|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Burtraw, Dallas (Resources for the Future); Domeshek, Maya (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Using its existing authority under the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can jump-start the Biden administration’s plan to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 52 percent and contribute important air quality benefits in this decade.Under Section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act, the EPA can establish guidelines and require states to develop standards of performance for existing sources of air pollution. These performance standards are emissions limits that the EPA administrator determines are achievable using an adequately demonstrated best system of emissions reductions. This provision has been successfully exercised many times; however, the two times it has been used to regulate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at existing electricity-generating units (EGUs), it has failed in the courts. We describe and model an approach that is likely to be more successful, based on the opportunity to use natural gas to cofire with coal to reduce emissions at coal EGUs.The Obama administration took a broad approach in its Clean Power Plan (CPP), which identified performance standards for the entire power system. This approach was stayed (frozen) by the courts for review based on its breadth, since it identified emissions reductions that were conditioned on actions (such as expanded use of renewable energy) that could be taken at sources other than the regulated existing fossil units. The Trump administration withdrew the CPP before the court’s review was complete and, as a replacement, proposed the Affordable Clean Energy (ACE) rule, which in turn was struck down by the courts because it proposed a standard based on a set of technologies that was too narrow, resulting in emissions reductions that would be insignificant.We describe a performance standard, based on the opportunity to cofire with natural gas at coal EGUs, that would address most of the concerns that have been raised before the courts. Natural gas cofiring is already a demonstrated and widespread practice. Although the ACE rule explicitly rejected gas cofiring as a basis for a performance standard, previous analysis provided to EPA indicated that in 2017, gas cofiring occurred at 35 percent of coal EGUs across 33 states. Indeed, if the monthly maximum use of gas at these units were achieved in every month, emissions reductions comparable to those anticipated by all other measures in the ACE rule could be achieved. Because a performance standard based on the opportunity for cofiring applies to an individual facility, it does not raise concerns about measures taken outside regulated emissions sources. This approach is based on a broader set of technologies than those included in the ACE rule and is likely to achieve more significant emissions reductions. Importantly, it would provide a soft landing for coal units that choose to phase out production and reduce emissions at units that continue to operate.We model a natural gas cofiring standard using RFF’s Haiku electricity market model, including gas price forecasts from Annual Energy Outlook 2019, and site-specific estimates of the capital cost to expand gas delivery provided by Natural Resources Defense Council. We identify five key findings. |
| Date: | 2021–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-21-04&r=env |
| By: | Look, Wesley (Resources for the Future); Palmer, Karen (Resources for the Future); Burtraw, Dallas (Resources for the Future); Linn, Joshua (Resources for the Future); Hafstead, Marc (Resources for the Future); Domeshek, Maya (Resources for the Future); Roy, Nicholas (Resources for the Future); Rennert, Kevin (Resources for the Future); Gillingham, Kenneth; Xiahou, Qinrui (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | With the Biden Administration’s recent announcement of the American Jobs Plan and nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, and as Congress begins to seriously consider legislation to advance clean energy and cut greenhouse gas emissions, RFF researchers have been investigating environmental outcomes under various policy scenarios. In this issue brief, we provide a snapshot from this work—including estimates of energy-related CO2 emissions and cost-effectiveness. |
| Date: | 2021–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-21-02&r=env |
| By: | Kaitila, Ville |
| Abstract: | Abstract A drastic decline in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is needed to stop the climate change. This requires a variety of political and market mechanisms. Europe is globally at the forefront among the industrialised countries in reducing its GHG emissions. We analyse the development of emission intensities – GHG emissions relative to value added produced – and use a panel data to further our understanding of their evolution at the level of industries in 2008–2020 in Europe. We find that labour productivity is negatively associated with changes in GHG-emission intensities. Furthermore, higher investments, higher carbon prices within the ETS mechanism, and higher environmental taxes are associated with lower GHG-emission intensities. Consequently, policies that promote productivity growth and financial incentives to decrease emissions lead to lower emissions. Finland’s carbon competitiveness, as measured by relative GHG-emission intensities, varies by industries. See also Etla Brief no 123 Carbon Competitiveness is Shaped in Firms (in Finnish). |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), GHG-intensity, Carbon competitiveness, Productivity, ETS |
| JEL: | C23 O44 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:139&r=env |
| By: | Kaitila, Ville |
| Abstract: | Abstract Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are now one factor that affects firms’ broader competitiveness. We analyse the development of emission intensities – GHG emissions relative to value added produced – at the level of industries in 2008–2020 in Europe. Finland’s carbon competitiveness, as measured by relative GHG-emission intensities, is average but varies by industries. Competitiveness is good in most industries, but it falls behind the EU27 average in agriculture, paper industry, construction, and land transportation, and behind Sweden and/or Germany also in basic metals, energy industry, and sewerage and waste management. We find that labour productivity is negatively associated with the level of and changes in GHG-emission intensities in Europe. Furthermore, higher investments, higher carbon prices within the ETS mechanism, and higher environmental taxes are associated with lower emission intensities. Consequently, policies that promote productivity growth and financial incentives to decrease emissions are likely to help reach lower emissions. See also Etla Report no 139 Labour Productivity and Development of Carbon Competitiveness: Industry-Level Evidence from Europe. |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse gas emissions, GHG-intensity, Carbon competitiveness, Productivity, ETS |
| JEL: | C23 O44 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:123&r=env |
| By: | Döttling, Robin; Rola-Janicka, Magdalena |
| Abstract: | We analyze jointly optimal carbon pricing and leverage regulation in a model with financial constraints and endogenous climate-related transition and physical risks. The socially optimal emissions tax is below the Pigouvian benchmark (equal to the direct social cost of emissions) when emissions taxes amplify financial constraints, or above this benchmark if physical climate risks have a substantial impact on collateral values. Additionally introducing leverage regulation can be welfare-improving only if tax rebates are not fully pledgeable. A cap-and-trade system or abatement subsidies may dominate carbon taxes because they can be designed to have a less adverse effect on financial constraints. JEL Classification: D62, G28, G32, G38, H23 |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, climate risk, financial constraints, financial regulation, Pigouvian tax |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20232812&r=env |
| By: | Martinez Cillero, Maria (European Commission); Gregori, Wildmer Daniel (Banco de Portugal); Bose, Udichibarna (University of Essex) |
| Abstract: | This analysis explores the implications of technological shifts towards greener and sustainable innovations on acquisition propensity between firms with different technological capacities. Using a dataset of completed control acquisition deals over the period of 2009-2020 from 23 OECD countries, we find that innovative firms are more likely to acquire innovative target companies. We also find that green acquirors (i.e., firms with green patents) are more inclined to enter into acquisition deals with green firms, possibly due to their technological proximity and informational advantages which further enhances their post-acquisition green innovation performances. Our results also show an increase in green acquisitions after the Paris Agreement by non-green acquiror firms, and these are more pronounced for acquirors in climate policy-relevant sectors and countries with low environmental standards than their counterparts. However, green acquisitions after the Paris Agreement do not show any significant impact on their post-acquisition innovation performances, raising concerns related to greenwashing behaviour by investing firms. |
| Keywords: | Acquisitions, green patents, firm innovation, Paris agreement, green transition |
| JEL: | G34 O30 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202304&r=env |
| By: | Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig (WIFO); Claudia Kettner |
| Abstract: | For the project "Social Aspects of Market-Based Instruments for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions – SoMBI" Austria and Poland were chosen as case study countries to compare the impacts of an EU-wide carbon price combined with different revenue recycling policies. The detailed analysis will focus on the macroeconomic and greenhouse gas emission effects of the introduction of the carbon pricing and revenue recycling schemes as well as the distributional effects of such price mechanisms for different household types. The two countries were chosen as they differ considerably in terms of their energy systems and economic conditions. Further differences regard the level of ambition of the respective domestic climate policies as well as the priorities set in energy policies. The aim of this paper is to provide indications of the sectors that are emission-intensive and/or labour-intensive and are likely to gain or lose from the chosen revenue recycling mechanisms. Moreover, the findings will provide background information for the interpretation of modelling results for the various carbon pricing and recycling options. |
| Date: | 2023–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2023:i:661&r=env |
| By: | Zehui, Zhao |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on pro-environmental behavior and actions, highlighting key theories, empirical evidence, and practical implications for both sociology and economics. We begin by outlining the foundations of pro-environmental behavior research, drawing from the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991), the Value-Belief-Norm Theory (Stern, Dietz, & Guagnano, 1995), and the Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) as primary theoretical frameworks. We then discuss the role of individual, social, and contextual factors in shaping pro-environmental behaviors, focusing on the importance of personal values (Schwartz, 1992), environmental concern (Dunlap & Van Liere, 1978), social norms (Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren, 1990), and self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977). Next, we explore the role of economic incentives in promoting pro-environmental actions, highlighting the effectiveness of market-based instruments, such as carbon pricing (Stavins, 1998) and environmental subsidies (Goulder & Parry, 2008), as well as non-market approaches, like nudges (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008) and informational campaigns (McKenzie-Mohr, 2011). We emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in understanding and promoting pro-environmental behavior, including the integration of behavioral economics (Shogren & Taylor, 2008) and social psychology (Gifford & Nilsson, 2014) within the broader field of environmental studies. In conclusion, we highlight the most promising avenues for future research, such as the role of digital technologies in fostering environmental engagement (Milkoreit et al., 2018), the impact of climate change communication on behavior change (Moser, 2010), and the potential for leveraging social networks and community-based initiatives to promote sustainable lifestyles (Burchell, Rettie, & Patel, 2013). By synthesizing the extensive body of literature on pro-environmental behavior and actions, this paper aims to guide both researchers and practitioners in developing more effective strategies to foster sustainable societies. |
| Date: | 2023–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cajup&r=env |
| By: | Diego R. Känzig |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the economic impacts of carbon pricing. Exploiting institutional features of the European carbon market and high-frequency data, I document that a tighter carbon pricing regime leads to higher energy prices, lower emissions and more green innovation. This comes at the cost of a fall in economic activity, which is borne unequally across society: poorer households lower their consumption significantly while richer households are less affected. The poor are more exposed because of their higher energy share and, importantly, also experience a larger fall in income. Targeted fiscal policy can help alleviate these costs while maintaining emission reductions. |
| JEL: | E32 E62 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31221&r=env |
| By: | Yacouba Coulibaly (UO - Université d'Orléans, UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | Developing countries suffer disproportionately from the negative impacts of climate change and environmental degradation on economic development in terms of financial costs and loss of potential revenues. In this paper, we examine the impact of climate change on the efficiency of public investment in 34 developing countries, with a particular focus on resource-rich countries, over the period 2000-2013. Using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to determine efficiency scores, we find that developing countries could increase the capital stock by 29% on average without changing their public investment spending. In particular, resource-rich countries could increase the capital stock by 26% without changing their spending. In the second step, we then use the fractional regression model (FRM) to capture the impact of climate change on the investment efficiency values obtained in the first step. Our results show that climate change has a negative impact on public investment efficiency. However, when the climate change index is disaggregated for the regressions, we find that only precipitation has a negative effect, while a 1°C temperature increase in resource-rich countries leads to a 16.32% improvement in public investment efficiency of GDP. These results are also statistically and economically robust to different controls and specifications. The main findings of this paper suggest that policies to address climate change in general and heavy rainfall shocks in particular should include strong provisions for financing more resilient public investments to adapt to climatic conditions and modernise public infrastructures to mitigate the negative environmental impacts for developing countries, especially resource-rich countries. |
| Keywords: | H81, C12, Q54, Q01, Climate change, Public investment, Technical efficiency, Weather shocks, Environment, Stochastic frontier analysis O13 |
| Date: | 2023–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04072345&r=env |
| By: | Saussay, Aurélien; Zugravu-Soilita, Natalia |
