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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Martin C. Hänsel; Michael D. Bauer; Moritz A. Drupp; Gernot Wagner; Glenn D. Rudebusch |
| Abstract: | The extent of future climate change is a policy choice. Using an integrated climate-economy assessment model, we estimate climate policy curves (CPCs) that link the price of carbon dioxide (CO2) to subsequent global temperatures. The resulting downward sloping CPCs quantify the inverse relationship between carbon prices and future temperatures and illustrate how climate policy choices determine climate outcomes. Our analysis can account for a variety of climate policies—for example, carbon or fuel taxes, emissions trading programs, green subsidies, and energy-efficiency regulations—all of which can be summarized by means of an effective CO2 price. Importantly, we also examine CPC uncertainty, for example, by perturbing the model’s equilibrium climate sensitivity to trace out the temperature range associated with a given CO2 price. Finally, based on the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) integrated-assessment model scenarios, we estimate an implicit CPC, which provides a high-level IPCC summary of the climate policy actions required to achieve global climate targets. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon tax, climate-economy models, model comparison |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10113&r=env |
| By: | Luciano Lavecchia (Bank of Italy); Jacopo Appodia (Bank of Italy); Paolo Cantatore (Bank of Italy); Rita Cappariello (Bank of Italy); Stefano Di Virgilio (Bank of Italy); Alberto Felettigh (Bank of Italy); Andrea Giustini (Bank of Italy); Valeria Guberti (Bank of Italy); Danilo Liberati (Bank of Italy); Giorgio Meucci (Bank of Italy); Stefano Piermattei (Bank of Italy); Federico Schimperna (Bank of Italy); Katia Specchia (IVASS) |
| Abstract: | Monitoring climate-related (and environmental) financial risks requires high quality and highly granular data. However, these are scarcely available, except for little data on a small number of counterparty firms. This paper sheds light on the sustainable data gap in Italy, with a special focus on the climate and environmental components. First, we take stock of the data needs arising from firms’ transition plans, commitments to net zero, and financial analyses, to which the requirements arising from international, European and national regulations, as well as from supervisory demands, were added. Second, we map the existing and available data regarding climate, energy, GHG emissions, climate-related financial risks, as well as existing but inaccessible data. Finally, we highlight any missing data, pointing out the areas that are most affected by the data gap. |
| Keywords: | sustainable data gap, climate change, sustainable finance, physical risk, transition risk, GHG emissions, energy |
| JEL: | C81 Q54 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_732_22&r=env |
| By: | Vincenzo Alfano; Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta |
| Abstract: | This note contributes to the literature on the air pollution consequences determined by hosting mega-events. An econometric analysis is provided to document the increase in air pollution observed in Naples (Italy) during the G20 Ministerial meeting on the Environment, Climate, and Energy carried out in July 2021. Such evidence contributes to understanding the potential costs of mega-events in a metropolitan area with low air quality and high private car density. Findings suggest that mega-events cause a decrease in air quality. Therefore, we suggest to organize mega-event outside cities. The media coverage would not be lowered by this policy, and on the contrary it could be a useful occasion to re-discover inner, less urbanized area. |
| Keywords: | G20 meeting, mega-event, pollution |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10136&r=env |
| By: | Simona Pojar |
| Abstract: | Environmental assessments are a crucial aspect of green budgeting as they help to understand the impact and effectiveness of government policies in reaching the climate and environmental objectives. They are also useful to better grasp the link between inputs and outputs within the budgetary process. This paper presents an overview of such practices across EU Member States, covering both ex-ante impact assessments and ex-post evaluations. It also demonstrates how other green budgeting tools, such as environmental performance and impact indicators and sovereign green bonds, can help developing environmental assessment methodologies. Overall, only few Member States have incorporated environmental assessments into their regular budgeting cycle, highlighting their extensive resource requirements. Building environmental assessment methodologies on already existing green budgeting tools can ease the process. It also helps ensuring consistency between different green practices and definitions at the national level and avoiding duplication of efforts. |
| JEL: | H5 H61 Q58 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:175&r=env |
| By: | Serdar Yilmaz (World Bank); Farah Zahir (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | The benefits of climate change action at all levels of government accrue to the overall population nationally as well as globally. Therefore, there is a role for all kinds of governmental institutionsÑlocal, regional, national and internationalÑin climate action. The challenge is to identify effective public policy tools and fiscal instruments that reconcile local costs and global benefits. In this paper, we analyze the potential of including three recent payment schemes pioneered for compensating costs incurred for climate action into intergovernmental fiscal toolbox. The focus is whether payment for ecosystem services (PES), reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancing forest carbon stocks (REDD+) and ecological fiscal transfers (EFT) provide sufficient incentives to subnational governments to take on climate action. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper2208&r=env |
| By: | Lee, Jaeho (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 기후변화 위기에 대처하기 위한 국제사회의 논의가 지속되는 가운데 탄소 배출 순위 세계 8위, 아세안 1위인 인도네시아는 COP26에 2030년까지 무조건 29%, 조건 41%의 국가온실가스감축안(NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution)을 제출하고, 탄소 중립 달성 기한을 2060년으로 발표한 바 있다. 인도네시아는 한국 신남방정책의 핵심 파트너로 한국의 K-뉴딜 글로벌화 전략을 통해 마이크로그리드 유망시장으로 선정된 바 있으나, 인도네시아의 탄소 중립 정책을 참고한 포괄적인 협력 정책은 아직 마련되지 못한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구는 인도네시아의 탄소 중립 관련 정책 및 국제협력 현황에 대한 분석을 기반으로 한국·인도네시아 탄소 중립 협력 방향을 제시했다.(the rest omitted) <p> While the international community has been engaged in dialogue on countermeasures to climate change by global warming, Indonesia, which ranked 8th in the world in Co2 emissions and top in ASEAN, has submitted its nationally determined contribution (NDC) targets of unconditional reduction of 29% and conditional reduction of 41% by 2030, and announced the net zero target by 2060. Indonesia is a core partner of Korea’s New Southern Policy and has been identified as a promising market for micro-grid projects in the K-New Deal Globalization Strategy, but as of yet no comprehensive strategy has been established that takes into account Indonesia’s net zero policy. To address this gap, this paper examines and suggests policy directions for cooperation with Korea’s Green New Deal, based on an analysis of Indonesian policies related to carbon neutrality and the current status of international cooperation in Indonesia. Indonesia had submitted a NDC target of unconditional reduction of 29%, conditional reduction of 41% by 2030, and has been implementing a series of policies in various areas, for example finance, technical assistance, capacity building, etc. Indonesia is coordinating its NDC targets and the local adaption and mitigation policies through the Long-Term Strategy for Low Carbon and Climate Resilience (LTS-CCR) 2050. In addition, a series of policies in the areas of environment Executive Summary • 105protection, renewable energy, reforestation, and waste management had been introduced in the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) for 2020-2024. The National Energy Policy(KEN), which is the major initiative for Co2 emission mitigation, pursues to change the energy consumption structure by increasing the share of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels. The National Energy Plan(RUEN) is a set of multi-sectoral policies to implement the targets of KEN. The National Electricity Plan(RUKN) is the core plan of RUEN, in line with which the country has been implementing the structural change of nationalelectricity generation by increasing the share of renewable energy(12%→28%) and decreasing the share of fossil fuels(60%→47%)(the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | 환경정책; 에너지산업 environmental policy; energy industry |
| Date: | 2022–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepre:2021_010&r=env |
| By: | Abiry, Raphael; Ferdinandusse, Marien; Ludwig, Alexander; Nerlich, Carolin |
| Abstract: | We develop a two-sector incomplete markets integrated assessment model to analyze the effectiveness of green quantitative easing (QE) in complementing fiscal policies for climate change mitigation. We model green QE through an outstanding stock of private assets held by a monetary authority and its portfolio allocation between a clean and a dirty sector of production. Green QE leads to a partial crowding out of private capital in the green sector and to a modest reduction of the global temperature by 0.04 degrees of Celsius until 2100. A moderate global carbon tax of 50 USD per tonne of carbon is 4 times more effective. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Integrated Assessment Model, 2-Sector Model, Green Quantitative Easing, Carbon Taxation |
| JEL: | E51 E62 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:376&r=env |
| By: | Rouhani, Omid; Moradi, Ehsan; Do, Wooseok; Bai, Song; Farhat, Antoine |
| Abstract: | The Drawdown book surfs through 100 possible solutions and technologies. Those solutions could help mitigate GHG emissions in order to constrain climate change. In this book review, we examine the estimated CO2 reduction levels as well as the costs of each solution. Alternative cement, smart thermostats, and geothermal energy are the top cost-effective solutions. We, however, discuss our top five solutions, according to the combination of their potential drawdown, cost effectiveness, and future development. Those solutions target refrigerants, wind energy, food, cement, and female education. Overall, the book could inform people with little or no knowledge about well-known solutions to mitigating climate change footprints. Nevertheless, the numbers and costs are too speculative to ponder for policy making. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability; Global Warming; Climate Change; Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
| JEL: | F64 H7 Q2 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115674&r=env |
| By: | Mkaddem, Chamseddine; Mahjoubi, Soufiane |
