation, maintenance, and end-of-life phases can be analyzed and mitigated. This report presents a framework to assess the life-cycle human health and climate change impacts from six types of transportation projects: (1) Roadways; (2) Marine ports; (3) Logistical distribution centers; (4) Railyards; (5) Bridges and overpasses; and (6) Airports. The framework was applied using an integrated model to assess fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, noise impacts, and monetized damages (Value of Statistical Life, Social Cost of Carbon) from two case studies: routine resurfacing and vehicle operations on road segments within the San Francisco Bay Area using 2019 data, and annual marine, cargo, rail, trucking, and infrastructure maintenance operations at the Port of Oakland in 2020. The results suggest that emission sources in a project’s supply chain and construction (material production and deliveries, construction activities, fuel refining) can significantly contribute to the full scope of impacts from transportation systems. Equitable mitigation policies (e.g., electrification, pollution control technologies) need to be tailored to address the sources that impact communities the most. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Environmental justice, life cycle analysis, decision support systems, greenhouse gases, particulates, emissions, highways, ports, railroad yards |
| Date: | 2023–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3772t8h3&r=env |
| By: | Hilde C. Bjørnland; Jamie L. Cross; Felix Kapfhammer |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the drivers of emission reductions in the carbon market of the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) since its inception in 2005. We introduce a novel empirical framework that facilitates the joint identification of simultaneous demand and supply shocks underlying the European carbon market. We find that emission supply restrictions of the EU ETS were the dominant driver of emissions reductions, reducing emissions by 46%. However we also find that two opposing emission demand factors also played an important role. Demand from industrial economic activity increased emissions by 15%, while other demand-side factors, primarily reflecting the transition to low-carbon economies, reduced emissions by 21%. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon pricing, emission trading system, cap and trade, demand and supply |
| JEL: | Q41 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2023-53&r=env |
| By: | Wear, David N. (Resources for the Future); Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere, a critical component of all strategies for restricting global warming to 1.5oC, is expected to come largely from the continued sequestration of carbon in vegetation, mainly in forests. Because CDR rates have been declining in the United States, in part from land-use changes, policy proposals focus on altering land uses through afforestation, avoided deforestation, and no-net-loss strategies. Estimating policy effects on CDR requires a careful assessment of how land-use change interacts with forest conditions.Using a model of land-sector emissions that mirror inventories generated by the US government, we evaluate how alternative specifications of land-use change in the United States affect projections of CDR. Without land-use change, CDR declines from 0.826 gigatons (GT) per year in 2017 to 0.596 GT/year in 2062 (–28 percent) because of the aging and disturbance of forest vegetation. With a land-use scenario that extends recent rates of change, we contrast CDR estimates for a case where only net changes in forest area or carbon stocks are tracked with estimates that separately take account of forest losses and forest gains. The net change approach underestimates the CDR effects of land-use change by about 56 percent. We also compare long-run CDR losses from deforestation with gains from afforestation per unit area and find that afforestation gains lag deforestation losses in every US ecological province. Planted forests accelerate CDR benefits over naturally regenerated forests in the Southeast and Pacific Coast regions.Net change approaches substantially underestimate the effects of land-use change on CDR and should be avoided. We show that avoided deforestation provides up to twice as much CDR benefit as increased afforestation. The disparities in the CDR effects of afforestation and deforestation indicate that no-net-loss policies could mitigate some CDR losses but would likely lead to overall declines in CDR for our 45-year time horizon. Over a longer period, afforestation could offset more of the losses from deforestation but on a timeframe inconsistent with most climate change policy efforts. |
| Date: | 2023–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-39&r=env |
| By: | Taipeng Li (Hunan University); Lorenzo Trimarchi (Development Finance and Public Policies, University of Namur); Guohao Yang (University College Dublin); Rui Xie (Hunan University) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the impact of a rise in protectionism on environmental regulation. Using the 2018 US-China trade war as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that higher exposure to Trump tariffs leads to less stringent regulation targets in China, increasing air pollution and carbon emissions. Politically motivated changes in environmental policies rationalize our results: the central government and local party secretaries relax environmental regulations to mitigate the negative consequences of trade protection for the polluting industries. We find heterogeneous effects depending on politicians’ characteristics: younger, recently appointed, and more connected local politicians are more likely to ease environmental regulation if their prefecture is more exposed to the tariff shock. This policy reaction benefits politicians: prefectures with the most considerable easing in environmental regulation manage to curb the negative economic consequences of the trade war, while their mayors have a relatively larger probability of promotion to a higher level of government. This paper presents the first empirical evidence documenting politicians manipulating environmental regulation to curb negative economic shocks. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nam:defipp:2303&r=env |
| By: | Majid Hashemi (Department of Economics Queen’s University Canada); Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada and Cyprus International University, North Cyprus); Frank Milne (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada) |
| Abstract: | This study develops a generalized evaluation framework that can be used to quantify the financial, economic, stakeholder, and environmental impacts of renewable energy support programs. The application of this framework is demonstrated by evaluating the Feed-In Tariff (FIT) program for solar distributed energy resources (DER) in Ontario, Canada. Our analysis reveals that although Ontario’s FIT program has successfully promoted the adoption of solar DER across communities, considering all the criteria of cost-benefit analysis, including optimal timing, economic resource efficiency, environmental cost-effectiveness, and distributional impacts, this policy has been a complete failure. The program has led to a significant cross-subsidization from program non-participants to participants and losses to the Canadian economy in return for insignificant environmental benefits. The losses would have been reduced by approximately 50 percent if the program had been delayed and implemented in 2016 instead of 2010. The lessons from this analysis provide insights for designing future policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy subsidy; distributed energy resources; feed-in tariff; stakeholder analysis; benefit-cost analysis; Ontario; Canada. |
| JEL: | O2 D61 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4607&r=env |
| By: | Benedict Clements; Sanjeev Gupta; João Jalles; Bernat Adrogue |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a systemic risk to the global economy. While there is a large body of literature documenting the potential economic consequences of climate change, there is relatively little research on the link between vulnerabilities to climate change, the buildup of climate debt by countries with historically large carbon dioxide emissions, and how well financial markets incorporate (or not) these risks to sovereign governments. This paper investigates the impact of both climate debt and climate vulnerabiities/resiliency on sovereign bond yields and spreads in advanced and emerging market economies, using a novel dataset. We find that changes in climate debt are an important determinant of spreads, but only in emerging market economies. Countries with high vulnerabilities and low resilency to climate change also pay higher spreads. This implies a triple whammy of challenges for emerging market economies as they confront the economic damages of climate change, the high fiscal costs of climate adaptation, and high borrowing costs. |
| Keywords: | climate change vulnerability; government bond spreads; sovereign risk; panel data; social cost of carbon. |
| JEL: | C23 E21 H5 H63 H74 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp02942023&r=env |
| By: | Jean Chateau; Geetika Dang; Ms. Margaux MacDonald; John A Spray; Sneha D Thube |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses challenging policy tradeoffs for India. The country faces the challenge of raising living standards for a population of 1.4 billion while at the same time needing to be a critical contributor to reducing global GHG emissions. The government has implemented numerous policies to promote the manufacturing and use of renewable energy and shift away from coal, but much still needs to be done to reach India’s 2070 net zero goal. Reducing GHG emissions will almost certainly have a negative impact on growth in the short run and have important distributional consequences for individuals and communities who today rely on coal. But with the right policies, these costs—which are non-negligible but dwarfed by the cost of climate change over the next decade if no action is taken—can be significantly curtailed. This paper provides an in depth review of the current climate policy landscape in India and models emissions trajectories under different policy options to reduce GHG emissions. |