| Abstract: | Most analyses of the impact of heterogeneous environmental policy stringency on the location of industrial firms have considered the relocation of entire activities – the well-known pollution haven hypothesis. Yet international enterprises may decide to only offshore a subset of their production chain – the so-called pollution offshoring hypothesis (POH). We introduce a simple empirical approach to test the POH combining a comprehensive industrial mergers and acquisitions dataset, a measure of sectoral linkages based on input-output tables and an index score of environmental policy stringency. Our results confirm the impact of relative environmental policy stringency on firms’ decisions to engage in cross-country M&As. Our findings also indicate that environmental taxation have a stronger impact on international investment decisions than standards-based policies. Further, we find that transactions involving a target firm operating in a sector upstream of the acquirer are more sensitive to environmental policy stringency, especially when that sector is highly pollution-intensive. This empirical evidence is consistent with the pollution offshoring hypothesis. |
| Keywords: | FDI; pollution offshoring; global supply chain; firm location; environmental regulation; Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy grant (ES/R009708/1);Climate SOLSTICE project JUST-DECARB (ES/V013971/1);PRINZ (ES/W010356/1); Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship (ECF/2021/536); Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment; Elsevier deal |
| JEL: | D20 F23 Q28 |
| Date: | 2023–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118352&r=env |
| By: | Carradori, Olimpia; Giuzio, Margherita; Kapadia, Sujit; Salakhova, Dilyara; Vozian, Katia |
| Abstract: | Using evidence from the EU emissions trading system, we collect verified emissions of close to 4000 highly polluting and mostly non-listed firms responsible for 26% of EU’s emissions. Over the period 2013 - 2019, we find a non-linear relationship between leverage and emissions. A firm with higher leverage has lower emissions in subsequent years. However, when leverage exceeds 50%, a further increase is associated with higher emissions. Our difference-in-differences approach sheds light on the existence of a group of firms that are too indebted to successfully accomplish the low-carbon transition, even when they face a steep increase in the cost of their emissions. JEL Classification: C58, E58, G32, Q51, Q56, Q58 |
| Keywords: | climate change, debt finance, EU ETS, low-carbon transition, transition finance |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20232813&r=env |
| By: | Hyeyoon Jung |
| Abstract: | A growing number of climate-related policies have been adopted globally in the past thirty years (see chart below). The risk to economic activity from changes in policies in response to climate risks, such as carbon taxes and green subsidies, is often referred to as transition risk. Transition risk can adversely affect the real economy through the banking sector. For example, a shock to borrowers’ transition risk can impair their ability to repay, which can then lead to an amplified effect on banks’ current and expected future profits, resulting in a systemic undercapitalization of banks. In a recent Staff Report co-authored with Robert Engle and Richard Berner, we examine whether banks are sufficiently capitalized to absorb losses during stressful conditions due to heightened climate (transition) risk. |
| Keywords: | climate; climate risk; financial stability; stress testing; systemic risk |
| JEL: | G1 G2 |
| Date: | 2023–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:96024&r=env |
| By: | Arnaud Abad (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Paola Ravelojaona (UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyze environmental Total Factor Productivity (TFP) change. Indeed, innovative environmental TFP measures are introduced through convex and non convex environmental production processes. Hence, the impacts of input and output quality change on environmental productivity variation are underscored. In addition, general decomposition of the new ratio- and difference-based environmental TFP measures is proposed. Finally, an empirical example is provided to illustrate these propositions. |
| Keywords: | Environmental efficiency, Non Convexity, Pollution-generating Technology, Total Factor Productivity Indices |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03592375&r=env |
| By: | Chen, Yanran; Sun, Ruochen; Chen, Xi; Qin, Xuezheng |
| Abstract: | Long-term exposure to extreme temperatures could threaten individuals' mental health and psychological wellbeing. This study aims to investigate the long-term impact of cumulative exposure to extreme temperature. Differently from existing literature, we define extreme temperature exposure in relative terms based on local temperature patterns. Combining the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and environmental data from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from 2011 to 2015, this study demonstrates that heat and cold exposure days in the past year significantly increase the measured depression level of adults over age 45 by 1.75 and 3.00 per cent, respectively, controlling for the city, year, and individual fixed effects. The effect is heterogeneous across three components of depression symptoms as well as age, gender, and areas of residency, and air conditioning and heating equipment are effective in alleviating the adverse impact of heat and cold exposure. The estimation is robust and consistent across a variety of temperature measurements and model modifications. Our findings provide evidence on the long-term and accumulative cost of extreme temperature to middle-aged and elderly human capital, contributing to the understanding of the social cost of climate change and the consequent health inequality. |
| Keywords: | mental health, climate change, extreme temperature, aging |
| JEL: | I12 I18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1267&r=env |
| By: | Eskander, Shaikh M.S.U.; Nitschke, Jakob |
| Abstract: | We investigate the progress of the UK universities in greening their energy sources in line with the UK's goal of becoming a net-zero economy by 2050. Using the HESA estate management data for 116 universities over 2012-13 to 2018–19, we employ a Log Mean Divisa Index decomposition method within an extended Kaya identity framework to decouple the changes in total carbon emissions from a range of variables, with a special focus on the impact of different energy sources on energy use and carbon efficiency measures. Overall, between 2012-13 and 2018–19, universities have reduced emissions by 29% although their energy consumption remained mostly stable, implying that these reductions mostly stemmed from reductions in emission coefficient effect (which measures carbon efficiency of energy generation) by 24% and energy intensity effect by 25%. Consistently, estimated correlation coefficients confirm that emission coefficient, intensity, and affluence effects are major contributors behind the annual change in total emissions, with estimated correlation coefficients being 0.42, 0.66, and −0.24, respectively. The share of renewable energy sources was reduced by 2.2%, which is a major reason, in addition to increased number of students, behind the sector's overall failure achieve the 2020 goal of reducing emissions by 43% from the 2005 level. Finally, our results also expose considerable regional variations in mitigating and worsening factors behind emissions that calls for stronger coordination and supervision by policymakers. |
| Keywords: | emissions; energy; Kaya identity; university |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110764&r=env |
| By: | Chen, Yanran (Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing); Sun, Ruochen (University of Pennsylvania); Chen, Xi (Yale University); Qin, Xuezheng (Peking University) |
| Abstract: | Long-term exposure to extreme temperatures could threaten individuals' mental health and psychological wellbeing. This study aims to investigate the long-term impact of cumulative exposure to extreme temperature. Differently from existing literature, we define extreme temperature exposure in relative terms based on local temperature patterns. Combining the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and environmental data from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from 2011 to 2015, this study demonstrates that heat and cold exposure days in the past year significantly increase the measured depression level of adults over age 45 by 1.75 and 3.00 per cent, respectively, controlling for the city, year, and individual fixed effects. The effect is heterogeneous across three components of depression symptoms as well as age, gender, and areas of residency, and air conditioning and heating equipment are effective in alleviating the adverse impact of heat and cold exposure. The estimation is robust and consistent across a variety of temperature measurements and model modifications. Our findings provide evidence on the long-term and accumulative cost of extreme temperature to middle-aged and elderly human capital, contributing to the understanding of the social cost of climate change and the consequent health inequality. |
| Keywords: | mental health, climate change, extreme temperature, aging |
| JEL: | I12 I18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16092&r=env |
| By: | Camille Salesse (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | I estimate the relationship between income, the number of days of exposure to the four main air pollutants and the proportion of "cocktail days" with French municipal data over the period 2012-2018. I find contrasting results between rural and urban areas. The most affluent urban municipalities have on average a lower number of pollution days compared to the poorest urban municipalities. In urban areas, the pollution days are composed of an equal proportion of cocktail days between the poorest and the most affluent municipalities. On the other hand, in the rural areas the better-off municipalities have on average a higher number of days of pollution, composed of more toxic mixtures, compared to the poorer municipalities. I also show that the pollution levels and the difference in the number of pollution days between the better-off and poorer municipalities are higher in urban areas. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, cocktail, inequality, environmental justice |
| Date: | 2022–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03882438&r=env |
| By: | Banning, Maximilian; Großmann, Anett; Heinisch, Katja; Hohmann, Frank; Lutz, Christian; Schult, Christoph |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the impacts of climate change become increasingly evident, both in magnitude and frequency. The design and implementation of adequate climate adaptation policies play an important role in the macroeconomic policy discourse to assess the impact of climate change on regional and sectoral economic growth. We propose different modelling approaches to quantify the socio-economic impacts of climate change and design specific adaptations in three emerging market economies (Kazakhstan, Georgia and Vietnam) which belong to the areas that are heavily exposed to climate change. A Dynamic General Equilibrium (DGE) model has been used for Vietnam and economy-energy-emission (E3) models for the other two countries. Our modelling results show how different climate hazards impact the economy up to the year 2050. Adaptation measures in particular in the agricultural sector have positive implications for the gross domestic product (GDP). However, some adaptation measures can even increase greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the focus on GDP as the main indicator to evaluate policy measures can produce welfare-reducing policy decisions. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhstu:22023&r=env |
| By: | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
| Abstract: | Excerpts from the report Introduction: United States Department of Agriculture Handbook 296 is a broadscale synthesis of current knowledge about land areas based on patterns of physiography, geology, climate, water resources, soils, biological resources, and land use. These patterns were used to establish the unique central concept and boundaries for each land resource region (LRR) and major land resource area (MLRA). This handbook is designed primarily for use in developing soil and water conservation programs at the continental scale (using the LRR concept) and the inter-State scale (using the MLRA concept). The three previous editions of Agriculture Handbook 296 were published in 1965, 1981, and 2006. This update of Agriculture Handbook 296 was driven by the need to improve the usability of the land resource hierarchy system so that a more consistent application of soil-ecological-landscape concepts could provide more accurate and efficient application of conservation on the ground. It involved innovations to the current system through incorporation of updated climate, elevation, soil, and land use data and improvement in linework accuracy based on advances in remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:334673&r=env |
| By: | Guinea, Laurentiu; Ruiz, Jesús; Puch, Luis A. |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of anticipated (news) shocks on renewable and fossil energy use on the US economy. Using structural vector autoregressions (SVARs), we identify the news shocks captured in energy stock market indexes. Our findings show that renewable and fossil energy news shocks significantly affect economic activity, revealing the tensions between the traditional fossil fuel-based industries and the emerging green technology-based ones. We further identify news shocks on Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) index, as policy is a key factor driving the changes in the energy mix. First, we show that the identified anticipated shocks have very different propagation mechanisms from traditional surprise shocks. Then, we find that the combination of news shocks to energy stock prices and economic policy uncertainty jointly account for about 90% of the variability of output, job openings and house prices. To interpret our findings, we use a DSGE model that incorporates fossil and renewable energy sectors and news shocks as a driving force, and we show that the propagation mechanisms of news shocks in the model are consistent with our empirical observations. Our study illustrates on the critical interaction between energy news and economic policy uncertainty in affecting the real economy in the transition from dirty to clean energy technologies. |
| Keywords: | News Shocks; Renewable Energy; Economic Policy Uncertainty; Expectations |
| JEL: | E2 E6 E32 E44 Q42 Q43 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:37355&r=env |
| By: | William A. Brock (Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison); J. Isaac Miller (Department of Economics, University of Missouri) |
| Abstract: | Poleward transport of atmospheric moisture and heat play major roles in the magnification of warming in poleward latitudes per degree of global warming, a phenomenon known as polar amplification (PA). We derive a time series econometric framework using a restricted vector error correction model (VECM) and an identification strategy to recover the parameters of a moist energy balance model (MEBM) similar to those in the recent climate science literature. This framework enables the climate econometrician to estimate and forecast temperature rise in latitude belts as cumulative emissions continue to grow as well as account for effects of increases in atmospheric moisture predicted by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which drives spatial non-uniformity in climate change. Non-uniformity is important for two reasons: climate change has unequal consequences that need to be better understood and amplification of temperatures in polar latitudes has a higher potential to trigger irreversible climate tipping points. |
| Keywords: | climate change, polar amplification, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, moist energy balance model, vector error correction model |
| JEL: | C32 C33 C51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2304&r=env |