| Abstract: | This study aims to explore the link between weather and bottled water consumption in Tunisia using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) between 1995 and 2020. Ours results show that the precipitation and labor rates in the three sectors have an impact in the short and long term. An increase of 1°C in temperature in the short term leads to an increase in consumption of more than 4 liters of bottled water. However, 1 % more rainfall means a decrease in long-term bottled water consumption of about a quarter of a liter. While in the short term the effect is mixed (both positive and negative). Temperature further increases bottled water consumption in rural areas and among climate-exposed professions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Bottled water, water consumption, ARDL, Tunisia |
| JEL: | C22 Q25 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115658&r=env |
| By: | An, Jiyoun (Kyung Hee University); Park, Bokyeong (Kyung Hee University); Bae, Yujin (Kyung Hee University); Ahn, Hyeji (Kyung Hee University); Ha, Kiwook (Kyung Hee University) |
| Abstract: | 기후변화의 완화 및 적응에 필요한 투자자금의 조달 수단 중 하나인 녹색채권(green bond) 발행이 최근 5년간 10배 이상 증가하였다. 녹색채권은 기후변화 대응 자금의 조달 기능과 기업의 브랜드 가치 제고에 도움이 될 수도 있지만, 그린워싱의 위험도 동시에 높인다. 이런 문제에 대응하기 위해 최근 녹색채권의 규제체계가 빠르게 진화하고 있다. 본 보고서는 녹색채권 시장 및 규제체계 현황, 그리고 우리의 정책과제에 관한 최초의 종합적 보고서다. The mitigation and adaptation of climate change require large-scale investment in green projects. Green bonds, which are liquid financial instruments used to finance climate mitigation, adaptation, and green projects, have shown rapid growth in issuance in recent years. Besides financing for climate change, green bonds help ESG management by enhancing the issuer’s reputation for eco-friendly activities. Further, they may create, namely, greenium to reduce the cost of financing.In 2007, green bonds were first issued by multilateral development banks such as the European Investment Bank and the World Bank. The global issuance volume of green bonds soared from about $800 million in 2007 to $320 billion in 2020, and the total cumulative volume reached $1.5 trillion by October 2021. In 70 countries, sovereign institutions and private companies issued green bonds. The issuance by private companies accounted for 77.9% of the total number of issuance and 63.9% of the total amount. Financial companies accounted for 46.0% of private issuances, higher than non-financial companies, 31.9%. In 40 countries, the public sector, such as the central and local governments, public corporations, and public institutions, issued green bonds, accounting for 25.6% of the total issuance volume. Although developed regions such as Europe and the United States and international organizations have been leading their issuance, it is notable that emerging countries such as China are fast increasing the issuance recently. Since a Korean institution first issued green bonds overseas in 2013, by October 2021, the total stock of green bonds issued at home and abroad by Korea’s public institutions or private companies reached 43.5 billion dollars. In particular, the issuance of green bonds in 2021 increased explosively, approximately ten times more than in the previous year. Green bonds need a regulatory system defined as the institutional framework regarding the requirements for being a green bond and the means of verifying the requirements and of penalizing for theirviolation. The International Capital Markets Association (ICMA) and the Climate Bonds Initiative (CBI) presented the Green Bond Principles as the basis for the green bond regulatory framework. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | 환경정책; 자본시장; Environmental policy; capital market |
| Date: | 2022–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2021_037&r=env |
| By: | Banerjee, Onil; Cicowiez, Martin; Macedo, Marcia; ; Verburg, Peter; Goodwin, Sean; Vargas, Renato; Rattis, Ludmila; Brando, Paulo M.; Coe, Michael T.; Neill, Christopher; Damiani, Octavio |
| Abstract: | The Amazon biome, despite its resilience, is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer possible. This is the result of self-reinforcing interactions between deforestation, climate change and fire. In this paper, we develop scenarios that represent movement towards an Amazon tipping point and strategies to avert one. We assess the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of these scenarios using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform linked with high resolution spatial land use land cover change and ecosystem services modeling (IEEMESM). This papers main contributions are developing: (i) a framework for evaluating strategies to avert an Amazon tipping point based on their relative costs, benefits and trade-offs, and; (ii) a first approximation of the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of movement towards an Amazon tipping point, and evidence to build the economic case for strategies to avert it. We find that a conservative estimate of the cumulative regional cost through 2050 of an Amazon tipping point would be US$256.6 billion in Gross Domestic Product. Policies that would contribute to averting a tipping point, including strongly reducing deforestation, investing in climate-adapted agriculture, and improving fire management, would generate approximately US$339.3 billion in additional wealth. From a public investment perspective, the returns to implementing strategies for averting a tipping point would be US$29.5 billion. Quantifying the costs, benefits and trade-offs of policies to avert a tipping point in a transparent and replicable manner can pave the way for evidence-based approaches to support policy action focusing on the design of regional strategies for the Amazon biome and catalyze global cooperation and financing to enable their implementation. |
| Keywords: | climate change;Agriculture;decarbonization;ecosystem services modeling;Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform;dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model |
| JEL: | Q15 Q5 C68 Q2 E21 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11392&r=env |
| By: | Levente Timar (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | I use geographic data and discrete choice modelling to investigate private land-use decisions in the context of prominent New Zealand land institutions and environmental policies. Land-use conversions involving gains and losses in planted forests and natural forests are modelled individually. Land under M?ori freehold tenure is found to be less likely to be used for pastoral grazing and also less likely to undergo land-use conversion (both to and from a forested use). With respect to environmental policies, results suggest the incentives of the Emissions Trading Scheme did not significantly affect land-use decisions during the sample period of 2008-2016: the carbon reward had little effect on afforestation, and the deforestation liability was largely ineffective at deterring deforestation. On the other hand, the East Coast Forestry Project is found to have increased planted forest area in the district both by encouraging afforestation beyond baseline levels and by discouraging deforestation. Evidence for its effect on regenerating natural forest area is weaker in the data. |
| Keywords: | Land use, forestry, land tenure, environmental policy |
| JEL: | Q15 Q23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:22_12&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Shaojun (Ohio State University) |
| Abstract: | Companies face significant carbon-transition risk as the global economy works to combat climate change. This paper studies the market-based premium associated with the carbon-transition risk globally and finds that firms with more carbon-intense business models earn higher returns in recent years. The carbon return is impacted by climate-aware institutional flows, is magnified following heightened climate policy risk, and is lower in countries with more institutional presence, higher levels of development, less physical risk, and better governance. The pricing the carbon-transition risk is well under-way globally, but further global regulatory coordination is required to mitigate the externalities of carbon emissions. |
| JEL: | G10 G12 G15 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:ohidic:2022-06&r=env |
| By: | Jon Pareliussen; David Crowe; Tobias Kruse; Daniela Glocker |
| Abstract: | The United Kingdom is among world leaders in reducing domestic greenhouse gas emissions, and a broad political consensus supports the target to reduce net emissions to zero by 2050. The UK’s strong institutional framework is an inspiration to countries around the world, and the country is pioneering work to embed climate considerations in the financial sector. Achieving carbon neutrality will require policy to match ambition. Emission reductions so far were largely driven by electricity generation, a sector targeted by explicit pricing instruments and a cost efficient renewables auction-design subsidy scheme. Expanding pricing instruments across the economy is an essential building block to reach targets. Such measures will be more effective if complemented by well-designed sectoral regulation and subsidies, and more acceptable if implemented once energy prices have started to come down from historically high levels. Britons are conscious of the need to act. However, winning their acceptance of the needed policies may require targeting carbon revenue to compensate low-income households and investments in green infrastructure and new technologies. A mechanism defusing fears that effective policies undermine competitiveness, preferably internationally agreed, would facilitate effective policies towards emission intensive trade exposed industries. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, green investment, redistribution |
| JEL: | H23 H31 H32 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1742-en&r=env |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | The largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2, the most common greenhouse gas) in the United States is the transportation sector. Emissions from transportation surpassed emissions from the electric power sector five years ago and now constitute two-fifths of domestic emissions from burning fossil fuels. In this report, CBO provides an overview of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector, describing the sources of and trends in such emissions and projecting their future path. |
| JEL: | H23 H54 Q48 Q58 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:58566&r=env |
| By: | Svenn Jensen (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University); Christian P. Traeger (University of Oslo - Department of Economics; CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute) - Ifo Institute) |
| Abstract: | Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are changing the energy balance of our planet. Various climatic feedbacks make the resulting warming over the next decades and centuries highly uncertain. We quantify how this uncertainty changes the optimal carbon tax in a stochastic dynamic programming implementation of an integrated assessment model of climate change. We derive a general analytic formula for the “risk premium” governing the resulting climate policy. The formula generalizes simple precautionary savings analysis to more complex economic interactions and it builds the economic intuition for policy making under uncertainty. It clarifies the distinct roles of risk aversion, prudence, characteristics of the damage formulation, and future policy response. We show that an optimal response to uncertainty substantially reduces the risk premium. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q00 D90 C63 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oml:wpaper:202101&r=env |