| Keywords: | Climate; IMF-ENV; India; net zero |
| Date: | 2023–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/218&r=env |
| By: | Carlo Altavilla (European Central Bank, CSEF and CEPR.); Marco Pagano (University of Naples Federico II, CSEF, EIEF, and CEPR.); Miguel Boucinha (European Central Bank); Andrea Polo (Luiss University, EIEF, CEPR and ECGI.) |
| Abstract: | Combining euro-area credit register and carbon emission data, we provide evidence of a climate risk-taking channel in banks’ lending policies. Banks charge higher interest rates to firms featuring greater carbon emissions, and lower rates to firms committing to lower emissions, controlling for their probability of default. Both effects are larger for banks committed to decarbonization. Consistently with the risk-taking channel of monetary policy, tighter policy induces banks to increase both credit risk premia and carbon emission premia, and reduce lending to high emission firms more than to low emission ones. While restrictive monetary policy increases the cost of credit and reduces lending to all firms, its contractionary effect is milder for firms with low emissions and those that commit to decarbonization. |
| Keywords: | climate risk, carbon emissions, interest rate, lending, monetary policy. |
| JEL: | E52 G21 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:687&r=env |
| By: | Grégoire Garsous; Donal Smith; Dylan Bourny |
| Abstract: | This report combines multiple novel datasets to provide evidence that government support has contributed to increased carbon emissions from aluminium and steelmaking activities through an increase in production output and by shifting production to more emission intensive plants. While improvements in technology have driven overall emissions downward, there is no evidence that government support in this sector has been targeted at, or has contributed to, developing techniques that improve environmental performance. Removing such support could therefore contribute to a cost-effective decarbonisation strategy. For example, removing government support to aluminium smelting and steel making worldwide would reduce carbon emissions by 75% more than the reduction observed in 2020 resulting from COVID-related restrictions. In addition, the removal of such support would free up scarce public resources for alternative uses. |
| Keywords: | Emissions-intensive industries, Greenhouse gas emissions |
| JEL: | H24 L61 Q5 H32 |
| Date: | 2023–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:276-en&r=env |
| By: | R.M.R, Ahammed; Perera, Rasitha Thilini Suranjana; K.G.D, Piyumali; Kaluarachchi, K.D. K. G; D, Silva S. K. B.; Munagamage, Thilini; P, Piyankarage C. S.; Shahmy, Seyed (National Science and Technology Commission); Karunaratne, Veranja |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in Sri Lanka occupies 45.46% of the land and consumes over 80% of the country's freshwater resources. Rice farming is the most prominent agricultural practice, with 1.8 million families engaged in it. The tea plantation sector produces tea annually, contributing to 285, 877 metric tons of export volume. Tea exports contribute nearly 38% of the total agricultural products, with a target of $2, 044 million in income by 2025. Climate change and natural resources significantly impact agriculture, with irregular rainfall patterns, temperature variation, and drought causing significant challenges. The proposed interventions under the food crops, plantation, and export crops sectors include enhancing certified seed production, promoting value-added products, and developing training and awareness programs for low-carbon lifestyles. Food security is another area where climate change impacts the agricultural sector, with nearly 26% of the population affected by food security by 2050 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. To address this issue, the proposed strategic interventions aim to achieve SDG 1, SDG 2, and SDG 13, the recommendations of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and the actions of the Milan Urban Food Policy Fund. However, more concerns can be put forward to minimize or eliminate diseases in agricultural sectors due to climate change and minimize food waste or loss. |
| Date: | 2023–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:64grs&r=env |
| By: | Breitschopf, Barbara; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Duscha, Vicki; Haendel, Michael; Hirzel, Simon; Kantel, Anne; Lehmann, Sascha; Marscheider-Weidemann, Frank; Riemer, Matia; Tröger, Josephine; Wietschel, Martin |
| Abstract: | What is Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) and could it be a game changer in climate policy? In this policy brief, we answer these and further questions. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisipp:012023&r=env |
| By: | Marine Sarfati (UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon); Alessia Lefébure (EHESP-ARENES - EHESP-ARENES - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP], CSO - Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ARENES - Centre de Recherches sur l'Action Politique en Europe - UR - Université de Rennes - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Cyrille Harpet (EVS - Environnement, Ville, Société - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LabEx IMU - LabEx Intelligences des Mondes Urbains - Université de Lyon, ARENES - Centre de Recherches sur l'Action Politique en Europe - UR - Université de Rennes - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP], DEESSE - Département des sciences en santé environnementale - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP]); Estelle Baurès (EHESP-ARENES - EHESP-ARENES - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP]); Laurie Marrauld (EHESP-ARENES - EHESP-ARENES - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP], EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP], IDM - Institut du Management - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP], ARENES - Centre de Recherches sur l'Action Politique en Europe - UR - Université de Rennes - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, RSMS - Recherche sur les services et le management en santé - UR - Université de Rennes - EHESP - École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses the relevance of climate change and environmental learning in health professional . Recent publications have shown the importance of understanding sustainability and environmental issues in healthcare management. Indeed, after years of underestimation, medical and public health professionals today acknowledge that the environment has a strong effect on human health. Conducted between April and June 2021, a quantitative study among 3, 384 French medical and health students shows that the need for training on energy and climate issues is urgent and crucial. The findings are consistent with the international literature. The contrast is sharp between students' expectations about environmental skills and the reality of the available course offer. Learning about energy, climate and environment is currently not a priority in the curriculum of healthcare professionals, including managers. Sustainability, however, clearly appears as a ‘must' among the essentials in healthcare leadership. What these findings suggest is that healthcare managers can no longer afford to ignore environmental sustainability as an essential skills domain in their long-term capacity to contribute to the necessary healthcare environmental adaptation, mitigation and resilience. |
| Keywords: | climate change, environmental sustainability, healthcare, leadership skills, professional training, public health |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04156871&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a snapshot of the development of renewable energies in the European Union Outermost Regions (EU ORs), focusing on their potential to contribute to the green transition while creating sustainable economic development opportunities. It reviews the policy frameworks and tools in place in EU ORs with respect to renewable energies, and provides specific policy recommendations. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions. |
| Keywords: | Alternative Energy Sources, EU Outermost Regions, Global Value Chains, Renewable Energy |
| JEL: | O52 O54 O55 P45 R11 R58 Q42 |
| Date: | 2023–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:52-en&r=env |
| By: | Nhân, Sơn |
| Abstract: | This study examines the concept of "collateral damage" in the context of environmental and ecological impact. It focuses on the SpaceX Starship launch, a significant event in space exploration, and its repercussions on the local environment. While the launch was deemed a success in advancing space exploration, reports from U.S. wildlife officials highlight the severe damage inflicted on the local ecosystem. The analysis reveals the existence of a notion termed "protected zones, " which diverges from the conservationist perspective, emphasizing the safeguarding of corporate interests over environmental preservation. The study also explores the limited financial and regulatory resources allocated to ecological rehabilitation compared to those allocated to corporate interests. Furthermore, it sheds light on the restricted access granted to biologists for post-launch environmental assessment, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive approach to ecological restoration. Drawing on ecological data spanning thousands of years, the study underscores the considerable time and effort required to restore tropical forests to pre-damage levels, emphasizing the challenges of relying solely on financial compensation for environmental "collateral damage." |
| Date: | 2023–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wbe89&r=env |
