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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Simone Priori (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]); Luca Brillante (Fresno State - California State University [Fresno]); Antonello Bonfante (CNR-ISAFOM - Institute for agriculture and forestry systems in the Mediterranean); Emmanuelle Vaudour (AgroParisTech); Silvia Winter (BOKU - Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche]); Sandro Conticelli (UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence) |
| Keywords: | vineyard adaptation, viticultural areas, climate change, soil management, grapevine |
| Date: | 2021–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04081560&r=env |
| By: | Ian W.H. Parry; Danielle N Minnett; Karlygash Zhunussova |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses potential elements of a comprehensive strategy for making headway on Türkiye’s net zero emissions pedge for 2053. These elements include: (i) aligning 2030 emissions commitments with long term neutrality; (ii) implementing a carbon price rising to an ilustrative $75 per tonne by 2030; (iii) enhancing acceptability through using carbon pricing revenues efficiently and equitably and including competitveness measures; (iv) introducing various feebate schemes (the fiscal analogue of regulations) to reinforce mitigation incentives in the power, industry, transport, building, forestry, and agricultural sectors. According to modelling results a phased revenue-neutral $75 carbon price reduces CO2 emisisons 21 percent below baseline levels in 2030, raises revenues of 1.7 percent of GDP, avoids 11, 000 air pollution deaths over the decade, while imposing an average burden on households of 3 percent of their consumption (before revenue-recycling). With revenues used for targeted transfers and labor tax reductions the overall policy is pro-poor and pro-equity (average household is better off by 0.4 percent). |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Türkiye climate mitigation; carbon pricing; carbon tax; emissions trading system; feebate; power; industry; buildings; transportation; agriculture; forestry. |
| Date: | 2023–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/108&r=env |
| By: | Davide Bazzana (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia); Massimiliano Rizzati (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia); Emanuele Ciola (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia); Enrico Turco (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and The Complexity Lab in Economics, Department of Economics and Finance, Catholic Univeristy of Milan); Sergio Vergalli (Author-Name: Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the potential impacts of climate change and mitigation policies on the Euro Area, considering the uncertainty and heterogeneity in both climate and economic systems. Using the MATRIX model, a multi-sector and multi-agent macroeconomic model, we simulate various climate scenarios by employing different carbon cycle models, damage functions, and marginal abatement curves found in the literature. We find that heterogeneous climate damages amplify both the magnitude and the volatility of GDP losses associated with global warming. By the end of the century, we estimate that assuming homogeneous shocks may underestimate the effects of climate change on aggregate output by up to one-third. Moreover, we find that the speed and feasibility of a low-carbon transition crucially depend on (i) the stringency of emission reduction targets, which determine the level of a carbon tax, and (ii) the rate of technological progress, which influences the shape of the abatement cost curve. |
| Keywords: | Energy Sector, Agent-Based Models, Macroeconomic Dynamics, Climate change, Climate Policy, Emission Abatement |
| JEL: | C63 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2023.09&r=env |
| By: | Monica Montella (ISTAT) |
| Abstract: | European Commission presented a plan to reduce the EU's greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% in 2030 (compared to 1990 levels), but how can EU-wide coordinated action to meet the six targets (shown in Scheme 1) be measured? How can we monitor sustainable economic growth? It is, therefore, necessary to propose new indicators capable of measuring progress. Still, in order to build new indicators, it is needed at the same time to use a common language to define the actions taken at the European level). The goal of this paper is to propose adopting a new classification shown in Annex 1 (European Taxonomy). This classification focuses on the transition of the classification system of sustainable economic activities, or "ECO list". These are defined as the new ECO-SEA classification - codification of environmentally sustainable economic activities. This proposal informs environmental accountants of the need to adopt it to collect information from businesses, households, and the public administration. Those are the ones who invest in eco-sustainable economic activities and contribute to one or more of the six environmental objectives envisaged by the new European taxonomy. An EU-wide classification system will mean that we have a uniform and harmonized way of determining what economic activities can be regarded as sustainable. This is essential in order for the EU to become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050, as well as to fight biodiversity loss and other environmental challenges urgently. |
| Keywords: | Eco-GDP; European taxonomy |
| JEL: | E01 E23 K23 Q01 P42 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0223&r=env |
| By: | Urban Sila; Erik Frohm |
| Abstract: | The Czech economy is very carbon-intensive and has among the highest greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP in the OECD. Getting on the path towards net zero will require rapid emission reductions over the coming decades. Coal still makes up close to one third of the energy supply and the government has pledged to phase it out by 2033, which will require a swift expansion in the use of renewable energy sources as well as increased energy efficiency. This can be achieved by adopting a comprehensive policy package that includes widely applied carbon pricing, incentives to raise energy efficiency, spending on renewable energy and cutting red tape hindering green investments. Compensating policies and adjustment support will be essential to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of climate policies and to increase public support. Active labour market policies including higher spending on re-training for the unemployed is key to facilitate the green transition. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, green investment, labour reallocation, redistribution |
| JEL: | Q43 Q48 Q52 Q55 R11 |
| Date: | 2023–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1754-en&r=env |
| By: | Ben Conigrave |
| Abstract: | Canada has an ambitious plan to reduce the economy’s net emissions to zero by 2050. This will require a step change in mitigation action, with deep energy savings and near economy-wide replacement of fossil fuels with clean energy. Achieving this while minimising negative impacts on activity and living standards will be challenging. Canada is already using a range of policy instruments to propel its green transition – including carbon pricing, regulations, investment incentives, and public procurement of green technology. This Paper explores reforms that could make climate policies work better together to lock in both deep emissions reductions and strong economic growth. As with important efforts to prepare communities for the impacts of climate change, Canada’s provinces and territories will play a key role in the country’s green transition. |
| Keywords: | Canada, carbon pricing, climate change, climate policy, energy, green investment, green transition, net zero |
| JEL: | H23 H31 H32 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1760-en&r=env |
| By: | Timo Leidecker; Tim Bulman; Ilai Levin; Hélène Blake |
| Abstract: | A changing climate is threatening livelihoods and economic activity in Greece and the world. Transitioning to a green economy – mitigating the causes of climate change and adapting to its effects, while sustaining activity and improving well-being – is among the greatest policy challenges of the coming decades. In Greece, legacies of high emission intensity, limited fiscal space and scarce private financing amplify the challenge. Greening Greece’s energy system is at the core of this transition. This entails swiftly developing its large potential for renewable energies and adapting energy consuming sectors. A well-chosen mix of policies – including carbon pricing, public infrastructure investments, and gradually tightening regulations on minimum energy efficiency standards, while providing financial support and protecting vulnerable households – would minimise the cost of this transition. Developing insurance coverage can better protect households and firms from damages resulting from a warming climate, while limiting fiscal exposure. Engaging all stakeholders and supporting those affected by the transition will help build the consensus for implementing these policies into the long-term. |
| Keywords: | climate change adaptation, Climate policies, climate risk insurance, energy policies, green investment |
| JEL: | G22 H23 H31 H32 H40 H84 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1757-en&r=env |
| By: | Merk, Christine; Liebe, Ulf; Meyerhoff, Jürgen; Rehdanz, Katrin |
| Abstract: | Efficient and sustainable solutions for offsetting residual emissions via carbon dioxide removal are a major challenge. Proposed removal methods result in trade-offs with other Sustainable Development Goals, and the removal needs of many countries exceed their domestic potentials. Here, we examine the public acceptability of conducting afforestation and direct air capture programmes domestically in Germany or abroad. To uncover the relative importance of various programme attributes, we use a multifactorial vignette experiment. We find that afforestation receives stronger support than direct capture. Next to the costs to households, minimising environmental impacts on biodiversity in forests and the use of renewable energy for direct capture are more important for acceptability than the permanence of storage. Further, individuals strongly prefer domestic programmes to offsets in other countries. These findings suggest significant discrepancies between strong public preferences for domestic carbon removal with low environmental side-effects and the too low potential for such removals. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:270884&r=env |
| By: | Diego R. Känzig; Maximilian Konradt |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of carbon pricing on the economy, with a focus on European carbon taxes and the carbon market. Our analysis reveals three key findings. First, while both policies have successfully reduced emissions, the economic costs of the European carbon market are larger than for national carbon taxes. Second, we explore four factors that explain this difference: fiscal policy and revenue recycling, pass-through and sectoral coverage, spillovers and leakage, and monetary policy. Our findings suggest that all four factors play a significant role. Third, we document substantial regional heterogeneity in the impacts of the carbon market, which crucially depend on the share of freely allocated emission permits and the degree of market concentration in the power sector. |
| JEL: | E32 E62 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31260&r=env |
| By: | Shashwat Mishra; Rishabh Raj; Siddhartha P. Chakrabarty |
| Abstract: | In this article, we present a novel approach for the construction of an environment-friendly green portfolio using the ESG ratings, and application of the modern portfolio theory to present what we call as the ``green efficient frontier'' (wherein the environmental score is included as a third dimension to the traditional mean-variance framework). Based on the prevailing action levels and policies, as well as additional market information, scenario analyses and stress testing are conducted to anticipate the future performance of the green portfolio in varying circumstances. The performance of the green portfolio is evaluated against the market returns in order to highlight the importance of sustainable investing and recognizing climate risk as a significant risk factor in financial analysis. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.16712&r=env |
| By: | Ángel Iván Moreno Bernal (Banco de España); Teresa Caminero García (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | Disclosure of prudential information on environmental, social and governance (ESG) risks will become mandatory from June, 2022 for large institutions with securities traded on a regulated market of any Member State. This paper tries to assess how prepared European financial institutions are for this requirement and applies text mining techniques to analyse the prudential reports, commonly referred to as Pillar 3 reports, for 2019 and 2020 of most of the significant banks under the ECB direct supervision in order to evaluate the level of awareness of these institutions in relation to the materiality of ESG risks. By applying a simple taxonomy of terms based on lexicons and regular expressions using a tool that we have developed, we are able to identify relevant excerpts with a high level of precision searching for different combinations of concepts within the taxonomy of terms. The results indicate that although there is an increased awareness of the ESG risks, with a significant increase in smaller institutions (those with less tan 30 billion in assets), the level of detail included is generally low and the introduction of the new ESG mandatory disclosures should have a significant impact on the level of disclosures in this area. |
| Keywords: | ESG, environment, social, governance, sustainability, climate change, carbon emissions, environmental risks, physical risk, transition risk, natural language processing, Pillar 3 |
| JEL: | C81 G32 Q56 Q54 C19 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2204&r=env |
| By: | Jakub Sokołowski; Piotr Lewandowski; Jan Frankowski |
| Abstract: | Increasing climate policy ambitions create tensions in societies with low trust and social divisions, as shown by the Yellow Vests movement that successfully opposed a carbon tax in France. We study preferences for policies to achieve energy security and climate change mitigation goals in the context of the energy crisis caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. We conducted a discrete choice experiment on a representative sample of 10, 000 people in Poland, a country heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Using a willingness-to-pay approach, we find a strong aversion to a carbon tax that is only moderately alleviated by redistribution policies. Income and age matter for preferences regarding climate and energy. People with low incomes (bottom quartile) value achieving climate change (15%) and energy security (10%) goals less than the general population (17% and 14% willingness to pay, respectively). Younger people (aged 18-34) are willing to sacrifice more income to mitigate climate change than people aged 55 or more (28% vs. 12%) but are less willing to forego income (11% vs. 16%) to reduce fuel imports from Russia. Consequently, we quantify the heterogeneity of preferences regarding redistribution measures and evaluate their efficiency, providing an example of using discrete choice experiments to mitigate the risks of social tensions due to introducing a carbon tax. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, redistribution, climate change, discrete choice experiment, willingness to pay |
| JEL: | H23 D74 Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:wpaper:wp032023&r=env |
| By: | Jakub Soko³owski; Jan Frankowski |
| Abstract: | Climate policy is crucial for preventing the devastating effects of natural disasters like droughts, floods, and heat waves. It also plays a vital role in reducing Poland's dependence on imported coal, gas, and oil; addressing energy security concerns in the wake of the crisis caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Environmental taxes are a highly effective tool for addressing climate risks. However, they can be controversial instruments, as their implementation may often lead to higher energy prices and social tensions. To mitigate these risks, it is important to implement fair and participatory climate policies that consider social preferences. A key aspect of ensuring the fairness of environmental taxes lies in the effective redistribution of their revenues. Preference research and citizens’ panels can help identify differences between varying social groups, allowing policymakers to better address citizens’ concerns and expectations. By adopting a climate policy based on these principles, Poland can significantly reduce social conflicts and minimise the risk of mass protests akin to the Yellow Vest movement sweeping across France. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, redistribution, climate change, discrete choice experiment, willingness to pay |
| JEL: | D74 H23 Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:ppaper:pp012023&r=env |
| By: | Zehui, Zhao |
| Abstract: | This paper offers a comprehensive review of pro-environmental behavior literature, emphasizing key theories, empirical evidence, and interdisciplinary implications. We discuss the role of individual, social, and contextual factors in shaping pro-environmental behaviors, drawing on major theoretical frameworks. We also examine the effectiveness of economic incentives and non-market approaches in promoting pro-environmental actions, stressing the importance of integrating behavioral economics and social psychology within environmental studies. Finally, we identify promising avenues for future research, including the role of digital technologies, climate change communication, and social networks in fostering sustainable societies. This paper aims to inform researchers and practitioners in developing effective strategies for promoting sustainability. |
| Date: | 2023–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:p27hb&r=env |
| By: | Hafele, Jakob; Kuhls, Sonia |
| Abstract: | While reducing industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is undoubtedly necessary to avoid an ecological disaster, political support for environmental regulation depends largely on its effectiveness and expected side-effects. A potential fallout often associated with environmental policies is a decline in economic competitiveness. Therefore, it is vital to understand whether there is a trade-off, implying that climate mitigation policies necessarily lead to competitiveness losses, or if a suitable policy design can achieve climate change mitigation without risking significant losses in competitiveness. This paper provides a systematic overview of the existing literature - including modelling studies and econometric analyses - regarding the association between GHG emissions reductions and competitiveness risks. To structure the literature, we develop a framework that allows us to cluster the reviewed papers by their theoretical and their empirical approach, rendering possible the analysis of differences between the resulting clusters. Scrutinising the findings of 80 papers, we determine that declines in competitiveness and industrial relocation to unregulated countries (carbon leakage) have so far not been relevant outcomes of existing environmental policies, neither on the firm nor on the country level. Nevertheless, they should not be neglected in the assessment of future policies, as modelling studies foresee small but significant levels of comparative disadvantages and carbon leakage. We discuss potential reasons for this discrepancy between study approaches. Overall, the empirical evidence suggests that carbon pricing regulation and economic competitiveness can be reconciled under specific circumstances, which must be provided by a coherent policy mix that takes climate change mitigation seriously while addressing possible negative side-effects. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Pricing, Comparative Advantage, Competitiveness, International Trade, Technological Innovation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zoedps:9&r=env |
| By: | Emanuele Campiglio; Alessandro Spiganti; Anthony Wiskich |
| Abstract: | Access to finance is a major barrier to clean innovation. We incorporate heterogeneous and endogenous financing costs in a directed technical change model and identify optimal climate mitigation policies. The presence of a financing experience effect induces more ambitious policies in the short-term, both to shift innovation and production towards clean sectors and to reduce the financing cost differential across technologies, which further facilitates the transition. The optimal climate policy mix between carbon taxes and clean research subsidies depends on whether experience is gained through clean production or research. In our benchmark scenario, where clean financing costs decline as cumulative clean output increases, we find an optimal carbon price premium of 47% in 2025, relative to a case with no financing costs. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, directed technological change, endogenous growth, financing experience effect, innovation policy, low-carbon transition, optimal climate policy, sustainable finance |
| JEL: | H23 O31 O44 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2023-25&r=env |
| By: | Giorgos Galanis (Queen Mary, University of London, School of Business and Management); Giorgio Ricchiuti (Università degli Studi di Firenze, Complexity Lab in Economics (CLE), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano); Ben Tippet (University of Greenwich) |
| Abstract: | From uneven development to unequal exposure to extreme weather events, the economic geography of climate change implies substantial heterogeneity regarding countries’ preferences for climate action. Yet, how this heterogeneity matters for sustaining high and effective levels of global climate action has not been analysed. This paper develops a novel geographical political economy model of climate action where countries’ choices are influenced by the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions, total participation in climate action and by the dispersion of economic geographical factors. Our results highlight that uneven geographic development can be a barrier to sustained high levels of global action. |
| Keywords: | Uneven Development, Global Political Economy, Climate Action, Green Transition |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgs:wpaper:113&r=env |
| By: | Irene Monasterolo (EDHEC BUSINESS SCHOOL, EDHEC-RISK AND CLIMATE IMPACT INSTITUTE (ERCII)); María J. Nieto (Banco de España); Edo Schets (BLOOMBERG) |
| Abstract: | Climate mitigation scenarios are an essential tool for analyzing the macroeconomic and financial implications of climate change (physical risk), and how the transition to a low-carbon economy could unfold (transition risk). The Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) has co-developed a set of climate mitigation scenarios for climate financial risk assessment. Despite the important role that these scenarios play in climate stress tests, the understanding of their main characteristics and limitations is still poor. In this paper, we contribute to filling this gap by focusing on the following issues: comparison of the process-based Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) used by the NGFS with alternative models; the role of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) in shaping the scenario narratives, and their shortcomings; the interpretation and sensitivities of carbon price pathways; and, comparison with other climate mitigation scenarios. We then draw lessons on how to increase the relevance of the NGFS scenarios. These include updating the SSP narratives; considering the potential trade-offs between different types of climate policies; assessing acute physical risks and their compounding; integrating physical risks within transition scenarios; and, taking into account the role of the financial sector and investors’ expectations. |
| Keywords: | NGFS scenarios, climate finance, climate transition risks, climate physical risks, integrated assessment models, carbon pricing, climate financial risk assessment |
| JEL: | Q40 Q50 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2302&r=env |
| By: | Johansson, Magnus (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Vierth, Inge (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Holmgren, Kristina (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Cullinane, Kevin (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to determine how policy instruments which aim to achieve a modal shift of long-haul freight transport from road to rail or sea affect the direct emissions to air of greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter. The analysis is conducted in two stages. First, a range of forecasts reflecting different assumptions are applied using the Swedish national freight transport model (SAMGODS) to derive a range of possible future developments of emissions levels up to 2030 and 2040. This has involved determining emission factors per tonne-km for each of the SAMGODS model's six road freight vehicle types, eleven freight train variants and 22 ship types. The model outcomes are then compared to those of the base year of 2017. Second, the effects of two hypothetical modal shift policy instruments are analyzed with respect to their potential impact on emissions to air. The effects of these two policy instruments are evaluated for the base-year of 2017 and for the 2030 and 2040 forecasts. The paper also analyzes whether the Swedish climate objective for domestic transport in 2030 can be expected to be fulfilled given different forecasts and policy instruments. Within the context of a predicted large increase in total freight tonne-km (between 31 and 53%), emissions of greenhouse gases are calculated to decrease by 50 to 60% by 2040. This means that the Swedish freight transport sector will not achieve its share of greenhouse gas emissions reductions necessary to attain the national climate objective of a 70% reduction by 2030. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are forecast to reduce by between 60 and 75%, emissions of sulfur dioxides to reduce by between 41 and 50%, emissions of volatile organic compounds to increase by 8 to 30% and emissions of particulate matter (from exhaust and tyre/road wear) are calculated to increase by between 13 and 33%. Using modal shift policy instruments to achieve greenhouse gas reductions is calculated to attain worse results over time, by 2040 it might even be counterproductive |
| Keywords: | Freight transport; Emissions; Climate goals; Environmental quality objectives; Emission factors; Forecasts; Policy analysis |
| JEL: | O21 O33 Q53 Q54 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2023–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2023_005&r=env |
| By: | Saufillah, Zulfiyatus |
| Abstract: | Energy management is critical to achieving sustainable agriculture development and reducing environmental impacts. The strategies for energy management discussed in this essay, including energy efficiency measures, energy management systems, and green financing, can help drive green entrepreneurship growth in the agriculture sector. Implementing these strategies can help green entrepreneurs reduce energy consumption and costs, improve productivity, promote sustainable development, and create new growth opportunities. Therefore, policymakers, investors, and other stakeholders should work together to support the implementation of these strategies in the agriculture sector. |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:5qcwr&r=env |
| By: | Anwar Gasim; Lester C. Hunt; Jeyhun Mikayilov (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | To tackle the threat of climate change, countries worldwide have signed the Paris Agreement. This agreement aims to limit the global average temperature increase to below 2 degrees Celsius and potentially below 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels (UNFCCC 2015). Parties to the Paris Agreement are required to submit domestic climate plans detailing their mitigation measures, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs). These plans detail countries’ ambitions and efforts to combat and respond to climate change. NDCs are communicated at five-year intervals, and each successive NDC must represent an increase in ambition over the previous one. |
| Keywords: | Belt and Road, Captial expenditure, Circular Carbon Economy, CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2023–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2022-dp19&r=env |
| By: | Rafiee, Zohreh; Breen, James; Kilcline, Kevin |
| Abstract: | To prevent the most damaging effects of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have identified the need to limit the rise in the global average temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. In support of the goal of climate change mitigation, Ireland’s Climate Action Plan has set a goal of reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and setting us on a path to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. As part of the plan the agriculture sector has been set of 25% reduction target relative to 2018. This paper utilises the CAPRI model to evaluate the effect of a hypothetical €100 carbon tax on non-CO2 emissions for agricultural. Results revealed that under a €100 carbon tax, overall GHG emissions would decrease in large part due to a decrease in beef meat activities, which is along with the dairy sector the dominant source of methane emissions in Irish agriculture. Average agricultural income would be projected to increase due to less profitable production exiting under carbon tax and price. A significant increase in the area of set aside and fallow land is also observed, which leads to a reduction in agricultural land and can be used for an increase in afforestation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334507&r=env |
| By: | Francisco-Cruz, Carlos Alberto; Buckley, Cathal; Breen, James; Lanigan, Gary |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to define a high-resolution model to estimate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the application of fertilisers to agricultural soils across the Republic of Ireland and to assess the implications for this approach on the assessment and mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. N2O emissions from the management of agricultural soils represented 10% of the total national GHG emissions in 2020. The high-resolution model proposed here modifies the current methodology based on the Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006) by adding soil characteristics and climate (environmental factors). To apply the high-resolution model, we use farm level microdata from the Teagasc National Farm Survey (NFS) and high-resolution spatial climate-based data over the 2014 to 2020 period. Results from the high-resolution model indicates a reduction of 3% in N2O emissions compared to the baseline model (IPCC methodology). However, the difference in estimated N2O emissions on individual farms can range from -45% to +40%. The carbon cost estimated by taking the high-resolution model results ranges from 20 to 150 euros per hectare, depending on local environmental factors. The design of a high-resolution emissions estimation process allows analysis of different agricultural practices and can assist in targeting appropriate GHG based mitigation measures based on cost-effectiveness criteria. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334552&r=env |
| By: | Aina, Ifedotun Victor; Thiam, Djiby Racine; Dinar, Ariel |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the development of an integrated hydroeconomic model for a large water system in which urban and agricultural sectors are the dominant water users, and climate change presents a major environmental challenge. The purpose of this model is to analyze the potential effects of different institutional scenarios and policy interventions on the environment and the regional economy, under varying water availability conditions. Our approach involves replicating base water use and environmental flow conditions in order to build the capacity to adapt to future climate-related water stresses. The modelling framework integrates hydrology, economics, climate stress, infrastructure constraints and institutional water supply decisions to address water stress variability. We analyze the effects of two water allocation policies, namely, water markets and proportional sharing. The results show the enhancement of economic benefits that can be achieved when high-valued water users are prioritized in the study area. We find that irrigated regions growing large quantities of higher valued crops such as fruit trees, maize and tobacco bear a smaller percentage of shortages than those with lower-valued crops as climate stress intensifies. This study informs strategies for water resource management in South Africa and many arid regions, given the imminent climate change impacts on water availability in coming decades. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334573&r=env |
| By: | Ogunpaimo, Oyinlola Rafiat; Buckley, Cathal; Hynes, Stephen; O'Neill, Stephen |