| By: | Cecilia Adrogué (CONICET-UDESA-CEDH); Eugenia Orlicki (CEDH-UDESA) |
| Abstract: | Global environmental problems have recently highlighted the importance of acting responsibly towards natural resources and the environment. In this sense, science education which shapes how people interact with the environment, has gained importance. In line with this concern, in 2005, UNESCO launched its Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) (2005-2014), by which educational institutes around the world would focus on educating individuals for a more sustainable future. The main purpose of this study is to present the results of the changes in environmental literacy of students before and after the implementation of this policy, as well as to analyze which are the main features that affect the probability of being environmentally aware. For this aim, we estimate a probit model with data provided by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006 and 2015. The estimation suggests that in 2015 students are more aware of the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than in 2006, and that those from more disadvantaged socio-economic classes are less aware of the three types of environmental awareness analyzed; this difference is deeper in the case of upper-middle and lower-middle income countries |
| Keywords: | Environmental awareness, environmental literacy, Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), socio-economic variables |
| JEL: | I29 Q59 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:202&r=env |
| By: | Tastan, Kadri |
| Abstract: | The implementation of the European Union's (EU) Green Deal to reduce emissions by 2030 and to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 will have an impact on the EU's trade policy and on its trade relations with its non-EU partners. With the ongoing decarbonisation process of European economic sectors, the EU's climate policy will be increasingly integrated into its trade policy through measures such as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and by strengthening the environment chapters of its trade agreements. Therefore, the debate on the future of Turkey-EU trade relations should focus on future prospects for decarbonisation and trade if both sides are keen to maintain or deepen their trade relations. In the current context, which is rife with geopolitical and energy security considerations, a long-term vision and a holistic approach are needed now more than ever. |
| Keywords: | Green Deal,Decarbonisation,Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism,CBAM,Nationally Determined Contributions,NDCs,Customs Union,Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership,TTIP,EU Emissions Trading System,Turkey |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:662022&r=env |
| By: | Welsby, Dan; Solano-Rodriguez, Baltazar; Pye, Steve; Vogt-Schilb, Adrien |
| Abstract: | The global low-carbon energy transition driven by technological change and government plans to comply with the Paris Agreement makes future gas demand, prices, and associated public revenues uncertain. We assess the prospects for natural gas production and public revenues from royalties and taxation of gas production in Latin American and the Caribbean under different levels of climate policy. We derive demand from a global energy model, and supply from a global natural gas field model and a global oil field model – for associated gas. We find that natural gas production and associated public revenue are strongly impacted by decarbonization efforts. The more stringent climate policy is, the lower the production of natural gas. Exporting natural gas from Latin America and the Caribbean does not help the rest of the world reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In scenarios consistent with limiting global warming well-below 2°C, incumbent producers and natural gas associated with oil dominate production, drastically limiting opportunities for new gas production in the region and increasing the amount of gas left in the ground. Reduced demand for gas produced from Latin America and the Caribbean is mainly driven by falling demand in the region itself, as energy demand in buildings, industry, and transportation shift towards electricity produced from zero-carbon sources. Cumulative public revenues from natural gas extraction by 2035 range between 42 and 200 billion USD. The lower end of the range reflects scenarios consistent with below 2°C warming. In this case, up to 50% of proven, probable, and possible (3P) reserves in the region (excluding Venezuela) remain unburnable – the paper provides estimates by country. Our findings confirm that governments cannot rely on revenues from gas extraction if the objectives of the Paris Agreement are to be met. Instead, they need to diversify their fiscal and export strategy away from dependence on gas production. More generally, climate objectives, energy policies and fiscal strategies need to be consistent. |
| Keywords: | net-zero;transition risk;unburnable carbon;climate change mitigation |
| JEL: | Q32 Q35 Q54 Q56 Q58 O13 H23 H27 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11713&r=env |
| By: | Linda Livingstone; Peter Börkey; Rob Dellink; Frithjof Laubinger |
| Abstract: | The world's raw materials consumption is expected to nearly double by 2060. This is particularly alarming because materials extraction, processing, use and waste management lead to significant environmental pressures. A circular economy aims to transform the current linear economy into a circular model to reduce the consumption of finite material resources by recovering materials from waste streams for recycling or reuse, using products longer, and exploiting the potential of the sharing and services economy.This paper underlines the synergies policy makers can create between different resource-efficient and circular economy transition objectives when designing policy packages. It also highlights potential trade-offs that may arise in their implementation. The paper shows that the existing OECD policy analysis provides a toolkit for governments to take more ambitious actions toward a resource-efficient, circular economy. In addition, OECD modelling studies project that the transition can bring significant environmental gains while preserving economic growth and social objectives. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, environmental policy, recycling, resource efficiency |
| JEL: | O13 Q38 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:34-en&r=env |
| By: | Kuosmanen, Natalia; Maczulskij, Terhi |
| Abstract: | Abstract Energy-intensive industry is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Finland: its share in the total emissions was 23 percent in 2020. During the last 20 years, industrial emissions decreased from 18 million tons to 11 million tons, or on average approximately 2 percent per year. Which characteristics explain the evolution of emissions? Does the structural change in manufacturing sector and the renewal of companies affect the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and thus the mitigation of climate change? To answer these questions, we analyze the carbon productivity growth and the impacts of its components. Based on our results, continuing manufacturing firms were the main drivers of carbon productivity growth of the manufacturing sector in the period 2000–2019. The entry of new firms and exit of unproductive firms (creative destruction) is part of structural change of industries. Its effect on carbon productivity growth was, however, negative. This suggests that some of the most efficient companies in terms of the use of greenhouse gas emissions, for some reason, were unprofitable and exited the market. In addition, the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions across manufacturing firms seems to be inefficient. Its impact on carbon productivity growth was negative. It means that emissions were allocated towards the most polluting companies and the reduction of emissions was due to companies with low emissions. Accordingly, there is a positive relationship between labour productivity and carbon productivity, whereas firm’s competitiveness is negatively associated with carbon productivity growth. |
| Keywords: | Carbon productivity, Greenhouse gas emissions, Manufacturing, Structural change |
| JEL: | D24 L60 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:117&r=env |
| By: | Elliott Cappell; Sadhu Johnston; Jennifer Winter; Gabriel Eidelman; Tomas Hachard; Ruth Rosalle (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a national and international issue. Nevertheless, municipalities around the world have cemented themselves as key players in reducing emissions and adapting to the increase in extreme weather events. The third report in the Who Does What series focuses on the role of Canadian municipalities play in the fight against climate change, and how that role can complement and be supported by other orders of government. Jennifer Winter notes that municipalities have limited direct control over emissions within their boundaries, but can have large indirect effects due to their substantial populations. She lays out a series of policies that municipalities can work toward – both independently and in cooperation with other orders of government – from buildings to transportation, waste to land use. Elliott Cappell argues that, when it comes to enhancing climate resilience, Canadian municipalities are often both too big and too small: too big to tackle hyper-local issues but too small to address issues at scale. He argues for ways municipalities can break down silos to better confront the climate challenge, and how the provinces and federal government can best support municipal action. Sadhu Johnston concludes with six recommendations to all orders of government that would help improve action and collaboration in climate policy. The recommendations range from addressing the skills gap at the municipal level through a climate education program to implementing provincial mandates requiring municipal climate plans and enhancing intergovernmental cooperation. |
| Keywords: | Canada, municipalities, climate policy, climate change, intergovernmental relations |
| JEL: | H70 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mfg:mfgwdw:3&r=env |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | The electric power sector accounts for about 30 percent of U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the most common greenhouse gas. Although demand for electricity is projected to increase as the economy grows and as other sectors rely more heavily on it, the amount of CO2 emitted in producing electricity is likely to decline because that sector has relatively low-cost methods of reducing those emissions. |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:58419&r=env |
| By: | Rouhani, Omid |
| Abstract: | I review a New York Times best-seller book, Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming, edited by Paul Hawken. Drawdown provides many interesting solutions, descriptions, and arguments regarding the global impacts of climate change. Indeed, the book sets forth around 80 solutions and 20 coming to attractions (future options for combating climate change). In this review, however, I focus primarily on the book’s transport solutions. Overall, the book comes short of offering innovative and cost-effective solutions, in contrast to other sectors’ solutions. I believe the reason is the book’s narrow view regarding the overall impacts of transportation and latent opportunities in the sector. |