| By: | Barinova, Vera (Баринова, Вера) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Demidova, Ksenia (Демидова, Ксения) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Levakov, Pavel (Леваков, Павел) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Petrosyan, Filipp (Петросян, Филипп) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The current frequency of crises and the increasing risks to the sustainable development of regions around the world create a need for significant research on this issue. The relevance of the proposed work lies in the high degree of importance of the concept of sustainable development for Russia and the entire world community. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the presentation of the most detailed analysis of current foreign studies on the impact of crisis phenomena on the sustainable development of regions - at the same time, various crises are considered, including the global financial crisis of 2008, the COVID19 pandemic, as well as natural disasters, humanitarian disasters, etc. In addition, a wide range of aspects of sustainable development are presented, which are subject to the influence of crisis phenomena. The purpose of this literature review is to present a wide range of approaches to managing risks to the sustainable development of regions caused by crisis phenomena. At the same time, the tasks set are to study the very concept of a crisis, analyze the theoretical approaches of schools of regional development, study aspects of sustainable development, as well as identify the impact of crisis phenomena on the sustainable development of regions and present sustainable regional strategies to combat crisis phenomena. The main research method is literature analysis. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that in foreign literature the impact of crises on regional sustainable development is considered from different perspectives. When analyzing one specific case, it is important to take into account the following variables: the scale of the crisis (local, global), the nature of the crisis (economic, political, environmental, social), the resilience of the region to the crisis, cultural and historical factors, social capital. Sustainable regional development is one of the processes that are affected by the crisis associated with the environmental, social, economic and even political component. |
| Keywords: | crisis, sustainable development, regional development, foreign experience, literature review |
| JEL: | J78 Q01 Q56 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2023–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w20220240&r=env |
| By: | Jacopo Ponticelli; Qiping Xu; Stefan Zeume |
| Abstract: | We use plant-level data from the US Census of Manufacturers to study the short and long run effects of temperature on manufacturing activity. We document that temperature shocks significantly increase energy costs and lower the productivity of small manufacturing plants, while large plants are mostly unaffected. In US counties that experienced higher increases in average temperatures between the 1980s and the 2010s, these heterogeneous effects have led to higher concentration of manufacturing activity within large plants, and a reallocation of labor from small to large manufacturing establishments. We offer a preliminary discussion of potential mechanisms explaining why large manufacturing firms might be better equipped for long-run adaptation to climate change, including their ability to hedge across locations, easier access to finance, and higher managerial skills. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Manufacturing, US, Local Industry Concentration |
| JEL: | Q54 O14 G3 L11 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:23-51&r=env |
| By: | Bledea, Cosmin Codruț; Pop, Izabela Luiza; Toader, Rita Monica |
| Abstract: | From year to year, the environment situation is worsening at an alarming rate. Air pollution has reached record levels, which is why ozone layer have come to be seriously affected. All these aspects lead to the warming of Earth and had a negative impact on people’s health. Therefore, humanity has begun to focus more and more on remedying these adverse effects through various methods, which are more or less effective. In the case of CO2 emissions that are higher than ever, the solution is a very complex one and difficult to achieve. For this reason, various alternatives have appeared: electric cars, hybrid cars, as well as those with hydrogen, compressed natural gas and bioethanol. Since electric cars are the first choice as an alternative and they have shown a great potential, the purpose of this paper is to present whether or not this alternative is really a “greener” choice or not. To achieve this purpose, a literature review and a data analysis provided by Eurostat, U.S. Department of Energy and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries were performed. The results of this study highlight that the sustainability of the electric cars is influenced by the geographical area where they are used. |
| Keywords: | Economy, Environment, Electric Cars, Sustainability |
| JEL: | O10 O13 |
| Date: | 2022–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118639&r=env |
| By: | Annette Zou (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement encourages nations to develop long term low emissions strategies to articulate their pathways to achieve net zero by 2050. While mitigating global temperature increase and shifting to low emissions development are integrated challenges (defined by complex relationships between dynamic factors that need to be considered together to understand the whole), integrative approaches are not consistently used and not well understood in the governance of social-ecological systems. This study presents a Framework for Integrative Strategy that highlights key dimensions required for national strategies to have integrative fit with shifting nations to low emissions development. When applied to the national strategies of eight high greenhouse gas emitting countries, only Germany, Japan and South Africa scored a ‘fit’ score well above their ‘gap’. Collectively, there are significant gaps in six out of seven dimensions, where four have gaps greater than fit. This significant integrative gap suggests low likelihood of achieving a sustainable low emissions future. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:2303&r=env |
| By: | Manhique, Henrique; Wätzold, Frank |
| Abstract: | The use of stated preference surveys for the valuation of environmental goods in developing countries has to take into account that there is substantial public distrust towards the institutions providing the environmental goods under valuation. Thus, high protest responses and low value estimates may indicate rejection or protest against the institutional setting of the survey design, rather than the dislike or low welfare effects of these goods. In this context, we investigate the effects of institutional trust on value estimates by examining the performance of three different institutions – government, conservation NGO, and farmers – in a case study aimed at eliciting preferences for conserving different types of biodiversity within orchards in the Cape Floristic Region – a biodiversity hotspot in South Africa threatened by the expansion and intensification of agriculture. We find that institutional trust has an effect on preferences and willingness-to-pay, with farmers leading to the highest level of trust and value estimates, followed rather closely by a conservation NGO and, with some distance, by the government with the lowest trust level and value estimates. In terms of preferences for biodiversity conservation, our results show that respondents prefer measures to conserve endangered and endemic species over measures primarily aimed at providing the ecosystem services of pollination and pest control. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity Hotspot; Institutional distrust; Ecosystem services; Economics; Endangered species; Payment vehicle; Western Cape |
| JEL: | C5 C9 Q1 Q2 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118750&r=env |
| By: | Jonathan Colmer; Mary F. Evans; Jay Shimshack |
| Abstract: | Does enabling citizens to complain about public services provide an effective way of improving government services, or should we be concerned about the accuracy and reliability of such reports? Jonathan Colmer, Mary Evans and Jay Shimshack find that complaints about environmental quality are linked to an increase in an investigation being carried out - and far more likely to uncover harm to the local environment than routine investigations. |
| Keywords: | citizen complaints, environmental regulation, compliance, monitoring and enforcement, pollution |
| Date: | 2023–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcnp:660&r=env |
| By: | Chengyi Tu |
| Abstract: | Sustainability of common-pool resources hinges on the interplay between human and environmental systems. However, there is still a lack of a novel and comprehensive framework for modelling extraction of common-pool resources and cooperation of human agents that can account for different factors that shape the system behavior and outcomes. In particular, we still lack a critical value for ensuring resource sustainability under different scenarios. In this paper, we present a novel framework for studying resource extraction and cooperation in human-environmental systems for common-pool resources. We explore how different factors, such as resource availability and conformity effect, influence the players' decisions and the resource outcomes. We identify critical values for ensuring resource sustainability under various scenarios. We demonstrate the observed phenomena are robust to the complexity and assumptions of the models and discuss implications of our study for policy and practice, as well as the limitations and directions for future research. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.07577&r=env |
| By: | John Knight |