| By: | S. Madhumitha (Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India); Anubhab Pattanayak ((Corresponding author), Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India); K.S. Kavi Kumar (Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural intensification and technological specialisation have led to the prevalence of mono-culture in India. Diversity within crop species has been gradually declining since the advent of Green Revolution in the 1960s. With increasingly frequent weather shocks, agricultural systems face the risk of yield and income losses. A quantitative assessment of district level agricultural data for the period 1966-2015 is used to understand whether crop diversification can cushion yield and income losses for farmers during droughts. The results indicate that diversification enhanced resilience during a rainfall deficit period in the Green Revolution period. However, in the post-Green Revolution period, increased specialization mitigated the adverse effects of rainfall deficit. When simultaneous occurrence of rainfall deficit and high temperature is considered as an alternative characterization of drought, crop diversity did not provide any insulation against such weather extremes. In the absence of any weather extremes, monoculture is found to be more lucrative owing to both supply and demand side factors like improved inputs, irrigation and infrastructure facilities, government’s support prices and pattern of consumption demand. Spatial trends in crop diversification also revealed some anomalies to these general results since some states in the country have unique cropping patterns. |
| Keywords: | Crop diversity; Drought; Indian agriculture; Green Revolution |
| JEL: | Q10 Q15 Q54 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2021-206&r=env |
| By: | Fateh Belaïd (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ahmed Elsayed; Anis Omri |
| Abstract: | With the growing pressure from the adverse impact of environmental pollution and climate change, the deployment of renewable sources is becoming one of the economic priorities for governments worldwide. Despite potential gains of renewable sources, little evidence is provided in the literature about the determinants of renewable energy deployment in the MENA region. In particular, whether political stability, governance quality and financial development matter or not for unleashing the potentials of renewable energy programs. To this end, this paper aims to fill the gap by examining the impact of political stability, quality of governance and institutions, and financial development on the deployment of renewable energy production in 9 selected MENA countries using annual data over the period 1984-2014. Accordingly, an innovative panel quantile regression model with non-additive fixed effect has been developed to tackle this issue. Our findings confirm that the effect of political stability is clearly heterogeneous and supports earlier claims about the importance of political stability to foster investments in the renewable energy sector. Findings also show that financial development has a positive impact on renewable energy production. In addition, we also find that the interaction term between governance effectiveness and financial development is negative for the lower quantiles but positive for the highest quantiles. These findings support our hypotheses and suggest that political stability, governance effectiveness, and financial development are essential drivers for promoting renewable energy production in the MENA region. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, Political stability, Financial development, Governance, Panel quantile, MENA Region |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03272568&r=env |
| By: | Kronvall, Anna |
| Abstract: | This working paper addresses large-scale projects, often known as megaprojects, and their disruptive effects on policy and planning. Drawing on literature from various disciplines, the first part of the paper traces large-scale project development in the 20th and 21st century and reflects on different kinds of projects, the intentions behind their implementation, and the impacts they have on places, systems, and communities. The second part of the paper examines the concept of the green transition and the role that large-scale renewable energy (RE) projects play in achieving it. Wind power farms, solar power parks, hydropower dams and gigafactories for electric vehicle and battery manufacturing are examples of such projects. They are promoted by decision-makers and investors alike as imperative in transforming energy and mobility systems, but are often met with local resistance in the places where they are implemented. The paper discusses the nature and significance of such projects, and reflects on their wider implications for local communities, governance and institutions. Disruptions triggered by large-scale RE projects accentuate sometimes conflicting values (e.g., climate mitigation, nature conservation, economic growth), and pose challenges for governance at different scales and across different sectors. The need to accelerate RE expansion also brings regulatory issues to the fore, as project implementation is often obstructed by lengthy and complex permitting procedures. By examining large-scale RE projects, the paper draws attention to the diverging interests, values and prospects of future that materialize in the context of the green transition. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:irsdia:12023&r=env |
| By: | Nguyen, Minh-Hoang |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity provides many benefits to humans in general and urban residents in particular. However, the rising population, income, and wildlife product consumption demands contribute to the deliberately organized illegal wildlife trade expansion. Protected areas are designated mainly for biodiversity conservation but face financial constraints for management activities. The increased illegal wildlife trade and lack of financing in protected areas can negatively affect biodiversity levels. Thus, the current dissertation is dedicated to answering the question: “How can we mitigate biodiversity loss in protected areas by better involving urban residents in biodiversity conservation?” To answer this question, the dissertation comprises three studies and data collection about the psychology and behaviors related to biodiversity and conservation among urban residents. |
| Date: | 2023–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:z2hjv&r=env |
| By: | Marian Garcia-Valiñas; Fernando Arbués; Roberto Balado-Naves |
| Abstract: | Individual pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours are determinant for long-term sustainability. We assessed household profiles in terms of their water consumption and recycling patterns using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). This methodology allows for households to be classified into groups without imposing any ad hoc criteria when classifying them and provides information on the determinants of belonging to each group. We used information from an exclusive database of 1, 351 households in the municipality of Gijón, Spain. The database includes the water consumption, self-reported environmental attitudes, and socioeconomic characteristics of the households. The results showed four significant household groups, where smaller families located in urban areas containing at least one homemaker and equipped with water efficient devices are more likely to present the best pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours related to water use and recycling habits. Furthermore, we found that providing better information in terms of water and waste services and the environmental impact of human behaviour is also important to fostering environmentally friendly habits. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oeg:wpaper:2023/02&r=env |
| By: | R. Le Frioux; A. de Palma; N. Blond (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | This research builds an integrated chain of models to compute the economic costs of population exposure to air pollution from roads. The framework uses data with a high geographical resolution (1 km x 1 km), a mobility module to simulate population movements, and a Gaussian dispersion model-based exposure model to evaluate population air pollution exposure and the related costs. This paper investigates the impact of two policies on La Réunion, a French island.: replacing old vehicles with electric ones and allowing flexible departure times for commuting trips. |
| Keywords: | dynamic traffic simulation, air pollution, road traffic pollution, population exposure costs, integrated chain of models, electric vehicles. |
| JEL: | I18 L91 L92 P25 R41 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2023-09&r=env |
| By: | Shawhan, Daniel (Resources for the Future); Cleary, Kathryne (Resources for the Future); Funke, Christoph (Resources for the Future); Witkin, Steven (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | The benefits of additional research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) for advanced energy technologies are likely to greatly exceed the costs. Additional funding like that authorized by the Energy Act of 2020 would generate projected societal benefits averaging $30 billion to $40 billion in present value per technology during 2040–2060. [1]Twenty-six experts in advanced nuclear, advanced geothermal, energy storage, natural gas with carbon capture and sequestration (NG-CCS), and direct air capture (DAC) projected the effects of the additional RD&D funding on the future costs of the technologies. The experts expect the additional funding to reduce the costs of the technologies by 9–30 percent in 2035, compared with the case of no additional funding.Average power sector benefits across the technologies are likely to exceed costs by about 7 times if there is no new national clean energy policy and by more than 10 times if there is a national clean energy standard (CES). Benefits outside the power sector may also be significant and would increase these ratios. An economy-wide analysis for DAC found benefits of 27 times the costs of the additional funding, assuming a national economy-wide emissions policy.Without a CES, the estimated benefits of added RD&D funding are split mainly among lower electricity bills, health benefits, and climate benefits. With a CES, the estimated benefits are mainly in the form of lower electricity bills. Average annual electricity bill savings per household for each technology are about $14 without a CES and $56 with a CES.[1] All dollar values in this brief are in 2020 dollars.[2] Parts of the analysis were also done for a sixth technology, multiday energy storage. See the working paper for details.To read the full issue brief, click "Download" above. The issue brief is a summary of the working paper linked below. |
| Date: | 2021–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-21-03&r=env |
| By: | Van Hoof, Bart; Núñez Reyes, Georgina; De Miguel, Carlos J. |
| Abstract: | This document analyses the possibility of scaling up the potential of the circular economy through financial instruments in Latin America and the Caribbean. It reviews progress in the circular economy in four business cases, selected based on priorities and representativeness for the Latin American and Caribbean region, and assesses the prospect of scaling them up using financial mechanisms and environmental, social and governance (ESG) schemes. The findings show that investment in circular economy business models has multiple benefits for companies, such as profitable operating margins and improved corporate reputation, thereby lowering the cost of debt and of financing circular economy projects. Various financial mechanisms are applied to scale up circular economy initiatives and circular economy indicators are aligned with broader ESG frameworks. To unlock the full potential of the circular economy in the region, new —and cheaper— financing alternatives should be considered. ESG funding has proven to be a reliable source of funding, even for circular economy projects, and has attracted the attention of investors the world over. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, ECONOMIA VERDE, FINANCIACION, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, GREEN ECONOMY, FINANCING, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2023–04–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48835&r=env |
| By: | Castillo Cerdas, Francisco; López Morales, Carlos A.; López Tamayo, Diego |
| Abstract: | Ante la oportunidad de promover medidas de descarbonización de la economía de Costa Rica, la Contraloría General de la República ha mostrado interés en realizar análisis que documenten los posibles efectos económicos, distributivos y ambientales de la aplicación de instrumentos económicos con ese propósito. Para ello, en este documento se estudian los efectos de la eliminación de las excepciones del pago del impuesto único a los combustibles establecidas en la Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias, que incluyen las actividades realizadas por las líneas aéreas y buques mercantes o de pasajeros en líneas comerciales y por la pesca artesanal. Para estudiar los posibles efectos económicos, distributivos y ambientales de una eliminación de dichas exoneraciones, se utiliza una metodología de análisis económico y ambiental que opera en dos escalas: una macroeconómica y una microeconómica. Para el análisis macroeconómico se realiza el cálculo de una matriz de contabilidad social para 2016 existente en la literatura. Para el análisis microeconómico se recurre a la utilización de elasticidades en el uso de combustibles en los sectores de transporte internacional —aéreo y marítimo— y pesca artesanal. |
| Keywords: | COMBUSTIBLES, IMPUESTO UNICO, TRIBUTACION, REFORMA TRIBUTARIA, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MEDICION, EVALUACION DEL IMPACTO AMBIENTAL, FUELS, SINGLE TAX, TAXATION, TAX REFORM, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, MEASUREMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT |
| Date: | 2023–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48817&r=env |
| By: | Favour C. Onuoha (Evangel University Akaeze, Nigeria); Stephen K. Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley I. Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Prompted by the renewable energy funding challenge in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) amid surging public debt in the region, this study investigates the moderating role of governance quality in the relationship between public debt and REC in the region using the Feasible Generalized Least Squares. The study established that public debt positively impacts REC, but the interactive effect of governance quality and public debt impedes REC. Policy prescriptions are put forward to address the funding challenges of transitioning to a green energy future in SSA by highlighting the critical role of governance. |
| Keywords: | Public Debt, Renewable Energy Consumption, Governance Quality, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/028&r=env |
| By: | Sébastien Duchêne (Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School); Adrien Nguyen-Huu (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Dimitri Dubois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marc Willinger (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | We assess the impact of environmental externalities on port folio decisions in a lab-in-the-field experiment on finance professionals and students. Participants are prone to accept lower returns for positive environmental impact but will not bear increased risk. They show a symmetric pro-environmental preferences depending on the sign of the externality. Finance professionals are more pro-environment than students, particularly regarding positive externalities, and less influenced by a ranking signal about environmental performance. Control tasks show that experimental measures of pro-social and environmental preferences have less influence on port folios than market practices for professionals but are significant predictors for students. |
| Date: | 2022–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03883121&r=env |
| By: | Zinnbauer, Maximilian; Eysholdt, Max; Henseler, Martin; Herrmann, Frank; Kreins, Peter; Kunkel, Ralf; Nguyen, Hanh; Tetzlaff, Björn; Venohr, Markus; Wolters, Tim; Wendland, Frank |