| Keywords: | Transportation; Climate change; Policies; GHG emissions. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q20 Q54 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115675&r=env |
| By: | Kuosmanen, Natalia; Maczulskij, Terhi |
| Abstract: | Abstract This paper investigates the importance of firm dynamics, including entry and exit and the allocation of carbon emissions across firms, on the green transition. Using the 2000–2019 firm-level register data on greenhouse gas emissions matched with the Financial Statement data in the Finnish manufacturing sector, we examine the sources of carbon-productivity growth and assess the relative contributions of structural change and firm dynamics. We find that continuing firms were the main drivers of carbon productivity growth whereas the contribution of entering and exiting firms was negative. In addition, the allocation of emissions across firms seems to be inefficient; its impact on carbon productivity growth was negative over the study period. Moreover, we find that there is a positive relationship between labor-intensive firms and carbon productivity but that firms with a larger market share tend to be less productive in terms of carbon use. |
| Keywords: | Carbon productivity, Decomposition, Firm dynamics, Firm-level data, Manufacturing |
| JEL: | D24 L60 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:wpaper:99&r=env |
| By: | Guo, Liwen; Cheng, Zhiming; Tani, Massimiliano; Cook, Sarah; Zhao, Jiaqi; Chen, Xi |
| Abstract: | We examine the causal effect of air pollution on an individual's propensity for entrepreneurship in China. Our preferred model, which employs an instrumental variable approach to address endogeneity arising from sorting into entrepreneurship and locational choices, suggests that exposure to higher intensity of air pollution lowers one's proclivity for entrepreneurship. A one standard deviation increase in air pollution leads to a 21.2% decrease in the propensity for entrepreneurship. We also find that self-efficacy is a channel in the relationship between air pollution and entrepreneurship. In addition, education moderates the relationship between air pollution and self-efficacy. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution,Entrepreneurship,China |
| JEL: | J24 L26 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1208&r=env |
| By: | Malerba, Daniele; Chen, Xiangjie; Feng, Kuishuang; Hubacek, Klaus; Oswald, Yannick |
| Abstract: | The global policy debate on just transitions is concerned with how to achieve a socially just and acceptable transition toward a climate-neutral and climate-resilient global economy. At the core of this debate is the assumption that efforts to combat environmental threats will not succeed unless combined with measures to reduce poverty and inequality. Our research explores the potential of carbon fiscal reforms, combining a carbon tax of levels deemed appropriate to achieve climate targets and the transfer of the revenues raised to vulnerable households. The current energy and cost-of-living crisis shows the importance of protecting the poorest and most vulnerable households from price increases. It also shows the difficulty of achieving short- and long-term policy priorities. Despite the current spikes in energy prices, carbon fiscal reforms can achieve both social and environmental goals through simultaneously decreasing emissions and reducing poverty and inequality. They should act as an effective enabler of just transitions. Carbon fiscal reform can avoid some environmental impacts by incentivising reductions in emissions. Carbon pricing has been increasingly advocated and is now at the centre of policy debates, including the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP) and the recent German presidency of the world's leading industrial nations (G7). But carbon fiscal reforms can also be used to raise revenue from carbon pricing instruments to offset the negative effects of higher prices on poorer households as well as further reaching distributional targets and poverty alleviation. Climate targets are negotiated every year, including at COP, hence it is critical to re-evaluate and improve estimates of the distributional impacts of climate policies such as carbon pricing. Public acceptability of climate policies is key to their implementation, but it depends to a large extent on the perceived fairness of such policies. Recycling revenues from carbon taxes directly back to vulnerable households is likely to gain the approval of a large number of people, especially in low-income countries where the high proportion of the population involved in the informal economy means that lowering income tax does not benefit the poorest and most vulnerable sections of society. But the targeting of these direct transfers needs careful consideration. Here, we assess the impact on poverty and inequality of a global carbon tax and national redistribution of revenues to vulnerable households. We look at different options for such redistribution, including a lump sum payment, the use of current social assistance programmes, and an expansion of social assistance following COVID-19. We find that a carbon tax of US$50/tCO2 without revenue redistribution could increase global extreme poverty, but the redistribution of revenue from such a carbon tax could substantially reduce poverty by between 16% and 27% (110 to 190 million people), and reduce inequality (the average Gini coefficient would decline by between 4% and 8%), depending on the scenario. This shows that the way in which revenue from a carbon tax is redistributed greatly affects its impact, underlining the importance of policy design and targeting mechanisms. The recycling of revenues should also take into account the specific political economy of a country and consider international transfers. These findings provide policy makers with a strong basis for informing discussions, starting off with those at COP27, in which ambitious climate targets and just transition should both remain central goals in the context of the ongoing international energy crisis. |
| Keywords: | Poverty,inequality,climate change,taxation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:112022&r=env |
| By: | Kesternich, Martin; Osberghaus, Daniel; Botzen, W. J. Wouter |
| Abstract: | Most empirical studies on private climate change adaptation rely on self-reported intentions which often fail to translate into real actions. Consequently, this strand of literature can only insufficiently account for the intention behavior gap (IBG) in climate change adaptation, which complicates the deduction of policy recommendations for stimulating adaptation behavior. Using a large unique longitudinal survey data set from Germany covering more than 5,000 households, our study offers extensive insights into the IBG in climate change adaptation by analyzing intentions and actual implementations of both flood-proofing and heat stress reduction measures. Our results do not only reveal a substantial IBG for most stated intentions but also show that intentions can rarely serve as good predictors for realized actions. At the same time, the IBG itself can hardly be explained by observable household data characteristics which in turn again makes it difficult to reveal information on realized actions out of stated intentions only. However, we also find that drivers of adaptation intentions are often reasonable proxies for assessing the drivers of behavior. This implies that similar explanatory variables affect both intentions and implementations, but they provide only limited insights on the actual levels of implemented intentions. In line with regret theory, the IBG in our data can be partly explained by anticipated regret caused by a feeling of having invested in vain in cases where adaptation measures are installed but extreme weather events do not occur for the time being. |
| Keywords: | Intention-behavior gap,Adaptation,Climate Change,Flooding,Heat |
| JEL: | Q54 D91 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22055&r=env |
| By: | Zapata, Oscar |
| Abstract: | Energy transitions in Indigenous, Northern and remote communities in Canada promise benefits that go beyond reliable, clean and affordable energy services. The Federal and Provincial governments have committed funding to get remote communities off diesel, acknowledging energy transitions’ global and local benefits. Besides climate change mitigation, other benefits, including job creation, income generation, community ownership and local economic growth, are fundamental components of the value proposition of renewable energy projects. However, despite the promises, little evidence on the impacts of renewable energy on communities’ local conditions exists. This article looks at the relationship between renewable energy projects and community wellbeing in Canada. We construct a panel of Indigenous community wellbeing with Census data and information about renewable energy projects for the period 1981 – 2016, and find that renewable energy is associated with higher levels of wellbeing. Concretely, having access to renewable energy increases overall wellbeing by 1 to 5 points on the 0-100 wellbeing scale, depending on the component of the wellbeing index considered in the analysis. |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tk59y&r=env |
| By: | Hanna, Rema; Hoffmann, Bridget; Oliva, Paulina; Schneider, Jake |
| Abstract: | We conduct a randomized controlled trial in Mexico City to determine willingness to pay (WTP) for SMS air quality alerts and to study the effects of air quality alerts, reminders, and a reusable N95 mask on air pollution information and avoidance behavior. At baseline, we elicit WTP for the alerts service after revealing whether the household will receive an N95 mask and participant compensation, but before revealing whether they will receive alert or reminder services. While we observe no significant impact of mask provision on WTP, higher compensation increases WTP, suggesting a possible cash-on-hand constraint. The perception of high pollution days prior to the survey is positively correlated with WTP, but the presence of actual high pollution days is not correlated with WTP. Follow-up survey data demonstrate that the alerts treatment increases reporting of receiving air pollution information via SMS, a high pollution day in the past week, and staying indoors on the most recent perceived high pollution day. However, we observe no significant effect on the ability to correctly identify which specific days had high pollution. Similarly, households that received an N95 mask are more likely to report utilizing a mask with filter in the past two weeks, but we observe no effect on using a filter mask on the specific days with high particulate matter. Although we nd that air quality alerts increased the salience of air quality and avoidance behavior, these results illustrate the difficulty that information treatments face in overcoming perceptions to effectively reduce exposure to air pollution. |
| Keywords: | Mexico;Information;Randomized Control Trial;Air pollution;willingness to pay;Alerts;Avoidance behavior |
| JEL: | Q56 Q53 D83 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11387&r=env |
| By: | Ahmadi, Maryam; Casoli, Chiara; Manera, Matteo; Valenti, Daniele |