| Abstract: | Mitigation of climate change remains a central focus of the EU; with it’s 2030 Climate Target Plan, the Commission proposes to raise the EU's ambition on reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) to at least 55% below 1990 levels by 2030. In Ireland, GHG emissions from the agricultural sector are high compared to other developed countries at 37.1% of total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Extensive efforts have been brought to bear on the development and evaluation of mitigation measures that reduce greenhouse gases from the agricultural sector. However, the extent to which mitigation measures reduce GHG emissions at the farm level has received less attention, most especially the implications of farm heterogeneity on optimal emission reduction. Using EU Farm Accountancy Data Network data for the Republic of Ireland in 2020, this study uses Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) analysis to assess a suite of GHG mitigation measures and accounts for interaction and heterogeneous effects across 5 different farm system types. The result of the study shows that crude protein in animal diets is the most cost-effective measure for all the farm systems. While liming and protected urea are cost-effective measures for all the farm systems on the other hand some measures fluctuate in their categorisation. The findings show that no two MACC curves across farm systems are the same, that is the rankings of measures change from one farm system to the other. The combination of mitigation measures to reduce GHG emissions may not necessarily yield a cost-effective outcome. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334541&r=env |
| By: | Merlo, Marie; Hennessy, Thia; Buckley, Cathal; O'Mahony, James |
| Abstract: | Protein is a central component of health and nutrition. The current animal protein production systems might not be able meet this growing demand for food and protein while also meeting climate change policy commitments. Therefore, alternative sources of protein must be considered. This study uniquely compares animal-based protein sources (milk, beef, sheep meat) to plant-based protein (wheat, barley, oats) across a suite of economic, environmental, and nutritional metrics. Economic performance is measured through the gross margin earned by the farmer, environmental performance through the farm-level CO2 emissions, and the nutritional performance through the gross protein yield and the protein yield corrected for digestibility using the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS). Findings indicate that cereal crops perform better in terms of environmental and nutritional aspects but lag significantly behind the best economically performing livestock-based system, dairying. Moreover, dairy farms produce less gross protein than crop-specialized farms, but they produce a similar amount of available protein on a per hectare basis, i.e., protein that can be utilized by the body after digestion. The results do not allow for a definitive answer as to which protein source is the most holistically sustainable as the relative efficiency depends on the metric considered. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334515&r=env |
| By: | Campos-González, Jorge; Gadanakis, Yiorgos; Mancini, Mattia; Bateman, Ian |
| Abstract: | Agricultural production practices are one of the most significant drivers of biodiversity loss and make farming a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water pollution. Currently, agricultural policies and farm management interventions at a farm level are designed to contribute to a transformational reform of agricultural systems to improve environmental and economic sustainability. The new Agriculture Act for the UK commits to net zero carbon emissions and policies to enhance environmental stewardship and sustainability and support the production of public goods. Introducing recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with farm-based renewable energy (Anaerobic Digestors, AD) provides a novel diversified enterprise for farming systems with considerable but poorly understood economic and environmental benefits. This study conducts farm-based Net Margin analysis to show that an AD unit generating up to 500 kW combined with six to 12 RAS 157 m3 units for high-value shrimp ("king prawn") production is economically viable on medium and large arable farms in the East of England at 2022 prices. Besides, we explore further key issues such as impacts on other farm activities, land use due to AD feedstock choices, use of digestate and nutrients cycling, among others. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334548&r=env |
| By: | Alou, Nicolas; Schaub, Sergei; Finger, Robert |
| Abstract: | Grasslands are essential for the global milk and meat production and for the provision of other crucial ecosystem services. With climate change and the increased likelihood of extreme weather events, the stability of the provision of those ecosystem services is expected to decrease. In this paper, we study theoretically and empirically how plant diversity can function as a natural insurance under different drought risk exposures in grassland. The theoretical framework, which uses a portfolio perspective to describe plant diversity and uses community asynchrony as an indicator of complementarity between species, shows how plant diversity may provide insurance value against increased drought risk. Our empirical findings suggest that for a risk averse decision maker, accounting for risk (variance) and downside risk (skewness), plant diversity has a negative effect on risk premium, demonstrating that plant diversity does offer insurance value. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that this effect remains consistent even under higher levels of drought risk exposure. The results are relevant to both policy and industry, as plant diversity can provide a sustainable adaptation to climate change and complement or substitute traditional financial insurance against droughts. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334567&r=env |
| By: | Alessia Cafferata; Marwil J. Dávila-Fernández |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the robustness of the so-called “natalist bias” of pollution control. The latter suggests that taxing emissions encourage agents to shift from production to tax-free activities such as procreation, further deteriorating the environment and gradually impoverishing the next generations. We relax the assumptions that human capital does not depend on environmental quality and that society does not allocate resources to pollution control. Using a similar Overlapping Generations (OLG) growth model, our findings indicate that taxation does not necessarily encourage agents to permanently shift away from production because living under better environmental conditions enhances productivity through human capital formation. As the government increases the emissions price, agents reduce consumption and education spending, hurting output in the short term. However, in the long run, the reduction in emissions that follows taxation more than compensates for the initial adverse effects, provided that the sensitivity of human capital accumulation to environmental degradation is strong enough. Furthermore, as we increase the coefficient capturing such pollution externality, a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation occurs, making the system compatible with persistent endogenous fluctuations |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Natalist bias, OLG, Growth, Neimark-Sacker bifurcation |
| JEL: | Q56 Q57 O11 C62 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:895&r=env |
| By: | Marwil J. Davila-Fernandez; Serena Sordi |
| Abstract: | This paper extends the Marx-Keynes-Schumpeter model in Flaschel (2015) to study the social dimension of climate change. Agents are divided between those supporting and those opposing taxing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. The composition of the population varies according to a continuous-time version of the discrete-choice approach. Conditional to the level of interaction between players, society chooses the respective tax rate. Higher taxes reduce capital accumulation but support the development of energy-saving production techniques. Output growth and employment rates will be higher or lower depending on which effect prevails. A certain level of economic activity generates GHG emissions and determines the employment rate, which, in turn, endogenously feedback on environmental sentiments. Lower emissions reinforce sustainable attitudes while falling employment increases households’ concerns with more “urgent” needs, decreasing support for taxation. Hence, the model is compatible with a positive relationship between environmental attitudes and energy efficiency but not a clear association with output. A sufficiently strong response of sentiments to emissions combined with partially autonomous pollution regulation may lead to the disappearance of the equilibrium in which most agents oppose taxation, controlling for multistability. By applying the existence part of the Hopf bifurcation theorem, we show that our 3-dimension system admits endogenous persistent and bounded fluctuations, representing the interaction between green attitudes and growth-cycle dynamics |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development; Heterogeneous agents; Hopf bifurcation. |
| JEL: | C63 O11 O44 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:890&r=env |
| By: | Ambar Lineth Chavez Espinosa; Akira Hibiki |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a significant challenge faced by tropical developing countries. While efforts have been made to support vulnerable socio-economic groups such as farmers and indigenous peoples, little is known about how climate change affects these groups. This paper provides empirical evidence by estimating the impact of weather shocks (high temperature, temperature shock, and flood) on households' total consumption and its components (food and non-food consumption) in Panama. The study aims to explore the heterogeneity of weather shocks' impacts, specifically between households of indigenous and non-indigenous peoples, and farmers and non-farmers, thus contributing to the literature on the effects of belonging to a minority and indigenous group when facing climate change impacts. By combining repeated cross-sectional data from surveys on 17, 650 households with gridded climate data and flood events information for the years 1997, 2003, and 2008, the study examines if there are differences in the negative impact due to weather shocks between farmers and non-farmers or indigenous and non-indigenous households. The main findings are as follows: Firstly, higher temperature, temperature shock, and flood reduce consumption and their negative impact on food consumption is smaller than non-food consumption. Secondly, there are significant differences in the negative impact of heavy rain shocks between farmers and non-farmers. Furthermore, there are significant differences in the negative impact of weather shocks (higher temperature, temperature shock, and flood) on non-food consumption between indigenous and non-indigenous households, while there is no significant difference in total consumption and food consumption. Thirdly, the negative impacts of weather shocks on the consumption of poor households are less than those on the consumption of non-poor households. Hence, indigenous households are more vulnerable to climate change than farmers and poor households. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:37&r=env |
| By: | Laura Garcia-Herrero; Stevo Lavrnic; Valentina Guerrieri; Attilio Toscano; Mirco Milani; Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli; Matteo Vittuari |
| Abstract: | Sustainable water management has become an urgent challenge due to irregular water availability patterns and water quality issues. The effect of climate change exacerbates this phenomenon in water-scarce areas, such as the Mediterranean region, stimulating the implementation of solutions aiming to mitigate or improve environmental, social, and economic conditions. A novel solution inspired by nature, technology-oriented, explored in the past years, is constructed wetlands. Commonly applied for different types of wastewater due to its low cost and simple maintenance, they are considered a promising solution to remove pollutants while creating an improved ecosystem by increasing biodiversity around them. This research aims to assess the sustainability of two typologies of constructed wetlands in two Italian areas: Sicily, with a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland, and Emilia Romagna, with a surface flow constructed wetland. The assessment is performed by applying a cost-benefit analysis combining primary and secondary data sources. The analysis considered the market and non-market values in both proposed scenarios to establish the feasibility of the two options and identify the most convenient one. Results show that both constructed wetlands bring more benefits (benefits-cost ratio, BCR) than costs (BCR > 0). In the case of Sicily, the BCR is lower (1) in the constructed wetland scenario, while in its absence it is almost double. If other ecosystem services are included the constructed wetland scenario reach a BCR of 4 and a ROI of 5, showing a better performance from a costing perspective than the absence one. In Emilia Romagna, the constructed wetland scenario shows a high BCR (10) and ROI (9), while the scenario in absence has obtained a negative present value indicating that the cost do not cover the benefits expected. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.06284&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presenta una síntesis de la cuantificación de los costos de la inacción, hacia mediados y fines de siglo, frente a una trayectoria de concentración de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) representativa alta (RCP 8, 5) en Chile, en ocho sectores económicos y ámbitos clave del país: agricultura, agua potable, biodiversidad, energía, minería, pesca y acuicultura, puertos y playas, y salud. Además del cálculo de costos, para algunos sectores se identifican políticas o programas estatales que impactan en los efectos del cambio climático, generando diferentes grados en el avance requerido para la adaptación y mitigación. Se incluyen aspectos metodológicos generales, se describe el enfoque para la medición de los costos económicos de la inacción y se presentan los costos de la inacción de cada sector. Los resultados indican que los costos son altos en algunos de los sectores estudiados. Sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta que la estimación no es exhaustiva, ya que no se consideraron todos los sectores susceptibles al cambio climático. En varios sectores (salud, agricultura, agua potable y playas) los principales costos se presentan en la zona central del país, en parte debido a la concentración de la población en esa zona. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MITIGACION DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, COSTOS, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, RECUSOS NATURALES, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURA, PESCA, SALUD, TURISMO, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, COSTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURE, FISHING, HEALTH, TOURISM |
| Date: | 2023–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48880&r=env |
| By: | Simon Chazel; Sophie Bernard; Hassan Benchekroun |
| Abstract: | What are the implications of primary mineral constraints for the energy transition? Low-carbon energy production uses green capital, which requires primary minerals. We build on the seminal framework for the transition from a dirty to a clean energy in Golosov et al. (2014) to incorporate the role played by primary minerals and their potential recycling. We characterize the optimal paths of the energy transition under various mineral constraint scenarios. Mineral constraints limit the development of green energy in the long run: low-carbon energy production eventually reaches a plateau. We run our simulations using copper as the limiting mineral and we allow for its full recycling. Even in the limiting case of a 100% recycling rate, after five to six decades green energy production is 50% lower than in the scenario with unlimited primary copper, and after 30 decades, GDP is 3–8% lower. In extension scenarios, we confirm that a longer life duration of green capital delays copper extraction and the green energy peak, whereas reduced recycling caps moves the peak in green energy production forward. Quelles sont les implications des contraintes liées aux minéraux primaires pour la transition énergétique ? La production d'énergie à faible teneur en carbone fait appel au capital vert, qui nécessite des minéraux primaires. Nous nous appuyons sur le cadre fondateur de la transition d'une énergie sale à une énergie propre de Golosov et al. (2014) pour intégrer le rôle joué par les minéraux primaires et leur recyclage potentiel. Nous caractérisons les voies optimales de la transition énergétique dans divers scénarios de contraintes minérales. Les contraintes minérales limitent le développement des énergies vertes à long terme : la production d'énergie à faible teneur en carbone finit par atteindre un plateau. Nous effectuons nos simulations en utilisant le cuivre comme minéral limitant et nous permettons son recyclage complet. Même dans le cas limite d'un taux de recyclage de 100 %, après cinq à six décennies, la production d'énergie verte est inférieure de 50 % à celle du scénario où le cuivre primaire est illimité, et après 30 décennies, le PIB est inférieur de 3 à 8 %. Dans les scénarios d'extension, nous confirmons qu'une durée de vie plus longue du capital vert retarde l'extraction du cuivre et le pic de production d'énergie verte, tandis qu'une réduction des plafonds de recyclage avance le pic de production d'énergie verte. |
| Keywords: | Energy Transition, Green Capital, Recycling, Circular Economy, Mineral Constraint, Dynamic General-Equilibrium Model, Transition énergétique, capital vert, recyclage, économie circulaire, contrainte minérale, modèle d'équilibre général dynamique |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2023s-09&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Sakai Ando; Mr. Chenxu Fu; Mr. Francisco Roch; Ursula Wiriadinata |
| Abstract: | This paper assembles a comprehensive sovereign green bond database and estimates the sovereign greenium. The development of green bond markets has been one of the most important financial breakthroughs in the domain of sustainable finance during the last 15 years. A central benefit associated with green bonds has been that they exhibit a positive green premium (greenium), i.e., a lower yield relative to a similar conventional bond. Yet, issuances at the sovereign level have been relatively recent and not well documented in the literature. We find that green bonds are issued at a relatively small premium (4 basis points on average) in Advanced Economies. Yet, importantly, the greenium is growing over time and is considerably larger (11 basis points on average) for Emerging Market Economies. |
| Keywords: | Green Bonds; Sustainable Finance; Financial Innovation; Sovereign Debt; Greenium; Climate Change.; bond database; green bond; Green bond data; green premium; Climate finance; Bonds; Sovereign bonds |
| Date: | 2023–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/080&r=env |
| By: | Beckage, Brian; Lacasse, Katherine; Raimi, Kaitlin T.; Visioni, Daniele |
| Abstract: | We develop a conceptual model that describes the transitions in the operationalization of solar radiation modification (SRM) as a climate intervention to reduce impacts from anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing of the climate system. We distinguish predevelopment, postdevelopment, and postdeployment phases of SRM operationalization. We explore the interactions between the human system and climate system that drive transitions between these stages in the emergence of SRM as a climate intervention. We discuss the insights around SRM development and deployment that emerge from this conceptual model. |
| Date: | 2023–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-22&r=env |
| By: | Linda Isabella Hain (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance); Julian Koelbel (University of St. Gallen); Markus Leippold (University of Zurich; Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | The severity of extreme weather events is increasing due to climate change, giving rise to physical climate risk. However, physical climate risk is not only driven by the severity of individual hazards, but also by the interdependence of those hazards. This paper establishes bounds for the impact of interdependence on the Expected Shortfall for a portfolio of damages from 13 weather hazards, namely Avalanche, Cold, Dust Storm, Flood, Fog, Hail, Heavy Rain, High Winds, Hurricane, Ice/Snow, Landslide, Tornado, and Wildfire. We empirically estimate the tail risk of multi-hazard portfolios for the limiting cases of independence and perfect dependence, relying on data from NOAA’s Storm Events Database from 1996 to 2021. We apply the extreme value theory approach of Cirillo and Taleb (2016) to calculate the Expected Shortfall. We find that assuming perfect dependence instead of independence increases the Expected Shortfall by 3.6% to 66.5% for a portfolio with equally weighted exposure to all 13 hazards, and by a factor of 1.44 to 7.06 for a risk-weighted portfolio. |
| Keywords: | Extreme Risks, Natural Catastrophes, Climate Change, Tail Risk, Dependence Uncertainty, Infinite Mean, Physical Climate Risk, Expected Shortfall |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2326&r=env |
| By: | Lucas Bretschger (Center of Economic Research, ETH Zurich, Zurichbergstrasse 18, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland); Evgenij Komarov (Center of Economic Research, ETH Zurich, Zurichbergstrasse 18, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | We determine optimal climate policy using a dynamic climate model that accounts for the damages to capital and human health from burning fossil fuels. Our theoretical macroeconomic approach incorporates a separate health sector into an integrated climate-economy framework and provides closed-form analytical solutions for the main model variables. Economic growth is endogenously driven by innovation, with labor availability and productivity, and thus human health, being critical. Calibrating the model, we find that 44% of total resource stock should be extracted when considering damages to capital, but only 1% when health damages are included. The health perspective requires optimal environmental policies that are much more stringent than those normally advocated in climate economics, since harm to human health has negative effects on economic growth. Socially optimal growth exceeds the rate under free market conditions. |
| Keywords: | Optimal climate policy, human health, climate damages, optimum resource stock |
| JEL: | I15 Q54 Q32 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:23-384&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Le Coent (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Roxane Marchal (Caisse Centrale de Réassurance - parent); Cécile Hérivaux (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Jean-Christophe Maréchal (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Bernard Ladouche (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); David Moncoulon (Caisse Centrale de Réassurance - parent); George Farina (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Ingrid Forey (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Wao Zi-Xiang (Caisse Centrale de Réassurance - parent); Nina Graveline (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | The Lez catchment is characterized by a rapid urbanization, due to the attractiveness of the city of Montpellier, and is exposed to a typical Mediterranean weather with high risk of flash flood and other emerging issues, such as air pollution, heat island effects and biodiversity losses. We present the evaluation of two types of NBS to address these challenges, (i) urbanization strategies that have an impact on the conservation of agricultural and natural land and (ii) a network of green infrastructure (GI), with a focus on the economic analysis. Our results reveal that our most ambitious GI strategy can reduce up to a 20% of the mean annual damages due to annual flood damages. The largest share of the economic value of our NBS however lies in the co-benefits they generate. Overall, the two GI strategies present a positive cost-benefit analysis. We finally identify a pathway towards implementation in terms of financing and organizational challenges. |
| Keywords: | Nature Based Solution, Economic assessment, Ecosystem service, Flood risk |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04093882&r=env |
| By: | Jana, Sebak Kumar; Lise, Wietze |
| Abstract: | For becoming fastest-growing large economy in the world, India has set a target growth rate of 9%, reaching an economy of $5 trillion by 2024-25. It is an immense challenge to meet both the growth target and keeping the CO2 emissions under control. The present paper aims at discovering the determinants for explaining CO2 emissions in India by carrying out a complete decomposition analysis, where the residuals are fully distributed to the determinants, for the country during the period 1990–2018. The analysis reveals that the biggest contributor to the rise in CO2 emissions in India is the expansion of the economy (scale effect). The intensity of CO2 and the change in composition of the economy, which nearly move in tandem, also contribute to the rise in CO2 emissions, although more slowly. A declining energy intensity of Indian economy is responsible for a considerable reduction in CO2 emissions. As a typical result for an upcoming economy, this paper did not find evidence for an environmental Kuznets curve. This implies that continued economic growth will lead to a continued increases in CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | Decomposition analysis; India; Energy; CO2 emissions; Economic growth; Environmental Kuznets curve |
| JEL: | Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117245&r=env |
| By: | Canessa, Carolin; Venus, Terese; Wiesmeier, Miriam; Mennig, Philipp; Sauer, Johannes |
| Abstract: | Agri-environmental-climate schemes provide payments for ecosystem services by compensating farmers to implement management actions or obtain ecological results. To compare farmer preferences for action-based schemes, result-based schemes, or a hybrid, we conduct a discrete choice experiment in a case study from Germany. We elicited farmers’ choices for alternative grassland biodiversity payments through an in-person survey and measured farms’ ecological performance using a biodiversity index. Results reveal that neither the payment mechanism nor its amount is a primary driver of farmer decision-making. Instead, the applicability of the prescribed management practice to the farming system, and the achievability of the outcome, are key for uptake. Intensive farmers are more likely to choose hybrid-based solutions than extensive farms, which prefer a result-based approach. Farms with higher biodiversity tend to accept result-based schemes more frequently and are willing to enrol a greater share of their land. Our findings suggest a potential lack of additionality but also that farmers’ awareness about their farms’ ecological potential influences uptake of result-based schemes. To encourage farmers participating and enroling more land in these schemes, policymakers should tailor the payment-mechanism to different farmers and provide in-site technical advice. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334508&r=env |
| By: | Rilwan Sakariyahu (Business School, Edinburgh Napier University); Olayinka Oyekola (Department of Economics, University of Exeter); Rasheed Adigun (JPMorgan Chase); Temitope Fagbemi (Aberdeen Business School, Robert Gordon University); Oluwagbenga Seyingbo (Business School, University of Winchester); Rodiat Lawal (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) |
| Abstract: | Climate change, one of the world's existential problems, has sparked widespread concern at national and multinational levels. In this study, we deviate from the existing scores of academic literature by investigating heterogenous and time-varying effects of climate change on quality of life at the continent and regional levels in Africa. Towards this end, we utilise carbon emissions and ecological footprint as our climate change variables and human development index to proxy quality of life for 31 African countries over the period 2000 to 2018. Several econometric techniques are then employed to account for cross-sectional dependence, panel unit root, long-term cointegration with structural break, and heterogeneous panel causality, whilst we also present results based on Bayesian panel VAR impulse response functions. The results indicate cross-sectional dependence due to spill-over effects from common factors in Africa, while the panel cointegration test affirms that climate change variables have long-term consequences for quality of life only in sub-Saharan African region. Moreover, our results reveal a uni-directional causality between climate change variables and quality of life at both the continent and sub-Saharan African region levels. However, the test shows a bi-directional causality between these variables in North Africa. This differential impacts of climate change variables on quality of life between Northern and sub-Saharan Africa suggests that policy initiatives toward mitigating the effects of climate crises should consider regional dynamics of the continent. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon emissions, ecological footprints, quality of life, SDGs 3 and 13, Africa |
| JEL: | Q5 I3 R11 |
| Date: | 2023–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exe:wpaper:2308&r=env |
| By: | Anwar Gasim; Lester C. Hunt; Jeyhun Mikayilov (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Reducing methane (CH4) emissions is key to near-term efforts to limit global warming. CH4 is the second most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere after carbon dioxide (CO2). The production, transport, and consumption of fossil fuels, in addition to waste and agriculture, account for most anthropogenic CH4 emissions globally (IPCC 2018). Although CH4has only a 12-year lifetime in the atmosphere, it is 84 times more potent per ton than CO2 in a 20-year period and 28 times more potent in a 100-year period (IPCC 2018). The drastically stronger short-term potency of CH4 explains why its short-term impact on global warming is considerably greater than that of CO2. Therefore, meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement necessitates not only decarbonization but also significant CH4 emissions reductions, especially in the near term. |
| Keywords: | Belt and Road, Capital expenditure, Circular Carbon Economy, CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2023–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2023-dp08&r=env |
| By: | Harding, Anthony; Keith, David; Yang, Wenchang; Vecchi, Gabriel |
| Abstract: | Temperature-attributable mortality is a major risk of climate change. We analyze the capacity of solar geoengineering (SG) to reduce this risk and compare it to the impact of equivalent cooling from CO2 emissions reductions. We use the Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution model to simulate climate response to SG. Using empirical estimates of the historical relationship between temperature and mortality from Carleton et al. (2022), we project global and regional temperature-attributable mortality, find that SG reduces it globally, and provide evidence that this impact is larger than for equivalent cooling from emissions reductions. At a regional scale, SG moderates the risk in a majority of regions but not everywhere. Finally, we find that the benefits of reduced temperature-attributable mortality considerably outweigh the direct human mortality risk of sulfate aerosol injection. These findings are robust to a variety of alternative assumptions about socioeconomics, adaptation, and SG implementation. |
| Date: | 2023–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-23&r=env |
| By: | Inmaculada Martinez-Zarzoso (Unversity of Goettingen and University Jaume 1); Leon Pilgrim (University Jaume 1) |
| Abstract: | The present study aims to shed light on the relationship between income inequality and greenhouse gas emissions by analyzing how income inequality affects carbon dioxide emissions and the emissions-income relationship. Since the literature on the impact of income and income inequality on emissions is still inconclusive, this paper offers further insights on how the effects of income and income inequality on emissions vary in countries with different income levels. The estimations are based on an unbalanced panel dataset that includes annual values for the industry structure, the share of the urban population, civil liberties and political freedom, globalization, and education covering 177 countries from 1990 to 2018. The paper finds evidence for a generally negative impact of income inequality on emissions patterns that turns positive for countries above a certain threshold of GDP per capita, which has not been reached by all high-income countries. Moreover, the results support the relationship proposed by the EKC only in richer countries. |
| Keywords: | Income per capita, income inequality, CO2 emissions, environmental Kuznets curve |
| JEL: | F |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inf:wpaper:2023.04&r=env |
| By: | Favour C. Onuoha (Evangel University Akaeze, Nigeria); Stephen K. Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley I. Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Given that the development of renewable energy is regarded as a sustainable alternative to the realization of environmental quality, it is not surprising that the discussion of the sustainability of the world’s energy sources continues to expand. While renewable energy has a negligible impact on environmental degradation, developing regions like sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is restricted by the capital-intensive investment requirements of the burgeoning renewable energy market. To explore the significance of available funding sources on renewable energy development in the region, this study investigates the influence of public debt on renewable energy consumption (REC) in a panel of 29 SSA countries, in full and sub-regional categorizations. A combination of the instrumental variable generalized method of moment (IV-GMM) approach and the two-stage least squares estimator was applied to achieve the goal of the study. Overall, our findings indicate that public debt, carbon emission, financial development, and economic growth exert a negative and significant linkage with renewable energy, while urbanization has a positive and significant influence. Aware of the study findings, appropriate policy prescriptions are proposed to improve the debt-financed funding for the development of the renewable energy sector in SSA. |