| Abstract: | The aim of the project was to create a nationwide, uniform, spatially high- resolution nutrient model together with agricultural and water management authorities of the federal states in order to create information bases that can contribute to fulfilling the reporting obligations of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), among other things. The aim was to map inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus from agriculture, the wastewater sector and the air pathway into groundwater, surface waters and the tributaries in the North Sea and Baltic Sea or the transfer levels to neighbouring countries, taking into account the respective most important conversion and degradation processes. The AGRUM-DE model network consists of the agricultural-economic model RAUMIS (operated at the Thünen Institute) and the hydrological models mGROWA-DENUZ- WEKU-MePhos (Jülich Research Centre, FZJ) and the model MONERIS (Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB): • Using the RAUMIS model, the Thünen Institute calculated nitrogen balances of agriculture on municipal areas and an analysis of the effect of the amended Fertiliser Ordinance (DüV) on achieving the management objectives for groundwater, inland waters and coastal waters. • Using the mGROWA-WEKU-DENUZ-MEPhos models of the Jülich Research Centre, the water balance and diffuse nutrient inputs into groundwater and surface waters were determined separately according to the most important input pathways. The model calculations were carried out for the entire area of Germany in a grid of 100 m × 100 m. • The MONERIS model was developed and applied by the IGB in Berlin to calculate N and P inputs from point sources and urban systems into surface waters at the municipal level and the retention and degradation of N and P compounds in surface waters at the sub-basin level. Through an as-is analysis, the different origins and levels of nutrient inputs were first determined. This made it possible to spatially identify pollution hot-spots and thus priority areas for the implementation of measures. Based on this, the regional N and P action requirement to achieve the protection goals for groundwater and surface waters to achieve the marine protection goals was determined and the effects of the amended Fertiliser Ordinance on nutrient inputs were analyzed. The project was accompanied by a working group of around 50 experts from the federal states in the field of agriculture and water management, in which all project steps – from the definition of the data basis to the presentation of the results – were presented, discussed and agreed in detail. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2023–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwo:334724&r=env |
| By: | Camille Eslan (FFE - Fédération Française d'Equitation, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Céline Vial (La Jumenterie du Pin [IFCE] - IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur] - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Afin de mieux connaître le profil, l'organisation, les besoins et les attentes des cavaliers «hors structure», la Fédération Française d'Equitation participe à un projet de recherche, en partenariat avec l'Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE) et l'Institut National de la Recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE). |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04072493&r=env |
| By: | Alistair Ulph; David Ulph |
| Abstract: | Faced with a global emissions problem such as climate change we know that if countries' emissions decisions are made in an independent and self-interested fashion the outcome can be very far from optimal. One proposed solution is to have countries act more morally by co-operating and so taking account of the impact of their emissions decisions on the welfare of other countries. However, if the decision to co-operate is made in a self-interested fashion the standard non-cooperative model of IEAs yields the pessimistic conclusion that the more serious the environmental problem the smaller will be the equilibrium membership of an IEA. Our paper examines the implications for emissions, IEA membership and welfare of assuming that countries make both emissions and IEA membership decisions in the alternative moral fashion of acting as imperfect Kantians as defined by Alger and Weibull (2013). A similar approach has been taken in Eichner and Pethig (2022) who show that the grand coalition (and first-best) can be achieved when countries have a weight on Kantian behaviour greater than a critical value below 2/3. We argue that their approach to modelling the membership decision of imperfect Kantians is problematic and propose an alternative approach. We show that (i) for any weight attached to Kantian behaviour, the equilibrium level of IEA membership and resulting global welfare is higher using our model; (ii) consequently achieving the grand coalition and hence first-best does not require such a high weight on Kantian behaviour; (iii) acting cooperatively and in a Kantian fashion are complementary rather than substitute moral approaches to achieving the first best. |
| Keywords: | international environmental agreements; moral behaviour; Kantian ethics |
| JEL: | C72 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:2302&r=env |
| By: | Kristian S. Blickle; Katherine Engelman; Theo Linnemann; João A. C. Santos |
| Abstract: | An often-overlooked aspect of flood-plain mapping is the fact that these maps designate stark boundaries, with households falling either inside or outside of areas designated as “flood zones.” Households inside flood zones must insure themselves against the possibility of disasters. However, costly insurance may have pushed lower-income households out of areas officially designated a flood risk and into physically adjacent areas. While not designated an official flood risk, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and disaster data shows that these areas are still at considerable risk of flooding. In this post, we examine whether flood maps may have inadvertently clustered those households financially less able to bear the consequences of a disaster into areas that may still pose a significant flood risk. |
| Keywords: | insurance; floods; flood risk; climate; climate change; flood maps; neighborhood composition |
| JEL: | D14 G2 R31 |
| Date: | 2023–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:96026&r=env |
| By: | Amine Ouazad; Matthew E. Kahn |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses new risks for real estate assets. Given that the majority of home buyers use a loan to pay for their homes and the majority of these loans are purchased by the Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs), it is important to understand how rising natural disaster risk affects the mortgage finance market. The climate securitization hypothesis (CSH) posits that, in the aftermath of natural disasters, lenders strategically react to the GSEs conforming loan securitization rules that create incentives that foster both moral hazard and adverse selection effects. The climate risks bundled into GSE mortgage-backed securities emerge because of the complex securitization chain that creates weak monitoring and screening incentives. We survey the recent theoretical literature and empirical literature exploring screening incentive effects. Using regression discontinuity methods, we test key hypotheses presented in the securitization literature with a focus on securitization dynamics immediately after major hurricanes. Our evidence supports the CSH. We address the data construction issues posed by LaCour-Little et. al. and show that their concerns do not affect our main results. Under the current rules of the game, climate risks exacerbates the established lemons problem commonly found in loan securitization markets. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.07179&r=env |
| By: | Lee, Sul-Ki (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | Korea lacks an abundance of natural resources, and has not traditionally been recognized as a major player in the energy industry. Accordingly, Korean energy policy has focused on the national power generation mix, rather than on industrial development. This trend has continued until very recently; only now is there growing momentum for expanding the proportion of renewable energy in the energy mix. However, there is an increasing need to cultivate new and renewable energy industries such as hydrogen, wind power, and solar power individually. We see this manifest in the new organizational re-composition of government ministries. To enhance the competitiveness of the domestic hydrogen industry during the transition to a hydrogen economy, it is essential to implement successful industrial policies. The purpose of this study is to examine the development of Korean hydrogen industry from an industrial research prospective. Specifically, the works outlines a strategy for fostering the hydrogen industry to facilitate a quick transition to a hydrogen economy. |
| Keywords: | hydrogen; hydrogen energy; renewable energy; alternative energy; energy policy; renewables policy; energy development strategy; renewables strategy; Korea |
| JEL: | Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q48 Q49 Q53 Q54 Q55 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:2023_011&r=env |
| By: | David Obura; Sébastien TREYER |
| Abstract: | La biodiversité est un exemple classique de bien commun mondial. Face au changement climatique rapide, au déclin de la biodiversité, à la croissance démographique et aux enjeux de croissance économique, les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne sont confrontés à un défi existentiel pour leur sécurité et leur bien-être. Nous lions ici les approches « par les biens communs » à une approche nouvelle de la planification locale basée sur la notion de « terre partagée ». Cette démarche se concentre sur la santé et les services de la nature dont dépend notre existence. Elle combine les préoccupations de conservation avec les moyens de subsistance et avec les cultures et les institutions locales dans le but d’imaginer des solutions locales qui répondent aux besoins des populations tout en garantissant la préservation de la biodiversité et de ses services pour l'avenir. Bien menée, cette approche peut faciliter une participation équitable des acteurs locaux à des chaînes d'approvisionnement à plus grande échelle et transnationales, à partir de principes partagés d'équité d'accès et d’usage de la nature. Cette démarche peut ainsi aider les pays africains et leurs partenaires à réajuster leurs obligations respectives à l'échelle mondiale, au titre des objectifs de développement durable (à 2030) et du nouveau cadre mondial de la biodiversité (à 2050), tout en répondant aux besoins locaux et en préservant une certaine qualité de vie. |
| Keywords: | Afrique |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr14822&r=env |
| By: | Benjamin Dennis |
| Abstract: | We analyze possible future financial losses in the event of hurricane damage to Miami residential real estate, where the hurricane's destructiveness reflects climate-change. We focus on three scenarios: (i) a business-as-usual scenario, (ii) a Hurricane-Ian-spillovers scenario, and (iii) a cautious-markets scenario. We quantify bank exposures and loss rates, where exposures are proportional to the size of real estate markets and loss rates depend on post-hurricane devaluations and insurance coverage. This quantitative methodology could complement modeling of local economy impacts, stress on public finances, asset market losses, and other financial developments that will also affect banks. |
| Keywords: | Climate-related risk; Financial stability; Flow of risk; Real estate loans |
| JEL: | Q54 R31 G20 |
| Date: | 2023–02–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2023-13&r=env |
| By: | Yolande Francois (ISEOR - Institut de Socio-économie des Entreprises et des ORganisations - Institut de socio-économie des entreprises et des organisations, Laboratoire de Recherche Magellan - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Lyon) |
| Abstract: | This article explores the synergy between philosophy, corporate finance, and corporate social responsibility (CSR), emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinarity in addressing the complex ethical, social, and environmental challenges faced by organizations today. By integrating the teachings of philosophy and ethical theories, companies can enrich their understanding and practice of ethical corporate finance and CSR, developing conceptual frameworks, critical thinking skills, and systematic approaches for ethical decisionmaking and problem-solving. Companies that adopt ethical and responsible practices can promote value creation for stakeholders, financial performance, and long-term sustainability, thereby contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals and the creation of a more just, sustainable, and responsible world. |
| Abstract: | Cet article examine l'apport de la philosophie à la finance d'entreprise éthique et identifie les défis éthiques auxquels elle est confrontée. La philosophie peut fournir des cadres normatifs et des outils pour évaluer et justifier les décisions et les pratiques financières, ainsi que pour développer les compétences éthiques des professionnels de la finance. Les défis éthiques incluent les conflits d'intérêts, la manipulation et la fraude, la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, la gouvernance d'entreprise et l'innovation financière. Cette étude met en évidence la nécessité d'une approche réfléchie et intégrée pour résoudre ces défis éthiques. |
| Keywords: | Philosophy Corporate finance Corporate social responsibility (CSR) Ethics Interdisciplinarity Ethical decision-making Sustainability Sustainable development Financial performance Stakeholders, Philosophy, Corporate finance, Corporate social responsibility (CSR), Ethics, Interdisciplinarity, Ethical decision-making, Sustainability, Sustainable development, Financial performance, Stakeholders |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04081105&r=env |
| By: | Cremer, Helmuth; Borsenberger, Claire; Joram, Denis; Lozachmeur, Jean-Marie; Malavolti, Estelle |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:128071&r=env |
| By: | Stephan Leitner |
| Abstract: | Organizations face numerous challenges posed by unexpected events such as energy price hikes, pandemic disruptions, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters, and the factors that contribute to organizational success in dealing with such disruptions often remain unclear. This paper analyzes the roles of top-down and bottom-up organizational structures in promoting organizational resilience. To do so, an agent-based model of stylized organizations is introduced that features learning, adaptation, different modes of organizing, and environmental disruptions. The results indicate that bottom-up designed organizations tend to have a higher ability to absorb the effects of environmental disruptions, and situations are identified in which either top-down or bottom-up designed organizations have an advantage in recovering from shocks. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.07352&r=env |
| By: | Jens Abildtrup (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Anne Stenger (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The demand for non-marketed forest ecosystem services, like for example, carbon sequestration has been increasing the last decades and this has been accompanied by attempts to establish new market for such services. This development is an opportunity for forest owners to increase their rentability of their forest management. It will also provide the beneficiaries of the services an instrument to influence the forest owners to increase their supply of services which, without new markets, would be considered as externalities and therefore often ignored in their management. This concerns both governmental funded payment schemes, crowd-funding projects, or companies use of forest project in their corporative social responsibility activities. To increase the transparency of transactions between forest owners and buyers of services and to better assess the potential of such new markets, it is important to estimate the demand for services. Likewise, it is also important to assess the cost of increasing the supply of services to increase the transparency and also to assess additionality of projects. In this report we present and discuss different methods which have typically been used in assessing the preferences for forest ecosystem services or to estimate the costs of provision. Besides a brief introduction to the methods the report also makes references to more detailed technical guidelines and key scientific references. Finally, the report also gives an example of how a change in forest management may influence the values of carbon sequestration and recreational use of a forest project in the French NOBEL pilot demonstrator. |