| Abstract: | The identification of the effects of climate shocks on economic growth is central to design effective policies aiming at managing the future global climate change challenge. In this study, we investigate the effects of temperature and precipitation shocks on economic growth across different countries by means of a new methodology, namely a Bayesian Structural Global VARX model. This setup accommodates economic interpretation of the shocks and accounts for crosssectional spillovers among countries, as well as endogeneity of the climate variables with respect to the economy. Results show a high degree of heterogeneity, with some economies positively and some others negatively affected by climate shocks. In contrast with a consistent strand of the literature, according to which hot and poor countries bear the heaviest burden, we show that climate shocks may have severe effects for the economic growth of rich and cold countries as well. Furthermore, accounting for trade interdependence across countries, we document that, in response to unexpected temperature and precipitation shocks, some economies benefit from interconnections, while some others are damaged, depending on some key structural characteristics as the import-export mix, the relevant trade partners network and the level of economic development. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Public Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329740&r=env |
| By: | Ruseckas, Laurent |
| Abstract: | Low-carbon hydrogen has emerged as an important component of EU decarbonisation plans. It also adds a new element to the EU's external energy policy, given that a substantial share of Europe's future hydrogen requirements will need to be met with imports. In this context, the Eastern Mediterranean region stands out as a potential supplier of low-carbon hydrogen for Europe owing to its proximity and its large renewable energy potential. Energy cooperation in this region has focused on natural gas development in recent years but synergies could be possible if this cooperation extended to hydrogen development - both for exports and domestic decarbonisation. |
| Keywords: | low-carbon hydrogen,EU,Eastern Mediterranean,decarbonisation,renewable energy,Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM),liquefied natural gas (LNG) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:502022&r=env |
| By: | Camille Salesse (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | I estimate the relationship between income, the number of days of exposure to the four main air pollutants and the proportion of "cocktail days" with French municipal data over the period 2012-2018. I find contrasting results between rural and urban areas. The most affluent urban municipalities have on average a lower number of pollution days compared to the poorest urban municipalities. In urban areas, the pollution days are composed of an equal proportion of cocktail days between the poorest and the most affluent municipalities. On the other hand, in the rural areas the better-off municipalities have on average a higher number of days of pollution, composed of more toxic mixtures, compared to the poorer municipalities. I also show that the pollution levels and the difference in the number of pollution days between the better-off and poorer municipalities are higher in urban areas. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, cocktail, inequality, environmental justice |
| Date: | 2022–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03882438&r=env |
| By: | Arnaud Lamy (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Paul Bocuse - Center for Food and Hospitality Research, Ecully, France); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Maxime Michaud (Center for Food and Hospitality Research, Institut Paul Bocuse, 69130 Ecully, France) |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this research is to examine the representations that French chefs have of sustainable cuisine, and to determine whether this includes considerations for a reduction in meat consumption. Global sustainability questions have led to specific issues for the restaurant sector. Among these issues, the recommendation of a reduction in meat consumption is a polarizing topic in France, as meat is deeply rooted in the French culinary tradition. The study of chefs' representations offers a better understanding of the meaning of their actions, what is at stake for them, their obstacles and limitations in the implementation of more sustainable practices in their kitchens. A qualitative methodology based on 29 semi-directive interviews was chosen to explore the chefs' representations. A sub-sample of 15 French chefs was selected to carry out an initial preliminary thematic analysis and to provide some initial insights. The first results of this study show the plurality of perceptions behind the concept of sustainable cuisine. The chefs who have a concrete vision of the concept mainly mention actions related to food supply and culinary preparation. The subject of reducing meat consumption is not prominent in the chefs' representations of sustainable cuisine; however, the chefs do mention various actions to use animal products in a more sustainable way: sourcing from local food systems, favoring farms that respect animal welfare, respecting the seasonality of products or adopting a zero waste strategy in the preparation of meat-based dishes. These results have implications for the restaurant sector, as they provide initial insights into the relationship between chefs and sustainable cuisine, and pave the way for a more in-depth study of chefs' representations. |
| Keywords: | Restaurants,Meat consumption,Professional representations,Qualitative survey,Green practices,Chefs attitudes |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03882689&r=env |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold; Glenn D. Rudebusch; Maximilian Göbel; Philippe Goulet Coulombe; Boyuan Zhang |
| Abstract: | Rapidly diminishing Arctic summer sea ice is a strong signal of the pace of global climate change. We provide point, interval, and density forecasts for four measures of Arctic sea ice: area, extent, thickness, and volume. Importantly, we enforce the joint constraint that these measures must simultaneously arrive at an ice-free Arctic. We apply this constrained joint forecast procedure to models relating sea ice to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and models relating sea ice directly to time. The resulting "carbon-trend" and "time-trend" projections are mutually consistent and predict a nearly ice-free summer Arctic Ocean by the mid-2030s with an 80% probability. Moreover, the carbon-trend projections show that global adoption of a lower carbon path would likely delay the arrival of a seasonally ice-free Arctic by only a few years. |
| JEL: | C51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30732&r=env |
| By: | Yang, Xiuleng; McCoy, Emma; Hough, Katherine; de Nazelle, Audrey |
| Abstract: | Traffic restriction measures may create safer and healthier places for community members but may also displace traffic and air pollution to surrounding streets. Effective urban planning depends on understanding the magnitude of changes resulting from policy measures, both within and surrounding intervention areas; these are largely unstudied in the case of Low traffic Neighbourhoods (LTN). We evaluated impacts of three LTNs in the London Borough of Islington, UK, on air pollution and traffic flows in and around intervention areas, based on monthly Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and traffic volume data provided by the local authority. We identified pre- and post-intervention monitoring periods and intervention, boundary and control sites. We then adapted the generalised difference in differences approach to evaluate the effects within LTNs and at their boundary. We found that LTNs have the potential to substantially reduce air pollution and traffic in target areas, without increasing air pollution or traffic volumes in surrounding streets. These results provide sound arguments in favour of LTNs to promote health and wellbeing in urban communities. |
| Keywords: | built environment; car-free; generalised difference-in-differences; NO; planning; policy |
| JEL: | C1 |
| Date: | 2022–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117441&r=env |
| By: | Mark R. Jacobsen; James M. Sallee; Joseph S. Shapiro; Arthur A. van Benthem |
| Abstract: | What is a feasible and efficient policy to regulate air pollution from vehicles? A Pigouvian tax is technologically infeasible. Most countries instead rely on exhaust standards that limit air pollution emissions per mile for new vehicles. We assess the effectiveness and efficiency of these standards, which are the centerpiece of US Clean Air Act regulation of transportation, and counterfactual policies. We show that the air pollution emissions per mile of new US vehicles has fallen spectacularly, by over 99 percent, since standards began in 1967. Several research designs with a half century of data suggest that exhaust standards have caused most of this decline. Yet exhaust standards are not cost-effective in part because they fail to encourage scrap of older vehicles, which account for the majority of emissions. To study counterfactual policies, we develop an analytical and a quantitative model of the vehicle fleet. Analysis of these models suggests that tighter exhaust standards increase social welfare and that increasing registration fees on dirty vehicles yields even larger gains by accelerating scrap, though both reforms have complex effects on inequality. |
| JEL: | H21 H23 H7 Q5 Q50 R4 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30702&r=env |
| By: | Li, Zhiyun; Ortiz-Bobea, Ariel |
| Abstract: | A growing empirical literature is analyzing the effects of weather fluctuations on a variety of economic outcomes with the goal of better understanding the potential impacts of climate change. In agricultural studies, constructing weather variables typically requires researchers to define a “season”, a time period over which weather conditions are considered relevant to the agricultural outcome of interest. While researchers often have the background knowledge to make reasonable assumptions about seasonality in crop-specific analyses, these modeling choices are less obvious when dealing with aggregate agricultural data encompassing multiple crops or livestock. In this article, we explore the consequences of assuming an incorrect season in such analyses. We first provide a conceptual framework to show that imposing an incorrect season essentially introduces non-classical measurement error in weather regressors, causing unknown biases in weather impacts. We confirm this finding in simulations. We then propose a tractable data-driven approach to recover the “true” underlying season. The approach consists of a grid search with cross-validation that evaluates the fit of models based on a wide range of season definitions. In simulations, we find the approach is effective at recovering the “true” season under certain data generating processes. Finally, we apply our approach to a US state-level panel of agricultural Total Factor Productivity. We find, unsurprisingly, considerable differences in seasonality across regions. Importantly, our empirical findings suggest that imposing arbitrary seasons lead to substantially different estimates of weather effects in either direction, in line with our theoretical and simulated results. This work contributes to the development of more robust empirical studies of climate change impacts on agriculture and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa23:316528&r=env |