| Keywords: | Public Debt, Renewable Energy, Financial Development, Economic Growth, Carbon Emission |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/031&r=env |
| By: | Favour C. Onuoha (Evangel University Akaeze, Nigeria); Stephen K. Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley I. Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Given that the development of renewable energy is regarded as a sustainable alternative to the realization of environmental quality, it is not surprising that the discussion of the sustainability of the world’s energy sources continues to expand. While renewable energy has a negligible impact on environmental degradation, developing regions like sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is restricted by the capital-intensive investment requirements of the burgeoning renewable energy market. To explore the significance of available funding sources on renewable energy development in the region, this study investigates the influence of public debt on renewable energy consumption (REC) in a panel of 29 SSA countries, in full and sub-regional categorizations. A combination of the instrumental variable generalized method of moment (IV-GMM) approach and the two-stage least squares estimator was applied to achieve the goal of the study. Overall, our findings indicate that public debt, carbon emission, financial development, and economic growth exert a negative and significant linkage with renewable energy, while urbanization has a positive and significant influence. Aware of the study findings, appropriate policy prescriptions are proposed to improve the debt-financed funding for the development of the renewable energy sector in SSA. |
| Keywords: | Public Debt, Renewable Energy, Financial Development, Economic Growth, Carbon Emission |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/031&r=env |
| By: | Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Santos Alfageme, Maria |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, zero emission vehicles, policy, greenhouse gas emissions, low and middle income countries |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6766234x&r=env |
| By: | Kim , Gyu-Pan (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | Japan is mobilizing all its policy capabilities for energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy and hydrogen energy from the perspective of realizing carbon neutrality by 2050. Among them, the overseas development and return of hydrogen energy to Japan and the domestic green hydrogen development are making great progress since the announcement of the basic hydrogen strategy in December 2017. Japan promotes the green growth strategy (December 2020) as a national strategy to achieve the 2030 GHG reduction target of 46% (compared to 2013) (NDC) and to realize ‘carbon neutrality by 2050’. Japan's green growth strategy sets 14 areas as key development industries, including offshore wind power, hydrogen, nuclear power, automobiles and batteries, semiconductors, and information & technology. It also presents action plans in the key 14 areas such as R&D, demonstration projects, introduction expansion, and self-reliance/commercialization according to the growth stage of each area. In this WEB, we would like to explore which part of Japan's energy transition policy and green growth strategy the Korean government will refer to in order to achieve the task of realizing carbon neutrality by 2050, and cooperate with Japanese government. |
| Keywords: | Carbon; Neutrality.; Green; Growth; Strategy |
| Date: | 2023–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2023_008&r=env |
| By: | Clara I. González (Banco de España); Soledad Núñez (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | Climate change and the transition to a low-carbon economy involve the financial system in two ways. First, because it channels the funds needed to make the large investments to comply with the Paris Agreement. Recent years have seen headway, albeit insufficient, in the development of new products, of which green bonds are the most advanced green financing instrument. Second, because of the financial risks associated with climate change and the transition to a low-carbon economy, which affect financial institutions’ balance sheets and are, moreover, systemic. This means that financial institutions have to assess these risks and their exposure to both of them, although it is not an easy task. There are still obstacles and challenges to overcome, such as the lack of a complete taxonomy that comprises what is “green” and what is not green, the lack of information on and knowledge of appropriate methodologies, and the long and uncertain time horizon of these risks, which calls for rolling out new skills and integrating these risks in the whole of the organisation, as well as taking a forward-looking approach. Lastly, central banks’ responsibilities regarding bank supervision, financial stability, asset management and monetary policy also make it necessary for them to analyse the potential systemic implications they may have for the economy and the financial system as a whole in order to incorporate climate-change issues into their supervisory and macro-prudential practices, into the portfolio management of their own portfolios, and, within their mandates, in their monetary policy framework. The progress made in recent years by financial markets, financial institutions and central banks has been significant although there is still a way to go. |
| Keywords: | climate change, financial risks, financial stability, green bonds, central banks, sustainable finance |
| JEL: | G10 G20 E58 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2126&r=env |
| By: | Lehmann, Paul; Tafarte, Philip |
| Abstract: | Exclusion zones, like protected areas or setback distances, are the most common policy instrument to mitigate environmental impacts of human land-use, including the deployment of renewable energy sources. While exclusion zones may provide environmental benefits, they may also bring about opportunity costs. This paper aims to understand and quantify the drivers determining the opportunity costs related to environmental exclusion zones. Using a simple analytical model, we propose that opportunity costs of exclusion zones can be decomposed into a substitution effect (because production is shifted to sites with higher or lower marginal production costs) and an output effect (because more sites may be needed to satisfy demand for produced goods). We provide a numerical illustration for the opportunity costs for two examples of environmental exclusion zones - setback distances to settlements and forest bans - which are implemented for wind power deployment in Germany. The numerical illustration builds on a spatially explicit optimization model using GIS data for more than 100, 000 potential wind turbine sites in Germany. Our analysis reveals that opportunity costs may primarily arise in terms of higher local environmental impacts of wind power generation. Opportunity costs are mainly due to the output effect for setback distances, and the substitution effect for forest bans. We also show that the actual sign and size of opportunity costs depends a lot on the cost criteria under consideration as well as the type and stringency of the environmental exclusion zone. Our analysis emphasizes the importance to properly understand possible opportunity costs, and compare them carefully with possible benefits when implementing exclusion zones. Interestingly, our analysis also shows that very restrictive setback distances may not be recommendable at all: In our analysis they turn out to increase the total disamenity costs produced by wind power deployment - contrary to the policy objective pursued by this instrument. We believe that our analytical insights are also helpful when thinking about the impacts of environmental exclusion zones applied to other fields of environmental policy, such as urban development or agriculture. |
| Keywords: | forest, Germany, land use, land-use restriction, setback distances, spatial modelling, wind power |
| JEL: | Q23 Q24 Q28 Q42 R14 R32 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:22023&r=env |
| By: | Anthony Liu; Rubal Dua; Wei-Min Hu; Arthur Lin Ku (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Can voluntary carbon emission reduction pledges, such as the nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement, result in significant emission reductions? According to prominent experts such as Nordhaus (2015), Barrett (2005), and Weitzman (2019), free-riding is unavoidable in cooperative situations based on voluntary agreements. If their assessments are correct, each country’s nationally determined contribution is unreliable. Countries will strategically promise large cuts while making only minor emission reductions. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Circular Carbon Economy, Climate change, Competitiveness |
| Date: | 2023–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2022-dp11&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Rudolfs Bems; Lukas Boehnert; Mr. Andrea Pescatori; Martin Stuermer |
| Abstract: | Limiting climate change requires a 80 percent reduction in fossil fuel extraction until 2050. What are the macroeconomic consequences for fossil fuel producing countries? We identify 35 episodes of persistent, exogenous declines in extraction based on a new data-set for 13 minerals (oil, gas, coal, metals) and 122 countries since 1950. We use local projections to estimate effects on real output as well as the external and the domestic sectors. Declines in extractive activity lead to persistent negative effects on real GDP and the trade balance. The real exchange rate depreciates but not enough to offset the decline in net exports. Effects on low-income countries are significantly larger than on high-income countries. Results suggest that legacy effects of bad institutions could prevent countries from benefiting from lower resource extraction. |
| Keywords: | Resource-rich countries; energy transition; fossil fuels; macroeconomics; development; climate policies |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/097&r=env |
| By: | Jayan, Vishnu |
| Abstract: | Due to climate change, all countries in the world are trying to change energy production from fossil fuel to renewable energy resources. Solar is the most acceptable energy alternative because of the cheap cost of Solar Photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity and the availability of sunlight which is the energy source. India also brings some policy interventions to change the energy production paradigm from fossil fuels to renewable fuels. The study briefly discusses solar parks, an idea of a centralized solar energy production system to generate more energy from renewable, echo-friendly ways to fight against climate change, and its distribution and progress using available data and tools like GIS. |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4nurv&r=env |
| By: | Coenen, Günter; Lozej, Matija; Priftis, Romanos |
| Abstract: | We use scenario analysis to assess the macroeconomic effects of carbon transition policies aimed at mitigating climate change. To this end, we employ a version of the ECB’s New Area-Wide Model (NAWM) augmented with a framework of disaggregated energy production and use, which distinguishes between “dirty” and “clean” energy. Our central transition scenario is that of a permanent increase in carbon taxes, which are levied as a surcharge on the price of dirty energy. Our findings suggest that increasing euro area carbon taxes to an interim target level consistent with the transition to a net-zero economy entails a transitory rise in inflation and a lasting, albeit moderate decline in GDP. We show that the short and medium-term effects depend on the monetary policy reaction, on the path of the carbon tax increase and on its credibility, while expanding clean energy supply is key for containing the decline in GDP. Undesirable distributional effects can be addressed by redistributing the fiscal revenues from the carbon tax increase to low-income households. JEL Classification: C54, E52, E62, H23, Q43 |
| Keywords: | carbon taxation, climate change, DSGE model, euro area, monetary policy, fiscal policy |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20232819&r=env |
| By: | Shim, David |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the visual dimension of climate activism by exploring how Fridays for Future Germany (FFFG) uses visual imagery to convey the politics of climate change to wider audiences. The author argues that FFFG is an ideal-type form of visual activism in which visual imagery is central to its climate activism. The paper builds on climate change communication scholarship and visual social movement studies to contribute an inquiry about FFFG's visual activism. The focus is on FFFG's visual self-representations, which promises to give insights into its strategies of self-legitimation. The empirical analysis identifies recurring visual patterns in FFFG's visual activism and provides an interpretive reading about the implications of certain ways of seeing and showing climate change. The conclusion puts the findings in a wider political context, highlighting the importance of visualization in the (self-)legitimation of FFFG in debates about global climate governance. |
| Keywords: | Fridays for Future, visual activism, climate change communication, environmental communication, social movements, imaginaries/narratives, visibility |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:khkgcr:33&r=env |
| By: | Sidhoum, Amer Ait; Mennig, Philipp; Frick, Fabian |
| Abstract: | This study offers a novel empirical application for assessing the impact of agri-environment schemes (AES) on the performance of farms. The existing evidence about the environmental and economic impact of these schemes is still limited. Therefore, our objective is to contribute to the literature on the impact evaluation of AES by considering three important aspects in our empirical analysis. First, the performance of farms is proxied by an indicator that incorporates environmental externalities into production activities. Second, our empirical analysis focuses on a sample of Bavarian dairy farms covering the period 2013-2018, thus, we can evaluate the effectiveness of Europe’s agri-environmental schemes during the latest programming period. Finally, in an effort to increase robustness, we employ an improved version of the MalmquistLuenberger productivity index, which enables us to get around some of the shortcomings of the original index. The obtained results suggest that agri-environment payments have a limited effect on improving farm-level green productivity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334513&r=env |
| By: | Henrique S. Basso (Banco de España); Ourania Dimakou (URJC); Myroslav Pidkuyko (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | The prominence of emission mitigation policies calls for an understanding of their potential distributional impact. To assess the distributional heterogeneity, we quantify and analyse the consumption emission intensity, defined as carbon emissions per unit of consumption, across households in Spain. With the exception of the poorest households, emission intensity decreases with income and peaks for households whose head is middle-aged (40 years old). Moreover, households whose main earner is less educated and male emit more per unit of expenditure. Thus, emission mitigation policies may disproportionately impact middle-aged households whose income is around €1, 000, and whose head is male and less educated. |
| Keywords: | carbon taxes, carbon caps, emission allowances, household expenditure, CO2 emission intensity |
| JEL: | E21 E31 D12 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2309&r=env |
| By: | Michela Limardi (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, RIME-Lab - Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Management et Économie Lab - ULR 7396 - UA - Université d'Artois - Université de Lille); Morgane Tanvé (RIME-Lab - Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Management et Économie Lab - ULR 7396 - UA - Université d'Artois - Université de Lille) |
| Abstract: | Environmental campaigns are designed to induce a change in human behavior through more environmental friendly actions. However, the main motivations behind an individual environmental behavior are still under debate. We want to investigate if an anti-environmental behavior might depend on some social values (preferences) or a lack of information. We use an original survey conducted by a French Non-profit Organization to assess the effectiveness of its drug recycle policies. We conduct first a probit analysis of the probability that an individual recycle drugs. Then, we exploit a question in the survey where the interviewer provides the information to non recycling respondents on how it works the drugs recycle process. We estimate the difference among non recycling respondents with respect to their intent to change their recycling behavior, once this information is received. We find that the information does not provide an incentive to change the behavior to non recycling respondents with a low degree of environmental awareness, while it has a positive impact for non-recycling respondents with a higher degree of environmental awareness. A better understanding of the motivations behind anti-environmental behavior might help to design more effective environmental campaigns (informative versus persuasive). |
| Keywords: | NGOs, Environmental Policy, Anti-environmental behavior |
| Date: | 2023–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-04102549&r=env |
| By: | Ashwin Ram Sridharan (Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India); Zareena Begum Irfan ((Corresponding author), Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Water is considered as a wicked problem and hence relying on a linear and reductionist approach may no longer seems relevant in solving such complex systems. This paper adopts a system thinking principle to understand various water economy and environment challenges across sectors. System thinking has been evolving and increasingly being used to understand Complex Dynamic Systems. Based on a systematic review of literature, the present study has developed a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) capturing key variables pertaining to quality aspects of water crisis. CLD are believed to create a broader and holistic understanding of the water management challenges by clearly exhibiting the relationship between the key variables. The CLD highlight the existing water pollution related challenges in India and proposes a pathway for sustainable management of water resources across agriculture, industry and domestic sectors. Though this paper discusses CLD based on Indian scenario, it holds good for any developing countries context. |
| Keywords: | Water Security, Water Scarcity, Water Use Efficiency, System Thinking, Causal Loop Diagrams |
| JEL: | Q20 Q25 Q28 Q51 Q53 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2020-201&r=env |
| By: | Schmitz, Nele; Krause, Andreas; Lüdtke, Jan |
| Abstract: | There is a need for economic restructuring (also called transformation) to safeguard our natural resources, which our economy relies upon. To address global challenges in the use of bio-resources, the three dimensions of sustainable development need to be accounted for: environmental, social, economic. System thinking is the foundation of a sustainable circular bio-economy. Having the entire forestry sector, which is the entire forest product value system, in view is needed to (i) enable biomass use in a series, and to (ii) manage conflicts over the various forest demands. Sustainable resource allocation depends on the context. To implement a sustainable circular bio-economy there is no one best option. Depending on the given situation, there are various resource value retention (R) strategies that can be combined in various cascades. The literature studied for this report, recommends governments to better coordinate policies, within and across domains, to drive the transition to a sustainable circular bio-economy. The focus should be on reducing waste instead of on managing waste, using market incentives and targets. Businesses are advised to integrate technological innovations in circular business models, based on a diversity of products and partners for an increased resilience. Innovations should focus on extending product and resource life-time for maximal resource valorisation. Researchers could speed up innovations through the collection of data across the complex supply chain network, and by coordinating research across disciplines. A transition towards a sustainable circular bio-economy can bring many potential benefits. Resource value retention strategies, enabling wood use in multi-stage cascades can secure jobs, resource supply as well as healthy ecosystems. The biggest hindrance for action, so far, is the not well thought out path. Therefore, this report ends with a guide to start discussions, across the forestry sector, on all practicalities and consequences of a transition. Only in this way, the concrete meaning of a transition for forest resource supply and use can become clear, opening the way for action plans. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwo:335142&r=env |
| By: | Grégoire Garsous; Mark Mateo; Jonas Teusch; Konstantinos Theodoropoulos; Astrid Tricaud; Kurt van Dender |
| Abstract: | Building on an approach pioneered in the OECD’s Taxing Energy Use for Sustainable Development report, this paper develops a methodology to estimate effective carbon rates net of pre-tax fossil fuel support: the Net Effective Carbon Rates (Net ECR). This exercise is made possible by combining the two OECD databases: the Taxing Energy Use and Effective Carbon Rates database (the backbone of the newly established OECD series on Carbon Pricing and Energy Taxation) and the Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels. The paper then explores potential use cases of this new indicator. In particular, it explains how the Net ECR can be used to calculate fossil fuel support (FFS) against external carbon pricing benchmarks and why such an approach facilitates comparisons of FFS across countries and over time. The paper’s conclusions include avenues for future research. |
| JEL: | H23 Q41 Q54 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ctpaaa:61-en&r=env |
| By: | Kotz, Maximilian; Kuik, Friderike; Lis, Eliza; Nickel, Christiane |
| Abstract: | Understanding of the macroeconomic effects of climate change is developing rapidly, but the implications for past and future inflation remain less well understood. Here we exploit a global dataset of monthly consumer price indices to identify the causal impacts of changes in climate on inflation, and to assess their implications under future warming. Flexibly accounting for heterogenous impacts across seasons and baseline climatic and socio-economic conditions, we find that increased average temperatures cause non-linear upwards inflationary pressures which persist over 12 months in both higher- and lower-income countries. Projections from state-of-the-art climate models show that in the absence of historically un-precedented adaptation, future warming will cause global increases in annual food and headline inflation of 0.92-3.23 and 0.32-1.18 percentage-points per year respectively, under 2035 projected climate (uncertainty range across emission scenarios, climate models and empirical specifications), as well as altering the seasonal dynamics of inflation. Moreover, we estimate that the 2022 summer heat extreme increased food inflation in Europe by 0.67 (0.43-0.93) percentage-points and that future warming projected for 2035 would amplify the impacts of such extremes by 50%. These results suggest that climate change poses risks to price stability by having an upward impact on inflation, altering its seasonality and amplifying the impacts caused by extremes. JEL Classification: Q54, E31, C33 |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate physical risk, inflation dynamics |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20232821&r=env |
| By: | Juan Ignacio Iba\~nez; Alexander Freier |
| Abstract: | For more than a decade, Bitcoin has gained as much adoption as it has received criticism. Fundamentally, Bitcoin is under fire for the high carbon footprint that results from the energy-intensive proof-of-work (PoW) consensus algorithm. There is a trend however for Bitcoin mining to adopt a trajectory toward achieving carbon-negative status, notably due to the adoption of methane-based mining and mining-based flexible load response (FLR) to complement variable renewable energy (VRE) generation. Miners and electricity sellers may increase their profitability not only by taking advantage of excess energy, but also by selling green tokens to buyers interested in greening their portfolios. Nevertheless, a proper ''green Bitcoin'' accounting system requires a standard framework for the accreditation of sustainable bitcoin holdings. The proper way to build such a framework remains contested. In this paper, we survey the different sustainable Bitcoin accounting systems. Analyzing the various alternatives, we suggest a path forward. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.01815&r=env |
| By: | Glass, Catherine A.; Burgess, Diane E. |
| Abstract: | Catchment-based management approaches to improving water quality have become a popular alternative in recent years to costly water treatment which deals with the consequences of water quality issues rather than tackling them at source. These schemes have the potential to deliver multiple benefits including improvements to water quality, carbon benefits, enhanced biodiversity, greater amenity value, reduced flood risk and benefits to the local economy. However, more evidence is needed to demonstrate their cost-effectiveness. This paper reports on a cost-benefit analysis of a catchment management scheme called the Land Incentive Scheme (LIS) undertaken in the Derg catchment on the Ireland/Northern Ireland border. To calculate benefits, the Avoided Cost Method is used which provides a lower bound on the economic value of the water quality improvements secured by the scheme. Projected over a 30-year period, estimates of the benefits and costs of the LIS show that for every £1 invested there would be £3.36 worth of benefits. The majority of cost savings are achieved because regulatory breaches trigger substantial capital and operational spend that could be avoided with effective catchment management. This study shows that ‘Avoided Cost’ is a credible valuation method which can provide compelling evidence for water companies and policymakers to support investment in catchment-based approaches. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334563&r=env |
| By: | Michela Limardi (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, RIME-Lab - Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Management et Économie Lab - ULR 7396 - UA - Université d'Artois - Université de Lille) |
| Abstract: | Environmental campaigns aim to increase the environmental awareness of individuals and induce a pro-environmental behavior. One of the criteria used to assess the effectiveness of a campaign is to ask people if they recall the campaign. However, a bias may exist in recalling campaigns according to the environmental behavior of individuals. The goal of this is study to measure this potential recall bias. We use an original survey conducted by a French Non-profit Organization in Paris region to assess the effectiveness of its drug recycle campaigns. We first conduct a probit analysis of the probability of an individual remembering the campaign and then we apply the difference-indifference method. Our findings show that there is a systematic recall bias of the campaigns according to the environmental behavior of the respondent. This recall bias might be related to the type of message delivered. This finding implies that deeper reflection is needed in order to find the right message to succefully reach the target group of environmental campaigns, i.e. individuals with low environmental awareness. |
| Keywords: | NGOs, Environmental Campaigns, Pro-environmental behavior |
| Date: | 2022–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-04102538&r=env |
| By: | Filomena, Mattia; Picchio, Matteo |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of temperatures on work-related accident rates in Italy by using daily data on weather conditions matched to administrative daily data on work-related accidents. The identification strategy of the causal effect relies on the plausible exogeneity of short-term daily temperature variations in a given spatial unit. We find that both high and cold temperatures impair occupational health by increasing workplace injury rates. The positive effect of warmer weather conditions on work-related accident rates is larger for men, in manufacturing and service sectors, and for workplace injuries. Colder temperatures lead to a substantial increase in commuting accidents, especially during rainy days. |
| Keywords: | climate change, temperatures, weather conditions, work-related accidents, job safety |
| JEL: | J28 J81 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1280&r=env |
| By: | John Bistline; Neil Mehrotra; Catherine Wolfram |
| Abstract: | The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) represents the largest federal response to climate change to date. We highlight the key climate provisions and assess the Act's potential economic impacts. Substantially higher investments in clean energy and electric vehicles imply that fiscal costs may be larger than projected. However, even at the high end, IRA provisions remain cost-effective. IRA has large impacts on power sector investments and electricity prices, lowering retail electricity rates and resulting in negative prices in some wholesale markets. We find small quantitative macroeconomic effects including a small decline in headline inflation, but macroeconomic conditions–particularly higher interest rates and materials costs–may have substantial negative effects on clean energy investment. We show that the subsidy approach in IRA has expansionary supply-side effects relative to a carbon tax but, in a representative-agent dynamic model, is preferable to a carbon tax only in the presence of a strong learning-by-doing externality. We also discuss the economics of the industrial policy aspects of the act as well as the distributional impacts and the possible incidence of the different tax credits in IRA. |
| JEL: | E20 L94 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31267&r=env |
| By: | Jacobsen, Mark; Sallee, James; Shapiro, Joseph; van Benthem, Arthur A. |
| Abstract: | What is a feasible and efficient policy to regulate air pollution from vehicles? A Pigouvian tax is technologically infeasible. Most countries instead rely on exhaust standards that limit air pollution emissions per mile for new vehicles. We assess the effectiveness and efficiency of these standards, which are the centerpiece of US Clean Air Act regulation of transportation, and counterfactual policies. We show that the air pollution emissions per mile of new US vehicles has fallen spectacularly, by over 99 percent, since standards began in 1967. Several research designs with a half century of data suggest that exhaust standards have caused most of this decline. Yet exhaust standards are not cost-effective in part because they fail to encourage scrap of older vehicles, which account for the majority of emissions. To study counterfactual policies, we develop an analytical and a quantitative model of the vehicle fleet. Analysis of these models suggests that tighter exhaust standards increase social welfare and that increasing registration fees on dirty vehicles yields even larger gains by accelerating scrap, though both reforms have complex effects on inequality. |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-18&r=env |
| By: | Islam, Tania; Almas, Lak K.; Guerrero, Bridget; Kibria, Md. Golam |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea22:335304&r=env |
| By: | Will, Christian; Zimmermann, Florian; Ensslen, Axel; Fraunholz, Christoph; Jochem, Patrick; Keles, Dogan |
| Abstract: | Growing numbers of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe will have an increasing impact on the electricity system. Using the agent-based simulation model PowerACE for ten electricity markets in Central Europe, we analyze how different charging strategies impact price levels and production- as well as consumption-based carbon emissions in France and Germany. The applied smart charging strategies consider spot market prices and/or real-time production from renewable energy sources. While total European carbon emissions do not change significantly in response to the charging strategy due to the comparatively small energy consumption of the electric vehicle fleet, our results show that all smart charging strategies reduce price levels on the spot market and lower total curtailment of renewables. Here, charging processes optimized according to hourly prices have the strongest effect. Furthermore, smart charging strategies reduce electricity purchasing costs for aggregators by about 10% compared to uncontrolled charging. In addition, the strategies allow aggregators to communicate near-zero allocated emissions for charging vehicles. An aggregator's charging strategy expanding classic electricity cost minimization by limiting total national PEV demand to 10% of available electricity production from renewable energy sources leads to the most favorable results in both metrics, purchasing costs and allocated emissions. Finally, aggregators and plug-in electric vehicle owners would benefit from the availability of national, real-time Guarantees of Origin and the respective scarcity signals for renewable production. |
| Keywords: | Energy system analysis, Electric mobility, Smart charging, Electricity markets, CO2 emissions, Renewable energies |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitiip:69&r=env |
| By: | Vermeulen, Sam; Cools, Jan; Staes, Jan; Van Passel, Steven |