| Keywords: | Economic valuation, Forest ecosystem services, Valuation methods |
| Date: | 2022–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04068881&r=env |
| By: | Roberto Balado-Naves; Marian Garcia-Valiñas; David Roibas |
| Abstract: | In the current context of pressure on available water resources, sustainable patterns of water consumption emerge as an important matter of concern. In this sense, efficient consumption is usually understood as the optimal usage of the available resources. Thus, we study households’ efficiency levels by considering a stochastic frontier analysis of the demand for water services using a representative sample of a northern city in Spain. Besides, efficient consumption habits require a costly acquisition of accurate information, whether in terms of prices or the effective demand of a given resource. Thus, we also study the impact of several determinants on the efficiency levels of water demand, as in Hung et al. (2017). These range from the deviations between perceived and real prices to social characteristics such as the average age of households or their degree of environmental awareness. We find strong evidence in favor of higher efficiency levels among more informed households which also commit themselves to the environment. The relevance of this research to the current state of the empirical literature is twofold: first, it expands the number of scarce analyses on stochastic frontiers of residential water demand; second, it contributes to a better understanding of the importance of accurate information on optimal decisions of consumers. Moreover, we use a novel and exclusive database for a representative sample of households in the city of Gijón (Spain) between 2017 and 2021, where we combine real data on water prices and consumption with consumer perceptions obtained from a survey. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oeg:wpaper:2023/01&r=env |
| By: | Josse Delfgaauw (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Otto Swank (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | Due to taxes and subsidies, gasoline prices vary dramatically across countries. Externalities cannot fully account for this. We develop a simple political-economic model that shows that group interests, resulting from the composition of a country’s car fleet, help to explain differences in gasoline taxes even among countries with identical fundamentals. In the model, citizens’ car ownership is endogenous, which can yield multiple equilibria. Our model demonstrates the possibility of a society in a climate trap where a low gasoline tax reflects the views of a majority, but another majority would benefit from transitioning to an equilibrium with a higher gasoline tax and fewer emissions. |
| Keywords: | median voter, gasoline taxes, multiple equilibria. |
| JEL: | D62 D72 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20230026&r=env |
| By: | Simon Briole (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Augustin Colette (INERIS - Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques); Emmanuelle Lavaine (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | While a sharp decline in air pollution has been documented during early Covid-19 lockdown periods, the stability and homogeneity of this effect are still under debate. Building on pollution data with a very high level of resolution, this paper estimates the impact of lockdown policies on P M 2.5 exposure in France over the whole year 2020. Our analyses highlight a surprising and undocumented increase in exposure to particulate pollution during lockdown periods. This result is observed during both lockdown periods, in early spring and late fall, and is robust to several identification strategies and model specifications. Combining administrative datasets with machine learning techniques, this paper also highlights strong spatial heterogeneity in lockdown effects, especially according to long-term pollution exposure. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, P M 2.5, lockdown, spatial heterogeneity, machine learning, Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2023–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-04084912&r=env |
| By: | Martino Pelli; Jeanne Tschopp |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how school-age exposure to storms impacts the education and primary activity status of young adults in India. Using a cross-sectional cohort study based on wind exposure histories, we find evidence of a significant deskilling of areas vulnerable to climate change-related risks. Specifically, our results show a 2.4 percentage point increase in the probability of accruing educational delays, a 2 percentage point decline in post-secondary education achievement, and a 1.6 percentage point reduction in obtaining regular salaried jobs. Additionally, our study provides evidence that degraded school infrastructure and declining household income contribute to these findings. Cet article étudie l'impact de l'exposition aux tempêtes à l'âge scolaire sur l'éducation et le statut d'activité primaire des jeunes adultes en Inde. À l'aide d'une étude de cohorte transversale basée sur l'historique de l'exposition au vent, nous trouvons des preuves d'une déqualification significative des zones vulnérables aux risques liés au changement climatique. Plus précisément, nos résultats montrent une augmentation de 2, 4 points de pourcentage de la probabilité d'accumuler des retards dans l'éducation, une baisse de 2 points de pourcentage de la réussite dans l'enseignement post-secondaire et une réduction de 1, 6 point de pourcentage de l'obtention d'un emploi salarié régulier. En outre, notre étude montre que la dégradation des infrastructures scolaires et la baisse des revenus des ménages contribuent à ces résultats. |
| Keywords: | climate change, storms, education, human capital, changement climatique, tempêtes, éducation, capital humain |
| JEL: | Q54 I25 O12 |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2023s-10&r=env |
| By: | Nora Fingado; Steven Poelhekke |
| Abstract: | How costly are droughts to individuals’ nutrition in Africa? We measure severe droughts using a detailed satellite-based vegetation index observed bi-monthly for 0.08° grids between 1982 and 2015. Across 32 African countries, conditional on individual characteristics, timing relative to growing seasons, irrigation, climate, and country-year effects, we show that, unlike recurring droughts, a first-time exposure to a three-month severe drought reduces individuals’ body mass index by 2.5%. Droughts are worse for underweight and uneducated individuals. The uneducated are more likely to become unemployed during first-time droughts, whereas both labor reallocation across occupations and migration mitigate the effect of recurring droughts. |
| Keywords: | drought, nutrition, body-mass index, education, labor reallocation |
| JEL: | Q54 I10 I24 O13 J60 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10385&r=env |
| By: | Bergin, A.; Chapman, S. C.; Watkins, N. W.; Moloney, N. R.; Gjerloev, J. W. |
| Abstract: | Extreme space weather events are rare, and quantifying their likelihood is challenging, often relying on geomagnetic indices obtained from ground-based magnetometer observations that span multiple solar cycles. The Dst index ring-current monitor, derived from an hourly average over four low-latitude stations, is a benchmark for extreme space weather events, and has been extensively studied statistically. We apply extreme value theory (EVT) to two geomagnetic ring current indices: SYM-H (derived from 6 stations) and SMR (derived from up to 120 stations). EVT analysis reveals a divergence between the return level found for Dst, and those for SYM-H and SMR, that increases non-linearly with return period. For return periods below 10 years, hourly averaged SYM-H and SMR have return levels similar to Dst, but at return periods of 50 and 100 years, they respectively exceed that of Dst by about 10% and 15% (SYM-H) and about 7% and 12% (SMR). One minute resolution SYM-H and SMR return levels progressively exceed that of Dst; their 5, 10, 50, and 100 year return levels exceed that of Dst by about 10%, 12%, 20% and 25% respectively. Our results indicate that consideration should be given to the differences between the indices if selecting one to use as a bench mark in model validation or resilience planning for the wide range of space weather sensitive systems that underpin our society. |
| Keywords: | Dst index; extreme events; magnetic storms; SMR index; space weather; SuperMAG |
| JEL: | C1 |
| Date: | 2023–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118730&r=env |
| By: | Ludovic A. Julien; Anicet Kabre; Louis de Mesnard |
| Abstract: | We introduce polluting emissions in a sequential noncooperative oligopoly model of bilateral exchange. In one sector a leader and a follower use polluting technologies which create negative externalities on the payoffs of strategic traders who belong to the other sector. By modeling emissions as a negative externality, we show that the leader pollutes more (less) than the follower when strategies are substitutes (complements). Then, we consider the implementation of public policies to control the levels of emissions, namely two taxation mechanisms and a permit market. We study the effects of these public policies. Moreover, we determine the conditions under which these public policies can implement a Pareto-improving allocation. |
| Keywords: | Stackelberg competition; pollution; fiscal policy; permit market |
| JEL: | C72 D43 Q50 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2023-14&r=env |
| By: | Frédéric Grelot (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Valériane Marry (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This work developed in the framework of the GT-AMC (working group for economic evaluation of flood management projects) aims to develop new housing damage functions for floods. This report shows the progress of the program for the year 2021. |
| Abstract: | Ces travaux développés dans le cadre du GT AMC visent à développer des nouvelles fonctions de dommage au logement pour les inondations. Ce rapport montre les avancements du programme pour l'année 2021. |
| Keywords: | flood, damage, dwelling, France, inondation, dommage, logement, modélisation |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04068804&r=env |
| By: | Yang, Fionna |
| Abstract: | Artikel ini membahas tentang beberapa penelitian terkait dengan topik integrasi CSR, environmental management accounting, dan management control. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis terhadap artikel yang telah ditulis oleh Dianne Frisko Koan selama tahun 2020-2017 yang memiliki topik pembahasan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode analisis dokumen menggunakan ChatGPT. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan berbagai hal yang berguna bagi praktisi bisnis dan akademisi di Indonesia, termasuk rekomendasi dan strategi untuk meningkatkan kinerja keuangan, reputasi perusahaan, dan praktik bisnis yang berkelanjutan. |
| Date: | 2023–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9avyr&r=env |
| By: | Pierre Jacques (UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain); Louis Delannoy (Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Baptiste Andrieu (UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, The Shift Project - Redesigning the Economy to Achieve Carbon Transition); Devrim Yilmaz (AFD - Agence française de développement); Hervé Jeanmart (UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain); Antoine Godin (AFD - Agence française de développement) |
| Abstract: | The biophysical foundations of socio-economic systems are underrepresented in the vast majority of macroeconomic models. This lack is particularly troublesome when considering the links between energy, matter and the economy in the context of the energy transition. As a remedy, we present here a biophysical stock-flow consistent macroeconomic model calibrated at the global scale, that combines detailed bottom-up estimates for the high capital intensity of renewable energies and the decreasing energy return on investment (EROI) of fossil fuels. We find that the completion of a global energy transition scenario compatible with the 1.5 °C objective of the Paris Agreement leads to a decrease of the system's EROI and to high investment share, employment and inflation trends, characteristic of a "war economy". Our results further indicate that a slower growth rate eases the transition, and call for further work on post-growth scenarios studies. |
| Keywords: | Ecological macroeconomics, Stock-flow consistent modelling, Energy transition, Energy return on investment |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04087628&r=env |
| By: | van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique |
| Abstract: | The META 21 Integrated Assessment Model (Dietz et al., 2021) represents a fairly comprehensive climate change simulation model incorporating a number of features: (a) a recent simple climate model; (b) down-scaling of temperature change to the country level; (c) integration of a number of bio-physical tipping points linked to rising temperatures; and (d) economic damages linked to rising sea levels and temperature using recent country-level estimates from the literature. The original implementation of META 21 was in Excel and linked to the @Risk Excel add-in for performing Monte Carlo-type analysis. This paper reflects a translation of META 21 into GAMS. One of the key purposes is to allow for ready incorporation of many of the features of META 21 into other models—notably CGE-based IAMs. To replace the features provided by the @Risk Excel add-in, this paper also introduces a software package that produces random deviates—and, similar to @Risk, uses the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) approach, which is a stratified sampling technique intended to cover the entire sampling space efficiently and, in addition, orders the sample to reflect a desired correlation matrix for the sampled random variables. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gta:workpp:7036&r=env |
| By: | Chen Fengxian; Lv Xiaoyao |
| Abstract: | Based on the panel data of 283 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019, this paper measures the extent and mechanism of the impact of RMB real effective exchange rate fluctuations on carbon emission intensity. The results show that: (1) For every 1% appreciation of the real effective exchange rate of RMB, the carbon emission intensity decreases by an average of 0.463 tons/10000 yuan; (2) The "carbon emission reduction effect" of RMB real effective exchange rate appreciation is more obvious in the eastern regions, coastal areas, regions with high urbanization levels, and areas with open information; (3) The appreciation of RMB real effective exchange rate can reduce carbon dioxide emission intensity by improving regional R&D and innovation ability, restraining foreign trade and foreign investment, promoting industrial structure optimization and upgrading, and improving income inequality. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.01558&r=env |
| By: | Alejandro Rueda-Sanz; Timothy Cheston (Center for International Development at Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | Achieving economic prosperity in the Amazon rainforest is often seen as incompatible with protecting the forest. Environmental researchers rightly warn that rapid deforestation is pushing the Amazon close to a potential tipping point of forest dieback into grassy savanna. Less has been said about what is required to generate shared prosperity in Amazonian communities. Deforestation is often treated as inevitable to serve human needs, local and global. This report synthesizes the findings of two engagements by the Growth Lab at Harvard University that study the nature of economic growth in two Amazonian contexts: Loreto in Peru, and Caquetá, Guaviare, and Putumayo, in Colombia. The aim of these engagements is to leverage the Growth Lab's global research into the nature of economic growth to apply those methods to the unique challenge of developing paths to prosperity in the Amazon in ways that do not harm the forest. This report compares and contrasts the findings from the Peruvian and Colombian Amazon to assess the extent to which there are generalizable lessons on the relationship between economic growth and forest protection in the Amazon. |