| By: | Joe, Dong-Hee (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Jang, Youngook (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Lee, Hyun Jean (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Yoon, Hyung Jun (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 코로나19 대유행 이전부터 시작된 ‘녹색전환(Green Transformation)’은 코로나19 이후에도 주요국들의 주된 경제정책 방향이 될 전망이다. 녹색전환은 유럽 주요국, 특히 영국과 독일, 그리고 유럽연합(EU: European Union) 이 앞장서왔고, 그 배경에는 기후변화 대응 정책에 대한 국민적인 지지가 있었다. 그런데 그러한 국민적 지지가 기후변화 대응을 전면에 내세우는 정당(통칭 녹색당)의 선거 결과로 이어지는 정도는 국가마다 다르다. 이러한 유럽의 사례 에서 녹색당의 성공 또는 부진 원인을 파악하는 것은 기후변화 대응 정책에서 녹색당의 역할을 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 것이다. 이는 환경을 전면에 내세운 정당이 극히 저조한 지지를 받아온 한국에서 기후변화 대응 정책을 지속시키기 위한 시사점을 줄 것이다. 이러한 배경 아래 본 연구는 영국, 독일, EU에서 환경 관련 주요 정당의 현황과 역사를 살펴보고, 제도권 정치에서 그들의 성공과 실패에 대한 원인을 분석하였다. 관련 문헌은 한국에서 환경을 전면에 내세운 정당의 선거 결과가 극히 부진한 원인으로 세 가지 가능성, 즉 국민의 인식, 선거제도, 기존 주요 정당들의 대응을 꼽는다. 따라서 본 연구는 이 세 가지 측면에 집중하여 개별 사례를 분석하였다.(the rest omitted) <p> The Green Transformation that has begun before the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to continue to be a major economic policy of governments around the globe. Major European countries, especially the United Kingdom and Germany, along with the European Union, are at the forefront of this transformation. However, electoral outcomes of political parties focused on climate change (i.e., Green Parties) differ significantly among these cases. Analyzing the reasons of their electoral success or failure can help understanding their role in climate-change policy. This, in turn, can teach how to make climate policy sustainable in Korea where political support for Green Parties is extremely low. We review the history of Green Parties in the UK, Germany and the EU and analyze the reasons for their success or failure. The related literature considers three major reasons for the extremely low electoral outcomes of Green Parties in Korea, namely the public’s attitude, electoral system and major traditional parties’ reactions. Following this, we focus on those three factors. To the concerned readers in Korea, the UK’s case shows, above all, that a substantial presence of Green Parties in the legislature is not a necessary condition for an active climate policy by the government. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of concrete commitments through legislation and institutionalization and wide consensus, including that of businesses, that the additional costs in the short run will result in net economic gains in the long run. The EU’s case shows that creating a platform on which interested parties of various types can actively participate in the discussion and formation of climate policy and putting more focus on “just transition” can be good starting points for achieving this consensus. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | 환경정책; 에너지산업 environmental policy; energy industry |
| Date: | 2022–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepre:2021_009&r=env |
| By: | Mahjoubi, Soufiane; Mkaddem, Chamseddine |
| Abstract: | This study attempts to assess the impact of climate changes factors, such as average rainfall and average temperature on cereal production in Algeria from 1990 to 2019. We employed the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) simulations techniques and Granger causality test to estimate the long and short-term effects of climate change variables. The results showed that the rainfall, agricultural technology, agricultural labour, and cultivation of land enhance cereal output. The long-run ARDL model results provides that the temperature does not impact on cereal productivity. The findings provided by Granger causality tests also suggest that there is a unidirectional relationship between cereal production, climatic variables, and non-climate factors. The ARDL technique provides a better methodology to understanding of the variability of cereal production in Algeria as a result of climate factors. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, crop production, ARDL approach, Granger causality, Algeria |
| JEL: | C22 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115565&r=env |
| By: | Ly Dai Hung (Vietnam Institute of Economics, Hanoi, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the fast and sustainable development pattern with the digital revolution by employing the Kuznets curve. The data is a cross-section sample of 180 economies over 1990-2021 time period. The qualitative analysis shows that the Kuznets curve is well-recorded in the literature of income inequality and environmental reservations. And the digital revolution tends to push forward the achievement of social and environmental results. Moreover, the quantitative analysis records that both the social and environmental Kuznets curves exist. And the digital revolution can change the pattern of Kuznets curve in the direction that enhance the fast and sustainable development. The evidence suggests that the digital revoluation is crucial for the fast and sustainable development cross economies around the world. Thus, one possible policy mechanism can be the stimulation of digital revolution so that an economy can first achieve the social Kuznets curve then the environmental Kuznets curve. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03863049&r=env |
| By: | Ralph De Haas; Martin, Ralf; Muûls, Mirabelle; Schweiger, Helena |
| Abstract: | We use data on 11,233 firms across 22 emerging markets to analyze how credit constraints and low-quality firm management inhibit corporate investment in green technologies. For identification we exploit quasi-exogenous variation in local credit conditions and in exposure to weather shocks. Our results suggest that both financial frictions and managerial constraints slow down firm investment in more energy efficient and less polluting technologies. Complementary analysis of data from the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) corroborates some of this evidence by revealing that in areas where banks deleveraged more after the global financial crisis, industrial facilities reduced their carbon emissions by less. On aggregate this kept local emissions 15% above the level they would have been in the absence of financial frictions. |
| Keywords: | Financial frictions,management practices,CO2 emissions,energy efficiency |
| JEL: | D22 L23 G32 L20 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofitp:bdp2021_006&r=env |
| By: | HUYGENS Dries (European Commission - JRC); GARCIA-GUTIERREZ Pelayo (European Commission - JRC); ORVEILLON Glenn; SCHILLACI Calogero; DELRE Antonio (European Commission - JRC); ORGIAZZI Alberto; WOJDA Piotr; TONINI Davide (European Commission - JRC); EGLE Lukas (European Commission - JRC); JONES Arwyn; PISTOCCHI Alberto; LUGATO Emanuele |
| Abstract: | Sewage sludge is the residue following the treatment of waste waters. It contains valuable agricultural resources, but also contaminants that may pose risks to human health and the environment. This study aims to assess impacts on the environment and human health from main sludge management routes occurring in the EU. It was found that a relatively small set of pollutants may cause significant risks to both humans and soil organisms when present in concentrations levels typically documented for sewage sludge. These priority contaminants are persistent in soils and have a bioaccumulative and toxic effect on humans and soil organisms. Secondly, it was indicated that sewage sludge management, other than landfilling, has a small impact on the overall global warming potential, and that the enforcement of best sludge management practices will only limitedly offset impacts resulting from waste water treatment. Thirdly, it is indicated that sound management of sludge could contribute to reducing the depletion of the critical raw material rock phosphate. Even options other than landspreading can return a significant share of the phosphorus contained in sludge to agricultural land in a plant-available form. Altogether, it is indicated that a mix of sludge management routes, adapted to the local settings and needs, may be required to maximise benefits and minimise adverse impacts across the different sustainability dimensions affected by sludge management within the EU. |
| Keywords: | sewage sludge, agriculture, contaminants, nutrient management |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc129690&r=env |
| By: | Banerjee, Onil; Cicowiez, Martin; Rios, Ana R.; Lima, Cicero Z. de |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we assess the economy-wide impact of Climate Change (CC) on agriculture and food security in 20 Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries. Specifically, we focus on the following three channels through which CC may affect agricultural and non-agricultural production: (i) agricultural yields; (ii) labor productivity in agriculture, and; (iii) economy-wide labor productivity. We implement the analysis using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Model (IEEM) and databases for 20 LAC available through the OPEN IEEM Platform. Our analysis identifies those countries most affected according to key indicators including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), international commerce, sectoral output, poverty, and emissions. Most countries experience negative impacts on GDP, with the exception of the major soybean producing countries, namely, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. We find that CC-induced crop productivity and labor productivity changes affect countries differently. The combined impact, however, indicates that Belize, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Paraguay would fare the worst. Early identification of these hardest hit countries can enable policy makers pre-empting these effects and beginning the design of adaptation strategies early on. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, only Argentina, Chile and Uruguay would experience small increases in emissions. |
| JEL: | C68 J2 Q1 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11777&r=env |
| By: | Amirapu, Amrit (University of Kent); Clots-Figueras, Irma (University of Kent); Rud, Juan Pablo (Royal Holloway, University of London) |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of extreme temperature shocks on political participation using data from Indian elections between 2009 and 2017. Taking advantage of localized, high-frequency data on land surface temperatures, we find that areas with greater cumulative exposure to extreme temperatures experience an increase in voter turnout and a change in the composition of the pool of candidates who stand for election. As a consequence, electoral outcomes are affected. We provide evidence that our results are driven by the negative effect of climate change on agricultural productivity. First, we show that the results are strongest in areas with a larger rural population. Second, we show that there is a non-monotonic relationship between temperatures and turnout which closely mirrors the relationship between temperatures and agricultural productivity. We also find that, following temperature shocks, winning candidates are more likely to have an agricultural background. Finally, we show that politicians with an agricultural background invest more in irrigation, which mitigates the effects of high temperatures, on both agricultural production and on turnout. Our paper provides new evidence about the ways in which political agents in developing countries (including both voters and candidates) may respond to climate change via political channels. |