| Abstract: | Due to climate change, the frequency and intensity of droughts are expected to increase. To improve resilience to droughts, proactive drought management is essential. Economic assessments are typically included to decide on the drought risk-reducing investments to make. The choice of both methods and scope of economic assessments influences the outcome, and thus the investment choice. This paper reviews 14 actual economic assessments, evaluating the methods used based on seven criteria for economic assessments as derived from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The results show that in practice, economic assessments rarely address all criteria. Applying a limited number of criteria reduces the scope and narrows the approach, possibly leading to the underestimation of drought risk reduction approaches’ related benefits. Applying the seven criteria in practice will improve the results of economic assessments of drought risk reduction measures, allowing for optimal investment selection. Based on the different criteria, a Framework for Economic Assessments of Drought Risk-Reducing Applications (FEADRRA) is set up to aid decision-makers. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334519&r=env |
| By: | Cécile Couharde; Rémi Generoso |
| Abstract: | The paper assesses the financial cost of federal farm programs in mitigating income losses due to drier conditions expected from climate change. Our study encompasses agricultural-producing counties within the conterminous United States during the census years from 2002 to 2017. We quantify historical drought patterns and their projected trends for the near (2020-2049) and more distant (2030-2059) future, using climate reanalysis data and 20 downscaled global circulation model products from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5. We estimate the relationship between federal agricultural payments and climate change by analyzing how farm income losses due to drier conditions affect the magnitude and distribution of these payments under the RCP 8.5 scenario. We predict that, under unmitigated climate change, payments from federal farm program should significantly increase to maintain their income–stabilization capacity, with a greater likelihood |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Farm income, Federal farm payments, Uncertainty |
| JEL: | Q12 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2023-18&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | December 14th, 2022, Viêt Nam with G7 countries plus Denmark and Norway issued a political declaration to establish a Just Energy Transition Partnership. This nonbinding agreement aims to mobilize at least 15.5-billion-USD over the next 3 to 5 years, half as private finance and half as public sector finance. To be prepared by November 2023, the Resource Mobilization Plan (RMP) should support Vietnam's green transition, including these quantified objectives: peaking electricity sector emissions at 170-MtCO2e in 2030; peaking the coal-fired power generation capacity at 30.2-GW; producing 47% of electricity from renewable sources in 2030. This report aims to establish a common understanding to ease the next step: the RMP negotiation. The story is about a group of rich countries seeking to help a middle-income country switch to renewable energy. It starts with a reminder of Vietnam's energy transition context, which has shown impressive gains in the last four years. It then describes the JETP mechanism as a country platform, reviewing the South Africa pathfinder to introduce the Vietnam case, before examining how JETP fit in the international 3nance and climate diplomacy context. Next, it analyzes the two sides of the deal: the pledge to increase the public and private financial Bows into Vietnam's energy sector and the promise to boost Vietnam's GHG emissions reductions. Afer discussing Justice, Technology Transfer, and Finance, the report concludes with a summary of the vision implicit in the JETP political declaration. A comprehensive bibliography on Vietnam's JETP, the verbatim JETP Political Declaration, excerpts from Vietnam's COP26 implementation plan, and our interview protocol including a detailed vision for the JETP implementation are annexed. |
| Keywords: | JETP, Vietnam, Energy transition, Development, Cooperation, Climate Finance |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04094268&r=env |
| By: | Moreno-Cruz, Juan; Harding, Anthony |
| Abstract: | Strategic interventions among nations are likely to differ across the portfolio of possible climate change policies, including mitigation, adaptation, and solar geoengineering. With this in mind, we propose a theory of climate policy-motivated foreign intervention to study different forms of international climate governance in the presence of power imbalance. Foreign countries have at least three options to intervene in another country’s domestic climate policy: a) agreements with extraction, b) agreements with transfers, and c) agreements with sanctions. We distill the fundamental properties of different climate-policy options into a simple parameterization and examine the incentives and preferences for each type of foreign intervention. We find that the preference for the type of intervention depends critically on the policy externality of different domestic climate policies. |
| Date: | 2023–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-24&r=env |
| By: | Fatih Karanfil; Luc Desire Omgba (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | The energy transition toward decarbonization is expected to impact producers of fossil fuels. However, oil-exporting countries are currently key players in the modern economy. Thus, the energy transition will not be successful if state revenues in these countries are not stably maintained. These countries can protect themselves against revenue volatility and mitigate carbon risk by diversifying their economies. However, export diversification appears to be particularly challenging for many oil-producing countries. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Circular Carbon Economy, Climate change, Competitiveness |
| Date: | 2023–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2022-dp21&r=env |
| By: | S. Madhumitha (Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India); Anubhab Pattanayak ((Corresponding author), Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India); K.S. Kavi Kumar (Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural intensification and technological specialisation have led to the prevalence of mono-culture in India. Diversity within crop species has been gradually declining since the advent of Green Revolution in the 1960s. With increasingly frequent weather shocks, agricultural systems face the risk of yield and income losses. A quantitative assessment of district level agricultural data for the period 1966-2015 is used to understand whether crop diversification can cushion yield and income losses for farmers during droughts. The results indicate that diversification enhanced resilience during a rainfall deficit period in the Green Revolution period. However, in the post-Green Revolution period, increased specialization mitigated the adverse effects of rainfall deficit. When simultaneous occurrence of rainfall deficit and high temperature is considered as an alternative characterization of drought, crop diversity did not provide any insulation against such weather extremes. In the absence of any weather extremes, monoculture is found to be more lucrative owing to both supply and demand side factors like improved inputs, irrigation and infrastructure facilities, government’s support prices and pattern of consumption demand. Spatial trends in crop diversification also revealed some anomalies to these general results since some states in the country have unique cropping patterns. |
| Keywords: | Crop diversity; Drought; Indian agriculture; Green Revolution |
| JEL: | Q10 Q15 Q54 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2021-205&r=env |
| By: | Liu, Zhaoyang; Banerjee, Simanti; Cason, Timothy N.; Hanley, Nick; Liu, Qi; Xu, Jintao; Kontoleon, Andreas |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a framed field experiment from China studying a spatially coordinated (SC) auction mechanism for the allocation of agri-environmental contracts, which pay farmers to change their agricultural practices to provide environmental benefits. The SC auction is designed to maximise a metric of environmental benefit that depends both on site-specific environmental values and benefits due to spatial coordination of conserved patches, subject to a budget constraint. We investigate whether auction performance can be improved by the introduction of agglomeration bonus (AB) and joint bidding (JB) mechanisms. The AB is a bonus payment awarded to neighbouring farmers who bid individually but receive agrienvironmental contracts simultaneously. The JB mechanism allows neighbouring farmers to bid jointly and provides a bonus payment for successful joint bids. We conducted experimental SC auctions with a total of 432 Chinese farmers randomly assigned to one of four treatments which differed in whether the AB and JB mechanisms were adopted, following a two-by-two full factorial experimental design. Our empirical results suggest that the SC auction has similar environmental performance regardless of whether an AB is provided, although cost-effectiveness is 1 slightly higher when AB is not provided. Moreover, introducing the JB mechanism into the SC auction leads to lower environmental performance and lower cost-effectiveness. Finally, the AB mechanism achieves higher environmental performance than the JB mechanism but has similar cost-effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334572&r=env |
| By: | Keivabu, Risto Conte (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research); Cozzani, Marco (University of Florence); Wilde, Joshua (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we combine administrative data for continental Spain from 2010 to 2018 with meteorological data to identify the effect of temperature on fertility. We demonstrate that warm (25-30°C) and hot days (>30°C) decrease total fertility rate (TFR) in Spain, and that the estimated decrease is higher than the effects estimated in previous literature for other countries. Moreover, we show that locations with a colder climate are more vulnerable to the impact of heat. Our results suggest that the global impact of climate change on population dynamics may be understated, especially without adaptation and mitigation measures, and that temperature increases may exacerbate the socio-economic consequences of low fertility such as population ageing. |
| Keywords: | fertility, TFR, temperature, heat, Spain |
| JEL: | J13 J11 J18 I12 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16110&r=env |
| By: | Luiz de Mello; Teresa Ter-Minassian |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the nexus between decarbonisation and intergovernmental fiscal relations, focusing on related challenges and reform options. It highlights the significant role of subnational governments in tackling climate change. Subnational and national governments share responsibilities in areas such as taxation, spending and regulation pertaining to environmental protection, as well as climate change mitigation and adaptation, which calls for effective intergovernmental co-operation to align policy objectives and implementation strategies. The paper outlines decarbonisation requirements across sectors and discusses subnational government involvement in service delivery, investment, revenue generation and regulatory frameworks. Policy options to strengthen subnational contributions to national decarbonisation goals are presented. While focusing primarily on OECD countries, the paper acknowledges the need for improved information on subnational decarbonisation efforts in both advanced and developing countries. |
| JEL: | H23 H70 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ctpaab:43-en&r=env |
| By: | Michael Bechtel (University of Cologne); Michael Cannon (Washington University in St. Louis) |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkpbs:049&r=env |
| By: | Ahmad Naimzada; Marina Pireddu |
| Abstract: | According to the existing empirical literature the price and the exchanged quantity volatility observed in real-world markets may be explained in terms of the endogenous fluctuations generated by the presence of nonlinearities. We then replace with a sigmoid adaptive best response mechanism, characterized by the presence of two horizontal asymptotes, the linear partial best response mechanism considered in Mamada and Perrings (2020), where the effect produced by quadratic emission charges on the dynamics of a Cournot duopoly model with homogeneous goods was investigated. Due to the sigmoid adaptive mechanism, output variation in each period depends also on current production volume. Moreover, the sigmoid nonlinearity, in addition to being well suited to describe the bounded output variations caused by physical, historical and institutional constraints, makes the model able to generate interesting, non-divergent dynamic outcomes, despite the linearity of the demand function and of marginal costs. Additionally, following the suggestion in Mamada and Perrings (2020), we deal with the more general case of differentiated products. Beyond analytically studying the stability of the unique steady state, coinciding with the Nash equilibrium, and the effect produced by the main parameters on the stability region, we propose two dynamical approaches which allow to evaluate the environmental policy efficacy when the Nash equilibrium is not stable and thus the standard comparative statics technique does not fit for the purpose. In particular, the former approach, which is based on a comparison of emissions for different levels of charges, shows that, also in case the Nash equilibrium is not stable, the considered environmental policy may be effective both with complements and with substitutes. The latter approach, consisting in a comparison of emissions along non-stationary trajectories and along the equilibrium path, in the proposed experiments highlights that emissions are larger along non-stationary trajectories. This gives us the opportunity to show how to act on the level of the asymptotes of the sigmoid adjustment mechanism to reduce output variations, reaching at one time a complete stabilization of the system and limiting pollution. |
| Keywords: | Cournot duopoly, emission charges, differentiated goods, sigmoid output adjustment mechanism, environmental policy efficacy, comparative dynamics. |
| JEL: | C61 C62 D43 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:517&r=env |
| By: | Ralf R. Meisenzahl |
| Abstract: | I document how bank lending has changed in response to climate change by analyzing changes in bank loan portfolios since 2012. Using supervisory data providing loan-level portfolios of the largest U.S. banks, I find that banks significantly reduced lending to areas more impacted by climate change starting around 2015. Using flood risk and wildfire risk as proxies for climate risk, I estimate a one standard deviation increase in climate risk reduces county-level balances in banks’ portfolios by up to 4.7 percent between 2014 and 2020 in counties with large loan balances. The aggregate trend masks considerable heterogeneity. Banks reduced lending more for the riskier loans (HELOCs, CRE) and to borrowers with high credit risk. However, banks expanded lending, including riskier loans, to borrowers with the lowest credit risk in areas more impacted by climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Bank Lending; portfolio reallocation; Bank risk management |
| JEL: | G21 |
| Date: | 2023–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedhwp:96039&r=env |
| By: | Medhavi Sandhani (Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India); Anubhab Pattanayak ((Corresponding author), Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India); K.S. Kavi Kumar (Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India) |
| Abstract: | This study examines climate change impact on economic growth in the Indian context. Using state and district level data on climate variables and growth rate of per capita real GDP, the present study evaluates the short- as well as medium-run effects of climate change on growth. The results based on state-level analysis are suggestive of negative effects of rising temperature on growth during 1980-2019. These aggregate level results are further reinforced by the results from district-level analysis. First, higher temperatures have significant negative impact for poorer districts with a 1?C rise in temperature leading to nearly 4.7 percent fall in growth rate of district per capita income. Second, higher temperatures not only have level effects, but also growth effects, especially for richer districts. Credit access, electrification and urbanization and increased roads and market network may play a significant role in mitigating the negative impact of climate change |
| Keywords: | Regional Growth; Climate Change; India |
| JEL: | E23 O13 Q54 R11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2020-204&r=env |
| By: | Balaine, Lorraine; Buckley, Cathal; Breen, James; Krol, Dominika |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector is increasingly under pressure to participate in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction effort. At the farm level, significant improvements can be achieved through the adoption of new technologies. This study explores the heterogeneity in the effect of GHG mitigation strategies across the distribution of GHG emissions on Irish dairy farms. The econometric analysis is performed on an unbalanced panel dataset by using fixed effects (FE) unconditional quantile regression models. The preliminary results reveal that GHG mitigation strategies have a differential effect across the distribution of GHG emissions, with two main implications. First, the findings suggest that relying on estimations of a technology’s effect at the mean can be somewhat misleading as this does not reflect the effect of heterogeneity. Second, the study shows that the effect of GHG mitigation strategies is larger for high emitting farms than for low emitting farms. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334540&r=env |
| By: | Steffen Peters (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Erich Striessnig; Maria Rita Testa (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Alessandra Trimarchi (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Natalie Nitsche (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | -Climate change is one of the central challenges for contemporary societies. It is widely discussed as triggering “climate anxiety, ” and as dampening the desire to reproduce, particularly among young people. Conversely, parenthood could affect people’s attitudes and behaviors toward the environment. Empirically, however, little is known about this potentially reciprocal relationship due to the lack of longitudinal data of sufficient temporal scope. Our study extends this debate using unique data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP), which contains both full fertility histories and yearly measures of environmental concerns (1984 to 2020). We follow individuals born between 1965 and 2000 through time and investigate a) whether environmental concerns predict first birth quantum and timing, and b) whether environmental concern trajectories vary between eventual parents and the childless. Results show no significant relationship between environmental concerns early in or throughout the life course and first birth timing or quantum, except for individuals born before 1970, who delayed parenthood if they had substantial environmental concerns. Moreover, while some differences in environmental concern trajectories between eventual parents and the childless are found, they seem to be largely rooted in unobserved heterogeneity. |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2023-023&r=env |
| By: | Naudé, Wim (RWTH Aachen University) |
| Abstract: | The economic expansion witnessed in the last 0, 08% of modern human history is an anomalous event. It has been compared to a "rocket ship that took off five seconds ago, and nobody knows where it's going." This paper explores the destiny of this rocket ship. It shows that economic growth cannot continue indefinitely and critically reviews Green Growth and Degrowth as responses to planetary overshoot. It concludes that neither Green Growth nor Degrowth will stop overshoot. Moreover, Degrowth may worsen the environment, is a costly method to reduce carbon emissions, is a form of austerity for the working class, is redundant, and is politically infeasible. Finally, a third approach beyond Green Growth and Degrowth is outlined: acceptance of an inevitable societal collapse (as a feature, and not a bug, of complexity) and managing such a collapse to minimise harm, and to get rid of obsolete structures. This may lay the foundation for rebound growth, and a transition to a new kind of economy, which could be as qualitatively different from the current global economy as the industrial world differed from the hunter-gatherer world. |
| Keywords: | Green Growth, Degrowth, energy, ecology, development, collapse |
| JEL: | O40 O33 D01 D64 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16139&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik; João Tovar Jalles |
| Abstract: | What is the impact of climate change on inflation and growth dynamics? This is not a simple question to answer as climate shocks tend to be ubiquitous, but with opposing effects simultaneously on demand and supply. The extent of which climate-related shocks affect inflation and economic growth also depends on long-run scarring in the economy and the country’s fiscal and institutional capacity to support recovery. In this paper, we use the local projection method to empirically investigate how climate shocks, as measured by climate-induced natural disasters, influence inflation and economic growth in a large panel of countries over the period 1970–2020. The results shows that both inflation and real GDP growth respond significantly but also differently in terms of direction and magnitude to different types of disasters caused by climate change. We split the full sample of countries into income groups—advanced economies and developing countries—and find a striking contrast in the impact of climate shocks on inflation and growth according to income level, state of the economy, and fiscal space when the shock hits. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; natural disasters; inflation; growth; local projections; panel data |
| Date: | 2023–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/087&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Le Coent (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Cécile Hérivaux (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Javier Calatrava (UPCT - Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena / Technical University of Cartagena); Roxane Marchal (Caisse Centrale de Réassurance - parent); David Moncoulon (Caisse Centrale de Réassurance - parent); Camilo Benitez-Avila (Deltares [The Netherlands]); Mónica Altamirano (TU Delft - Delft University of Technology); Amandine Gnonlonfin (UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Ali Douai (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Guillaume Piton (UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Kieran Dartée (Fields Factors); Thomas Biffin (Fields Factors); Nabila Arfaoui (UCLy - Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy)); Nina Graveline (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Evidence are dearly needed to understand under which conditions it is relevant for decisions makers to invest in NBS for water-related risk. This chapter presents the methodological framework developed for the economic assessment of NBS for water-related risks and its application to seven case studies. We particularly develop methods for the evaluation of implementation and opportunity costs, the assessment of the reduction of damage costs, and the monetary value of co-benefits. The study confirms that the cost of implementation and maintenance of NBS strategies is lower than the cost of grey solutions for the same level of water risk management, emphasizing the better cost-effectiveness of these solutions. Benefits in terms of avoided damages are however generally not sufficient to cover investment and maintenance costs. Co-benefits represent the largest share of the value generated by NBS strategies. The overall cost-benefit analysis implemented in four cases, is positive in three case studies and negative in one. This confirms the importance to carry out thorough economic assessments for the elaboration of Natural Assurance Schemes. |
| Keywords: | Nature Based Solution, Economic assessment, Ecosystem service, Flood risk |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04093533&r=env |
| By: | Kosuke Aoki (University of Tokyo); Jouchi Nakajima (Hitotsubashi University); Masato Takahashi (Bank of Japan); Tomoyuki Yagi (Bank of Japan); Kotone Yamada (Bank of Japan) |
| Abstract: | Recently the efforts toward decarbonization are spreading both in Japan and abroad. In this paper, we examine the developments in Japan's energy intensity, a measure of energy efficiency, and their background at the aggregate and sectoral levels. The main results are as follows. Energy efficiency in Japan improved considerably between the 1970s and the 1980s, mainly due to the progress in energy-saving technical changes in the business sector. Although the pace of improvement decelerated on the whole from the 1990s to the first half of the 2000s, Japan's energy efficiency has returned to a moderate improving trend, particularly in the household sector, in recent years. Our estimate using a simple model of the household sector shows that the recent improvement in aggregate energy efficiency may reflect households' purchases and utilization of energy-saving goods produced by the business sector. Further efforts are expected to be made in each sector to achieve carbon neutrality. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Carbon Neutrality; Energy Efficiency; Technical Change |
| JEL: | E21 E22 H23 Q54 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojwps:wp23e10&r=env |
| By: | Amolegbe, Khadijat Busola; Fontep, Eugenie Rose; Ahodode, Bernadin Géraud Comlan; Pagal, Emmanuelle Dorcas Mbanga; Ardelkrim, Araar |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of climate shocks and crop diversification on household food security in Nigeria by focusing on gender-disaggregated effects. We combine historical rainfall and temperature datasets with the World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) for Nigeria. Furthermore, we use an adapted version of the crop diversification Weighted Shannon index (WSI) to measure crop diversification. The food security indicators adopted are the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), the reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI), and the per capita food expenditures. We use a set of panel and dynamic panel models for our analysis, and our results show that climate shocks have negative effects on food security, especially in households with men plot managers. However, we find that crop diversification is positively linked to food security. Our results show the need to target policies to encourage crop diversification in households and promote crop diversification components in women empowerment programs. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334551&r=env |
| By: | Alan Feng; Haishi Li; Yulin Wang |
| Abstract: | Are land locked countries subject to sea-level rise risk? We highlight a new mechanism by which physical climate shocks affects countries’ macro-financial performance: the cross-border spillover effects that propagate through international trade. Basing our findings on historical data between 1970 and 2019, we find that climate disasters that strike the transport infrastructure – ports – decrease the affected country’s imports and exports and reduce economic output in major trade partner (both upstream and downstream) countries. Climate disasters reduce stock market returns in the aggregate market and tradable sectors of the major trade partner countries. Exposures to foreign long-term climate change risks reduce the asset price valuations of the tradable sectors at home. As a result, climate adaptation efforts in one country can have a positive impact on macro-financial performance and stability in other countries through international trade. |
| Keywords: | climate risks, international trade, infrastructure, macro-financial stability |
| JEL: | F42 G14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10402&r=env |
| By: | Giorgos Kleftodimos; Nicola Gallai (LEREPS - Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville); Stelios Rozakis; Charilaos Kephaliacos (LEREPS - Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville) |
| Abstract: | Modern agricultural systems use both managed and wild bees in order to secure the provision of pollination services. However, the decline of both bee species due to the increased use of pesticides raises concerns for the supply of pollination services in agriculture. Because European policies seem ineffective in safeguarding bees as they fail to address farmers' socio-economic issues, farmers' adoption rate of friendlier practices by pollinators remains limited. This study uses a farm-level ecological-economic model to explore the potential impacts of changing policy intervention on the provision of pollination services and on farmers' incomes in two characteristic farms in Southwestern France. Moreover, it integrates the economic importance of behavioral interactions between managed and wild bees on crop production. The model assesses farmers' adoption decisions about alternative practices under risk aversion through an optimization choice among several crops, practices (novel/conventional), variable inputs, and pollination activity. The results show that a knowledge of bees' complementarity may facilitate farmers' adoption decisions. Furthermore, they highlight that different levels of Agri-Environmental Schemes and penalties can be efficiently targeted to encourage the implementation of new farming practices in order to preserve pollination services and maintain economically viable farms. |
| Keywords: | Pollination services, Ecological-economic modelling, Whole farm model, Policy scenarios, Agri-environmental policy, Farmers’ adoption decisions |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03223123&r=env |
| By: | Sueur, Cédric (Université de Strasbourg); Fourneret, Eric; Espinosa, Romain |
| Abstract: | We propose a new conceptual framework called "animal capital" to recognize the contribution of animals to human society beyond their immediate material value. Humans directly or indirectly depend on 50, 000 of the approximately eight million animal species on Earth, but in their daily lives, they only interact with a dozen species at most. This limited interaction weakens the stability of current civilizations and contributes to the decline of biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity increases the risk of ecosystem destabilization, higher food insecurity, and pandemic outbreaks. global economic system fails to correctly value the benefits of biodiversity, leading to suboptimal investment in animal protection. Therefore, recognizing the social contribution of non-human animals is crucial for their survival and the survival of humankind. We propose four components of animal capital: material, natural, social, and cultural, which can be linked to the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The material animal capital refers to the products of animals, such as food production and clothing. The natural capital refers to the ecological services provided by animals, such as pollination and pest control. The social capital recognizes the emotional and psychological benefits of animals, such as companionship and emotional support. The cultural capital acknowledges the cultural and historical significance of animals, such as their role in art and literature. We argue that recognizing the contribution of animals to society through the framework of animal capital can lead to more optimal investment in animal protection and conservation. It can also contribute to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, such as the reduction of poverty and hunger, the promotion of good health and well-being, and the protection of life on land. |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:svg7x&r=env |
| By: | Benatti, Nicola; Groiss, Martin; Kelly, Petra; Lopez-Garcia, Paloma |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the impact of changes in environmental regulations on productivity growth at country- and firm-level. We exploit several data sources and the environmen-tal policy stringency index, to evaluate the Porter hypothesis, according to which firms’ productivity can benefit from more stringent environmental policies. By using panel local projections, we estimate the regulatory impact over a five-year horizon. The identification of causal impacts of regulatory changes is achieved by the estimation of firms’ CO2 emissions via a machine learning algorithm. At country- and firm-level, policy tightening affects high-polluters’ productivity negatively and stronger than their less-polluting peers. However, among high-polluting firms, large ones experience positive total factor productivity growth due to easier access to finance and greater innovativeness. Hence, we do not find support for the Porter hypothesis in general. However for technology support policies and firms with the required resources, policy tightening can enhance productivity. JEL Classification: O44, Q52, Q58 |
| Keywords: | emissions, environmental regulation, euro area, Porter hypothesis, productivity |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20232820&r=env |
| By: | Arendarczyk, Bart; Alexander, Peter; Brown, Calum; Rounsevell, Mark |