| Abstract: | The predictions of the adverse effects of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change are now accepted. Somewhat less attention has been given to the economic, social, and political consequences. The three interact: the former will have social and political effects, which in turn will harm economies and economic well-being. This analysis of poor countries draws on much recent evidence and various projections. Climate damage contributes to internal political instability and conflict. There is a risk that poor countries will be driven down economically, so reducing the capacity of their governments: some will become fragile states. Internal migration is likely to become a central policy issue. However, international migration will also grow. Climate damage will drag countries into both cooperation and conflict with each other. The effects on sending countries, contiguous countries, and destination countries are examined. This scenario presented is predictive but should be taken as a warning. |
| Keywords: | climate change , international migration , domestic and international conflicts , global warming , displacement of population |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2023-06&r=env |
| By: | Paola Casciotti (Business Economist) |
| Abstract: | Implementing the complex Agenda 2030, with its high global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires, in the by now short time horizon of reference, an extraordinary effort, at all institutionals and private levels, to converge effectively on the whole system of intermediate and interrelated targets. At the same time, it is highly strategic to ensure macro and microeconomic financial long term balances among public and private sectors. The role of Sustainable Finance, in this context, is absolutely central. On the legislative side, the evolution of international directives, from Non Financial Reporting to Sustainability Reporting, impose to pay attention to new criteria and contents, also in order to distinguish deviant greenwashing phenomena. The paper compares the main frameworks, concerning the multiple and complex dimensions of Sustainability, like the institutional ones (MDG, SDG, BES) and one of the most widespread standard of non financial reporting framework (GRI) adopted by companies. The study aims to identify suitable criteria to allow the development of a simplified integrated analysis model of all targets and indicators established and currently in use, in order to converge effectively on the SDGs, to implement coherent public and enterprise’s policies and to produce realistic sustainability reports. The identified suitable criteria are the so called “ESG” criteria, increasingly recommended in the context of Sustainable Finance and by Supervisory bodies, as drivers in sustainability analyses, portfolio selection and rating determination. The paper, therefore, shows the results achieved by comparing these frameworks according to the proposed classification based on the individual E-S-G criteria and on their possible combinations (ES-EG-SG-ESG), through multidimensional matrixes of each goal, dimension, target and indicator (n.° 855) of the examined frameworks. The analysis quantifies the importance of environmental, social and governance drivers and the importance of their combination for each framework considered and also through them altogether. As mentioned in this paper, further analysis by the author leads to develop, according to this ESG simplified classification approach, a new enterprise internal framework, to integrate both sustainability and financial drivers, into Corporates strategic investment decision models and internal capital allocation (tangible and intangible) policies. In this way, the integration of sustainability criteria in all enterprises’ decision-making and risk management and control processes, becomes more effective and coherent with the Sustainable Development Goals. Consequently, the complex frameworks analysed, may become more easily comparable and integrated at an application enterprise level. |
| Keywords: | ESG, SDGs, MDGs, GRI, Experimental Classification, Sustainable Finance, Integration, Enterprises, Corporate Risk Strategy, Sustainability Reporting, Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | F53 G39 L21 M14 O16 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2023.18&r=env |
| By: | Aizhamal Rakhmetova; Ivan Trestcov |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the understudied relationship between climate shocks and gender discrimination. Utilizing data from the Life in Kyrgyzstan Survey, we empirically demonstrate that insufficient winter precipitation significantly raises the likelihood of bride kidnapping and influences societal attitudes towards this practice in Kyrgyzstan. Our analysis reveals heterogeneity in the effects, with individuals from lower-income households being more susceptible to positive attitude shifts. Additionally, the presence of daughters in households correlates with negative attitudes toward bride capture. We do not find heterogeneous responses to the shocks based on gender and education levels.These findings shed light on the gendered consequences of climate change in developing countries and emphasize the necessity of implementing gender-sensitive adaptation strategies. |
| Keywords: | climate shocks, marriage market, bride kidnapping |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp764&r=env |
| By: | Jay Apt; Dennis Epple; Fallaw Sowell |
| Abstract: | Quantifying factors giving rise to temporal variation in forest fires is important for advancing scientific understanding and improving fire prevention. We demonstrate that eighty percent of the large year-to-year variation in forest area burned in California can be accounted for by variation in temperature, precipitation, housing construction, electricity transmission, and ocean surface temperatures in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Equatorial Pacific. California is of particular interest because of its large acreage burned and proximity of fires to human populations. We believe our model is the first unified treatment of climatic factors and human activities that affect forest area burned. |
| Keywords: | forest fires, climate, human activities, ocean surface temperatures |
| JEL: | H Q20 Q50 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10679&r=env |
| By: | Zareena Begum Irfan (Professor and Controller of Examinations, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Human well-being is quite intrinsically linked to ecosystem services and biodiversity. There is a growing amount of literature attempting to understand the mechanisms of these interlinkages. Though there is considerable progress globally with respect to human well-being, challenges still remain in terms of access to resources. On the biodiversity front, anthropogenic interference continues to threaten species. Reviewing the Aichi Biodiversity Targets which were to be achieved in 2020 worldwide reveals that none could be attained fully. In India, city- level efforts in biodiversity conservation and integration with human well-being appear lacking. With the pressures of population growth and urbanisation, urban planners often leave less scope for open or green spaces in the city. The traditional trade-off between environment and economic development continues to play out in cities. This study reviews the biodiversity status of five highly populated Indian megacities – Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai – using City Biodiversity Index framework. Subsequently, a set of indicators characterising the state of human well-being, environment, economy and urban development for 2019-20 is selected and used to create a composite score to facilitate comparison. Mumbai is the best performer overall and also in terms of urban biodiversity. Kolkata has the least score for urban biodiversity. Chennai ranks well in both quality of life and environment but scores low in urban planning. Delhi has the least overall score while Bengaluru tops the economic dimension. It is hoped that the comprehensive picture thus obtained would enable directing attention to required sectors. The spotlight is thus on extending the scope of the biodiversity index and maximising welfare through integrated policies at minimum cost. |
| Keywords: | Urban biodiversity, human well-being, urban planning, City Biodiversity Index, biodiversity finance, quality of life |
| JEL: | Q57 I31 Q56 R11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2022-228&r=env |
| By: | Sanjit Dhami; Narges Hajimoladarvish; Pavan Mamidi |
| Abstract: | A group of decision makers simultaneously make contributions towards a green fund that reduces the future probability of a climate catastrophe. We derive the theoretical predictions of the effects on contributions arising from ‘behavioral parameters’ such as loss aversion and present-bias; ‘structural factors’ such as variation in the timing of uncertainty; the ‘demand for a commitment device’; and ‘institutional factors’ such as comparing voluntary contributions with mandatory tax financed contributions. We then run experiments to stringently, test our predictions. Loss aversion and present-bias reduce contributions; there is demand for the commitment technology; and voluntary contributions are higher relative to mandatory tax-financed contributions. |
| Keywords: | climate risk abatement, loss aversion, present-biased preferences, voluntary versus mandatory contribution mechanisms, commitment technology |
| JEL: | C92 D01 D02 D91 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10678&r=env |
| By: | Souleymane Kone (UPGC - Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly) |
| Abstract: | Cette étude est exploratoire et aborde la question des conséquences négatives des technologies de l'information sur l'environnement. Il existe encore assez peu de travaux centrés en management des systèmes d'information traitant de la problématique énergétique et de pollution de l'industrie du numérique en Afrique subsahariennes. C'est bien l'objet de cette recherche qui expose dans un premier temps une revue de la littérature sur les enjeux énergétique environnementaux des TIC, notamment les centre de données contraints de fonctionner sans interruption à l'énergie fossile avec un appui sur la théorie institutionnelle et ensuite une étude empirique sur la politique managériale et les pratiques mises en place par les acteurs du nouveau méga-datacenter à Abidjan afin de réduire l'impact énergétique et écologique du numérique aux conséquences incalculables, eu égard à la forte croissance des besoin en ressources numériques. |
| Keywords: | énergie, pollution, Green IT, Ecoresponsabilité, Sustainable IT, data centers, eco-responsabilité, Afrique sub saharienne, Datacenter, numérique |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04229314&r=env |