| Keywords: | Colombia, Amazon, Economic Complexity, Remoteness |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cid:wpfacu:145a&r=env |
| By: | CGIAR Initiative on Foresight |
| Abstract: | Background | The challenges facing food, land, and water systems are numerous and complex. In addressing these interlinked challenges, the choices facing governments and their development partners have also become increasingly complicated. Synergies are possible, but trade-offs are often unavoidable. Decision-makers need better evidence to help them choose actions that minimize trade-offs and advance progress towards collective goals. The CGIAR Foresight Initiative aims to inform these choices and enhance decision-making about the future by combining advanced analytics and close engagement with national, regional, and global partners. The Initiative forms part of CGIAR’s new research portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. Objectives | The Foresight Partnership Forum brought together key partners from across Sub-Saharan Africa to explore challenges facing food, land, and water systems at national, regional, and global scales; identify opportunities to share and strengthen capacity for foresight; and examine ways to use foresight tools and analysis to inform policy making. The Forum on 24-25 January was followed by a training session on country development and policy modeling for partners on 26-27 January. |
| Keywords: | KENYA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; decision making; climate change; policy innovation; capacity development; agrifood sector |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:136689&r=env |
| By: | Adhikari, Roshan; Kramer, Berber; Ward, Patrick S.; Foster, Timothy; Sharma, Varun; Gaur, Pushkar; Pattnaik, Subhransu |
| Abstract: | - Bundling agricultural insurance with risk-reducing agricultural technologies can lower the cost of insurance for farmers, but before implementing bundled solutions, it is important to analyze how these bundles would impact men and women differently. - Using a survey with 900 men and women farmers in Odisha, India, we find that women and men have similar farming practices and input use in general, but women face more difficulties in hiring labor and transplant rice later than men. - Using biophysical crop models, we show that this delay in transplanting lowers expected yields and increases risk exposure for women farmers. - Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is a promising alternative method for establishing rice that can help to mitigate the risks posed by climate change. Our findings indicate DSR is especially beneficial for women farmers. - Gender-responsive policies are needed to ensure that women farmers have equitable access to agricultural insurance and risk-reducing technologies. |
| Keywords: | INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; agricultural insurance; agricultural technologies; risk; farmers; gender; labour; rice; transplanting; yields; women farmers; climate change; policies; gender equitydirect-seeded rice (DSR) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:may2023&r=env |
| By: | Luis L. Vázquez (CELIA - Centro Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Agroecológicas); Eduardo Chia (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Knowledge management and innovation appear as capitals to facilitate agroecology. The objective of this article is to contribute to the reflection on the emergence of agroecological knowledge. Experiences (2016-2022) on training and technology transfer in 14 municipalities of Cuba are analyzed to determine the sustainability of the action. The results suggest that agroecological knowledge management is moving towards sustainability: sources of local knowledge, people who facilitate activities (specialists from municipal entities), spaces of action (classrooms and classrooms in entities of the municipality), form of interaction between actors (conferences or classes), types of receiving actors (farmers), local synergies in action (municipal entities and productive forms), dissemination of knowledge and experiences (events). It is suggested to create capacities in local actors for the sustainable facilitation of agroecological knowledge management, so as to allow the conversion of tacit knowledge into explicit and vice versa. |
| Abstract: | La gestión del conocimiento y la innovación aparecen como capitales para facilitar la agroecología. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a la reflexión sobre la emergencia de los conocimientos agroecológicos. Se analizan experiencias realizadas entre 2016 y 2022, sobre capacitación y transferencia de tecnologías en 14 municipios de Cuba, para determinar la sostenibilidad en la acción Los resultados sugieren que la gestión del conocimiento agroecológico está transitando hacia una mayor sostenibilidad, donde: las fuentes de conocimiento locales, los facilitadores de las actividades (especialistas de entidades municipales), espacios de encuentros (aulas y salones en entidades del municipio), forma de interacción entre actores (conferencias o clases), actores receptores (agricultores), sinergias locales en la actuación (entidades municipales y formas productivas), difusión de conocimientos y experiencias (eventos), tienen una gran importancia. En conclusión, se sugiere crear capacidades en actores locales para la facilitación sostenible de la gestión del conocimiento agroecológico, de manera que permita la conversión de los conocimientos tácitos en explícitos y viceversa. |
| Abstract: | La gestion des connaissances et l'innovation semblent être des éléments clés pour faciliter l'agroécologie. L'objectif de cet article est de contribuer à la réflexion sur l'émergence des savoirs/connaissances agroécologiques. On s'appuie ici sur l'analyse des expériences menées entre 2016 et 2022, sur la formation et le transfert de technologie dans 14 municipalités de Cuba, pour déterminer la durabilité dans l'action. Les résultats suggèrent que la gestion des connaissances agroécologiques évolue vers une plus grande durabilité, où : les sources de connaissances locales, les facilitateurs d'activités (spécialistes des entités municipales), les espaces de rencontre (salles de classe et salles des entités municipales), la forme d'interaction entre les acteurs (conférences ou classes), les acteurs récepteurs (agriculteurs), les synergies locales en action (entités municipales et formes de production), la diffusion des connaissances et des expériences (événements), revêtent une grande importance. En conclusion, il est suggéré de renforcer les capacités des acteurs locaux pour faciliter durablement la gestion des connaissances agro-écologiques, de manière à permettre la conversion des connaissances tacites en connaissances explicites et vice versa. |
| Keywords: | agroecology, knowledge management, innovation, agroecología, gestión del conocimiento, innovación, cuba |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04088977&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Kabore (Department of Management, Université du Québec àRimouski); Nicholas Rivers (Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa); Catherine Deri Armstrong (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Canada) |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters, Wildfires, Income, Individuals, Slave Lake. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ott:wpaper:2301e&r=env |
| By: | Aline Fugeray-Scarbel (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Laurence Moreau (GQE-Le Moulon - Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christèle C. Robert-Granié (GenPhySE - Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage - ENVT - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - ENSAT - École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2023–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04080926&r=env |
| By: | Simon Mathex (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Lisette Hafkamp Ibanez (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The rebound effect occurs when improvements in energy efficiency result in lower energy savings than expected due to changes in behavior. These behavioral changes can be caused by an economic compensation and a moral compensation. For moral compensation, we consider moral licensing effect, but also the case of moral cleansing effect. The objective of our paper is to distinguish the economic and moral compensation in the rebound effect. To do so, we propose a theoretical model and an online experiment with 1622 subjects. Our experimental results show that an improvement in energy efficiency leads to a rebound effect through economic compensation. Concerning moral compensation, we do not observe any moral licensing but rather consistent behavior among participants with strong environmental attitudes. Finally, we find evidence for moral cleansing, which reduces the magnitude of the rebound effect. |
| Keywords: | Rebound effect, economic compensation, moral compensation, moral licensing effect, moral cleansing effect, online experiment |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-04071161&r=env |
| By: | Simon Mathex (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Lisette Hafkamp Ibanez (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The rebound effect occurs when improvements in energy efficiency result in lower energy savings than expected due to changes in behavior. These behavioral changes can be caused by an economic compensation and a moral compensation. For moral compensation, we consider moral licensing effect, but also the case of moral cleansing effect. The objective of our paper is to distinguish the economic and moral compensation in the rebound effect. To do so, we propose a theoretical model and an online experiment with 1622 subjects. Our experimental results show that an improvement in energy efficiency leads to a rebound effect through economic compensation. Concerning moral compensation, we do not observe any moral licensing but rather consistent behavior among participants with strong environmental attitudes. Finally, we find evidence for moral cleansing, which reduces the magnitude of the rebound effect. |
| Keywords: | Rebound effect, economic compensation, moral compensation, moral licensing effect, moral cleansing effect, online experiment |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04071161&r=env |
| By: | Yuli Castellanos Nino; Jorge Marco Renau |
| Abstract: | El Manejo Forestal Sostenible (MFS) es un instrumento de gestión forestal basado en un proceso de planificación racional sobre la oferta forestal y las normas y prescripciones de protección y sostenibilidad de los bosques naturales. En Colombia se ha identificado como una estrategia para evitar la deforestación y favorecer las economías de familias que habitan los bosques. Sin embargo, el aprovechamiento maderable de los bosques naturales se realiza en la actualidad como una actividad de subsistencia generando bajos ingresos e impactos negativos en los ecosistemas. Este trabajo presenta un modelo bioeconómico de MFS de tiempo discreto, cuya función objetivo se basa en la maximización económica de los rendimientos de la extracción maderera de tres especies: Achapo (Cedrelinga cateniformis), Cabuyo (Eschweilera coriacea) y Dormidero negro (Parkia discolor), localizadas en el departamento del Guaviare. Los resultados mostraron que la maximización de los beneficios del aprovechamiento forestal sostenible de las tres especies se logra en un turno óptimo de 25 anos, con beneficios netos por hectárea de 1.999.040 COP, para un horizonte de planificación de 50 anos. Estos resultados proporcionan bases técnicas para la regulación nacional que actualmente define turnos máximos de 10 anos para las autorizaciones y permisos de aprovechamiento forestal. |
| Keywords: | Manejo Forestal Sostenible, Modelo bioeconómico, Achapo (Cedrelingacateniformis), Cabuyo (Eschweilera coriacea) y Dormidero negro (Parkia discolor). |
| JEL: | L73 O13 Q23 R14 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:020756&r=env |
| By: | Menglan Wang; Manh Hung Do |
| Abstract: | Understanding households’ resilience strategies under uncertainties is important in several domains including social protection, adaptation to climate change, minimizing disaster-related risks, and humanitarian aid. At the same time, food security is an important problem for developing countries, especially in places where are vulnerable to external shocks. We use the data of 1648 identical households from Thailand collected in 2010, 2013, and 2016 to examine the factors affecting households’ resilience capacities and the impacts of these capacities on household consumption and crop commercialization. We employ savings per capita as households’ absorptive capacity and income diversification index as households’ adaptive capacity. We take into account household consumption and crop commercialization as the indicators of local food systems. Our results show that the experience of shocks in previous years positively correlates with households’ saving per capita and income diversification. Further, a better absorptive capacity in the form of better savings and a better adaptive capacity in the form of higher income diversification have a significant and positive influence on household expenditure per capita and crop commercialization. Therefore, development policies and programs aiming to improve income, increase savings, and provide income diversification opportunities are strongly recommended. |
| Keywords: | Absorptive capacity, Adaptive capacity, Crop commercialization, Panel data, Instrumental variable |
| JEL: | C33 Q00 Q12 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tvs:wpaper:wp-030&r=env |
| By: | Alexandre Garel (Audencia Business School); Arthur Petit-Romec |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03204216&r=env |
| By: | Paolo Figini; Veronica Leoni; Laura Vici |
| Abstract: | The utility associated with a service’s consumption is contingent on its intrinsic characteristics and various situational factors. One key element that influences consumer satisfaction is adherence to prior expectations. This is particularly relevant for experience goods that highly depend on external factors, such as weather. On these premises, the current study explores the role of expectations on utility by analyzing the effect of weather surprises (i.e., the mismatch between forecast and realized weather) on online ratings. Results from the analysis of over 300, 000 reviews posted on Booking.com indicate that weather surprises have an impact on the reported experienced utility, the effect depending on the sign of the surprise. Moreover, the consumption span moderates the surprise effect, thereby mitigating the impact of both positive and negative surprises on utility. |
| JEL: | D83 D91 L81 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1185&r=env |
| By: | Matthias Raddant; Martin Bertau; Gerald Steiner |
| Abstract: | In this paper we present a new method to trace the flows of phosphate from the countries where it is mined to the counties where it is used in agricultural production. We achieve this by combining data on phosphate rock mining with data on fertilizer use and data on international trade of phosphate-related products. We show that by making certain adjustments to data on net exports we can derive the matrix of phosphate flows on the country level to a large degree and thus contribute to the accuracy of material flow analyses, a results that is important for improving environmental accounting, not only for phosphorus but for many other resources. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.07362&r=env |
| By: | Laura Mariana Reyes Madrigal (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay, IRT SystemX); Isabelle Nicolaï (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Jakob Puchinger (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie, LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | Pedestrian mobility remains neglected in MaaS solutions, yet it has the potential to become a tool for promoting public policies and more sustainable lifestyles away from excessive private car use. This research identifies the potential for sustainable value creation and the transversal implications for policymakers and other MaaS stakeholders of overlooking walking in innovations like MaaS. To do so, we explore how walking is currently integrated into four MaaS solutions in the Paris region. Our main findings show heterogeneity in the hierarchy given to walking in the user interfaces and the determinant roles of governance and policy in supporting the prioritization of pedestrian mobility in MaaS. |