| Abstract: | Food imports are a critical part of the UK’s food supply, accounting for nearly half of all food consumed domestically. Reliance on imports raises concerns about food security as well as environmental impacts due to land use associated with imported commodities (the land footprint). Previous studies estimate that approximately 10 Mha of agricultural land is used globally outside the UK to produce food destined for the UK. However, previous methods fail to account for marginal yield effects as well as present and future feedbacks between food prices, demand, production, and international trade. Using a global land use modelling framework, LandSyMM, we produce estimates of the global land use impact of UK food and bioenergy imports. We simulate food demand, agricultural production, and trade under a range of global and UK-specific socioeconomic and climate scenarios. We estimate that 42 Mha of agricultural land could be currently linked to UK food and bioenergy imports, trending towards 22-46 Mha by 2070-2079. Given 17 Mha of agricultural land in the UK, our results suggest that UK food imports could have a disproportionate impact on global land use compared to domestic production and should be an important focus for evaluating the environmental consequences of food production. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334509&r=env |
| By: | Gobey, Will; O'Reilly, George; Franzoi, Marco; Giacomini, Francesco |
| Abstract: | The UK has signed significant Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) since leaving the European Union. In some cases, these FTAs have included liberalisation on UK agricultural products, notably beef. The UK Government’s published assessment of these agreements demonstrates that it expects some UK consumption to shift from domestic production to imports. Given the emissions associated with this sector, there is likely to be some offshoring of carbon emissions. This paper sets out a variety of options to estimate and monetise the emissions impacts of this agri-food liberalisation on both the UK and partner countries. We attempt to fully capture the range of global emissions sources, including both domestic and international production and international transport emissions. A recommended approach is set out. We test this approach on the UK’s FTAs with Australia and New Zealand. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334526&r=env |
| By: | Nneli, Amarachi; Dogbe, Wisdom; Revoredo-Giha, Cesar |
| Abstract: | Foods high in fats, sugar and salt (HFSS) have huge impact on public health, climate health, and the economy. As such, it is critical to ascertain how pricing policies could help reduce their consumption in Scotland. This study analysed a secondary data of 3, 260 households from Kantar Worldpanel which comprised of eighteen food categories consumed in Scotland. The primary objective is to simulate the implications of an excise tax imposed on HFSS on food purchases, climate health and consumer welfare using uncompensated own and cross price elasticities estimated from the Exact Affine Stone Index demand model. Two policy scenarios were considered: taxing all HFSS whilst the prices of the remaining foods remained unchanged; and taxing HFSS whilst subsidizing fruit and vegetables with the revenue generated. Results from the study indicate that imposing taxes on HFSS would reduce their consumption due to price effects. Also, a 10 percent tax on HFSS food groups while subsidising fruits and vegetables with the tax revenues simultaneously brought about a 5-9 percent decline in the consumption of HFFS and an 11 percent and 7 percent rise in vegetables and fruits consumption, respectively. Weekly per capita greenhouse gas emission could increase by 2 percent when fruits and vegetables are subsidised with the tax revenues rather than decrease by 3 percent when only HFSS food groups are taxed. Taxing HFSS without any subsidy policy in place was more regressive on consumers than when fruits and vegetables are subsidized. In conclusion, imposing a revenue-neutral HFSS tax policy would result in a trade-off between dietary, welfare and environmental goals. The policy scenario adopted by government would depend on the national goal being pursued. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334527&r=env |
| By: | Maxime Sebbane (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Céline Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur], Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Arnaud Lamy (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse) |
| Abstract: | Hippophagy is a practice that is far from being consensual, even among meat eaters. Horse meat consumption remains limited or is even strongly declining in some countries such as France. However, the nutritional, organoleptic and environmental benefits of this meat invite us to consider horse meat products as a valuable alternative source of protein. This research therefore aims to identify and characterize different profiles of consumers and non-consumers of horse meat in terms of personal values, attitudes, motivations and behaviors. Based on data from a quantitative survey among 482 French meat consumers, we distinguish 4 categories of individuals: "Enthusiast", "Distant", "Aversive" and "Potential". While "Distant" and "Aversive" show a low level of acceptability towards horse meat, "Enthusiast" and "Potential" reveal characteristics that are favorable to horse meat consumption. Targeted strategies to support the horse meat market are proposed and discussed in light of these results that also provide insight into the future for meat in general. |
| Keywords: | Meat consumption, hippophagy acceptance, french consumer, Consumer behaviour, Horse meat |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04095090&r=env |
| By: | da Silva, Jacqueline Tereza; Moran, Dominic; Barioni, Luis Gustavo; de Oliveira, Rafael |
| Abstract: | Since the early 2000s, sustainable livestock intensification (SI) practices have slowly displaced unsustainable beef production in Brazil. Numerous studies have investigated the environmental and economic effects of SI, but the implications for social well-being and rural development are under-explored. This study investigates how a tendency towards livestock SI affects rural well-being in Brazil. We used propensity score matching (PSM) to estimate the effects of SI trends on a rural development index (RDI), poverty rates and other common development metrics of Brazilian microregions. We analysed historical data (10 years) on pasture area and herd size. Based on linear regressions, we assume microregions with a positive slope in herd size and a negative slope in pasture areas are following a SI trend. We found a negative correlation between the contribution of beef production to GDP and RDI across all regions (- 0.201, p-value < 0.001). However, using PSM we found the average effect of the SI trend is positive, with a magnitude of ~4 points in the RDI (95% CI 0.02; 7.74). The results suggest that beef production value does not drive rural development, but microregions following an intensification trend have better rural development than non-intensified regions. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334566&r=env |
| By: | Schlepphorst, Susanne; Rieger-Fels, Markus; Dienes, Christian; Holz, Michael; Wolter, Hans-Jürgen |
| Abstract: | Wir untersuchen, ob und wie Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmer den Klimawandel wahrnehmen und sich an diesen anpassen. Unsere Umfrageergebnisse legen nahe, dass die überwiegende Mehrheit der Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmer in Deutschland den Klimawandel und dessen Folgen im Blick hat. Entscheidend für die Wahrnehmung von Klimarisiken ist weniger die Größe der Unternehmen, sondern die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit den Folgen des Klimawandels. Eine größere Lücke zwischen KMU und Großunternehmen zeigt sich hingegen in der Umsetzung von Anpassungsmaßnahmen. Fehlende finanzielle Mittel wie auch die Priorisierung anderer betrieblicher Herausforderungen stehen Investitionen in weitere Anpassungsmaßnahmen entgegen. |
| Keywords: | Klimarisiken, Risikowahrnehmung, Anpassung an den Klimawandel, Risikomanagement, climate risks, risk perception, adaptation to climate change, risk management |
| JEL: | D22 D83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifmmat:297&r=env |
| By: | Simpson, Katherine; Armsworth, Paul; Dallimer, Martin; Nthambi, Mary; de Vries, Frans; Hanley, Nick |
| Abstract: | Researchers and policy designers have become increasingly interested in re-designing agrienvironmental policy to improve both economic efficiency and ecological effectiveness. One idea within this debate has been payments for results (outcomes) rather than payment for actions. Payment for result policies have been argued to have some important advantages, but two key disadvantages are the higher risks faced by land owners, leading to low participation rates; and the potentially high costs of monitoring outcomes. Bartkowski et al (2021) propose an alternative policy design of payment for modelled results, which claims to avoid these two problems. Our paper provides the first empirical test of the economic and ecological consequences of applying such a payment for modelled results policy to farmland biodiversity in England. We compare payment for modelled results findings with approximately equivalent payment for actions schemes designed to deliver increases in the same biodiversity indicators. Key insights from the work are that payment for modelled results delivers superior ecological outcomes for the same budgetary cost as payment for actions, whilst economic surpluses to farmers are also higher. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334545&r=env |
| By: | Burlinson, Andrew (University of East Anglia); Davillas, Apostolos (University of Macedonia); Giulietti, Monica (Loughborough University) |
| Abstract: | The widespread consumer adoption of low-carbon technologies (LCTs) is a cornerstone of net zero targets worldwide, however LCTs may not be equally distributed across socioeconomic characteristics. Our paper contributes to the literature by exploring socioeconomic inequality in LCT adoption and its underlying sources. We exploit nationally representative longitudinal data on the adoption of three key LCTs (solar photovoltaics, solar heating, and electric vehicles) in the UK. We investigate the aggregate role of predetermined socio-economic factors (including family background) in determining socioeconomic inequalities in LCT adoption. We further contribute to the literature by employing Shapley-decomposition techniques to reveal the relative contribution of each socioeconomic factor to the total estimated socioeconomic inequality. Our results suggest that socioeconomic inequalities in LCT adoption have fallen over the last decade but remained prevalent and highly significant. Analysis on longitudinal LCT adoption patterns shows that those following transitory LCT adoption patterns, and especially those who have recently adopted LCTs, are contributing to the reduction in the observed socioeconomic inequalities over time. Policies targeting the most disadvantaged socioeconomic background groups are crucial to mitigate the observed inequalities, potentially holding back the low-carbon transition. |
| Keywords: | technology adoption, inequality, low carbon economy, renewable resources |
| JEL: | L94 Q42 Q55 P46 O33 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16114&r=env |
| By: | Di Stradis, Francesca; Pilati, Francesco; Rossi, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | Covid-19 pandemic, and its related restrictions, represented an opportunity for e-grocery growth in Italy, leading to a rethinking of the current purchasing and consumption patterns. On particular concern is the last-mile delivery, when food is delivered to the final consumer, representing the most impactive stage of the entire food supply chain. Where many studies focused on economic and environmental externalities produced by the delivery, a much debated and under-analysed question is the working conditions of operators engaged in the food delivery sector. More precisely, this contribution aims at analysing consumers’ perceptions towards the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of the different food delivery options. We used a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) on a sample of 385 respondents in the Province of Trento (North-East Italy) to explore the e-grocery purchasing behaviour and the preferred delivery options. The results reveal that the socio-economic variables and geographical elements are explanatory of the consumers’ sensitivity towards the sustainability of delivery options, as well as the likelihood of making online food purchases. This work includes suggestions for local policy makers and insights for future work. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334571&r=env |
| By: | Leogrande, Angelo; Costantiello, Alberto |
| Abstract: | In this article, we estimate the value of Government Expenditure on Education-GEE in the context of Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG dataset of the World Bank. We use data from 193 countries in the period 2011-2020. We use Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, Pooled Ordinary Least Squares-OLS, and Weighted Least Squares-WLS. Our results show that the value of GEE is positively associated among others to “Case of Death, by communicable disease and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions”, and “Unemployment”, and negatively associated among others to “Hospital Beds” and “Government Effectiveness”. Furthermore, we apply the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow Method and we find the presence of four clusters. Finally, we confront eight machine learning algorithms for the prediction of the future value of GEE. We found that the Polynomial Regression is the best predictive algorithm. The Polynomial Regression predicts an increase in GEE of 7.09% on average for the analysed countries. |
| Date: | 2023–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4wctx&r=env |
| By: | Fraas, Arthur G. (Resources for the Future); Lutter, Randall; Murphy, Joshua; Xiahou, Qinrui (Resources for the Future); Potter, Jeff; Gosling, Samuel D. |
| Abstract: | To assess how early-life exposure to air pollution affects adult personality, we use new annual lead (Pb) vehicle emissions data by county, for 1969 to 1981, and “Big Five” personality data for 130, 000 adults. Models with county and cohort fixed effects show higher Pb exposure during the first five years of life lowers agreeableness and increases openness. Weaker evidence suggests Pb lowers conscientiousness and increases neuroticism but it has no effect on extraversion. We also assess how regulation-induced cuts in total suspended particulates (TSP) levels affect adult personality. We are unable to disentangle early life effects of Pb and TSP. |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-17&r=env |
| By: | Chang, Yun-Cih; Luh, Yir-Hueih; Hsieh, Ming-Feng |
| Abstract: | Organic farming has been viewed as one of the promising farming practices of sustainable agricultural production. Evaluating the economic effects of organic farming is important while promoting environmental-friendly policies. Considering the four major components of the cropping system and spatial agglomeration effects, this study looks into three kinds of economic performancessales revenue, cost and profit, for rice farm households in Taiwan using large-scale national data drawn from the 2015 agriculture census. We apply the analysis of local indicators of spatial associations to gain a better understanding of the patterns of organic farming clusters. The spatial clusters are then incorporated into the Probit-2SLS instrumental variable model, finding that organic farming adoption leads to a significantly positive effect on rice farms’ economic performances in 2 turns of cost reduction and profit increase. This positive treatment effect can be further increased through spatial agglomeration. Moreover, the treatment effect of organic farming is found to vary with the farm characteristics such as farmland area and the number of hired workers. For practical implications, establishing organic agriculture specialized zones or providing economic incentives to small farms to expand their scale may be a more effective policy means to promote sustainable agrifood production. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, International Development |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334542&r=env |
| By: | Mohamed Ghali; Maha Ben Jaballah (LARESS - Laboratoire de recherches et études en sciences sociales - ESA - Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers); Nejla Ben Arfa; Annie Sigwalt |
| Abstract: | Public policy reforms and consumer requirements for the environment have raised awareness among winegrowers of the need to review their farming practices. This renewal of production aims for high economic, environmental, and social performance, as well as product quality. Therefore, it often assumes changes in farming practices due to adoption of agroecological practices (AEP). However, adopting these changes depends not only on demonstrating positive economic and environmental impacts of AEP but also positive social impacts. This study investigated winegrowers' perceptions of AEP and analyzed the most important drivers of adoption of AEP. It was based on quantitative economic and sociological data from a survey of winegrowers in the Loire Valley (France). An original scoring method was used to identify adopters and non-adopters of AEP. Then, a logit econometric model was used to explore statistically significant relations between the adoption of AEP and internal and external farm variables. Results confirmed that winegrowers' perceptions converged with the results of the econometric analysis. AEP were adopted mainly by winegrowers sensitive to human health. Adoption also depended on the context and type of AEP: wine tourism activities on the farm, environmental training, and sales revenue were positively correlated with the adoption of AEP. However, the absence of partners, vineyard area and winemaking on the farm were negatively correlated with adoption. Thus, public and private agricultural actors should consider these influential factors to increase adoption of AEP by farmers. |
| Keywords: | Agroecological practices Adoption factors Viticulture Scoring Logit model Winegrower Farm, Agroecological practices, Adoption factors, Viticulture, Scoring, Logit model, Winegrower, Farm |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04071759&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Berman (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Mathieu Couttenier (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Raphaël Soubeyran (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Understanding the mechanisms of deforestation is necessary in order to slow or arrest its progress. To accomplish this requires rigorously estimating the demand for deforestation. We contribute to this endeavor by estimating the effect of crop prices on the demand for conversion of land from forest to agriculture in the tropics during the 21st century. The two main difficulties involved are the lack of harmonized data on local crop prices in the tropics and the fact that they are determined simultaneously with decisions to deforest. We propose a strategy to circumvent these two issues using high-resolution annual forest loss data for the tropics, combined with information on crop-specific agricultural suitability and annual international crop prices. We find that crop price variation has a significant impact on deforestation: increases in crop prices are estimated to be responsible for one-third of total deforestation in the tropics (totaling about 2 million km2) during the period 2001–2018. We also find that the degree of openness to international trade and the level of economic development are first-order local characteristics affecting the magnitude of the impact of crop prices on deforestation. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation, Agricultural commodity prices |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04093064&r=env |
| By: | Mabon, Leslie |
| Abstract: | Although there is awareness of the ‘green jobs’ opportunity associated with climate mitigation and especially energy efficiency in the built environment, understanding of the potential for jobs associated with adaptation and resilience is more limited. The purpose of this report is therefore to assess awareness of adaptation and resilience within existing policy literature on skills and jobs associated with Scotland’s climate change response, and to link this with international peer-reviewed scholarly literature to identify job and skill areas. The Clyde Corridor area of Glasgow City Region is taken as a focal point, as the launch of the Glasgow City Region Climate Adaptation Strategy and the initiation of the Scottish Government’s Clyde Mission have in recent years given dual impetus towards a just transition towards resilience for the Clyde Corridor and for the Glasgow City Region more widely. Key job areas and workforce/skills requirements that are identified across the literature include jobs in construction, land-based sectors, civil engineering and cross-cutting sectors to support societal transformation. Regional Skills Assessments from Skills Development Scotland and statistics from the Scottish Government were also used to identify opportunities for particular localities or sections of the workforce to be able to benefit from training or upskilling, so that adaptation jobs may contribute to just resilience for the Clyde Corridor. Existing skilled workers in sectors such as manufacturing and utility supply which are projected to see declines may be able to benefit from likely requirements for retrofitting and maintenance/inspection in construction, however expanding existing ideas around ‘skills passports’ to encompass adaptation and resilience jobs may support this. Data and policy documentation/extant research also suggests, however, that in construction- and land-based sectors, there is an ageing workforce and a coming need for replacement labour. Particularly in employment-deprived areas, qualifications in construction, civil engineering and land-based sectors may provide younger people with vocational-level qualifications with an opportunity to develop a sustainable career pathway. Moreover, the significance of cross-cutting skills at community level should not be underestimated as support for putting adaptation action into practice. An audit of existing training provision offered by further- and higher education institutions in the Clyde Corridor area indicates that there is relatively good provision of formal training and education relevant to likely adaptation-related jobs. However, there is an urgent need to ensure that skills for adaptation and resilience are embedded into current curricula for sectors such as construction and civil engineering. Given the likely significance of nature-based solutions to the Clyde Corridor and Glasgow City Region more broadly, it is also notable that there may be need for additional provision of landscape and ecological management training, especially at vocational level. Reflecting key challenges identified in recent policy work, this report argues there is a need for particular attention to, and emphasis on, adaptation and resilience jobs that may be available to sections of the workforce that may be more likely to struggle to find work. In other words, there remains a need for more understanding of adaptation and resilience jobs for those with vocational qualifications, alongside the planning and management-type jobs that are perhaps better understood. Fuller spatial data on workforce skills and adaptation job requirements will help to better understand how the adaptation jobs opportunity links to the existing and future workforce. |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fhgm5&r=env |
| By: | Leuchters, Maxi |
| Abstract: | Die Sustainable Finance Taxonomie ist das Herzstück der europäischen Sustainable-Finance-Strategie. Diese dient dazu, die Rolle des Finanzsystems in der Verwirklichung des Europäischen Green Deals zu konkretisieren. Bereits im Juni 2020 wurde die Taxonomie zur Klassifizierung ökologisch nachhaltiger Wirtschaftstätigkeiten durch die EU verabschiedet. Im Zusammenspiel mit weiteren europäischen Richtlinien und Verordnungen entfaltet sie ihre rechtliche Wirkung. Unternehmen, die börsennotiert sind und regelmäßig über 500 Mitarbeiter*innen haben, mussten bereits für das Finanzjahr 2021 den taxonomiefähigen Anteil ihrer Investitions- und Betriebsausgaben sowie die Umsatzerlöse in Bezug auf die Umweltziele "Klimaschutz" und "Anpassung an den Klimawandel" veröffentlichen. Zuletzt hat die Veröffentlichung des Delegierten Rechtsaktes zur Klassifizierung von Gas und Atom politisch für Kontroversen gesorgt. Darüber hinaus wurden auch die weiteren Umweltziele mit technischen Standards hinterlegt. (...) |
| Keywords: | Nachhaltigkeit, Corporate Governance, Mitbestimmung in Europa / international |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:imupbs:8&r=env |
| By: | Leogrande, Angelo; Costantiello, Alberto |
| Abstract: | We analyze the question of GDP Growth-GDPG rate in the context of Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG framework. We use World Bank data for 193 countries in the period 2011-2020 using different econometric techniques i.e., Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, Pooled Ordinary Least Squares-OLS. We found that GDPG rate is positively associated, among others, to “Government Effectiveness” and “Prevalence of Undernourishment” and negatively associated among others to “Unemployment” and “Research and Development Expenditure”. Furthermore, we have applied the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow method and we found the presence of four clusters in the sense of GDPG rate. Finally, we confront eight machine learning algorithms to predict the value of GDPG rate and we found that the Polynomial Regression is the best predictor. The Polynomial Regression predicts an increase of GDPG rate equal to 2.88% on average for the analysed countries. |
| Date: | 2023–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:93sn2&r=env |
| By: | Philipp Galkin; Dongmei Chen; Colin Ward (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Cost‒benefit analysis (CBA) has been used to assess investment projects for decades with the aim of quantifying their externalities and potential impacts on social welfare. However, the domain where CBA is applied has been primarily limited to direct public financing in several sectors where such impacts are perceived to be the most pronounced. This study explores the applicability of CBA principles to petrochemical investment and utilizes the proposed framework to assess a sample ethylene production project. |
| Keywords: | Belt and Road, Capital expenditure, Circular Carbon Economy, CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2023–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2023-dp06&r=env |
| By: | Angelo Leogrande (LUM University Giuseppe Degennaro); Alberto Costantiello (LUM University Giuseppe Degennaro) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the question of GDP Growth-GDPG rate in the context of Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG framework. We use World Bank data for 193 countries in the period 2011-2020 using different econometric techniques i.e., Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, Pooled Ordinary Least Squares-OLS. We found that GDPG rate is positively associated, among others, to "Government Effectiveness" and "Prevalence of Undernourishment" and negatively associated among others to "Unemployment" and "Research and Development Expenditure". Furthermore, we have applied the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow method and we found the presence of four clusters in the sense of GDPG rate. Finally, we confront eight machine learning algorithms to predict the value of GDPG rate and we found that the Polynomial Regression is the best predictor. The Polynomial Regression predicts an increase of GDPG rate equal to 2.88% on average for the analysed countries. |
| Keywords: | Analysis of Collective Decision-Making, General, Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures and Voting Behaviour, Bureaucracy, Administrative Processes in Public Organizations, Corruption, Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation, Implementation |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04086231&r=env |
| By: | Jane Ellis; Luca Lo Re; Sofie Errendal |
| Abstract: | Parties established the Mitigation Work Programme (MWP) at COP26 to ”urgently scale up mitigation ambition and implementation” to help reach the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. At COP27, Parties further fleshed out the MWP, which will be operationalised each year between 2023-2026 via at least two global dialogues, other dialogues and investment-focused events. This paper outlines key questions that could shape the aims, scope, focus, format, and participation in the dialogues, as well as the possible interplay between the MWP global dialogues and investment-focused events by drawing on experiences with other processes and events inside and outside the UNFCCC. This paper also provides lessons from examples in three sub-sectors where mitigation actions have been rapidly scaled up. This paper highlights several open questions related to the substance, process, and timing of the global dialogues and the investment-focused events, as well as potential linkages between these. The paper also discusses possible implications of different choices on these open questions. Decisions on the scope, format, and aims of the MWP dialogues will influence their impacts and the relevance of these dialogues to different countries and stakeholders. Yet, dialogues and events under the MWP will face trade-offs between concentrating on short- versus longer-term issues and outcomes and on choosing a broad or narrow focus. Such choices will impact how many countries the event or dialogue is relevant to. In addition, there are various ongoing initiatives and events outside the UNFCCC that are relevant to the aims of the MWP and that the MWP could usefully learn from. Careful mapping and co-ordination are needed to ensure that the MWP builds on, rather than duplicates, existing initiatives and events within and beyond the UNFCCC. |
| Keywords: | climate change, global dialogues, investment-focused events, Mitigation work programme, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F53 H70 Q54 Q56 Q58 E22 |
| Date: | 2023–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2023/02-en&r=env |
| By: | Garcia-Escribano, Mercedes; Mogues, Tewodaj; Moszoro, Marian; Soto, Mauricio |
| Abstract: | South Asia has experienced significant progress in improving human and physical capital over the past few decades. Within the region, India has become a global economic powerhouse with enormous development potential ahead. To foster human and economic development, India has shown a strong commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Agenda. This paper focuses on the medium-term development challenges that South Asia, and in particular India, faces to ensure substantial progress along the SDGs by 2030. We estimate the additional spending needed in critical areas of human capital (health and education) and physical capital (water and sanitation, electricity, and roads). We document progress on these five sectors for India relative to other South Asian countries and discuss implications for policy and reform. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Human Capital, Infrastructure, India |
| JEL: | H54 O12 O18 Q01 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117232&r=env |
| By: | Deasy, Maurice J.; Thorne, Fiona |
| Abstract: | The economic case for the production of silage for Anaerobic Digestion (AD) can only be established by analysis of the potential costs and returns at farm level. This paper uses farm level data from Ireland in a bio-economic modelling framework to provide total costs per hectare and per tonne for production of silage for an off farm AD facility. Whilst perennial rye grass has traditionally been the sward of choice for livestock farmers in Ireland, the economics of a multi-cut nitrogen fixing crop such as red clover has been relatively unknown. The results from the simulated bio-economic model show that the total costs of production silage for AD has increased significantly in the past twenty four months. The modelled cost of Red-Clover based silage fertilised with digestate has increased from €29.35 to €43.68 per ton between 2018-2020 to 2022, an increase of 49%. The results also highlight the importance of accounting for the opportunity cost of nutrient content of digestate which increased from €370 to €907 between 2018-2020 and 2022. Furthermore, a 17% cost saving can be made while reducing overall GHG emissions by utilising digestate in a separate farm enterprise. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334521&r=env |
| By: | Nathalie Scholl; Sébastien Turban; Peter N. Gal |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the methodology used for crosswalking occupation-based measures of Green (“environmentally friendly”) and Brown (“polluting”) jobs from the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to the International Standard Occupation Classification (ISCO) 08 at the most detailed (4-digit) level. The original, task-based Greenness scores by Vona et al. (2018) are provided at the 8-digit SOC level, and the industry-based Brownness measures are provided in 6-digit SOC. Crosswalking these measures requires several choices in terms of weighting and aggregating, which this paper describes in detail. The robustness of the resulting measures to the different weighting options and underlying assumption is tested using Linked Employer-Employee data from Portugal. An empirical application to the Productivity-Greenness link at the firm level shows the robustness of this link to different weighting choices, and confirms that all of the different measures derived are consistent in measuring the Greenness of jobs. |
| Keywords: | Brown occupations, Green occupations, Green skills, Green transition, , Occupation Classification, productivity |
| JEL: | J21 J24 L25 |
| Date: | 2023–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaac:33-en&r=env |
| By: | Sirini Jeudy-Hugo; Leon Charles |