| Keywords: | climate change, political economy, voter turnout |
| JEL: | O13 P48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15764&r=env |
| By: | Murray Petrie; Mr. Fabien Gonguet; Ozlem Aydin Sakrak; Bryn Battersby; Jacques Charaoui; Mr. Claude P Wendling |
| Abstract: | This How to Note develops the “green public financial management (PFM)” framework briefly outlined in an earlier Staff Climate Note (2021/002, published in August 2021). It illustrates, how climate change and environmental concerns can be mainstreamed into government’s institutional arrangements in place to facilitate the implementation of fiscal policies. It provides numerous country examples covering possible entry points for green PFM – phases in the budget cycle (strategic planning and fiscal framework, budget preparation, budget execution and accounting, control, and audit), legal framework or issues that cut across the budget cycle, such as fiscal transparency or coordination with State Owned Enterprises or with subnational governments. This How to Note also summarizes practical guidance for implementation of a green PFM strategy, underscoring the need for a tailored approach adapted to country specificities and for a strong stewardship role of the Ministry of Finance. |
| Keywords: | Public financial management; green budgeting; green public financial management; mainstreaming; climate change adaptation; climate change mitigation |
| Date: | 2022–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfhtn:2022/006&r=env |
| By: | Shapiro, Joseph S. |
| Abstract: | What is a feasible and efficient policy to regulate air pollution from vehicles? A Pigouvian tax is technologically infeasible. Most countries instead rely on exhaust standards that limit air pollution emissions per mile for new vehicles. We assess the effectiveness and efficiency of these standards, which are the centerpiece of US Clean Air Act regulation of transportation, and counterfactual policies. We show that the air pollution emissions per mile of new US vehicles has fallen spectacularly, by over 99 percent, since standards began in 1967. Several research designs with a half century of data suggest that exhaust standards have caused most of this decline. Yet exhaust standards are not cost-effective in part because they fail to encourage scrap of older vehicles, which account for the majority of emissions. To study counterfactual policies, we develop an analytical and a quantitative model of the vehicle fleet. Analysis of these models suggests that tighter exhaust standards increase social welfare and that increasing registration fees on dirty vehicles yields even larger gains by accelerating scrap, though both reforms have complex effects on inequality. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2022–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt36p5q6xv&r=env |
| By: | Blyde, Juan S.; Ramírez, Mayra A. |
| Abstract: | Empirical analyses that rely on micro-level panel data have found that exporters are generally less pollutant than non-exporters. While alternative explanations have been proposed, firm level data has not been used to examine the role of destination markets behind the relationship between exports and pollution. In this paper we argue that because consumers in high-income countries have higher valuations for clean environments than consumers in developing countries, exporters targeting high-income countries are more likely to improve their environmental outcomes than exporters targeting destinations where valuations for the environment are not high. Using a panel of firm-level data from Chile we find support to this hypothesis. A 10 percentage point increase in the share of exports to high-income countries is associated with a reduction in CO2 pollution intensity of about 16%. The results have important implications for firms in developing countries aiming to target high-income markets. |
| Keywords: | exports;environment;climate change;emissions |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11897&r=env |
| By: | N. Devaraju (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Rémi Prudhomme (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Anna Lungarska (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Xuhui Wang (College of Urban and Environmental Sciences [Beijing] - Peking University [Beijing]); Zun Yin (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nicolas Viovy (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adriana de Palma (NHM - The Natural History Museum [London]); Ricardo Gonzalez (NHM - The Natural History Museum [London]); Philippe Ciais (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Synthetic Nitrogen (N) usage in agriculture has greatly increased food supply over the past century. However, the intensive use of N fertilizer is nevertheless the source of numerous environmental issues and remains a major challenge for policymakers to understand, measure, and quantify the interactions and trade-offs between ecosystem carbon and terrestrial biodiversity loss. In this study, we investigate the impacts of a public policy scenario that aims to halve N fertilizer application across European Union (EU) agriculture on both carbon (C) sequestration and biodiversity changes. We quantify the impacts by integrating two economic models with an agricultural land surface model and a terrestrial biodiversity model (that uses data from a range of taxonomic groups, including plants, fungi, vertebrates and invertebrates). Here, we show that the two economic scenarios lead to different outcomes in terms of C sequestration potential and biodiversity. Land abandonment associated with increased fertilizer price scenario facilitates higher C sequestration in soils (+ 1014 MtC) and similar species richness levels (+ 1.9%) at the EU scale. On the other hand, the more extensive crop production scenario is associated with lower C sequestration potential in soils (− 97 MtC) and similar species richness levels (− 0.4%) because of a lower area of grazing land. Our results therefore highlight the complexity of the environmental consequences of a nitrogen reduction policy, which will depend fundamentally on how the economic models used to project consequences. |
| Abstract: | L'utilisation de l'azote synthétique (N) dans l'agriculture a permis d'accroître considérablement l'approvisionnement alimentaire au cours du siècle dernier. L'utilisation intensive d'engrais azotés est néanmoins à l'origine de nombreux problèmes environnementaux et reste un défi majeur pour les décideurs politiques pour comprendre, mesurer et quantifier les interactions et les compromis entre le carbone des écosystèmes et la perte de biodiversité terrestre. Dans cette étude, nous examinons les impacts d'un scénario de politique publique visant à réduire de moitié l'application d'engrais azotés dans l'agriculture de l'Union européenne (UE) sur la séquestration du carbone (C) et les changements de biodiversité. Nous quantifions les impacts en intégrant deux modèles économiques avec un modèle de surface des terres agricoles et un modèle de biodiversité terrestre (qui utilise les données d'une série de groupes taxonomiques, y compris les plantes, les champignons, les vertébrés et les invertébrés). Nous montrons ici que les deux scénarios économiques conduisent à des résultats différents en termes de potentiel de séquestration du carbone et de biodiversité. L'abandon des terres associé au scénario d'augmentation du prix des engrais facilite une plus grande séquestration de C dans les sols (+ 1014 MtC) et des niveaux de richesse des espèces similaires (+ 1,9 %) à l'échelle de l'UE. En revanche, le scénario de production végétale plus extensive est associé à un potentiel de séquestration de carbone plus faible dans les sols (- 97 MtC) et à des niveaux de richesse en espèces similaires (- 0,4 %) en raison d'une surface de pâturage plus faible. Nos résultats soulignent donc la complexité des conséquences environnementales d'une politique de réduction de l'azote, qui dépendra fondamentalement de la manière dont les modèles économiques utilisés pour projeter les conséquences. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03881919&r=env |
| By: | Grubert, Emily; Sawyer, Frances |
| Abstract: | The United States’ expected largest-ever climate mitigation investment, through 2022’s Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), relies heavily on subsidies. One major subsidy, the 45Q tax credit for carbon oxide sequestration, incentivizes emitters to maximize production and sequestration of carbon oxides, not abatement. Under IRA’s 45Q changes, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is expected to be profitable for coal and natural gas-based electricity generator owners, particularly regulated utilities that earn a guaranteed rate of return on capital expenditures, despite being costlier than zero-carbon resources like wind or solar. This analysis explores investment decisions driven by profitability rather than system cost minimization, particularly where investments enhance existing assets with an incumbent workforce, existing supplier relationships, and internal knowledge-base. This analysis introduces a model and investigates six scenarios for lifespan extension and capacity factor changes to show that US CCS fossil power sector retrofits could demand $0.4-$3.6 trillion in 45Q tax credits to alter greenhouse gas emissions by -24% ($0.4 trillion) to +82% ($3.6 trillion) versus business-as-usual for affected generators. Particularly given long lead times, limited experience, and the potential for CCS projects to crowd or defer more effective alternatives, regulators should be extremely cautious about power sector CCS proposals. |
| Date: | 2022–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jfzd5&r=env |
| By: | Cafferata, Fernando G.; Hoffmann, Bridget; Scartascini, Carlos |
| Abstract: | Environmental policies are characterized by salient short-term costs and long-term benefits that are difficult to observe and to attribute to the government's efforts. These characteristics imply that citizens' support for environmental policies is highly dependent on their trust in the government's capability to implement solutions and commitment to investments in those policies. Using novel survey data from Mexico City, we show that trust in the government is positively correlated with citizens' willingness to support an additional tax approximately equal to a days minimum wage to improve air quality and greater preference for government retention of revenues from fees collected from polluting firms. We find similar correlations using the perceived quality of public goods as a measure of government competence. These results provide evidence that mistrust can be an obstacle to better environmental outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Trust;Mexico;Publicly provided private goods;Public services quality;Air pollution |
| JEL: | Q53 Q52 Q56 H23 H41 H42 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11474&r=env |