| By: | Agnij Sur (Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi, Delhi); K.S. Kavi Kumar (Professor & Dean of Academic Affairs, Madras School of Economics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu); Anubhab Pattanayak (Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal) |
| Abstract: | Can large dams keep the floods at bay? In the last twenty years, major flood events in India have wreaked widespread destruction on people’s lives and livelihoods. With a threefold increase in extreme rainfall event in these years, severe flood damages are likely to increase without proper risk management. The increasing trend in constructing dams necessitates careful assessment of the effectiveness of these projects as a flood adaptation measure. The study employs a state-level dataset of India for 1969-2009 on flood damages, monthly average rainfall, and concentration of types of dams in each state taking 2001 census defined state borders. The analysis uses Feasible Generalized Least Squares for estimation, while employing panel corrected standard errors to correct for contemporaneous correlation in the dataset. Controlling for population density, dam concentration and unobserved regional heterogeneity, the study finds significant adverse impact of extreme rainfall on population during the South-West and North-East monsoon periods. The results highlight that large dams built for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation have historically exacerbated flood damages, whereas multipurpose dams have reduced such damages marginally. As the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events and floods are likely to increase under climate change conditions, the potential of mitigation measures such as Dam Safety Act 2021 and Flood Early Warning System (FLEWS) in averting flood damages assumes significance. |
| Keywords: | Rainfall Extremes; Dams; Adaptation; Development |
| JEL: | Q54 O13 O10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2022-223&r=env |
| By: | Prest, Brian C. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Getting the discount rate right is essential for estimating the social cost of carbon (SCC). Changing the discount rate from 3 to 2 percent—a change approximately consistent with recently proposed updates to federal guidance (OMB 2023a, b)—can more than double the SCC (see, e.g., Rennert et al. 2022; Barrage and Nordhaus 2023). Further, when estimating the SCC, it is common to adjust discount rates to account for uncertainty in future consumption growth and its covariance with uncertain climate impacts (or, alternatively, climate impacts’ covariance with market returns), often called the “climate beta” (Gollier 2014; Dietz et al. 2018). Yet disagreement remains as to whether this adjustment should result in a higher or lower discount rate, largely due to disagreement about the magnitude and sign of the climate beta (see, e.g., Groom et al. 2022; Drupp et al. 2023; Lemoine 2021; Dietz et al. 2018). While major integrated assessment models (IAMs) like William Nordhaus’s DICE model feature a positive climate beta and therefore employ a higher discount rate (Barrage and Nordhaus 2023), others have argued for a negative beta, implying lower discount rates (e.g., Howard and Schwartz 2022; Lemoine 2021). This debate has major consequences for estimates of the SCC, wherein a positive risk adjustment to the discount rate (positive beta) is commonly presumed to correspond to a lower SCC (e.g., Barrage and Nordhaus 2023), whereas a negative risk adjustment to the discount rate (negative beta) is presumed to correspond to a higher one (e.g., Howard 2023).This paper demonstrates that those presumptions are generally incorrect because they consider only one side of the ledger—how uncertainty affects discount rates—while ignoring the offsetting effect of how the same uncertainty affects the value of the object being discounted: expected marginal damages from an incremental ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In short, this paper shows that uncertainty in future consumption growth generally increases the SCC, except in one edge case where the effect is zero. This result arises because with a nonzero climate beta, uncertainty in economic growth affects not only the variance but also the expected value of climate impacts, and amid persistent growth uncertainty, this effect is particularly large for impacts occurring far in the future. As I show in this paper, this effect on expected values easily dominates the effect on the discount rate. This result implies that using risk-adjusted discount rates to discount expected climate impacts without accounting for growth uncertainty’s effect on those same expected impacts will yield highly biased estimates of the SCC. In models with a positive beta, this bias leads to substantial underestimates of the SCC, whereas in models with a negative beta, the bias leads to substantial overestimates.Despite this result, the economic literature and applied analysis both give disproportionate and often exclusive attention to risk adjustments to the discount rate, with little or no attention to corresponding adjustments to the expected values being discounted. Indeed, it is common in cost-benefit analysis to calculate costs and benefits in a deterministic model, but then apply risk-adjusted discount rates to those deterministic values based on the idea that those costs and benefits are, in reality, uncertain with some risk profile. This approach is correct only if the deterministically modeled costs and benefits are representative of expected values embodying the same uncertainties that motivate risk adjustments in discount rates, but analysts typically do not seem to consider this in practice.For example, recently proposed revisions to Circulars A-4 and A-94 (OMB 2023a, b) dedicate entire sections to accounting for effects of uncertainty and risk aversion, but those discussions focus principally on risk adjustments to discount rates. There is no mention of how those same uncertainties may similarly affect expected values. This is also true of Nordhaus’s (2023) critique of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s treatment of risk and uncertainty in the discount rate (EPA 2022). The only study I am aware of that acknowledges the effect of growth uncertainty on expected values is that of Ni and Maurice (2021), who note that uncertainty affects the growth rate of expected impacts in a manner governed by the beta; nonetheless, they focus on the discount rate. In general, the common inattention in the literature to growth uncertainty’s effect on expected values has likely contributed to its widespread omission in applied analysis.To derive these results, this paper begins by defining risk-adjusted and certainty-equivalent (also sometimes referred to risk-free) discount rates in the consumption capital asset pricing model, illustrates various conceptual features of those rates, derives analytical expressions for them under certain structural assumptions, and shows how key parameters affect the levels and trajectories of each discount rate. While many of the expressions derived herein are not completely new to the literature (e.g., related expressions are derived in Weitzman 1998; Gollier 2014; and Dietz et al. 2018), this paper synthesizes key insights from across the literature to illuminate the drivers of the term structures of risk-free and risk-adjusted discount rates and their implications for the SCC. Further, it shows the certainty-equivalent and risk-adjusted rates implied by the Greenhouse Gas Impact Valuation Estimator (GIVE; Rennert et al. 2022), demonstrating that GIVE’s relatively high central estimate of the SCC at $185 per ton of carbon dioxide is nonetheless consistent with a risk-adjusted discount rate that rises over time, with a risk premium reaching 2.7 percent by the end of its time horizon (2300). |
| Date: | 2023–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-41&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Vona (University of Milan and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | Developing and emerging economies face enormous challenges to reconcile economic development and job creation with decarbonization. An essential aspect of such “early-stage” decoupling of growth and carbon emissions is to develop a skill base that favours the diffusion of green productions and technologies. This paper sheds light on the role of the adjustments in the skill supply and of labour market institutions to pursue such early stage decoupling in developing and emerging economies. The paper begins by defining green growth strategies and the associated green skill requirement. To overcome measurement issues and data limitations, it then assesses the advantages and disadvantages of the task-based approach to green labour markets, emphasizing critical issues for developing countries as well as the opportunities to collect original data. Finally, it derives some policy recommendations to solve the coordination failure between investments in skills, particularly technical skills, and green technology adoption. |
| Keywords: | Skills, tasks, green economy, developing and emerging economies, structural change, green technological change, labour market institutions |
| JEL: | J24 Q56 O13 O14 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2023.19&r=env |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of central bank digital currency (CBDC) in achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs). It was argued that a central bank digital currency can unlock financing for each of the sustainable development goals, provide suitable access to capital and increase payment efficiency. CBDC can also increase the speed of transaction chains and provide greater capital efficiency for investment in sustainable development activities and projects. |
| Keywords: | central bank digital currency, CBDC, sustainable development, sustainable development goals, United Nations, SDGs |
| JEL: | E52 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118806&r=env |
| By: | Misha Kaur; Gloriana Madrigal; Timothy Tennant; Emma Phillips; Louna Wemaere; Ivan Stola; Johannes Klein |