| Abstract: | The first global stocktake (GST1) of collective progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement will conclude at COP28. How the final stage of GST1 is organised, who is involved and how the final outputs are structured can influence the success of the process. This paper explores how to organise the final component of GST1 and how to design related outputs to be impactful. This paper sets out how to build broad, high-level momentum behind GST1 by structuring activities in 2023 and beyond into four phases of: i) awareness building; ii) socialisation; iii) decision-making; and iv) follow-up. This paper highlights the importance of technical outputs that are fit for purpose and identifies potential options for structuring technical outputs from GST1 to target different actors, including negotiators, policy makers, practitioners, and a broader audience beyond the UNFCCC process. The paper also sets out how to design a package of political outputs from GST1 to include different mutually supportive elements, including negotiated, consultative, and non-negotiated elements, which could play distinct roles and engage different actors. The paper underlines the importance of efforts to monitor how GST1 outputs are taken forward by different actors after COP28. This follow-up could build on existing provisions and establish new processes where needed, to help assess the success of the GST1 exercise and inform subsequent GST cycles. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Global stocktake, NDCs, Outcomes, Paris Agreement |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q58 F53 |
| Date: | 2023–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2023/01-en&r=env |
| By: | Björnemalm, Rickard (Stockholm School of Economics); Sandström, Christian (The Ratio Institute) |
| Abstract: | Literature on innovation policy has so far paid little attention to policy failure and the mechanisms leading to failure. We describe the Swedish bubble in ethanol cars 2003-2013 and explain why well intended policies may end up with unsatisfactory results. Directives from the European Union forced policymakers in Sweden to act swiftly and the Swedish government put in place The Pump law which forced gas stations to supply ethanol as a fuel from 2006 and onwards. In combination with targeted tax deductions for ethanol cars, a sharp increase in demand took place in 2006-2008. As these started to experience engine problems by 2009-2010, demand declined. Tax deductions were subsequently altered in order to also include cars with very low CO2 emissions, a shift that contributed further to the downfall of ethanol cars. Our data suggests that domestic car manufacturers Volvo and Saab, along with Ford benefited from the ethanol policies as their combined market share for green cars surged from 12 to 75 percent 2005-2008. Ethanol was competitive in the political domain as the fuel was backed by the Centre Party and the associated farmers’ lobby group, but lacked economic, technological and environmental competitiveness. Our findings suggest that innovation policies aimed at supporting new technologies against vested interests may instead end up extending established interests as policies are put in place under the influence of various stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | Ethanol car; policy failure; innovation; technology; environment. |
| JEL: | O25 O31 O38 O44 Q42 |
| Date: | 2023–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0362&r=env |
| By: | Sweeney, Richard L. |
| Abstract: | The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments imposed extensive restrictions on refined petroleum product markets, requiring select end users to purchase new cleaner versions of gasoline and diesel. I estimate the impact of this intervention on refining costs, product prices and consumer welfare. Isolating these effects is complicated by several challenges likely to appear in other regulatory settings, including overlap between regulated and non-regulated markets and deviations from perfect competition. Using a rich database of refinery operations, I estimate a structural model that incorporates each of these dimensions, and then use this cost structure to simulate policy counterfactuals. I find that the policies increased gasoline production costs by 7 cents per gallon and diesel costs by 3 cents per gallon on average, although these costs varied considerably across refineries. As a result of these restrictions, consumers in regulated markets experienced welfare losses on the order of $3.7 billion per year, but this welfare loss was partially offset by gains of $1.5 billion dollars per year among consumers in markets not subject to regulation. The results highlight the importance of accounting for imperfect competition and market spillovers when assessing the cost of environmental regulation. |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-19&r=env |
| By: | Tayeb OUAZZANI CHAHDI (ENCGT - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Tanger - UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, UEMF - Université Euro Méditerranéenne de Fès); Mustapha BENNOUNA (UEMF - Université Euro Méditerranéenne de Fès); Mohamed TAHROUCH (ENCGT - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Tanger - UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi) |
| Abstract: | Since the adoption of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program for 2030, achieving sustainable development relies on mobilizing all actors in the territory: the government, local authorities, civil society, but also businesses and the world of education, particularly higher education and research. In this article, we explain how universities are major actors for change in favor of the SDGs and should be considered by other actors as essential partners for achieving them, and how engagement for sustainability should be integrated into the university's activities and decisions. We have adopted a descriptive and comparative approach to explore the meaning given to SDG practices, in light of theoretical declarations and speeches. At the same time, we examine how universities must also integrate the SDGs into their own operations in order to become one of their main beneficiaries. We illustrate this point with a best practice case study of the Euromed University of Fez, whose design and functioning integrate the SDGs from its creation and explain how its users appropriate them daily in their activities to derive the best benefit. Using a qualitative analysis approach based on data collection that encompasses all its missions and vocations, we arrive at the result that this university transparently reports on its progress in sustainability and concretely asserts its role as a key actor in its community. In particular, it continuously raises awareness among its stakeholders about the SDGs, supports them through training and communication, and encourages them to adopt responsible and exemplary practices sustainably. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Universities Social Responsibility (USR), University, Education, Euromed, FEZ |
| Date: | 2023–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04085558&r=env |
| By: | Maxence Gérard (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | To achieve the European bioenergy objectives, member states are likely to implement support policies targeting the use of lignocellulosic biomass for advanced bioenergy. Such policies could increase prices. In this study, we argue that with higher prices and new market opportunities for lignocellulosic biomass, farmers will account for crop residues in their choice of production and use of inputs. We test this hypothesis in an economic model of the EU agricultural supply coupled with a crop model to assess the effect of crop residue prices on residue supply, land allocation, yields, fertiliser use, and nitrogen pollution. We find that 120 million tonnes of dry matter (tDM) of crop residues are co-produced when they are unpriced. The price-induced additional supply is elastic to price but limited to 8% at €100/tDM and 13% at €200/tDM of the unpriced production. However, the increase in residue prices induces farmers to increase their crop areas and yields, which leads to significantly higher fertiliser consumption and nitrous oxide emission. These results indicate to policy makers that supporting prices would not substantially increase crop residue potential but could have collateral effects on the environment. They raise issues of coordination between bioenergy and agri-environmental policies in the EU. |
| Keywords: | Bioenergy policy, Renewable energy directive, Biomass supply, Crop residues, Mathematical programming model |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04071932&r=env |
| By: | Elena López-Gunn (I CATALIST MADRID ESP - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Nina Graveline (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Raffaele Giordano (IRSA - CNR Water Research Institute - CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche); Nora van Cauwenbergh (IHE Delft - Institute for Water Education); Philippe Le Coent (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Peter van Der Keur (GEUS - Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland); Roxane Marchal (Caisse Centrale de Réassurance - parent); Beatriz Mayor (I CATALIST MADRID ESP - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Laura Vay (I CATALIST MADRID ESP - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture) |
| Abstract: | This chapter summarizes the main findings from the book in relation to the conceptual framework centered on the linked but separate concepts of assurance and insurance value of nature, to then highlight the key methods developed namely physical assessments, co-design, and a full integrated economic assessment model that incorporates the value of avoided costs and other co-benefits. This can help to generate and implement natural assurance scheme projects aligned with adaptive planning, innovative financing and new business models centered around prevention by investing in nature. |
| Keywords: | Tool and method, Lessons learnt, Natural assurance scheme, Assessment frame, Case study |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04093862&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Chambon (L3I - Laboratoire Informatique, Image et Interaction - EA 2118 - ULR - La Rochelle Université); Ulysse Soulat (NUDD - Usages du Numérique pour le Développement Durable - ULR - La Rochelle Université); Jeanne Lallement (NUDD - Usages du Numérique pour le Développement Durable - ULR - La Rochelle Université); Jean-Loup Guillaume (L3I - Laboratoire Informatique, Image et Interaction - EA 2118 - ULR - La Rochelle Université) |
| Abstract: | Encouraging soft mobility practices is a central issue for the ecological transition. Green information systems and more specifically self-tracking applications are tools that can be used to raise awareness and changing behavior. Based on the theoretical framework of visual complexity, this paper examines how the level of visual complexity of a mobile application influences users' urban mobility intentions and behaviors. We conducted two experimental studies. The first one investigated how the visual complexity of homepages affects mobility intentions with an application to measure one's carbon footprint in a situational setting. The first result of our research is that moderate information visual complexity positively influences the acceptability of a mobile application as well as mobility intentions. A second experimental research is divided into two parts, firstly, participants responded to our questionnaire, secondly, in a longitudinal approach, 51 subjects used the application over a 3-month period. The conceptual framework was tested using regression analyses. We find that intention to change behavior influences responsible urban mobility behavior. However, our experiment shows that the visual complexity of information does not have a significant influence on behavior. We then propose theoretical implications. |
| Keywords: | Green Information System, responsible behavior, urban mobility, visual complexity, self-tracking |
| Date: | 2023–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04089291&r=env |
| By: | Tristan Le Cotty (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Élodie Maître D’hôtel (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Issoufou Porgo (MRA - Ministère des Ressources Animales); Julie Subervie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Raphaël Soubeyran (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Inventory credit is being developed in several Sahelian countries. This device is implemented by a farmers' organisation and a financial institution. It consists in storing a portion of harvested grain in a warehouse for several months in exchange for an individual loan. Without this loan, farmers tend to sell their grain immediately after harvesting in order to pay off their debts or to meet their needs. The consequence is that families subsequently struggle to get through the lean season – the transition period between the depletion of food stocks and the new harvest – and to invest in their agricultural production systems. An impact assessment study conducted in western Burkina Faso shows that inventory credit increases food availability in the lean season and boosts agricultural investment and production. To accelerate its development, three conditions must be met: providing access to suitable storage facilities; ensuring the quality of products stored; and building trust between financial institutions, producers' organisations and traders. The latter condition is undermined by the expansion of armed conflicts in the Sahel. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04095753&r=env |
| By: | Böttcher, Miranda; Geden, Oliver; Schenuit, Felix |
| Abstract: | Seit Netto-Null-Ziele ein integraler Baustein der Klimapolitik sind, wird verstärkt darüber nachgedacht, zusätzlich zu einer drastischen Reduzierung der Emissionen Kohlendioxid (CO2) aktiv aus der Atmosphäre zu entfernen. Die Herausforderungen, die mit landbasierten Methoden der Kohlendioxid-Entnahme (Carbon Dioxide Removal, CDR) verbunden sind, werden zunehmend offenbar. Angesichts dessen könnte der Ozean eine neue Hoffnung sein für Strategien zur CO2-Entnahme und -Speichrung in der Europäischen Union (EU) und weltweit. Allerdings ist der Ozean ein Gebiet mit sich überschneidenden und manchmal widersprüchlichen Rechten und Pflichten. Es besteht ein Spannungsverhältnis zwischen dem souveränen Recht der Staaten, die Meeresressourcen innerhalb ihrer ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszonen zu nutzen, und der internationalen Verpflichtung, den Ozean als globales Gemeinschaftsgut zu schützen. Die EU und ihre Mitgliedstaaten müssen das Verhältnis zwischen diesen beiden Paradigmen in der Meerespolitik klären, wenn sie in Erwägung ziehen, den Ozean gezielt als Kohlenstoffsenke oder -speicher zu verwenden. Derzeit wird die Meeresstrategie-Rahmenrichtlinie überarbeitet und ein Rahmen für die Zertifizierung von CO2-Entnahmemethoden auf EU-Ebene entwickelt. Die Schaffung von Querverbindungen zwischen beiden könnte den Weg bereiten für eine Debatte über Zielkonflikte und Synergien zwischen Schutz und Nutzung von Meeresökosystemen. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel, Klimaschutz, CO2-Entnahme, CO2-Speicherung, Carbon Dioxide Removal, CDR, Ozean als Kohlenstoffsenke, Schutz und Nutzung des Ozeans, Meerespolitik, Klimapolitik, blauer Kohlenstoff, Deutschland, EU, USA, China, Vereinte Nationen, UN |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpakt:202023&r=env |
| By: | Zaghini, Andrea |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effects of the PEPP (Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme), the temporary quantitative easing implemented by the ECB immediately after the burst of the Covid-19 pandemic. We show that the differences in aim, size and flexibility with respect to the traditional Corporate Sector Purchase Programme (CSPP) were able to significantly involve, in addition to the directly targeted bonds, also the green bond segment. Via a standard difference-in-differences model we estimate that the yield on green bonds declined by more than 20 basis points after the PEPP. In order to take into account also the differences attributable to the eligibility to the programme, we employ a triple difference estimator. Bonds that at the same time were green and eligible benefitted of an additional premium of 39 basis points. |
| Keywords: | Green bonds, ECB, Corporate quantitative easing, triple difference estimator |
| JEL: | G15 G32 E52 C21 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:710&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Xin; Chen, Xi; Zhang, Xiaobo |
| Abstract: | This paper offers one of the first evidence in a developing country context that transitory exposure to high temperatures may disrupt low-stakes cognitive activities across a range of age cohorts. By matching eight years of repeated cognitive tests among all the participants in a nationally representative longitudinal survey in China with weather data according to the exact time and geographic location of their assessment, we show that exposure to a temperature above 32 °C on the test date, relative to a moderate day within 22-24 °C, leads to a sizable decline in their math scores by 0.066 standard deviations (equivalent to 0.23 years of education). Further, the effect on the math test scores is more salient for individuals who are older or less educated. |
| Keywords: | cognitive performance, high temperatures, adaptation, age gradients |
| JEL: | I24 Q54 Q51 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1278&r=env |
| By: | Rothman, Dale S.; Aminpour, Payam; Chabay, Ilan; Helgeson, Jennifer |
| Abstract: | Solar geoengineering (SG) is a potential approach to reducing global climate change impacts by counteracting radiative forcing change driven by increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This negative radiative forcing can be produced in many ways, such as painting roofs white, modifying cloud properties, or installing mirrors in space. Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), where small reflecting particles are injected into the stratosphere, may be the most feasible and globally effective approach (NASEM 2012). This is also why it draws the most attention and stronger disagreements. SAI (henceforth SG) is the focus of this study. There has been no formal global debate on this topic, with discussions confined to conference and workshop meetings with limited international and sectoral representation.Most people would agree that SG should not be deployed in the near term. The technology has not reached the stage where it can be seriously considered, and many fundamental questions, both technical and social, remain unanswered (NASEM 2012). However, a debate has arisen about whether we should even use resources to research SG. In the present study, we explore the latter question by examining expert reasoning concerning SG research.Looking at information as a commodity that reduces uncertainty, economists would suggest that the value of any information is nonnegative. As such, using an extension of the widely used dynamic integrated assessment model of climate and economy (DICE), Harding et. al (2022) estimate that the value of information about the effectiveness of SG is as large as that about equilibrium climate sensitivity (Harding 2022). They also show that over- and underconfidence about SG are equally harmful. NASEM (2012) calls for cautious exploration of SG, which is a recurring theme in discussions of SG research, rooted in concerns around its procedural aspects and consequences.Opposition to SG research takes various forms. Some opponents suggest that SG is either not needed or unacceptable under any circumstance, so research is unnecessary (Biermann 2021). A related concern, referred to as the “slippery slope, ” states that research itself increases the likelihood of SG deployment. This is due, in part, to potential technological and institutional lock-in, whereby unnecessary and unwarranted deployment may emerge from research. Similarly, they suggest that research conducted largely by the Global North would only preserve current inequalities in the world (Stephens 2020) and further concentrate power among elites (Stephens and Surprise 2021). Perhaps the most common argument against SG research is the possibility that even research alone would reduce efforts toward emissions abatement (Stephens et al. 2021).In the context of the ongoing climate crisis, proponents of SG research urge governments to evaluate all action options, including SG (Give Research into Solar Geoengineering a Chance 2021). They do share several of opponents’ concerns. Rather than forgoing research, however, they encourage capacity building in developing countries and argue for a responsible international program (Keith 2017). Others suggest that the research program should include safeguards to prevent unwarranted deployment, including explicit conditions under which deployment is justifiable (Jamieson 1996). As for deterring emissions abatement, the counterargument states that SG research may change the perception of how serious climate risks are, triggering an increase in emissions abatement. In addition, proponents suggest that even if emissions deterrence occurred, it would be characterized by increased overall welfare. Finally, proponents argue that a better understanding of not only the technical but also social, political, and economic aspects of SG may improve decisionmaking if, and when, deployment is ever considered. Suppressing SG research may not prevent future deployment but rather make it less informed and more dangerous (Parson 2021).Both sides have some points of agreement, such as the importance of an international governance mechanism that is just and inclusive. However, expectations differ significantly. While many proponents believe international governance would emerge from multilateral agreements and informal scientific cooperation, many opponents argue that democratic and fair governance of SG is unattainable (NASEM 2012). Finally, not all opponents argue for an unconditional moratorium on research. Instead, they propose a set of conditions that must be satisfied. For example, Biermann and Möller (2019) suggest that developing countries should lead the discourse on SG research. Jamieson (1996) calls on the United Nations to govern SG research that otherwise may be militarized or securitized.In a nutshell, both opponents and proponents share many concerns; however, they arise from different base assumptions and reasoning. In addition, both are typically driven by the principle of precaution, but their interpretations and conclusions diverge. This warrants an in-depth study of the underlying reasoning about SG research.Another important caveat regarding the debate is the difference between in-lab and small-scale field SG research. By “in-lab research, ” following Parson and Keith (2013), we mean computer simulations, chemistry experiments in controlled laboratories, and social and political science research. By “small-scale field research, ” we mean activities with trivial and only local environmental impact that is smaller than common commercial activities. Thus, the debate is not just between opponents and proponents of SG research, but between three groups: (a) those who support both types of research, (b) those who support only in-lab research under current circumstances, and (c) those who oppose both types.In the present paper, we extend the existing analyses of the arguments for and against SG research by having 10 experts complete a questionnaire, which is used to create a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) of their thinking related to this topic. This is followed by an online interview, in which the initial maps are presented, discussed, refined, and “verified.” Our contributions are twofold. First, ours is the first study to employ fuzzy cognitive mapping to analyze attitudes toward SG research. Second, we explicitly distinguish and systematically compare attitudes toward in-lab and small-scale field research. Discussions concerning SG do not always consider these separately. In some cases, arguments are put forward for/against both in-lab and small-scale field research, although not stated so explicitly.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. The following section details our methodology. Section 3 presents (preliminary) results accompanied by a discussion. |
| Date: | 2023–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-25&r=env |
| By: | Kuiper, Jan Jurjen; Carpenter-Urquhart, Liam; Berbés-Blázquez, Marta; Rozas, Elisa Oteros; Fredström, Linna; Psiuk, Kinga; Savu, Codruța; Kautsky, Robert; Guerry, Anne; Carpenter, Stephen R. |
| Abstract: | Biosphere Futures (biospherefutures.net) is a new online database to collect and discover scenario studies from across the world, focusing on scenarios that explicitly incorporate interdependencies between humans and their supporting ecosystems. It provides access to a rich collection of case studies at national, regional, and global scales enabling exploration of the various ways in which the future might unfold. Together, the case studies give insight into the diversity and plurality of people's expectations and aspirations for the future. The objective of Biosphere Futures is to promote the use of scenarios for sustainable development of the Biosphere and help build a community of practice around social-ecological scenarios. We do so by facilitating the assessment, synthesis, and comparative analysis of scenario case studies, pointing to relevant resources, and by helping practitioners and researchers to disseminate and showcase their own work. In this article, we first describe the rationale for the database, introduce the database and the criteria we use for selecting examples for inclusion. Next, we present a synthesis of the examples included in the scenarios database to date, highlighting emerging patterns and possible avenues for further research. Finally, as the objectives of Biosphere Futures will be better achieved by having more people use and contribute to this database, we invite the creators of social-ecological scenarios to contribute additional case studies. |
| Date: | 2023–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:v4ukj&r=env |
| By: | Patrick Bolton; Marcin Kacperczyk |
| Abstract: | A growing fraction of companies globally have made commitments to reduce their carbon emissions by a certain date. While the companies that make commitments subsequently reduce their emissions, the effect on overall emissions of companies (including those that do not commit) has been small; the companies that commit, and those that make the most ambitious commitments, tend to have lower emissions; firm commitments are less prevalent in countries where governments have made national commitments. Overall, the commitment movements have been successful in drawing the willing but have found greater resistance from the companies that most need to reduce their emissions. |
| JEL: | D62 D82 G23 G30 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31244&r=env |
| By: | Uliano, Anna; Marotta, Giuseppe; Stanco, Marcello; Nazzaro, Concetta |
| Abstract: | With the current social, economical, and environmental scenarios, the intensive farming is no longer viable. In this context, innovation may play a crucial role. In particular, responsible innovation represent a value creation driver, allowing farms to realize internal economies and external social economies. The development of innovative processes is particularly suited to cooperatives, as they generate a competitive advantage and allow to overcome two constraints to sustainable innovation adoption: high costs and complexity. These aspects, which highlight the significant role of cooperation and innovation in the shared value creation process, have not been broadly addressed in previous contributions, especially regarding the wine sector. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the drivers of innovation processes for shared value creation in wine cooperatives. A 2-step analysis was implemented, including the definition of an interpretative model on the drivers of sustainable innovation processes for shared value creation in cooperatives, and a comparative analysis among two wine cooperatives, in order to validate such model. Results have validated the hypothesized scheme: in both cases, the drivers included in the model are essential for the adoption of innovations in viticulture. In particular, governance mechanisms and the very effectiveness of innovations change according to the territorial context. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334524&r=env |
| By: | Duden, Christoph; Offermann, Frank; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events pose an economic threat to farms. The risk management behaviour against such events is often studied using prospect theory as a framework, but empirically deriving corresponding parameters in the field involving farmers is challenging. To address this issue, we compare three methods of eliciting prospect theory parameters using a multiple price list design in Germany: a framed field experiment, a framed student experiment and an artefactual field experiment. The results show that these experiments generate different prospect theory parameters. The lower the probability the higher the differences, which is particularly important for managing risk from low-probability shocks. Despite these differences, the mean coefficients of the three experiments reveal a low willingness to pay for crop insurance. We find evidence that individual responses to the artefactual and student experiments correlate with the risk attitude self-assessment, whereas responses to the framed field experiment correlate with the purchase of crop insurance. |
| Keywords: | prospect theory, risk management, catastrophic risk, behavioural economics, decision analysis |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:daredp:2301&r=env |
| By: | Christopher J. Waller |
| Date: | 2023–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:96152&r=env |
| By: | Iakovidis, Dimitrios; Gadanakis, Yiorgos; Park, Julian; Gonzalez, Jorge Campos |
| Abstract: | The sustainability of Mediterranean agriculture is under threat due to factors such as climate change, the spatial distribution and size of holdings, the ageing rural population and the environmental and social pressures in rural areas. Decision Support Tools (DST) can help overcome these challenges by enhancing the decision-making of farmers and advisers, enabling evidence-based decisions which will improve the sustainability of farming systems in the area. An essential requirement of an effective design of a DST is the early-stage engagement of stakeholders in a co-production approach to define end user needs and requirements. In this research twenty-nine stakeholders comprising farmers and advisers, extension officers, policy makers and industry representatives were selected from within the regional unit of Argolida and the Greek National Ministry of Rural Development and Food to facilitate user need analysis. A Q-methodology approach was utilised to provide an in-depth understanding of the perspectives and needs of the differing stakeholder groups. The results illustrated that the use of the Q-methodology as a mechanism of analysing stakeholders’ subjective viewpoints can offer valuable insights and can be used to study distinct perspectives existing within a group on a topic of interest. In addition, the research illustrates how the method can serve as the required first step of end user need analysis in a co-production of services approach for the design of an effective DST in agriculture. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334568&r=env |
| By: | Banerjee, Anurag; Ray, S.; Chakraborty, Shreya (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Mukherji, Aditi (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)) |
| Keywords: | Groundwater irrigation; Stakeholders; Policies; Water markets; Sustainability; Solar powered irrigation systems; Pumps; Electrification |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:conprc:h051633&r=env |
| By: | Jannik Hensel; Giacomo Mangiante; Luca Moretti |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of carbon pricing on firms’ inflation expectations and discusses the potential implications for what constitutes the core of most central banks’ mandate: price stability. Carbon policy shocks are identified from high-frequency changes in carbon futures price around regulatory events. The shock series is combined with French firm-level survey data. We document that a change in the price of carbon increases firms’ inflation expectations. We then investigate how firms’ business conditions are affected by carbon policy shocks and we find that firms’ own expected and realized price growth respond similarly to inflation expectations. The effect on price expectations is more persistent than on actual price growth leading to positive forecast errors in the medium- /long-run. We also show that a sizable share of the increase in inflation expectations is due to indirect effects. Firms rely on their own business conditions to form expectations about the aggregate price dynamics. Therefore, the expected positive growth in their own prices significantly contributes to the observed increase in inflation expectations. Finally, we study how firms’ responses are heterogeneously influenced by the shocks based on the share of input costs devoted to energy expenditures. We find that high energy-intensive firms tend to overreact relatively more in terms of their own price expectations compared to the actual price change the shocks induce. |
| Keywords: | Climate policies, carbon pricing, inflation expectations, monetary policy, survey data |
| JEL: | E31 E52 E58 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zur:econwp:434&r=env |
| By: | Singh, Piyush Kumar; Dey, Shiladitya; Pal, Anirban |