| Keywords: | Mobility as a service MaaS Walking Pedestrian mobility Sustainable mobility Inclusion Active mobility Sustainable value Public policies Governance, Mobility as a service, MaaS, Walking, Pedestrian mobility, Sustainable mobility, Inclusion, Active mobility, Sustainable value, Public policies, Governance |
| Date: | 2023–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04085604&r=env |
| By: | Mathias Mier |
| Abstract: | European energy crisis has three elements: skyrocketing prices for energy carriers such as natural gas, coal, as well as electricity, reduced nuclear power plant availability in France, and lower hydro power generation in Europe. This paper decomposes the effects of those elements on power markets and the EU ETS. Permanently higher natural gas prices reduce the canceling volume in the MSR by 425 million and prevent gas-CCS from being competitive in the long-run. Electricity prices are almost unaffected because gas-CCS is substituted by similarly competitive nuclear. Half of the 2022 European electricity price increase can be traced back to higher energy prices (from 36 to 143 e/MWh), whereas the other half (from 143 to 247 e/MWh) comes from French nuclear and European hydro problems. The decision to stretch the operation of three German nuclear power plants to counteract against those crises brings down European (German) electricity prices by 0.89% (2.47%) in 2023. Extending them for seven years after stretching, starting from September 2023, brings down electricity prices by 1.88% (4.8%) in 2024. |
| Keywords: | Electricity prices, natural gas prices, coal prices, nuclear power, hydro power, EU ETS, market stability reserve, power market modeling, intertemporal optimization |
| JEL: | C61 H21 H23 L94 Q41 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_394&r=env |
| By: | Pul, Hippolyt; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Konde, Bernard B.; Zogho, Donatus; Kuuchille, Emmanuel V.; McCarthy, Nancy; Marivoet, Wim |
| Abstract: | Intervention Context: WFP’s activities in Burkina Faso and Niger focus on fragile agrarian communities in the Sahel, where cyclical floods and droughts combine with decreasing soil fertility and increasing desertification, among other challenges, to aggravate food and livelihood insecurity. Increased competition for land for food crops and pastures as well as water for domestic, productive, and livestock use, intensify conflicts over ownership and usage rights for land and the commons such as forests. in particular, this competition has heightened conflicts between farmers and herders. Layered on these localized conflicts are recent increases in human safety and security concerns related to the spread of attacks by violent extremist groups across the eastern flanks of both countries. The increasing frequency and intensity of these attacks have led to the loss of lives, property, and the displacement of large groups of people. The attendant deepening of food, livelihood, and human insecurities has contributed to a rural exodus of men and women to cities and other economic enclaves in search of alternate sources of food and income. The arrival of displaced persons fleeing the attacks has increased pressure on already limited food stocks and other assets of host communities. COVID-19 added another layer of vulnerability. In addition to the disease burden, lockdowns and restrictions on the movement of persons affected the ability of communities to travel to engage in nonfarm economic activities for supplementary income and food. This greatly affected the food and livelihood security systems of the populations in these already impoverished and fragile communities. |
| Keywords: | BURKINA FASO; NIGER; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; resilience; shocks; food insecurity; livelihoods; natural disasters; climate change adaptation; agricultural systems; conflict; migration; infrastructure; resources; soil fertility; desertification; water allocation; use rights; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; COVID-19; economic conditions; WFP |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprwp:136695&r=env |
| By: | Fawaz Salihou (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay, VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité); Rémy Le Boennec (VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité); Julie Bulteau (CEARC - Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Représentations, Climat - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascal da Costa (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | Despite its advantages, road transport generates negative externalities. To reduce them, the use of single-occupant vehicles (SOVs) must be limited to promote other transport modes (active modes, public transport and shared mobility). This paper aims to examine the economic and non-economic incentives (as persuasive technologies and psychological factors) for a modal shift to sustainable mobility solutions. The independent application of these two types of measures has revealed effectiveness but also limitations. Economic incentives pose a problem of social acceptability for economic agents and limit the freedom to drive. The boomerang effect and ineffectiveness in specific cultural and economic contexts are the main limitations of non-economic incentives. To maximize effectiveness in terms of modal shift towards sustainable mobility solutions, economic and non-economic incentives need to be combined. |
| Abstract: | Malgré ses atouts, le transport routier génère des externalités négatives. Pour les réduire, l'autosolisme doit être limité au profit d'autres modes de transport (modes actifs, transports collectifs et mobilité partagée). Cet article examine les incitations économiques et non économiques (technologies persuasives, facteurs psychologiques) en faveur d'un report modal vers des solutions de mobilité durables. L'application indépendante des deux types de mesures a révélé son efficacité mais aussi ses limites. Les incitations économiques, qui limitent la liberté de conduire, requièrent l'acceptabilité sociale des agents économiques. Effet boomerang et inefficacité dans des contextes culturels et économiques spécifiques sont les limites des incitations non économiques. Pour maximiser le report modal vers des solutions de mobilité durable, les incitations économiques et non économiques doivent être combinées. |
| Keywords: | single-occupancy vehicle, sustainable mobility, review, economic incentives, non-economic incentives, persuasive technologies, psychological factors, externalities, modal shift, transport mode, incitations économiques, incitations non-économiques, technologies persuasives, facteurs psychologiques, externalités, report modal, mode de transport, autosolisme, mobilité durable, état de l’art |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04045753&r=env |
| By: | Ellen Sterk (RWTH Aachen University) |
| Abstract: | The construction industry claims a vast quantity of natural resources and is responsible for more than half of the waste generated in Germany. R-concrete contains recycled aggregates and is a resource efficient alternative to primary concrete. A central stakeholder whose preferences may significantly influence the use of R-concrete is the construction client. Despite their central role in this respect, little is known about clients. This study contributes to the understanding of the clients’ demand decision. It determines the willingness to pay (WTP) for recycled aggregates and it examines which factors influence clients’ propensity to choose R-concrete. Additionally, the study identifies barriers and drivers for the demand for R-concrete. Throughout these questions, differences between client groups are considered. In addition to item-based questions on potential barriers and drivers, a discrete choice experiment is applied to estimate the clients’ WTP for a certain share of recycled aggregates in concrete. Positive and significant WTP estimates were found for all client groups. Overall, clients are willing to pay 0.26 € for every percentage point increase of added recycled aggregates. Private individuals’ WTP is lowest, while organizations are willing to pay most. However, even organizations’ WTP does not equal the price premium currently seen. The main barriers for demanding R-concrete are based on a lack of information. Therefore, in order to foster the use of R-concrete, instruments that rely on information provision are recommended. Moreover, the significant differences in client groups should be considered in designing these instruments. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202311&r=env |
| By: | Alain Mujinga Kapemba (UPC - Université protestante au Congo); Jean-Claude Nkashama Mukenge (UPC - Université protestante au Congo, Université Pédagogique Nationale); Monique Kabongo Bafue (Institut supérieur des techniques médicales de Kisangani); Alain Etshindo Aseke (Université Notre-Dame du Kasayi) |
| Abstract: | Non-timber forest products are of great socio-cultural and religious importance in forest areas. They provide food, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, energy, construction materials, fishing equipment, goods and various utensils to the populations. As such, non-timber forest products contribute both to food security and to the general well-being of the population of the city of Kananga. Despite their importance and their enormous potential, there is a very low valuation and consumption of certain non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in this City, difficult legal access to these products and a large-scale exploitation that is difficult for the different social strata concerned. Following this constant, this study aims to identify the factors associated with the consumption of Gnetum Africanum (MFumbwa) by households in the City of Kananga in the DR. congo. Therefore, the use of primary data through the probability sampling method associated with the multistage sampling technique was necessary to determine the 209 households to be surveyed. After analysis and processing of the statistical data, the results of the Probit regression indicate that the consumption of MFumbwa increases with the variables : household size, marital status, tribute of the head of household, occupation of the head of household, religion, and main source of income. Information. These results attest to the importance of households in the city of Kananga to adopt MFumbwa in their usual food consumption, because it has a significant nutritional value in the body. |
| Abstract: | Les produits forestiers non ligneux sont d'une grande importance socioculturelle et religieuse dans les zones forestières. Elles procurent de la nourriture, des plantes médicinales, des plantes ornementales, de l'énergie, des matériaux de construction, deséquipements des pêches, des biens et des ustensiles divers aux populations. Àce titre, les produits forestiers non ligneux contribuent tant à la sécurité alimentaire qu'au bien-être général de la population de la ville de Kananga. Malgré leur importance et leur énorme potentialité, on constate une très faible valorisation et consommation des certains produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) dans cette Ville, un accès légal difficile à ces produits et une exploitation en grande échelle malaisée par les différentes couches sociales concernées. Suite à ce constant, cette étudea pour objetd'identifier les facteurs associés à la consommation du Gnetum Africanum (MFumbwa) des ménages de la Ville de Kananga en RD. Congo. De ce fait, le recours aux données primaires à travers la méthode d'échantillonnage probabiliste associée à la technique d'échantillonnage à plusieurs degrés a été nécessaire pour déterminer les 209 ménages à enquêter. Après analyse et traitement des données statistiques, les résultats de la régression Probit renseignent que la consommation de MFumbwa augmente avec les variables: taille de ménage, statut matrimonial, tribut du chef de ménage, profession du chef de ménage, religion, et principale source d'information.Ces résultats attestent l'importance des ménages de la ville de Kananga, d'adopter le MFumbwa dans leur consommation habituelle alimentaire, car ce dernier a une valeur nutritionnelle non négligeable dans l'organisme. |
| Keywords: | Déterminants, consommation, Produits forestiers non ligneux, Gnetum Africanum, Probit, MFumbwa, Kananga |
| Date: | 2023–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04065980&r=env |
| By: | C F Oliva (CTIFL - Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes); R Chand (WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health); J Prudhomme; S Messori (WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health); G Torres (WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health); J D Mumford (Imperial College London); I Deme (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier); M M Quinlan (Imperial College London) |
| Abstract: | There are significant numbers of transboundary shipments of live insects for pollination, pest management, industrial processes, research and other uses, but data collection and analysis have proved difficult. The World Organisation for Animal Health and Collectif TIS (Technique de l'Insecte Stérile), a French think tank, carried out a stakeholder survey to understand the nature of the live insect trade and potential challenges to safety and efficiency. Target respondents had experience in the areas of biocontrol, sterile insect technique, entomological research and regulatory affairs. Although the survey was sent globally, the responses were unintentionally biased towards Europe, where interest is high, since this region is developing a comprehensive framework to promote the use of beneficial insects to replace pesticides. The survey also explored respondents' knowledge of several international agreements on the movement and risk management of beneficial or invasive insects. Knowledge of the various regulations was generally poor, and respondents highlighted a perceived lack of clarity regarding live insect shipments in the existing international regulations and guidelines. Almost two-thirds of participants reported reluctance by carriers to accept live insects for shipment, and three-quarters described occasional to systematic delays that resulted in a reduction of quality or viability. Some respondents reported that they instead hand-carry live insects, mostly in small quantities. Participants described being directly involved in trade covering 70 species of live insects and ticks transported among 37 countries, with volumes ranging from fewer than ten insects to over a million per shipment. Of these, 30% were potential vectors of pathogens to humans or animals, 42% were potential plant pest species (including some used for biocontrol), and 17% were classical biocontrol agents. The results of this survey begin to define the current scope, scale and issues for those involved in shipping live insects and ticks across political boundaries. The survey's aim is to persuade regulatory bodies and shipping operators to facilitate safety, efficiency and consistency in this underdeveloped sector. |