| Abstract: | This paper takes stock of the institutional set-ups, mechanisms and practices used by governments, and in particular centres of government, to steer climate change policy. To respond effectively to climate change, governments need decision-making and co-ordinating processes that reflect the complexity and pressing nature of the climate crisis, the multitude of stakeholders involved, and the need to balance between short-term and long-term policy objectives. With their unique positioning, centres of government in OECD Member countries often play a crucial role in providing leadership and co-ordination for climate policy. The first part of this paper identifies the institutional arrangements, mandates and skillsets of centres of government for climate-related action. The second part analyses the centre’s stewardship role at different stages of the policy cycle, touching on strategic planning, co-ordination, the development of evidence-informed policies, and monitoring as well as overall efforts to “green” public administrations. |
| Date: | 2023–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:govaaa:65-en&r=env |
| By: | Gianluca Biggi; Andrea Mina; Federico Tamagni |
| Abstract: | Using a firm-level dataset from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel (2003-2016), this study explores the characteristics of environmentally innovative firms and quantifies the effects of pursuing different types of environmental innovation strategies (resource-saving, pollution-reducing, and regulation-driven innovations) on sales, employment, and productivity dynamics. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.08353&r=env |
| By: | Pragyan Deb; Davide Furceri; Jonathan Ostry; Nour Tawk |
| Abstract: | This paper highlights that recessions result in permanent increases in energy efficiency and in the share of renewables in total electricity. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:wpaper:node_9481&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Conte |
| Abstract: | How will future climate change affect rural economies like sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in terms of migration and welfare losses? How can policy enhance SSA’s capacity to adapt to this process? I answer these questions with a quantitative framework that, coupled with rich spatial data and forecasts for the future, estimates millions of climate migrants and sizeable and unequal welfare losses in SSA. Investigating migration and trade policies as mitigating tools, I find a tradeoff associated with the former: reducing SSA migration barriers to the European Union (EU) standards eliminates aggregate welfare losses at the cost of more climate migration and high regional inequality. Reducing tariffs to the EU levels attenuates this cost. |
| Keywords: | climate change, migration, economic geography |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 R12 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1411&r=env |
| By: | Compagnoni, Marco; Grazzi, Marco; Pieri, Fabio; Tomasi, Chiara |
| Abstract: | In the debate on international waste trade, the focus on resource efficiency and recycling has gradually begun to accompany the focus on negative environmental externalities. In this context, we examine the impact of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) on the export of waste batteries (WB). EPR is considered as a key policy for the “marketization of waste”. On the other hand, WB are a hazardous waste that also contain a high concentration of critical raw materials. As such, they are of strategic importance for the recovery of critical resources, while at the same time requiring proper environmental management. Therefore, it is crucial to understand where WB are treated and how this is affected by related policies. Our results, based on difference-in-difference models in a gravity framework, show a consistent increase in WB exports after EPR implementation compared to the trend for other wastes. This result is likely to be an indirect consequence of the ability of EPR to support growth in waste collection rates, more accurate tracking of transboundary waste flows, and specialization of national waste management systems. In particular, EPR exports appear to be directed to countries with more advanced waste management systems rather than to developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:338789&r=env |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | Financial institutions operating in a stable financial system seem to be willing to support the realization of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This view assumes that financial stability is crucial for sustainable development. We investigate the effect of financial stability on sustainable development. We use a unique financial stability index, sustainable development index and four SDG indicators. We analyse 26 countries from 2011 to 2018 using the system GMM method. The findings of the sustainable development index analysis show that financial stability has a significant effect on the level of sustainable development and the effect is negative in Asian countries. European and Asian countries have a high sustainable development index compared to African countries. The result of the individual SDG analyses show that financial stability has a significant effect on SDG3. Financial stability has a negative effect on SDG10 in Asian countries and a negative effect on SDG3 during periods of economic prosperity. Financial stability has a positive effect on SDG3 and SDG7 in countries where the banking system have high capital buffer. The results show that the effect of financial stability on sustainable development depends on how sustainable development is measured. |
| Keywords: | Financial stability, sustainable development, financial institutions, institutional quality, capital buffer, sustainable development goals, economic growth, ZSCORE, banks. |
| JEL: | G21 Q01 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118793&r=env |
| By: | Vona, Francesco |
| Abstract: | Developing and emerging economies face enormous challenges to reconcile economic development and job creation with decarbonization. An essential aspect of such “early-stage” decoupling of growth and carbon emissions is to develop a skill base that favours the diffusion of green productions and technologies. This paper sheds light on the role of the adjustments in the skill supply and of labour market institutions to pursue such early stage decoupling in developing and emerging economies. The paper begins by defining green growth strategies and the associated green skill requirement. To overcome measurement issues and data limitations, it then assesses the advantages and disadvantages of the task-based approach to green labour markets, emphasizing critical issues for developing countries as well as the opportunities to collect original data. Finally, it derives some policy recommendations to solve the coordination failure between investments in skills, particularly technical skills, and green technology adoption. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:338778&r=env |
| By: | Zacharias Sautner (University of Zurich and Swiss Finance Institute); Laurence van Lent (Frankfurt School of Finance and Management); Grigory Vilkov (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management); Ruishen Zhang (Shanghai University of Finance and Economics) |
| Abstract: | We examine how financial analysts discuss value- and values-related climate change concerns in earnings calls. Questions on climate change frequently employ specific, and often quantitative, language, and they are tailored to both the industry in question and periods when such concerns are considered relevant. Compared to other questions, climate change questions are less about value and more about values. Both climate-related question types increased over time, with value-related questions becoming relatively more important. Climate change discussions, especially when value-related, increase a stock’s trading volume, reflecting higher investor disagreement about how to interpret the information provided. Being “green” is not an innate trait among analysts as less than 3 percent of the variance in climate change questions is due to analyst fixed effects. Analyst labor markets care about climate change questions: Both question types positively predict analysts’ career trajectories, including promotions and mobility, with value queries showing a more pronounced effect. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; earnings calls; financial analysts; value and values discovery; analyst careers |
| JEL: | G18 G32 G38 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2392&r=env |
| By: | Breitschopf, Barbara; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Duscha, Vicki; Haendel, Michael; Hirzel, Simon; Kantel, Anne; Lehmann, Sascha; Marscheider-Weidemann, Frank; Riemer, Matia; Tröger, Josephine; Wietschel, Martin |
| Abstract: | Was ist Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) und kann die Methode ein Gamechanger in der Klimapolitik werden? Diese und weitere Fragen beantworten wir in diesem Policy Brief . |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisipp:012023de&r=env |
| By: | B. Ajay Krishna (Phd Research Scholar(Corresponding author), Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Rapid growth of private vehicle ownership in emerging economies like India has serious implications on its existing transport infrastructure, future energy demands and emission reduction targets. While vehicle ownership in India is considerably low compared to advanced economies, an expected economic growth, along with rising population and inability of public transport to meet the travel demands would lead to increase in future private vehicle stock, subsequent fuel demand and resulting vehicular emissions. This study contributes to the literature by projecting various medium-term future scenarios of vehicle stock, fuel demand and vehicular emission projections based on multiple economic growth rate and electric vehicle (EV) adoption scenarios. A non-linear Gompertz function has been estimated to describe the association between economic growth and vehicle ownership using time series data ranging from 1960 to 2019. Using an incremental addition to the vehicle stock based on past vehicle registration, study forecasts 107-145 million new vehicles will be added to existing stock by 2030. Subsequently, private transport fuel demand is predicted to peak around 60 million metric tons per annum during this period. Correspondingly, CO2 emission from private vehicle use is estimated to peak at 174 million tons per annum. Further, appropriate transport policy measures and investment spheres in terms of road network requirement have been explored which would facilitate reducing private vehicles dependency and regulate vehicular emissions. |