| Abstract: | The study assesses the resource use efficiency of smallholder paddy farmers with/without considering undesirable outputs through the mobile-based application. Further, the study performs an impact assessment of digital recommendations on farmers' paddy yield improvement. A mobile app-based questionnaire was used to collect data from 153 paddy farmers in eastern India. The study employed Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to identify the farmers' resource use efficiency with/without undesirable output. We found lower farm eco-efficiency scores with undesirable output in the model compared to the case of not considering the undesirable output analysis. Results also showed that farmers are over-utilizing fertilizers, farming machinery, and labor in farming, which needs to be reduced to the recommended optimal level. Finally, using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM), we observed that the farmers achieved better paddy yield, i.e., an additional 0.6t/ha paddy, due to the adaptation of mobile-based recommendations. Subsequently, we used probit modeling to estimate the critical factors for adopting mobile-based services. Results show that farmers’ education level, farm experience, social capital, and market information play a significant role in mobile-app-based recommendation adoption. This study supports that farmers need to be suggested to use digital advisory services, and state/central policies may be aligned towards strengthening farmers' capacities for applying digital services in the farming system. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334522&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | food insecurity in Nepal; NAC's risk rating; migration cost; remittances in Nepal; NAC's borrowing; Climate change; Food security; Loans; Migration; Global |
| Date: | 2023–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/159&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Christophe Duval (Chercheur indépendant) |
| Abstract: | NEMO is a new international monetary system based on monetary thermodynamics. It enables funding for neguentropic missions, which are projects that contribute to creating order and structure in our economy. Nations obtain liquidity by carrying out these missions and use this currency in the trade of goods and services that generate low entropy. To prevent a buildup of currency, NEMO proposes a monetary destruction tax on transactions that would be weighted according to ethical, social, and ecological criteria. The goal is to promote the production of virtuous goods and services while discouraging those that are harmful to the environment. Thus, NEMO aims to achieve sustainable development goals while maintaining a balance between the criteria of human society and the carrying capacity of the planet. |
| Abstract: | NEMO est un nouveau système monétaire international basé sur la thermodynamique monétaire. Il permet de financer des missions à caractère néguentropique, c'est-à-dire des projets qui contribuent à la création d'ordre et de structure dans notre économie. Les nations obtiennent des liquidités en réalisant ces missions et utilisent cette monnaie dans le commerce de biens et services générant de basse entropie. Pour éviter une accumulation de monnaie, NEMO propose une taxe de destruction monétaire sur les transactions qui serait pondérée selon des critères éthiques, sociaux et écologiques. Le but est de favoriser les productions de biens et services vertueux et de décourager les productions préjudiciables à l'environnement. Ainsi, NEMO vise à réaliser les objectifs de développement durable tout en maintenant un équilibre entre les critères de la société humaine et les capacités de charge de la planète. |
| Keywords: | Transition écologie social, Nations Unies -- Personnel, Objectifs de développement durable, Système monétaire international |
| Date: | 2023–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04073730&r=env |
| By: | Marshall, Adam |
| Abstract: | In my PhD thesis, which I am currently in the process of writing up, I explore the UK fracking conflict as a means of elucidating its political economic drivers and dynamics. In the process, I hope to also shed light on the political economic drivers of socio-ecological conflict and crises more broadly. To achieve these aims, my research combines a novel theory of capitalism – the capital as power (CasP) approach to political economy – with a unique mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. While my thesis contributes primarily to debates at the intersection of ecological economics and political ecology, it also aims to extend the frontiers of research on CasP. |
| Keywords: | capital as power, fracking, energy, sustainability, United Kingdom |
| JEL: | P00 P18 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:271203&r=env |
| By: | Cropper, Maureen L. (Resources for the Future); Muller, Nicholas; Park, Yongjoon; Perez-Zetune, Victoria |
| Abstract: | We examine whether counties designated as out of attainment with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) under the 1970 CAA experienced larger reductions in total suspended particulates (TSP) during the 1970s than attainment counties. We answer this question using the official designation of nonattainment status which, between 1972 and 1978, was by Air Quality Control Region. Data from balanced panels of TSP monitors in operation 1969–1978 and 1971–1978 are used to examine the impact of nonattainment status on TSP. We also examine that impact using the definition in the literature, which designates a county as out of attainment if any of its monitors violated the NAAQS.On average, using the official designation, TSP fell by more than 9 μg/m3 more in nonattainment than attainment counties, controlling for county and year fixed effects, county population, employment, and per capita income. The average treatment effect is 10.2 μg/m3 and 9.1 μg/m3 using the 1969 and 1971 panels, respectively. Using the definition of nonattainment in the literature yields similar, albeit slightly smaller, average treatment effects: 6.0 μg/m3 and 7.7 μg/m3 using the1969–1978 and 1971–1978 panels, respectively. |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-14&r=env |
| By: | Lisa Baldi; Arfini, Filippo; Calzolai, Sara; Donati, Michele |
| Abstract: | The aim of this research work is to assess the likelihood of dairy farmers to accept predefined policy scenarios that implies different level of CO2 taxation on GHG emissions produced by the livestock sector. It uses an agent-based model (ABM) and it follows the positive mathematical programming (PMP) approach. ABMs allow to evaluate agricultural policies and farmers’ level of acceptance simulating interaction between farmers, taking territorial specificity and farm heterogeneity into account. The PMP methodology enables to add social and cultural perspective to the economical drivers. The Least Square method, applied to the PMP methodology, allows to overcome shortage in data availability. The model is calibrated on FADN data for the Emilia Romagna region (Italy), year 2020. Results show that farmers take decisions based on economic profitability but also on social and cultural background. Farmers opt for more efficient agricultural management practices if economically convenient, however the possibility to exchange production factors can contribute to the optimisation of their utility function. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334520&r=env |
| By: | Lampkin, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | Organic farming has been supported in almost all EU Member States since the early 1990s by means of an EU-wide legal definition, agri-environmental conversion and maintenance payments, rural development marketing and processing grants, promotion funding, public procurement and research and information initiatives. Often the support has been combined in organic action plans, designed to integrate supply push and demand-pull measures. The latest CAP round (2023-2027) has delegated responsibility for setting organic farming policy to Member States, but with an EU Farm to Fork Strategy target of 25% of agricultural land area to be managed organically by 2030, and an expectation that Member States will implement policies and action plans for organic farming to help deliver this. This paper charts the development of organic farming in the EU since the 1990s, the motivations for policy support, and the types and levels of support implemented in the 2010-2020 period. It analyses how Member State plans for policy in the next five years compare with previous periods and whether they are able to meet the challenge of the 25% target. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334516&r=env |
| By: | Martín García Vaquero (EAE - EAE Business School); Antonio Sánchez‐bayón (URJC - Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid]); José Lominchar (UDIMA - Universidad a Distancia de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | This paper on Political Economic and Labour Economic Policies in the European Green Deal framework analyses the Recovery Plan and Resilience Facility. It pays attention to the effects on the design of new green jobs and the necessary skills to develop this type of new positions generated, with higher labour wellbeing. The paper is focused on the analysis of the green jobs' opportunity for Europe, at a country level, with a specific analysis made for the Spanish case. A systematisation of the concepts and calculations on the issue is made and analysed (attending the international institutions and forums proposals) to harmonise the recovery plans, apply them beyond the energy sector to other related green activities and align the public and private sector, and other critical stakeholders, in achieving this goal. The following research questions were formulated: (1) what is the estimated number of new green jobs that would be created as a consequence of the implementation of the Recovery Plan in Spain; (2) which new soft skills or re-skilling would be necessary to develop such new green jobs; (3) how much are the new jobs aligned with wellbeing economics? The research was conducted by applying a few research methods, i.e., secondary sources, the desk research method and the exploration method, critical and comparative analysis, inductive and deductive reasoning and some mathematical calculations. The research contribution can provide a valuable source of information to coordinate sectoral plans by the policymakers, particularly those responsible for the economy, business, green activities and education. |
| Keywords: | Labour Economic Policies European Green Deal Recovery Plan green jobs skills Wellbeing Economics, Labour Economic Policies, European Green Deal, Recovery Plan, green jobs, skills, Wellbeing Economics |
| Date: | 2021–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04056085&r=env |
| By: | Nasir, Nida; Kansal, Afreen; Alshaltone, Omar; Barneih, Feras; Shanableh, Abdallah; Al-Shabi, Mohammad; Al Shammaa, Ahmed |
| Abstract: | Water features are one of the most crucial environmental elements for strengthening climate-change adaptation. Remote sensing (RS) technologies driven by artificial intelligence (AI) have emerged as one of the most sought-after approaches for automating water information extraction and indeed. In this paper, a stacked ensemble model approach is proposed on AquaSat dataset (more than 500, 000 images collection via satellite and Google Earth Engine). A one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the Kruskal Wallis test are conducted for various optical-based variables at 99% significance level to understand how these vary for different water bodies. An oversampling is done on the training data using Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) to solve the problem of class imbalance while the model is tested on an imbalanced data, replicating the real-life situation. To enhance state-of-the-art, the pros of standalone machine learning classifiers and neural networks have been utilized. The stacked model obtained 100% accuracy on the testing data when using the decision tree classifier as the meta model. This study has been cross validated five-fold and will help researchers working in in-situ water bodies detection with the use of stacked model classification. |
| Keywords: | ANOVA; classification; meta learning; smote; stacked modeling |
| JEL: | C1 |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118724&r=env |
| By: | Campa, Pamela; Muehlenbachs, Lucija (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | In US environmental court cases, a cash penalty can be mitigated if a defendant volunteers to undertake an in-kind project, such as retrofitting school buses or building a public park. A goal of the policy is to address environmental justice concerns for low-income and minority populations, yet the historical record shows that in-kind settlements are most likely to occur in cases involving high-income, majority-white communities. A choice experiment reveals the public prefers in-kind settlements over cash, and a randomized survey reveals that in-kind settlements improve the public’s view of a violating firm, consistent with our finding of positive stock-market reactions to in-kind settlements. |
| Date: | 2023–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-21&r=env |
| By: | Fakhri Hasanov; Muhammad Javid; Jeyhun Mikayilov; Rami Shabaneh; Abdulelah Darandary; Ryan Alyamani (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Macroeconomic and sectoral assessment of the energy price reform (EPR) can provide policymakers with useful insights regarding price deregulation options. A key feature of this research that differentiates it from many other studies is its modeling framework. The framework first estimates how theoretically articulated determinants (e.g., income and price) historically shaped natural gas demand. Then, this estimated equation is integrated into a macroeconometric model called KGEMM to simulate the impact of natural gas prices on key macroeconomic and sectoral indicators that are of policy interest for the coming years. |
| Keywords: | Agent based modeling, Analytics, Applied research, Autometrics |
| Date: | 2023–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2022-dp22&r=env |
| By: | Chinmayi Srikanth (Research Scholar, Fellow Programme in Management, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, IIMK Campus P.O, Kerala 673 570); Zareena Begum Irfan ((Corresponding author) Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the need for a gender-centric approach to studying the consequences of the scarcity of a natural resource due to arsenic contamination, particularly water, on the lives of women. The need for such an approach is met by the Feminist Political Ecology (FPE) Framework that identifies women as highly vulnerable as compared to their male counterparts and the most affected by such scarcity. The paper uses the case of Bangladesh’s arsenic contamination to explore the nuances of gender and how it changes their experience of the phenomenon. It also underlines the importance of FPE in painting a more realistic and complete picture of the vulnerability of women. |
| Keywords: | Feminist Political Ecology, Bangladesh, water, women, vulnerability |
| JEL: | J7 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2019-189&r=env |
| By: | Francisco B. Galarza; Joanna Kámiche Zegarra; Rosario Gómez |
| Abstract: | We study the role of subnational institutions in forest conservation in a context in which areas near roads are prone to deforestation. We develop an index of institutionalism to examine the extent to which local institutions can contribute to mitigate the road infrastructure’s adverse effect on deforestation. Using a large dataset from Peru, home to the second largest portion of the Amazon rainforest, we find that a higher value of our index of local institutions is significantly correlated with lower deforestation. However, the effect of our institutions index is not sufficiently large to offset the deforesting effect that closeness to roads has, at least not for relatively short distances to road. These results are robust to different specifications of our institutions index and to the inclusion of a large set of control variables. |
| Keywords: | Environment and development, deforestation, infrastructure, institutions |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apc:wpaper:192&r=env |
| By: | Volker, Jamey M.B. Ph.D; Hosseinzade, Reyhane; Handy, Susan L. Ph.D |
| Abstract: | In 2018, pursuant to Senate Bill (SB) 743 (2013), the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) and the California NaturalResources Agency promulgated regulations and technical guidance that eliminated automobile level of service (LOS) as a transportation impact metric for land development projects under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), and replaced it with Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT). The authors investigated how local governments have been implementing the LOS-to-VMT shift for land development projects, and how that differs from past practice. They also explored whether local governments monitor the actual VMT impacts from completed land use developments and what methods are available to do so. Their findings indicate that all responding jurisdictions acknowledged the mandatory LOS-to-VMT shift, but were in varying stages ofimplementing the shift. For those jurisdictions that had adopted VMT impact significance thresholds, most adhered closely to OPR’s recommendations. They also mostly tried to use apples-to-apples methods of calculating baseline VMT levels (for setting thresholds) and estimating project-level VMT, often relying on travel demand model outputs for both. However, most jurisdictions gave short shrift to VMT monitoring. Another important aspect of SB 743 implementation is how LOS will continue to be used outside of CEQA. The authors found that jurisdictions uniformly continue to employ LOS outside of CEQA. However, those LOS analyses are not necessarily as comprehensive and expensive as they would have been for CEQA purposes. The authors found a consensus amongst their interviewees that swapping LOS for VMT could streamline development in urban areas. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vehicle miles traveled, VMT estimation, VMT mitigation, VMT monitoring, level of service, CEQA, environmental review |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt01f8m0xn&r=env |
| By: | Ghislain B. D. Aihounton (Laboratory of Analysis and Research on Economic and Social Dynamics, University of Parakou, Benin; Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Arne Henningsen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | The prevalence of organic farming and other sustainability standards is increasing around the globe. While effects of organic farming on productivity, income, and poverty alleviation have been analyzed in numerous empirical studies, its effects on food and nutrition security are not yet understood. Using data from smallholder cotton farmers in Benin, we empirically investigate how adopting organic farming affects their food and nutrition security. Our results indicate that adopting organic farming substantially reduces their food security, while it tends to slightly reduce the nutritional quality of their diets. Evaluating pathways, we find that the decreased food and nutrition security is likely caused by lower household income due to lower income from cotton farming given a smaller land area cultivated with cotton, while a larger land area cultivated with food crops cannot fully compensate for the reduced income from cotton farming. This alarming result illustrates the need for evaluating and eventually improving programs for organic farming in developing countries to ensure that good intentions for more sustainable production practices do not jeopardize the livelihoods of vulnerable smallholder farmers. |
| Keywords: | organic farming, food security, dietary diversity, farm households, treatment effects |
| JEL: | O13 Q12 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2023_02&r=env |
| By: | Aline Fugeray-Scarbel (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Pierre Labarthe; François Coléno; Mourad Hannachi; Stéphane Lemarié (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Date: | 2022–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04080918&r=env |
| By: | Kevin Techer (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies hazardous waste transportation problems. Due to their dangerous nature, the transportation of these waste implies a risk of incident having irreversible consequences on the environment. This problem has lead to a body of legal statutes that monitor the generation, storage and transportation of hazardous waste. Assuming that the transport of hazardous waste is done in a cooperative manner on a transport network, this paper investigates how to share the cost of maintaining and operating such network among the involved agents. We analyze the hazardous transportation problem from the viewpoint of axiomatic analysis. We consider several axioms that are derived from different environmental law principles and provide a characterization of a new allocation rule: the responsibility rule. Then we show that the responsibility rule coincides with the multi-choice Shapley value of an appropriate multi-choice game. |
| Keywords: | Hazardous waste Transportation network Cost allocation Multi-choice games. JEL Codes: C71 Q53 R42, Hazardous waste, Transportation network, Cost allocation, Multi-choice games. JEL Codes: C71, Q53, R42 |
| Date: | 2023–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04099139&r=env |
| By: | Peta J. White; Nicole M. Ardoin; Chris Eames; Martha C. Monroe |
| Abstract: | An important construct to be measured in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2025 is the degree to which 15-year-olds are knowledgeable of, concerned about, and able to act on environmental issues as a result of their science education. This document justifies and explains the competencies youth need to address local and global challenges in this epoch of human influences on the planet. Those with agency in the Anthropocene work individually and collectively with hope and efficacy to understand diverse perspectives on socio-ecological systems and to create a more just and resilient future. |
| Date: | 2023–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduaab:297-en&r=env |
| By: | Nordmeyer, Eike Florenz |
| Abstract: | Index insurance is a promising tool to mitigate drought-related income losses in agriculture. Yet, the basis risk of index insurance based on meteorological observations inhibits farmers’ demand. To reduce the basis risk, the integration of satellite data has received research attention. However, farmers’ perceptions of satellite-based index insurance remain unknown. To derive initial insights into German farmers’ perceived usefulness (PU) of satellite-based index insurance, we surveyed 127 German farmers in a risk management context and applied a modified transtheoretical model of behavioral change (TTMC). This revealed detailed information on German farmers’ PU of satellite-based index insurance and its influencing factors. The results indicate that the average farmer perceives satellite-based index insurance as useful. Particularly, a higher educational level in the agricultural context as well as higher trust in index insurance products increases farmers’ PU. Moreover, higher relative climate-related income losses increase farmers’ PU. The results are of importance to insurers interested in the drivers of farmers’ PU of upcoming satellite-based index insurance and offers a starting point for researchers focusing on acceptance of index insurance and satellite data as well as for further applications of the TTMU. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334557&r=env |
| By: | Klaus Gründler; Philipp Heil; Potrafke Niklas; Timo Wochner |
| Abstract: | The US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) promotes renewable energy and contributes to climate protection, but also offers generous tax credits and subsidies to incentivize production in the United States. While the planned generosity of the program has sparked an intense debate about potential negative spillover effects on the global economy, little is known about the quantity of potential adverse effects. We conduct a large-scale international survey among leading economic experts worldwide to quantify the effect of the US Inflation reduction act on the global economy. On a global scale, experts are little concerned about negative effects of the IRA on their domestic economy, estimating both the impact on national output and the risk of business outflows to be low. However, we uncover large heterogeneity in the potential impact of the IRA across countries and regions. In Europe, particularly in France and Germany, economic experts are highly concerned about the IRA and expect a significant effect of the IRA on the domestic economy. In terms of economic policy reactions, roughly 41% of the respondents support economic countermeasures. We elicit experts’ views about policy measures in open-ended text questions to prevent any priming of the respondents. The respondents propose active industrial policy, including subsidies, but also advocate for increased investment in infrastructure and green sectors. The call for subsidies is particularly strong in Europe. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:econpr:_41&r=env |
| By: | Dönitz, Ewa; Breitschopf, Barbara; Burghard, Uta |
| Abstract: | The paper was created in the context of the project Akzept and focuses on the description of the scenario process and its results in the form of three scenarios for a desirable energy transition. The project aimed at analysing the influence of participation, communication, and selected socioeconomic criteria on the acceptance of the energy transition. The impact of self-supply of electricity and membership in a citizen energy initiative on the acceptance of the energy transition by those who did not participate in this way was also studied. The team conducted two scenario workshops to describe future designs of the energy transition as well as the needs and preferences of society in the form of various future scenarios. One workshop included persons who participated in the form of self-supply or membership in energy initiatives, while the other workshop aimed at socalled non-participants with a general interest in the topic of energy. The workshops comprised a combination of different activities, brainstorming, and discussions in small groups, and contributed to ensure engagement of participants with very different backgrounds throughout the scenario development. The scope for the scenario process was formed by important topics related to the energy transition that can be divided into three groups: individual engagement and decisions, energy transition in the broader context, and involvement as well as decisions in general. The energy transition can be achieved along three different paths, so-called scenarios: bottom-up, acceleration, and passive. The bottom-up scenario emphasises decentralised energy production with transparency and fairness, allowing for genuine participation and co-determination of citizens. It involves many small plants for energy production and allows for self-consumption, with low barriers for citizens to participate. The acceleration scenario prioritises rapid implementation and focuses on becoming independent from energy imports. It places a strong emphasis on regulations, and companies that emit high levels of CO2 have to pay a high price for their emissions. The passive scenario is characterised by a low level of interest from citizens, who display weak acceptance towards the energy transition. Information and transparency are not important, and the government is responsible for deciding on how to achieve the energy transition. The transition occurs at low cost, and energy utilities provide renewable energy at low prices. |
| Keywords: | foresight, scenarios, participation, energy transition, acceptance |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s032023&r=env |
| By: | Bittó, Virág; Koch, Philipp; Schwarzbauer, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | Im Februar 2023 stellte die EU-Kommission den ambitionierten Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age vor. Das Ziel dieser Initiative ist insbesondere den Umstieg auf eine nachhaltigere und klimafreundlichere Produktion von in Europa industriell hergestellten Gütern zu unterstützen. In der grünen Transformation der österreichischen Ökonomie sowie des europäischen Wirtschaftsraums spielt die Produktion im Inland zwar eine relevante Rolle. Tatsache ist aber auch, dass der Innovation und der Forschung & Entwicklung eine ebenso wichtige Rolle zukommt: Zukünftige Spezialisierungsvorteile in der heimischen Produktion Österreichs oder Europas werden von der aktuellen Forschung & Entwicklung mitbestimmt. Darüber hinaus wird ein bedeutender Teil der Treibhausgasemissionen, die in der Produktion jener Güter anfallen, die in Europa konsumiert und investiert werden, nicht in Europa ausgestoßen. Ganz im Gegenteil: Westliche Staaten sind häufig Nettoimporteure von CO2-Emissionen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollten Anstrengungen zur Bekämpfung der Klimaerwärmung und zur Begleitung der grünen Transformation nicht ausschließlich auf die Produktion in Europa abzielen. Ein Fokus auf Innovation allein, oder die ausschließliche Fokussierung auf den Konsum sind ebenso wenig zielführend, um dem Umstieg zu einer klimafreundlicheren Ökonomie nachhaltig zu schaffen. Vielmehr bedarf es wirtschaftspolitische Hebel stets vor den drei Säulen der grünen Transformation - der Industrie-, Technologie- und Klimapolitik - zu beleuchten und bewerten. (...) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ecoapn:53&r=env |
| By: | Chinh Thi Tuyet Mai; Akira Hibiki |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes an in-depth study of the short- and long-term effects of floods on the cognitive development of school-aged children. Specifically, we exploit individual-level microdata from a longitudinal study of childhood poverty in Vietnam. Our analyses indicate that floods immediately imposed negative impacts on children’s cognitive skills, but these impacts would be mitigated in the long run. Changes in child schooling, time allocation between school and work, and household food consumption (child nutrition) appear to be potential channels behind these impacts. Girls, older children, firstborn children, and children belonging to ethnic minorities are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of flooding. Our results suggest that policies to alleviate the credit constraints of households in the above groups could mitigate the damage imposed by natural disasters on human capital accumulation. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:36&r=env |
| By: | Siegfried, T.; Anarbekov, Oyture; Ragettli, S. |
| Keywords: | Water use; Energy; Foods; Nexus approaches; Accountability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:conppr:h051662&r=env |
| By: | Jöst, Ann-Cathrin |
| Abstract: | The production of leather goods requires different chemicals. To align with sustainable consumption and production standards, these chemicals should have no negative effects on the environment and people who are producing and consuming these products. The proliferation of more sustainable chemicals across the leather industry is partially driven by novel mandatory regulations like EU REACH, and partially by the emergence of new voluntary industry standards. At the same time, there are barriers, which can keep companies from becoming more sustainable such as the orientation towards more short-term goals or limitations of the industries' existing infrastructures. Another barrier is a lack of data on current chemical use, which is needed to identify where and how chemicals must be exchanged. While extending efforts to enable traceability can generate this data, a change towards more sustainable chemicals must be supported through a business case to succeed. Without a business case, companies involved will not put in the required additional effort. This paper illustrates that such a business case is difficult to create because of challenges emanating from the complexity of global leather supply chains and its regulatory environment. To understand what bottlenecks exist, this paper made use of a qualitative approach and interviewed 10 different actors in the leather supply chain. Through an interview series, it could be identified that an interest in full chemical traceability and the uptake of more sustainable chemicals exists. However, to realize this uptake there should be harmonized standards and tools on sustainability reporting. In addition, more traceability and changes in chemicals might more likely apply if supply chain partnerships are based on long-term relationships, in which financial support for changes and reporting efforts or the longevity of a business case can sustain. Simultaneously, more discussions and communication should take place between all actors in the supply chain. That is because most changes seem to be demanded by brands, which tend to give little say to other actors and their needs i.e., hide, leather and chemical producers. |
| Keywords: | Leather industry, supply chain, chemicals, sustainability, traceability |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:znwudp:12&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | energy crisis, international markets, vietnam |
| Date: | 2023–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04088100&r=env |
| By: | Daraio, Cinzia; Di Leo, Simone; Simar, Léopold (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/ISBA, Belgium) |
| Abstract: | Due to increasing consumption and urbanization, urban waste collection has gained a lot of attention in recent years. One of the main problems in this field is the balance between management costs, proper waste collection, and regulatory target. Waste collection is critical to pursue a high recycling capacity. There are two main types of collection: sorted waste, which separates collection after recycling or composting, and unsorted waste, which does not. As a result, Italy's main concerns in recent years have been urban waste management and recycling. One of the main reform in the Italian waste collection was introducing the sorted collection target of 65% with the legislative decree no. 252/2006. We analyze the efficiency and the effect of population, density, income and size on the sorted waste collection of 275 Italian municipalities from 2016 to 2019. We apply recently introduced smoothed approximations of nonparametric frontier models (Daraio and Simar, 2022) to estimate the coefficients of the cost efficiencies of sorted and unsorted waste. This approach does not assume any hypothesis on the efficient frontier's functional form and on the inefficiency's distribution. We analyze the effect of external and environmental factors, related to economies of scale (population served), territorial size, economies of density (population density) and economic development considering the municipalities that reached the regulatory target and those that did not. |