| Abstract: | Les insectes vivants font l'objet d'un nombre important d'expéditions transfrontalières à des fins de pollinisation, de gestion des nuisibles, d'utilisation dans des processus industriels et de recherche, parmi d'autres emplois ; or, la collecte et l'analyse de données sur le sujet se sont révélées difficiles. L'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale et le Collectif TIS (Technique de l'insecte stérile), groupe de réflexion français, ont mené une enquête auprès de parties prenantes afin de comprendre la nature du commerce international d'insectes vivants ainsi que les éventuels problèmes de sécurité et d'efficacité qui lui sont associés. Les répondants sont des acteurs expérimentés dans les domaines du contrôle biologique, de la technique de l'insecte stérile, de la recherche entomologique et des questions réglementaires. Si le questionnaire a été distribué dans toutes les régions du monde, les réponses ont toutefois présenté un biais involontaire privilégiant l'Europe, région où l'intérêt pour cette question est élevé compte tenu du cadre réglementaire qui y est actuellement mis en place pour promouvoir l'utilisation des insectes utiles en replacement des pesticides. L'enquête visait également à déterminer le niveau de connaissance des répondants sur les divers accords internationaux relatifs aux mouvements d'insectes utiles ou envahissants, ainsi que sur la gestion des risques en la matière. Il en ressort que les diverses réglementations sont généralement méconnues, les répondants mettant en avant leur perception d'un manque de clarté des réglementations et directives internationales applicables aux expéditions d'insectes vivants. Près des deux tiers des participants ont fait état des réticences des transporteurs à accepter des cargaisons d'insectes vivants et les trois quarts d'entre eux ont rapporté des retards occasionnels ou systématiques se traduisant par une perte de qualité ou de viabilité. Certains répondants ont déclaré qu'ils préféraient transporter eux-mêmes les insectes vivants, la plupart du temps en petites quantités. Les répondants ont décrit leur participation directe dans des échanges couvrant au total 70 espèces de tiques et d'insectes vivants transportés dans 37 pays, avec des volumes allant de moins de dix insectes à plus d'un million d'insectes par cargaison. Parmi les espèces transportées, 30 % étaient potentiellement vectrices d'agents pathogènes pour les humains ou les animaux, 42 % étaient des nuisibles potentiels pour les végétaux (y compris certaines espèces utilisées à des fins de lutte biologique) et 17 % étaient des agents classiques de la lutte biologique. Les résultats de cette enquête permettent d'esquisser la portée et l'échelle des expéditions transfrontalières d'insectes vivants et de tiques, ainsi que la teneur des problèmes rencontrés par ceux qui y prennent part. L'objectif de l'enquête est de convaincre les organismes chargés de la réglementation ainsi que les transporteurs internationaux de la nécessité d'apporter de meilleures conditions de sécurité et d'efficacité à ce secteur sous-développé et d'enassurer la cohérence. |
| Keywords: | Live insects, Questionnaire, Regulation, Shipment, Survey, Trade, Transport, Commerce international, Enquête, Expédition, Insectes vivants, Réglementation |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04075297&r=env |
| By: | Torijano, Eugenio |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presentan cuadros regionales y nacionales con datos estadísticos del subsector hidrocarburos de los ocho países que conforman el Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA): Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá y la República Dominicana. Ha sido elaborado gracias a la colaboración de las instituciones nacionales y regionales del sector petrolero de los países del SICA. El informe consta de seis grupos de cuadros, todos referidos al petróleo (petróleo crudo y productos derivados) y gas natural: i) valor de las importaciones y precios; ii) balances de petróleo, derivados y gas natural; iii) consumo interno de hidrocarburos; iv) consumo de energía proveniente de hidrocarburos; v) procedencia de las importaciones y la capacidad de almacenamiento, y vi) estructura de los mercados. La sección de gráficos y mapas se divide en cuatro grupos: i) procedencia de las importaciones, ii) evolución y estructura de los precios de los combustibles, iii) consumo de los derivados del petróleo y gas natural, y iv) impacto de las importaciones en la balanza comercial. |
| Keywords: | COMBUSTIBLES, HIDROCARBUROS, PETROLEO, CONSUMO, IMPORTACIONES, EXPORTACIONES, PRECIOS DEL PETROLEO, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, ESTADISTICAS DE ENERGIA, FUELS, HYDROCARBONS, PETROLEUM, CONSUMPTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, PETROLEUM PRICES, ENERGY RESOURCES, ENERGY STATISTICS |
| Date: | 2023–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:48855&r=env |
| By: | Timothy Cheston (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Patricio Goldstein (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Timothy Freeman; Alejandro Rueda-Sanz; Ricardo Hausmann (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Shreyas Gadgin Matha; Sebastian Bustos (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Eduardo Lora (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Sarah Bui; Nidhi Rao |
| Abstract: | Does economic prosperity in the Colombian Amazon require sacrificing the forest? This research compendium of a series of studies on the Colombian Amazon finds the answer to this question is no: the perceived trade-off between economic growth and forest protection is a false dichotomy. The drivers of deforestation and prosperity are distinct – as they happen in different places. Deforestation occurs at the agricultural frontier, in destroying some of the world’s most complex biodiversity by some of the least economically complex activities, particularly cattle-ranching. By contrast, the economic drivers in the Amazon are its urban areas often located far from the forest edge, including in non-forested piedmont regions. These cities offer greater economic complexity by accessing a wider range of productive capabilities in higher-income activities with little presence of those activities driving deforestation. Perhaps the most underappreciated facet of life in each of the three Amazonian regions studied, Caquetá, Guaviare, and Putumayo, is that the majority of people live in urban areas. This is a telling fact of economic geography: that even in the remote parts of the Amazon, people want to come together to live in densely populated areas. This corroborates the findings of our global research over the past two decades that prosperity results from expanding the productive capabilities available locally to diversify production to do more, and more complex, activities. |
| Keywords: | Colombia, Amazon rain forest |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cid:wpfacu:430&r=env |
| By: | M M Quinlan (Imperial College London); J D Mumford (Imperial College London); M Q Benedict; F Wäckers (Biobest Groupe NV); C F Oliva (CTIFL - Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes); M Wohlfarter; G Smagghe; E Vila; J Klapwijk; A Michaelakis; C M Collins; J Prudhomme (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier); G Torres (WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health); F Diaz (WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health); L Saul-Gershenz (UC Davis - University of California [Davis] - UC - University of California); K Cook; A Verghese; P Sreerama Kumar |
| Abstract: | A network of scientists involved in shipment of live insects has met and generated a series of articles on issues related to live insect transport. The network is diverse, covering large-scale commercial interests, government operated areawide control programmes, biomedical research and many smaller applications, in research, education and private uses. Many insect species have a record of safe transport, pose minimal risks and are shipped frequently between countries. The routine shipments of the most frequently used insect model organism for biomedical research, Drosophila melanogaster, is an example. Successful large-scale shipments from commercial biocontrol and pollinator suppliers also demonstrate precedents for low-risk shipment categories, delivered in large volumes to high quality standards. Decision makers need access to more information (publications or official papers) that details actual risks from the insects themselves or their possible contaminants, and should propose proportionate levels of management. There may be harm to source environments when insects are collected directly from the wild, and there may be harm to receiving environments. Several risk frameworks include insects and various international coordinating bodies, with experience of guidance on relevant risks, exist. All stakeholders would benefit from an integrated overview of guidance for insect shipping, with reference to types of risk and categories of magnitude, without trying for a single approach requiring universal agreement. Proposals for managing uncertainty and lack of data for smaller or infrequent shipments, for example, must not disrupt trade in large volumes of live insects, which are already supporting strategic objectives in several sectors. |
| Keywords: | Courier services, Insect, Intergovernmental treaties and organisations, Risk analysis, Trade |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04075312&r=env |
| By: | Elmore, Holly; McAuliffe, William H.B. (Cambridge Health Alliance); Mckay, Hannah |
| Abstract: | Rodenticide poisons are cruel and reducing their use would likely represent an improvement in wild animal welfare. This report explores the reasons why rodenticides are used, under what circumstances they could be replaced, and whether they are replaceable with currently available alternatives. As summarized in the table below, agricultural use of rodenticides is well-protected by state and federal laws and that seems unlikely to change, but the use of rodenticides in food processing and conservation would likely be reduced if there were an adequate alternative such as solid form rodent birth control. Continued innovation of reactive tools to eliminate rodent infestations should reduce the use cases where rodenticides are the most cost-effective option for residential customers or public health officials, but will not eliminate their availability to handle major infestations. |
| Date: | 2023–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4wpae&r=env |
| By: | María Ángeles García-Valiñas (Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo]); Roberto Balado-Naves (Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo]); Fernando Arbués (University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza]) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04067523&r=env |
| By: | Hélène Blaszkiewicz (EVS - Environnement, Ville, Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | L'essor des véhicules électriques et la promotion des énergies dites renouvelables en Europe ne peuvent se faire sans certains métaux précieux. Pour comprendre comment les minerais arrivent jusqu'à nos appareils du quotidien, Hélène Blaszkiewicz nous emmène le long des routes de la Zambie et de la République démocratique du Congo à la rencontre de toutes les « petites mains » de la logistique chargées de la bonne circulation des marchandises. Agents en douane, transporteurs, fonctionnaires, gestionnaires d'entrepôts, mécaniciens… contribuent par leur action quotidienne à mettre les marchandises en mouvement. Analysant l'industrie logistique africaine de l'intérieur, l'autrice décortique les valeurs (vitesse, fluidité, flexibilité) qui soutiennent les flux commerciaux internationaux et précèdent au financement des infrastructures sur lesquelles ils reposent. Elle remet également au centre de l'analyse les marges de manœuvre des États africains, trop souvent décrits par leur passivité dans l'organisation du commerce mondial. Cet ouvrage nous rappelle l'importance de terrains méconnus et lointains pour notre vie quotidienne. Il invite à penser le rôle fondamental, bien que discret, de ceux et celles qui travaillent pour que se réalise l'utopie d'un commerce sans heurts. Il met en lumière les liens inattendus que fait naître la mondialisation, révélateurs des relations inégales liées au capitalisme, et l'importance de les réinventer. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04089781&r=env |
| By: | Armelle Maze (SADAPT - Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Abstract In this article, we reconceptualize, using an extended discrete and dynamic Ostrom's classification, the specific intellectual property (IP) regimes that support geographical indications (GIs) as ‘knowledge commons', e.g. a set of shared collective knowledge resources constituting a complex ecosystem created and shared by a group of people that has remained subject to social dilemma. Geographical names are usually considered part of the public domain. However, under certain circumstances, geographical names have also been appropriated through trademark registration. Our analysis suggests that IP laws that support GIs first emerged in Europe and spread worldwide as a response to the threat of undue usurpation or private confiscation through trademark registration. We thus emphasize the nature of the tradeoffs faced when shifting GIs from the public domain to shared common property regimes, as defined by the EU legislation pertaining to GIs. In the context of trade globalization, we also compare the pros and cons of regulating GIs ex-ante rather than engaging in ex-post trademark litigation in the courts. |
| Keywords: | Place names, Collective reputation, GKC framework, IAD/SES framework, international trade agreement, self-governance, trademark, traditional knowledge JEL Classification: D02, D23, K11, L51, O34, Q13 |
| Date: | 2023–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04063797&r=env |
| By: | Andrés Vargas Perez; Sebastián Restrepo; David Díaz Florian |
| Abstract: | Resumen De manera creciente se reconoce que la diversidad biol´ogica estabiliza los procesos del ecosistema y los servicios que estos proveen a la sociedad. Al reducir la fluctuaci´on temporal de la biomasa, la biodiversidad puede reducir el impacto del cambio en las condiciones ambientales sobre los ingresos de poblaciones rurales que explotan diversos activos naturales. Este efecto es an´alogo a la funci´on de diversificaci´on del riesgo de los portafolios financieros. Este trabajo presenta evidencia del efecto portafolio en la pesquer´ıa artesanal de acceso abierto localizada en la Ci´enaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. |
| Date: | 2023–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000383:020749&r=env |
| By: | Olivier Joalland (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - ONIRIS - École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Nantes Univ - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Pierre-Alexandre Mahieu (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - ONIRIS - École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Nantes Univ - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04075413&r=env |
| By: | Clement Brenot (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Douglas Barrios (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Eric S. M. Protzer (Center for Global Development); Nikita Taniparti (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Ricardo Hausmann (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Sophia Henn (Center for International Development at Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | Since the end of the 1990s, Kazakhstan has relied on oil and gas as the main drivers of economic growth. While this has led to rapid development of the country, especially during years of high oil prices, it has also subjected the economy to more severe downturns during oil shocks, bouts of currency overvaluation, and procyclicality in growth and public spending. Stronger economic diversification has the potential to drive a new era of sustainable growth by supporting new sources of value added and export revenue, creating new and better jobs, and making the economy more resistant to fluctuations in oil dynamics. However, repeated efforts to stimulate alternative, non-oil engines of growth have so far been inconclusive. This report introduces a new framework to identify opportunities for economic diversification in Kazakhstan. This framework attempts to improve upon previous methods, notably by building country and region-specific challenges to the development of the non-oil economy directly into the framework to identify feasible and attractive opportunities. These challenges are presented in detail in the Growth Diagnostic of Kazakhstan and are summarized along three high-level constraints: (i) an uneven economic playing field dominated by government-related public and private-entities; (ii) difficulties in acquiring productive capabilities, agglomerating them locally, and accessing export markets; and (iii) ongoing macroeconomic factors lowering external competitiveness lower and making the economy less stable. Our approach applies the economic complexity paradigm to identify what specific products and industries are most feasible for diversification, based on the existing productive capabilities demonstrated in the economy. We examine Kazakhstan's economic complexity at the national but also subnational levels, highlighting the heterogeneity of export baskets across regions that makes an analysis of opportunities at the subnational level essential. |
| Keywords: | Economic Complexity, Kazakhstan |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cid:wpfacu:426&r=env |