| Keywords: | Vehicle Ownership; Carbon Emissions; Fuel Demand; Gompertz Function; Transport Policy |
| JEL: | Q47 Q54 R48 R49 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2022-220&r=env |
| By: | Johannes Gessner; Wolfgang Habla; Ulrich J. Wagner |
| Abstract: | To reduce CO2 emissions, some companies have introduced mobility budgets that employees can spend on leisure and commuting trips, as an alternative to subsidized company cars. Given their novelty, little is known about how mobility budgets should be designed to encourage sustainable transportation choices. Since prices play a limited role in this subsidized setting, our study focuses on behavioral interventions. In a field experiment with 341 employees of a large German company, we test whether social comparisons, either in isolation or in combination with a climate-related moral appeal, can change the use of different means of transportation. We find strong evidence for a reduction in car-related mobility in response to the combined treatment, which is driven by changes in taxi and ride-sharing services. This is accompanied by substitution towards micromobility, i.e., transport modes such as shared e-scooters or bikes, but not towards public transport. We do not find robust evidence for effects of the social comparison alone. Furthermore, survey evidence suggests that effects may be driven by a climate-aware minority and that participants indeed felt a moral obligation to comply with the social norm. Our results demonstrate that small, norm-based nudges can change transportation behavior, albeit for a limited time. |
| Keywords: | mobility behavior, randomized experiment, nudging, descriptive norm, injunctive norm, social norms, moral appeal, habit formation |
| JEL: | C93 D04 D91 L91 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_451v2&r=env |
| By: | Richard Freund |
| Abstract: | I provide quasi-experimental evidence of the effect of drought exposure on young adults’ experiences of anxiety and depression by leveraging a natural experiment: the 2021 drought in Ethiopia. My analysis applies a difference-in-differences strategy and couples 40 years of rainfall data with longitudinal data on mental health. I find that exposure to below long-run average rainfall increases in the probability of experiencing at least mild anxiety and depression by 0.35 and 0.29 standard deviations, respectively. These effects are strongest among those who grew up in the poorest households and those with low childhood reading ability. The impact on depression is also pronounced among those with low self-esteem. Additional evidence on mechanisms suggests the mental health effects may partly be explained by the drought’s impact on food insecurity, inflation, and perceived household poverty. |
| Keywords: | mental health , drought , climate change , anxiety , Ethiopia , depression |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2023-07&r=env |
| By: | Souleymane Kone (UPGC - Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly) |
| Abstract: | Cette communication est exploratoire et aborde la question des conséquences négatives des déchets automobiles sur l'environnement. Il existe encore assez peu de travaux centrés en management des systèmes d'information traitant de la problématique de la pollution de l'écosystème automobile et de l'impact des relations complexes entre les principaux acteurs du secteur de l'automobile sur la gestion du cycle de vie. Cette recherche vise à adopter la théorie des partie prenantes dans le champ du green IT pour comprendre la dynamique de la gestion du cycle de vie, modéliser les actions menées par différentes entités dans le but de trouver des solutions adaptées aux déchets de véhicules usagés, afin de réduire leur impact écologique dans le secteur actuellement en forte croissance en Afrique subsaharienne. Nous terminerons par quelques recommandations managériales et technologiques |
| Keywords: | Afrique subsaharienne, automobile, pollution, Green IT, Ecoresponsabilité, cycle de vie des véhicules |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04229340&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, H.; Pollitt, M. |
| Abstract: | Offshore wind power has made remarkable strides over the past decade, establishing itself as a financially viable technology with substantial potential to drive the energy transition of North Sea countries. The energy crisis commencing in 2021 further underscored the critical role of offshore wind in attaining net zero climate (or climate neutrality) objectives, prompting North Sea countries to adopt comprehensive strategies, including a fundamental energy system overhaul centred around offshore wind. Consequently, these countries have set ambitious offshore wind installation targets for both 2030 and 2050. To assess the attainability of these targets, this paper conducts an extensive policy analysis of the eight nations surrounding the North Sea, focusing primarily on the development stage, a crucial determinant of project success. Notably, competitive tenders and Contract for Difference (CfD) mechanisms are becoming standard tools across the region, indicating a collective shift towards efficient subsidy frameworks. Historical data and disparities suggest the formidable challenges in achieving the 2030 and 2050 targets, with streamlining the approval process emerging as a top priority. The emergence of negative subsidies in conjunction with zero-bid scenarios is reshaping industry paradigms is significantly impacting offshore wind project economics. |
| Keywords: | Offshore wind, Contract for Difference, North Sea |
| JEL: | L94 Q25 |
| Date: | 2023–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2365&r=env |
| By: | Jhanira Rodriguez (SDSN Bolivia); Valeria Revilla Calderón (SDSN Bolivia) |
| Abstract: | El sector de turismo en Bolivia consume menos agua que otros sectores económicos como la agricultura, considerándose un destino turístico con bajo impacto en la huella hídrica. En este boletín se presenta la huella hídrica por turista extranjero y la huella hídrica total del sector turístico obtenida en la gestión 2019. El turismo contribuye alrededor del 7% al PIB nacional y consume menos agua comparado con otros productos/sectores de exportación relevantes para el país, como la soya y la minería. |
| Keywords: | Turismo, desarrollo sostenible, huella hídrica, Bolivia |
| JEL: | Q01 Q25 Q53 L83 |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:obitwp:2307&r=env |
| By: | Léa Tardieu (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jeoffrey Dehez (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Mai-Thi Ta (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2022–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04210930&r=env |
| By: | Ramaharo, Franck Maminirina (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)); RANDRIAMIFIDY, Michael Fitiavana |
| Abstract: | The aim of this note is to identify the factors influencing renewable energy consumption in Madagascar. We tested 12 features covering macroeconomic, financial, social, and environmental aspects, including economic growth, domestic investment, foreign direct investment, financial development, industrial development, inflation, income distribution, trade openness, exchange rate, tourism development, environmental quality, and urbanization. To assess their significance, we assumed a linear relationship between renewable energy consumption and these features over the 1990–2021 period. Next, we applied different machine learning feature selection algorithms classified as filter-based (relative importance for linear regression, correlation method), embedded (LASSO), and wrapper-based (best subset regression, stepwise regression, recursive feature elimination, iterative predictor weighting partial least squares, Boruta, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms) methods. Our analysis revealed that the five most influential drivers stem from macroeconomic aspects. We found that domestic investment, foreign direct investment, and inflation positively contribute to the adoption of renewable energy sources. On the other hand, industrial development and trade openness negatively affect renewable energy consumption in Madagascar. |
| Date: | 2023–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:pfrhx&r=env |
| By: | Yeates, Nicola,; Holden, Chris,; Lambin, Roosa,; Snell, Carolyn,; Idris, Nabila,; Mackinder, Sophie, |
| Abstract: | The recent social, ecological and economic crises have not only revealed the gaps in social protection systems across the world, but also drawn global attention to the ways in which international financial architectures have failed to support the development of universal social protection systems and floors. Within this context, this paper examines the idea of a global fund for social protection (GFSP) which has emerged as a potential solution to these structural failings. By drawing on the experiences of seven global funds across the health, climate, and agriculture sectors, the aim of this working paper is to identify key lessons that can guide the possible implementation of a prospective GFSP. Through a careful analysis of the governance structures, norms and standards of these funds, the paper makes certain recommendations to be taken into consideration if a GFSP is to be developed and implemented in the future. |
| Keywords: | social protection, social security financing, medical care, climate change, sustainable agriculture, comparative study |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995331692502676&r=env |
| By: | Sam Cosaert; Adrián Nieto; Konstantinos Tatsiramos |