| Keywords: | Waste collection ; Italy ; FDH ; smoothed approximations of nonparametric frontiers ; waste economy |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aiz:louvad:2023018&r=env |
| By: | Michael S. Michael; Panos Hatzipanayotou (Athens University of Economics and Business); Nikos Tsakiris |
| Abstract: | We develop a model of two small open asymmetric economies with two tradable and one non-tradable goods, capital mobility and consumption generated cross border pollution. We show that the Nash equilibrium calls for a consumption tax and capital tax (subsidy) when the consumption of the tradable (non-tradable) good pollutes. In this model, the consumption tax causes pollution leakages between the two countries which is partly offset by the capital tax or subsidy. Thus, the existence of non-tradable goods and international capital mobility induce the small countries to act strategically. In the absence of capital taxes, consumption taxes are lower to their rates when capital taxes are also present since are used strategically to mitigate the pollution leakage. |
| Keywords: | Pollution Leakage, Non-tradable Goods, Capital Mobility, Capital and Consumption Taxes, Consumption-generated Cross-border Pollution |
| JEL: | F15 F18 F20 H20 |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2312&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Technology analysts often dichotomize wind power projects as onshore vs offshore. They neglect nearshore projects installed in the intertidal flats. We explore the characteristics of this intermediate category using an original sample of Vietnam's wind power projects for the 2018–2021 period. The median investment for onshore wind power projects in Vietnam is 1695 USD/kW. It is 2011 USD/kW for nearshore projects. Nearshore wind-power generation capacity requires about 20 % more investment per MW than onshore, inter-quartile range of 0 % – 45 %. Nevertheless, nearshore projects remain much less capital-intensive than far-offshore projects – projected at 3150 USD/kWh in Vietnam based on experience in OECD countries with fixed-bottom projects. Escaping the onshore vs offshore dichotomy allows us to consider a different policy direction for the industry. Rather than pursuing bluefield mega-projects far offshore, a "small steps" policy to extend nearshore wind farms may be cheaper, faster, and more institutionally feasible. |
| Keywords: | Wind power, Vietnam, Investment cost, nearshore, energy policy |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03127371&r=env |
| By: | Lenormand, Théo; Janet, Dwyer; Devienne, Sophie |
| Abstract: | Post-Brexit agricultural support policy development in Wales is taking a holistic approach to sustainability combining economic, environmental and social goals in one scheme to replace the CAP. It is taking a different model compared to the other UK nations or the EU. But the challenges faced by farming have intensified with COVID and the Ukraine war including the input/output price squeeze. We used the agrarian diagnosis, a holistic case-study approach to analyse selected farm focused territories that represent typical trends in Welsh farming. We identified and quantified future scenarios relating to a range of challenges faced by Welsh farming and made a territorially sensitive impact assessment by applying those in successive steps to farm models originating from the case-studies. We first assessed the impact of the current macro-economic evolution, before considering the adoption and impact of the planned SFS with a specific focus on tenanted farms, the new form of tenancy and treeplanting, as these elements have featured heavily in stakeholder responses to the Welsh scheme. The results show that the current economic context represents a challenge for those farms using high levels of production factors. Particularly for these, it is possible to identify how the Welsh scheme could deliver many improvements; nevertheless, problems remain around impact on generational renewal, competing land uses and supply-chain and technological lock-ins. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334518&r=env |
| By: | Ajibade, Toyin B.; Ajibade, Ezekiel T.; Muhammad-Lawal, Abdulazeez; Oloyede, Waliyat O. |
| Abstract: | Energy shortage is a major concern in Nigeria. Albeit its abundance, fossil fuel is no viable solution considering varied pollution. Renewable energy technology like solar-powered-hubfor-homes is gaining prominence. The technology positions to address energy deficit in rural households but first, household decision makers’ question of whether such investment is worth its cost demands answers. We assessed impact of this technology on wellbeing of adopting rural farming households in Nigeria and explored the drivers of its diffusion. Designing a Quasi-experiment, we randomly assigned 73 subscribers into treatment group and 219 nonelectrified households into control group. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-test, PSM, and probit regression. We found adoption increased wellbeing of adopters over nonadopters(p<0.05) confirming our hypothesis that access to stand-alone solar-powered energy by off-grid rural households can potentially improve adopter’s personal wellbeing. We found that household and remittance incomes, within-household school-aged children, payment flexibility, subsidy scheme, peer effect and pursuit of life’s ease increased the probability of the technology adoption whereas increase in age, proximity to town and fossil fuel access negatively influenced its adoption (p<0.05). We recommended government subsidy on the technology. Diffusion may be aided by peer effect hence the recommendation to influence key individuals to adopt. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334560&r=env |
| By: | Jerry, Leonardus |
| Abstract: | Marketing adalah proses bisnis yang melibatkan perencanaan, pengembangan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi strategi pemasaran untuk menciptakan nilai bagi pelanggan dan memenuhi tujuan organisasi. Pada awalnya, fokus pemasaran lebih banyak tertuju pada tujuan-tujuan ekonomi dan keuntungan finansial semata, tanpa mempertimbangkan dampak lingkungan yang ditimbulkan oleh kegiatan bisnis tersebut. Namun, seiring dengan berkembangnya kesadaran masyarakat akan keberlanjutan dan pentingnya menjaga lingkungan, munculah konsep green marketing. Green marketing adalah penggunaan strategi pemasaran yang berfokus pada produk atau layanan yang ramah lingkungan, dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dan minat pelanggan terhadap produk yang ramah lingkungan. Green marketing mempertimbangkan dampak lingkungan dari kegiatan bisnis, mulai dari penggunaan bahan baku yang berkelanjutan, pengurangan limbah dan emisi, hingga peningkatan efisiensi energi. Tujuan dari green marketing adalah untuk menciptakan nilai tambah bagi pelanggan dengan menawarkan produk yang lebih ramah lingkungan, serta untuk memenuhi tuntutan konsumen yang semakin tinggi akan keberlanjutan dan lingkungan yang bersih. |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:j4qpr&r=env |
| By: | Rabah Arezki (Harvard Kennedy School - Harvard Kennedy School, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Ha Nguyen (International Monetary Fund (IMF)); Tristan Reed (World Bank Group); Ana Fernandes (World Bank Group); Federico Merchán (Kiel University) |
| Abstract: | Countries with greater commodity export intensity have more concentrated markets for imported goods. Within countries over time, import market concentration is associated with higher domestic prices, suggesting that markups due to greater concentration outweigh any potential cost efficiency. Hydrocarbon fuel exporting economies especially have higher tariffs, tariff evasion, and non-tariff measures that concentrate markets. These results suggest a novel channel for the resource curse stemming from the monopolization of imports. |
| Keywords: | Imports, Market concentration, Natural resources, Resource curse |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cdiwps:hal-04092285&r=env |
| By: | Rabah Arezki (Harvard Kennedy School - Harvard Kennedy School, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Ha Nguyen (International Monetary Fund (IMF)); Tristan Reed (World Bank Group); Ana Fernandes (World Bank Group); Federico Merchán (Kiel University) |
| Abstract: | Countries with greater commodity export intensity have more concentrated markets for imported goods. Within countries over time, import market concentration is associated with higher domestic prices, suggesting that markups due to greater concentration outweigh any potential cost efficiency. Hydrocarbon fuel exporting economies especially have higher tariffs, tariff evasion, and non-tariff measures that concentrate markets. These results suggest a novel channel for the resource curse stemming from the monopolization of imports. |
| Keywords: | Imports, Market concentration, Natural resources, Resource curse |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04092285&r=env |
| By: | Fernandez de Soto, Guillermo; Rugeles, Andres |
| Abstract: | This working paper presents the main challenges that Latin America will face in the coming years, within a global context of greater fragmentation, conflict, and disorder, known as "Cold Peace". Over a medium and long-term time horizon, it is possible to identify 5 megatrends: climate change and energy, new technological developments, population, inequality and emerging middle classes, and urban development. The region should avoid the risk of irrelevance and isolation, especially in the face of the geopolitical and economic transition towards Asia as the new center of gravity. Therefore, Latin America needs to enhance its capacity to influence and to address the most critical issues such as creation of wealth and prosperity, peace and social inclusion, and productivity |
| Keywords: | Latin America; megatrends; Cold Peace; multilateralism; United States; China; Asia; climate change; new technological developments; population; inequality; middle classes; urban development |
| JEL: | R14 J01 J1 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118786&r=env |
| By: | Luis Ángel Maza (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | Este documento realiza una propuesta de estimación de la huella de carbono en la financiación a empresas por parte de las entidades de crédito españolas. El creciente interés de nuestras sociedades por cuestiones medioambientales exige abordar un análisis de la actuación de las entidades financieras en su labor para facilitar la lucha contra el cambio climático y la transición ecológica. En este ámbito, es indispensable disponer de información medioambiental de calidad y establecer metodologías robustas que permitan la evaluación de las exposiciones climáticas del sector financiero. Este trabajo pretende realizar una aportación a este debate, ofreciendo una estadística de carácter experimental para la medición del grado de exposición del sector bancario en España a los riesgos de transición hacia un modelo económico más sostenible. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la huella de carbono de los préstamos de las entidades de crédito españolas se habría reducido de forma significativa en el período más reciente. Este descenso resulta compatible con la reducción en la intensidad de las emisiones contaminantes que ha tenido lugar en el conjunto de la economía española durante los últimos años, pero también con una ligera recomposición de la cartera de préstamos hacia las ramas de actividad menos contaminantes. |
| Keywords: | cambio climático, huella de carbono, riesgos financieros |
| JEL: | Q50 Q56 G10 G20 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2220&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Giovanardi (University of Cologne); Matthias Kaldorf (Deutsche Bundesbank); Lucas Radke (University of Cologne); Florian Wicknig (Deutsche Bundesbank) |
| Abstract: | Online appendix for the Review of Economic Dynamics article |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:append:21-297&r=env |
| By: | Matías Pacce (Banco de España); Isabel Sánchez (Banco de España); Marta Suárez-Varela (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | Between December 2020 and June 2021, wholesale electricity market prices almost doubled in Spain. According to our estimates, a substantial portion of the observed increase – around 20% – would be due to the rise in CO2 prices in the European ETS, which directly impacts the cost of generating electricity through fossil fuel technologies. Nevertheless, most of the increase – approximately half – would be attributable to the rise in natural gas prices, one of the inputs in combined cycle plants. Developments in wholesale electricity prices in other European markets have been similar to those in Spain. However, there are substantial differences regarding the pass-through to retail prices. In particular, the increase in the wholesale price of electricity would account for around one-third of the rise in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) in Spain between December 2020 and June 2021, while its contribution to overall inflation in the main economies of the euro area has been significantly lower. Disparities in retail pricing schemes could be behind the observed differences. |
| Keywords: | inflation, electricity market, European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), pass-through |
| JEL: | E31 Q41 Q43 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2120e&r=env |
| By: | Scora, George; Barth, Matthew; Vu, Alex; Oswald, David |
| Abstract: | In recent years, a number of “Smart Pedal” systems have emerged, both as automotive OEM equipment and as third-party hardware. These “Smart Pedal” systems can be installed in vehicles with the potential to reduce fuel consumption and GHG emissions by smoothing a driver’s acceleration patterns, with little effect on travel time or safety. This research evaluates the potential effectiveness of a select “Smart Pedal” system for improving fuel economy and reducing GHG emissions in the Caltrans vehicle fleet. Following a literature review, the SmartPedalTM throttle controller, currently a $299 device that effortlessly attaches to the accelerator pedal, was selected for evaluation. The SmartPedalTM device corrects the accelerator pedal signal for micro accelerations caused by the influence of artifacts in the roadway on the driver’s foot and the accelerator pedal. The SmartPedalTM technology was evaluated using six Caltrans vehicles instrumented with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) enabled Engine Control Unit (ECU) data loggers. ECU and GPS data was collected for a baseline period of vehicle operation without the SmartPedalTM device installed, followed by a period of operation with the SmartPedalTM device installed. For each test vehicle, the two datasets provided comparison data to evaluate the “Smart Pedal” technology. The amount of data in each collection period, in terms of distance, ranged from 548 miles to roughly 2, 800 miles. An average fuel economy increase of up to 6.29% was observed for a vehicle with the "Smart Pedal" technology installed. The payback period for that scenario was evaluated based on the vehicle’s average monthly mileage during the study period and was about 15.76 months. Two of the six vehicles showed a small fuel economy decrease (-0.52% and -1.72%), which suggests that the effect of uncontrolled parameters is significant. This study consisted of real-world operation and the contribution of factors such as changes in payload, number of passengers, driver, accessory usage, etc., is unknown. Despite the limitations of this study, results were largely in-line with larger case studies based on fleet fuel consumption data that showed fuel economy savings in the range of 1.5% to 16.8%. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, fuel economy, GHG, pedal controller, throttle controller, smart pedal, SmartPedal, eco pedal, driver behavior |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9xw8g1n0&r=env |
| By: | Labib, Tahmid; Mustafa, Saadman Sakib; Khan, Abdul Mahidud |
| Abstract: | The bibliometric analysis presented in this paper has been carried out for the purpose of analyzing the trends and distribution of tourism literature in Bangladesh. The paper focuses on Bangladesh originated papers available in Scopus database only. 117 documents were filtered from 206 documents based on relevance. Annual scientific production, sources, authors and citations were ranked and analyzed to determine the distribution of these variables across the documents. Network analysis using ‘authors’ keywords has been utilized to visualize and analyze the prominent ideas under discussion within the framework of available documents. The analysis revealed several distinct topics namely ecotourism, tourism in Sundarbans, hospitality sector, governance, domestic-regional tourism. Thematic evaluation helped to visualize the evolution or trend in topics being discussed in these documents based on two distinct periods of time. Thematic mapping revealed that the dominant research of tourism literature in Bangladesh has shifted from domestic tourism research to theoretical framework development. It also reveals that the base themes of tourism research have evolved from conservation, biodiversity protection to sustainable tourism. Emerging topic in tourism research is the impact of social media in tourism. |
| Keywords: | Tourism, Tourism Development, Tourism and Environment, Bibliometric Analysis, Ecotourism |
| JEL: | L83 Z00 |
| Date: | 2022–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117365&r=env |
| By: | Baker, Emma; Moore, Trivess; Daniel, Lyrian; Caines, Rachel; Padilla, Hector; Lester, Laurence |
| Abstract: | This research examines the preferences and trade-offs of tenants during social housing retrofit programs, particularly in regard to implementing circular economy (CE) practices. The study looks beyond the relatively narrow consideration of energy efficiency, to respond to the broader requirements of the social housing sector—to incorporate and balance tenant needs with provider mandates, budgetary limitations, and wider social policy. Retrofitting, or upgrading, existing social housing stock has been proposed as a cost-efficient solution to concerns around energy efficiency, thermal performance, and quality issues. The research found that households’ preferences for housing retrofit and upgrade options did not necessarily align with evidence of optimal retrofit priorities and do not align with the typical activities which receive government funding. For example, commonly provided retrofit measures (such as draft sealing) were not widely valued, while less common interventions that were less focussed on energy efficiency (such as a deep clean) were highly regarded by consumer households. The objectives underlying retrofit programs are rarely explicit and vary greatly between stakeholders: social housing providers may be largely motivated to assist their tenants to avoid energy poverty; industry groups seem principally focussed on sustainability outcomes; and many tenants’ main motivation is wanting homes that are more liveable, efficient, clean and warm. These different, and often competing, objectives obviously limit successful outcomes. Retrofit and quality improvements that are undertaken with a short term focus, based on whatever funding or opportunities are available at that point in time, constrains all stakeholders from longer term planning or strategic coordination, but also reduces the opportunity to use CE principles in retrofit activities. |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bn42s&r=env |
| By: | Leila Zemmouchi-Ghomari (ENSTA - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Technologies Avancées) |
| Abstract: | Economic Intelligence (EI) is a strategic information management discipline based on knowing and anticipating environmental changes, protecting and preserving strategic information against competitor attacks, and utilizing the produced knowledge to develop environmental improvements. As such, it facilitates the implementation of strategic actions by enabling companies to anticipate threats and opportunities and be reactive. Despite its importance, EI is often misunderstood, confused with business intelligence and knowledge management, and hence, underexploited. This paper aims to describe it to participate in its dissemination to a broader use than it is currently. |
| Abstract: | L'intelligence économique (IE) est une discipline de gestion de l'information stratégique basée sur la connaissance et l'anticipation des changements environnementaux, la protection et la préservation de l'information stratégique contre les attaques des concurrents, et l'utilisation des connaissances produites pour développer des améliorations environnementales. En tant que telle, elle facilite la mise en œuvre d'actions stratégiques en permettant aux entreprises d'anticiper les menaces et les opportunités et d'être réactives. Malgré son importance, l'IE est souvent mal comprise, confondue avec l'intelligence économique et la gestion des connaissances, et donc sous-exploitée. Ce document vise à la décrire afin de participer à sa diffusion vers une utilisation plus large qu'elle ne l'est actuellement. Traduit avec www.DeepL.com/Translator (version gratuite) |
| Keywords: | Competitive Intelligence, Strategic Management, Technology Management, Influence, Protection, Watch |
| Date: | 2023–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04078590&r=env |
| By: | Ambre Maucorps (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Roman Römisch (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Thomas Schwab; Nina Vujanović (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Closing the prosperity gap between regions has always been a key political aspiration of the European Union – and cohesion policy is the primary means to achieve that goal. Europe is currently undergoing a digital and green transition that is drastically changing the way its economy works. How well prepared are regions to capitalise on the twin transition? And what impact will it have on regional cohesion in Europe? Our study finds that greening and digitalising the economy will likely widen the gap between rich and poor regions in Europe. |
| Keywords: | EU, EU regions, regional development, digitalisation, green transition, cohesion |
| JEL: | R11 O21 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:rpaper:rr:467&r=env |
| By: | Emmanuel Leger (GEOPS - Géosciences Paris Saclay - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Faycal Rejiba (UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Agnès Rivière (GEOSCIENCES - Centre de Géosciences - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); C Fauchard (Cerema Equipe-projet ENDSUM - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Equipe-projet ENDSUM - Cerema - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement); Nicolas Flipo (GEOSCIENCES - Centre de Géosciences - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); C Finco (M2C - Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); C Schamper (METIS - Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); R Antoine (METIS - Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); R Levaillant (M2C - Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | La caractérisation des propriétés thermiques des plaines alluviales à l'échelle régionale requiert une approche par étape. L'utilisation de données radiométriques infrarouge à l'aide d'un drone a permis d'établir un protocole de changement d'échelle pour l'inférence des propriétés thermiques du sol depuis l'échelle locale à celle de la parcelle. Ce protocole, dont la validation opérationnelle est toujours en cours, consiste d'une part à établir un processus d'interpolation à l'échelle de la parcelle (quelques hectares) de mesures de températures multi-profondeurs contraintes par les données radiométriques par drone, et d'autre part à aborder le problème inverse permettant d'estimer les propriétés thermiques du sol à partir des séries de températures multi-profondeurs. Les premiers résultats permettent d'une part d'illustrer l'intérêt du formalisme géostatistique pour l'interpolation sous contrainte et d'autre part d'évaluer dans quelle mesure la résolution du problème inverse pour les propriétés thermiques du sous-sol sont bien posées. Points clefs ✓ Traitement d'image de données radiométriques ✓ Co-krigeage et spatialisation de l'information thermique ✓ Analyse de sensibilité des propriétés thermiques |
| Date: | 2021–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03533487&r=env |
| By: | Uddin, Gazi Salah (Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University); Abdullah-Al-Baki, Chowdhury (Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank); Ahmed, Ali (Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University); Tian, Shu (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Solar adoption exploded until 2015 in Bangladesh, setting a precedent for electrifying previously unconnected areas worldwide. This study tries to measure the welfare effects of solar adoption using the three rounds of the Bangladesh Integrated Household Surveys. We applied both ordinary least squares and propensity score matching techniques to estimate the welfare effects of solar adoption. We found that solar adoption is associated with higher income, expenditure, and asset value growth, and a massive reduction in kerosene expenditure than non-adopters. Other findings include that solar households tend to abandon sharecropping in favor of trading and poultry farming, and that children in solar households benefit in terms of schooling and nutrition. |
| Keywords: | energy transition; solar adoption; education; welfare; Bangladesh |
| JEL: | D12 O13 O55 Q42 |
| Date: | 2023–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0685&r=env |
| By: | Emediegwu, Lotanna Ernest |
| Abstract: | This paper uses time-vary ing smooth transition autoregressive (TV-STAR) model to investigate the asymmetric nature of ENSO (an exogenous climatic factor) with respect to the non-linear dynamics of food prices in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Curating food price series from more than 1100 markets from 36 SSA countries, the study finds that ENSO (linearly or nonlinearly) affects roughly half of food prices considered, with most nonlinear models exhibiting strong asymmetric properties with shock-inflicted persistence. Moreover, in terms of the location of the burden of ENSO impact, I find a geographical and food product divide. Specifically, ENSO appears to be more efficacious on maize prices in Southern, Eastern and some parts of Central Africa, while the effect is subdued in the Western African subregion. On the other hand, imported rice and processed foods such as bread appear to be the most affected, while local rice, cassava, millet and animal products like meat and milk are least affected. The policy implication of this dichotomy is that response to ENSO news should be subregion-specific rather than region-specific depending on how the subregions absorb the shock. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334555&r=env |
| By: | Khezr, Peyman; Pourkhanali, Armin |
| Abstract: | The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), as the largest cap-and-trade system in the United States, employs quarterly auctions to distribute emissions permits to firms. This study examines firm behavior and auction performance from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. We utilize auction theory to offer theoretical insights regarding the optimal bidding behavior of firms participating in these auctions. Subsequently, we analyze data from the past 58 RGGI auctions to assess the relevant parameters, employing panel random effects and machine learning models. Our findings indicate that most significant policy changes within RGGI, such as the Cost Containment Reserve, positively impacted the auction clearing price. Furthermore, we identify critical parameters, including the number of bidders and the extent of their demand in the auction, demonstrating their influence on the auction clearing price. This paper presents valuable policy insights for all cap-and-trade systems that allocate permits through auctions, as we employ data from an established market to substantiate the efficacy of policies and the importance of specific parameters. |
| Keywords: | Emissions permit, auctions, uniform-price, RGGI |
| JEL: | C5 D21 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117267&r=env |
| By: | María Ángeles García-Valiñas (Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo]); Sara Suárez-Fernández (Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo]) |
| Abstract: | The analysis of residential water demand has long attracted attention from researchers. However, the central topics at issue have evolved considerably, transitioning from estimating price and income elasticities to using experimental techniques that assess how to motivate households towards water conservation. In this literature review, we contribute to the existing literature by giving an updated overview of the state of the art in the central topics regarding residential water demand. Moreover, we present some interesting lines of research to be explored in the future. Thus, we first review some traditional key drivers of residential water demand. Second, we discuss the role of public policies when managing residential water demand, paying special attention to pricing tools. Next, we briefly review some of the methodological issues with respect to traditional econometrics and discuss related modeling. We then discuss the role of experimental designs and nudging on residential water use. Finally, we include a summary of the main literature findings, and close the discussion introducing some emerging and promising research topics. |
| Keywords: | residential water demand, price perceptions, pricing policies, non-pricing policies, stone-geary, field experiment |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04067487&r=env |
| By: | Isaac K. Ofori (University of Insubria, Italy); Andreas Freytag (Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the contingency and threshold effects of economic freedom in the economic globalisation (EG) and inclusive green growth (IGG) relationship in Africa. Based on macro data for 22 African countries and the Driscoll-Kraay standard errors with fixed effects instrumental variable regression, the following findings are established. First, Africa’s mostly unfree economic setting, conditions EG to reduce IGG. Second, when we disaggregate EG into its financial and trade globalisation components, we find that the IGG-impeding net effect of the latter is rather striking. Third evidence from our threshold analysis suggests that by improving Africa’s mostly unfree economic architecture to 60% (moderately free)or 80% (free), the IGG-deteriorating net effects of EG are mitigated (but not nullified). We conclude that unless effort is made to improve Africa’s economic architecture level, the envisaged IGG gains of economic globalisation might prove elusive. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Economic freedom; Economic globalisation; Inclusive green growth |
| JEL: | F14 F4 O56 Q01 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/032&r=env |
| By: | Gupta, Anushri; Panagiotopoulos, Panos; Bowen, Frances |
| Abstract: | Smart city projects require complex coordination of resources, but research on how capabilities form at the city-ecosystem level remains scarce. This article develops a multi-level approach to capability development in smart city ecosystems through an empirical study of London’s city data. We analyse the London case to discover how two ecosystem-level capabilities – data provisioning and data insights – developed through global, configural and shared aggregation processes. We find that the emergence process changes as the smart city ecosystem develops, requiring different coordination and resource mobilisation mechanisms at various stages. We contribute to the capability development and smart city literatures by focusing on ecosystem-level capabilities linked to collective city-level outcomes rather than the capabilities of the leading city authority. Insights from the study are of value to city authorities considering how to scale up and organise smart city initiatives in support of urban development goals. |
| Keywords: | capabilities; city data ecosystems; multi-level theory; smart cities; urban sustainability; EP/R006865/1; Sage deal |
| JEL: | J50 |
| Date: | 2023–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118457&r=env |
| By: | Dyer, Richard; Davies, Grant |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at how reducing biofuel production by introducing flexibility to mandates can have a potentially mitigating effect on price spikes. In particular we look at the recent price spike caused by the invasion of Ukraine and the consequent impact on global agricultural impacts. We model scenarios of reduced biofuel use in a global agricultural market model to see the impact on prices of the major cereals and oilseeds. A modest reduction of 10% of the use of cereals in biofuels can have a significant impact on the magnitude of the price spike for cereals and in particular maize. The modelled price spike in maize is 37% smaller after a 10% reduction in biofuel production in G7 countries. Results for wheat and vegetable oils are smaller but still significant at 11% and 27% respectively. This modelling demonstrates the importance of biofuel mandates in global agricultural markets and consequently their impact on global food security. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc23:334562&r=env |
| By: | Christian Saad (CREDDI - Centre de Recherche en Economie et en Droit du Développement Insulaire [UR7_2] - UA - Université des Antilles) |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04051510&r=env |