| Abstract: | We leverage U.S. county-day temperature variation combined with daily time use data to examine the effect of temperature on the timing of work. We find that warmer (colder) temperatures increase (decrease) working time during the night and decrease (increase) working time in the morning. These effects are pronounced among workers with increased bargaining power, flexible work schedules, greater exposure to ambient temperature while at work, and fewer family-related constraints. Workers compensate for the shifts in the timing of work triggered by temperature fluctuations by adjusting their sleep time, without changing the timing of leisure and home production activities. |
| Keywords: | weather, time use, work schedule, labor supply, non-market activities, sleep |
| JEL: | J22 Q54 I31 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10681&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an overview of the ocean economy in the EU Outermost Regions (EU ORs). It discusses the opportunities and challenges that the EU ORs are facing in light of emerging global trends, laying out priority actions for making the ocean a factor of competitiveness and internationalisation. Such actions could be taken together with EU and basin-specific partners such as Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean, Atlantic and Indian Ocean. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions. |
| Keywords: | EU Outermost Regions, Global value chains, Regional Economic Activity, Sustainable Ocean |
| JEL: | O52 O54 O55 Q2 Q22 Q57 R11 R58 Q25 |
| Date: | 2023–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:51-en&r=env |
| By: | Christian Bayer; Rüdiger Bachmann |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkpbs:054&r=env |
| By: | Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | Presque tous les pays en développement exercent une politique active de leur taux de change, contrairement aux pays avancés qui ont adopté un régime de flottement pur. En effet, les pays en développement ont choisi, soit un système de parité de leur monnaie (change fixe), soit un système de flottement contrôlé, à trois exceptions près (le Chili, le Mexique et la Somalie ont seuls adopté un flottement libre). Dans les deux cas, le gouvernement est maître du taux de change, soit en modifiant la parité (parfois en fonction d'une règle préétablie ou crawling peg), soit en modulant les interventions de la Banque centrale sur le marché des changes. La mise en œuvre de cette politique répond à deux objectifs alternatifs : utiliser la parité comme ancrage de la monnaie et moyen de préservation de la stabilité monétaire, ou définir une cible réelle (ou taux de change effectif réel) pour maintenir la compétitivité de l'économie. Le premier objectif se justifie par les effets délétères de l'inflation sur la croissance des économies et sur le niveau de pauvreté ; le second, par la nécessité d'équilibrer la balance des paiements lorsque les réserves extérieures s'épuisent. Certains économistes ont soutenu qu'une dépréciation systématique de la monnaie, en vue de maintenir un taux de change réel bas, serait nécessaire à la croissance des pays en développement, notamment de ceux à faible revenu (Rodrik, 2008). La dépréciation du taux de change effectif réel revient à élever le prix relatif des biens faisant l'objet du commerce international (ou biens échangeables) par rapport aux biens locaux ou non échangeables (une grande part des services). Cette politique se justifierait par les handicaps particuliers des secteurs des biens échangeables, notamment de l'industrie dans les pays en développement, dont dépend la croissance : des mauvaises institutions qui nuisent à la fiabilité des contrats et des imperfections ou défaillances de marché (biens, crédits, travail). Dany Rodrik appuie son argumentaire sur l'expérience chinoise jusqu'en 1994. Cette thèse en faveur de la dépréciation a été critiquée, notamment parce qu'elle serait défavorable aux plus pauvres particulièrement impactés par la dépréciation réelle, néfaste aux institutions et source de corruption et, enfin, difficile à maintenir dans le temps long. À l'époque, et encore maintenant, peu de travaux s'interrogent sur l'impact d'une telle politique sur le climat. Existe-t-il un lien entre la politique du taux de change et l'efficacité des politiques d'atténuation du réchauffement climatique ou d'adaptation à celui-ci ? C'est à ces deux questions que nous allons tenter de répondre, de façon tout à fait exploratoire en l'absence d'une littérature confirmée sur ce sujet. |
| Keywords: | Réchauffement Climatique, Climat, Politique de change, Taux de change |
| Date: | 2023–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04237929&r=env |
| By: | Saglam, Ismail |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the welfare effects of the abatement cost burden of a supplier in a multi-echelon supply chain. We theoretically show that the profits of all echelons other than the supplier become lower when the supplier contributes more to the abatement. Also, we computationally show that the profit of the supplier may be higher when it makes a small amount of contribution to the abatement provided that the demand curve faced by the retailer is sufficiently linear. |
| Keywords: | Supply chain; multi-echelon; abatement cost. |
| JEL: | D43 L11 Q52 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118834&r=env |
| By: | Bradshaw, Aaron |
| Abstract: | More-than-human, multispecies, and animals’ geographic accounts of the city have tended to focus on large, charismatic, and wild organisms, to the detriment of spatially invisible other-than-humans central to urban reproduction. At the same time, urban microbial geographies have foregrounded embodied interactions between humans and microorganisms, whether they are symbiotic or pathogenic, often marginalising the material contributions of extracorporeal microbiomes to the urban fabric. Building from these two blindspots, this article focuses on microbial ecologies that live constitutively outside of (other-than-)human bodies and which are intimately caught up in the metabolic intensities and infrastructural environments of the urban realm. There are two key aims: 1) to explore different forms of urban microbial ecologies and 2) to examine their relationships with urban infrastructures and reproduction. My disciplinary lenses are animals’ geographies and urban ecology and my case study focuses on urban water metabolism. Thus, based on empirical fieldwork on the urban river Lea in East London, and supplemented by scientific literature and technical documents, I analyse three urban microbial ecologies that correspond to the urban realms ‘extended microbiomes’: those involved in slow sand filtration for the treatment of drinkable water, those involved in sewage treatment via the activated sludge process, and those emerging and evolving in disused urban canal infrastructure. These processes spatially manage microbial growth and modulate the distribution of different forms of microbial agency with important effects for the smooth functioning of urban water metabolism. Yet, considering the specific materiality and ecological agency of microbes points to a more-than-human contingency and indeterminacy at the centre of urban reproduction. Urban human-microbial co-evolution and is mired with uncertainties, ‘black boxes’, and unintended consequences. |
| Date: | 2023–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:drcuw&r=env |
| By: | Saeid Vaghefi (University of Zurich); Qian Wang (University of Zurich; Inovest Partners AG); Veruska Muccione (University of Zurich; University of Geneva); Jingwei Ni (ETH Zurich); Mathias Kraus (University of Erlangen); Julia Bingler (University of Oxford); Tobias Schimanski (University of Zurich); Chiara Colesanti Senni (ETH Zurich; University of Zurich); Nicolas Webersinke (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg); Christian Huggel (University of Zurich); Markus Leippold (University of Zurich; Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in recent years, achieving remarkable results in question-answering tasks (QA). However, they still face two major challenges: hallucination and outdated information after the training phase. These challenges take center stage in critical domains like climate change, where obtaining accurate and up-to-date information from reliable sources in a limited time is essential and difficult. To overcome these barriers, one potential solution is to provide LLMs with access to external, scientifically accurate, and robust sources (long-term memory) to continuously update their knowledge and prevent the propagation of inaccurate, incorrect, or outdated information. In this study, we enhanced GPT-4 by integrating the information from the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental (IPCC AR6), the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and reliable source in this domain. We present our conversational AI prototype, available at www.chatclimate.ai, for his invaluable and voluntary support in setting up the server. The server will become available by mid-April.} and demonstrate its ability to answer challenging questions accurately. The answers and their sources were evaluated by our team of IPCC authors, who used their expert knowledge to score the accuracy of the answers from 1 (very-low) to 5 (very-high). The evaluation showed that the hybrid chatClimate provided more accurate answers, highlighting the effectiveness of our solution. This approach can be easily scaled for chatbots in specific domains, enabling the delivery of reliable and accurate information. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2388&r=env |
| By: | Stéphanie Monjon (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | En lien avec de nombreuses notions comme la frugalité, le minimalisme, le low tech, ou encore le zéro déchet, la sobriété est portée par des acteurs de la société civile depuis les années 2000. Pourtant, elle a été pendant longtemps absente de la sphère politique, jusqu'à ce que l'urgence actuelle l'impose. |
| Keywords: | Sobriété énergétique, transition énergétique, facture énergétique, consommation énergétique, gaz, électricité, pétrole, France |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04224657&r=env |