| By: | Majid Hashemi; Glenn Jenkins (Queen's University); Frank Milne (Queen's University) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a framework for a financial, economic, and stakeholder analysis of a residential rooftop solar net-metering program. The empirical focus of the paper is the net-metering program in Ontario, Canada, but the methodology is applicable to evaluating other public programs. The results highlight that without the Federal Government’s subsidy for the initial investment cost, net-metered solar systems are not financially viable for representative households. Moreover, the stakeholder analysis reveals that for each additional net-metered system installed in Ontario, non-net-metered households experience financial losses of eight times the benefits to the net-metered households. The net losses to the Federal Government of Canada and the Canadian economy are six and twelve times the benefit to the net-metered households, respectively. The only stakeholder who benefits marginally is the Government of Ontario. In terms of environmental benefits, our estimate of the cost of greenhouse gas abatement by residential net-metered solar is 413 CAD per ton of CO2e, which is significantly higher than the current (65 CAD in 2023) and future (170 CAD by 2030) social cost of carbon set by the Government of Canada. |
| Keywords: | Rooftop solar, Net Metering, Greenhouse gas emissions, Social cost of carbon, Ontario, Canada |
| JEL: | D61 L94 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:wpaper:1493&r=env |
| By: | Blackman, Allen; Bonilla, Jorge Alexander; Villalobos, Laura |
| Abstract: | In cities around the world, Covid-19 lockdowns have improved outdoor air quality, in some cases dramatically. Even if only temporary, these improvements could have longer-lasting effects on policy by making chronic air pollution more salient and boosting political pressure for change. To that end, it is important to develop objective estimates of both the air quality improvements associated with Covid-19 lockdowns and the benefits these improvements generate. We use panel data econometric models to estimate the effect of Bogotás lockdown on fine particulate pollution, epidemiological models to simulate the effect of reductions in that pollution on long-term and short-term mortality, and benefit transfer methods to estimate the monetary value of the avoided mortality. We find that in its first year of implementation, on average, Bogotás lockdown cut fine particulate pollution by more than one-fifth. However, the magnitude of that effect varied considerably over the course of the year and across the citys neighborhoods. Equivalent permanent reductions in fine particulate pollution would reduce long-term premature deaths by more than one-quarter each year, a benefit valued at $670 million per year. Finally, we estimate that in 2020-2021, the lockdown reduced short-term deaths by 31 percent, a benefit valued at $180 million. |
| Keywords: | Pollution; COVID-19; lockdown; Colombia; panel data; integrated exposure-response model; benefit transfer |
| JEL: | Q51 Q52 Q53 Q56 Q58 I15 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11768&r=env |
| By: | Julien Guyot (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Akhil Rao; Sebastien Rouillon (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | All space-based economic growth requires use of Earth's orbital space. But as rocket and satellite technologies become cheaper, congestion and pollution threaten to reduce terrestrial access to space-based services like GPS and remote sensing and severely limit the potential for space-based growth. We propose a unifying model and a graphical framework to represent the long-term sustainable size of the satellite fleet and its economic value as a function of the launch rate, as well as its effects on the orbital environment. We show how the framework can be used to consider long-term orbital outcomes emerging under different management institutions, derive policy instruments which maximize the economic value of orbit use, and consider the effects of different technological innovations accounting for behavioral responses to the innovations. We conclude with a discussion of open questions in orbit-use management which are both relevant to policymakers around the world and likely to generate insights into environmental management and sustainable growth. |
| Abstract: | La croissance de l'économie spatiale se base sur l'exploitation l'orbite terrestre. Mais à mesure que les améliorations technologiques réduisent les coûts des fusées et des satellites, l'encombrement et la pollution de l'environnement orbital menacent de compromettre l'accès à des services tels que le GPS et la télédétection, limitant d'autant le potentiel de croissance du secteur. Nous proposons un cadre d'analyse graphique représentant la taille et la valeur économique d'une flotte de satellites durable à long terme, en fonction du rythme de lancement des satellites, tenant compte des effets sur l'environnement orbital. Nous montrons comment ce cadre d'analyse permet de décrire les conséquences à long terme de différents modes de gestion et de déterminer des instruments politiques poussant le secteur à maximiser la valeur économique de l'utilisation de l'orbite, ainsi que d'envisager les effets de certaines innovations technologiques une fois prise en compte les adaptations comportementales des agents économiques que celles-ci entraîneront. Nous concluons en abordant diverses questions ouvertes, que nous croyons à la fois pertinentes pour les décideurs politique. |
| Keywords: | Space economics, Orbital debris, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2022–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03891292&r=env |
| By: | Julien Guyot (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Akhil Rao; Sebastien Rouillon (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | All space-based economic growth requires use of Earth's orbital space. But as rocket and satellite technologies become cheaper, congestion and pollution threaten to reduce terrestrial access to space-based services like GPS and remote sensing and severely limit the potential for space-based growth. We propose a unifying model and a graphical framework to represent the long-term sustainable size of the satellite fleet and its economic value as a function of the launch rate, as well as its effects on the orbital environment. We show how the framework can be used to consider long-term orbital outcomes emerging under different management institutions, derive policy instruments which maximize the economic value of orbit use, and consider the effects of different technological innovations accounting for behavioral responses to the innovations. We conclude with a discussion of open questions in orbit-use management which are both relevant to policymakers around the world and likely to generate insights into environmental management and sustainable growth. |
| Abstract: | La croissance de l'économie spatiale se base sur l'exploitation l'orbite terrestre. Mais à mesure que les améliorations technologiques réduisent les coûts des fusées et des satellites, l'encombrement et la pollution de l'environnement orbital menacent de compromettre l'accès à des services tels que le GPS et la télédétection, limitant d'autant le potentiel de croissance du secteur. Nous proposons un cadre d'analyse graphique représentant la taille et la valeur économique d'une flotte de satellites durable à long terme, en fonction du rythme de lancement des satellites, tenant compte des effets sur l'environnement orbital. Nous montrons comment ce cadre d'analyse permet de décrire les conséquences à long terme de différents modes de gestion et de déterminer des instruments politiques poussant le secteur à maximiser la valeur économique de l'utilisation de l'orbite, ainsi que d'envisager les effets de certaines innovations technologiques une fois prise en compte les adaptations comportementales des agents économiques que celles-ci entraîneront. Nous concluons en abordant diverses questions ouvertes, que nous croyons à la fois pertinentes pour les décideurs politique. |
| Keywords: | Space economics, Orbital debris, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03896730&r=env |
| By: | Miao, Ruiqing; Feng, Hongli; Hennessy, David A.; Arora, Gaurav; Loesch, Charles R. |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the roles of additionality of environmental benefits and spatial spillover effect of grassland conversion in determining the optimal grassland easement acquisitions. The preliminary results indicate that when conversion hazard rate is large then considering additionality and spatial spillover does not secure much additional environmental benefit than does ignoring additionality or spatial spillover. The study further explores the performance of three environmental benefit targeting strategies as well as three heuristic optimization algorithms in terms of securing environmental benefits via easement acquisition. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa23:316531&r=env |
| By: | Mukherjee, Manisha (RS: GSBE MGSoG, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, RS: UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the moderating role of access to agricultural adaptation measures in how climate change is affecting human migration in the middle- and low-income countries. The literature on the association between climate change, agricultural production, and migration has seen a dramatic expansion in the past decade and highlighted the complexity of the process. Yet, a crucial link that is missing in the discussions is the inter-linkage between migration responses and access to in-situ agricultural adaptation measures. To address this gap, I build this study on an emerging approach that treats adaptation to climate change as an additional component of sustainable economic development. I systematically review 81 quantitative and qualitative studies on the nexus of climate change, migration, and agriculture in the middle- and low-income countries and investigate the migration responses of agricultural households in conjunction with access to agricultural adaptation measures. I find a significant overlap between the social class of farmers, their capabilities to adapt in situ, and their migration decisions. The migration responses vary across agricultural households based on access to in-situ adaptation measures. Additionally, this interaction is heavily moderated by other local contextual factors- such as easy access to credit, participation in social networks, ethnic and social fractionalization, presence of conflicts, and social structures. Based on the findings, I propose a conceptual framework that could aid in deconstructing the migration responses of agricultural households in less-developed countries. Furthermore, I highlight critical policy gaps in building climate-resilient rural economies and suggest future research agendas with regard to climate change, migration, and agricultural adaptation measures. |
| JEL: | O13 Q01 O15 Q15 R20 |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2022039&r=env |
| By: | Dörr, Julian Oliver |
| Abstract: | Theory suggests that new market entrants play a special role for the creation of new technological pathways required for the development and diffusion of more sustainable forms of production, consumption, mobility and housing. Unconstrained by past technological investments, entrants can introduce more radical environmental innovations than incumbent firms whose past R&D decisions make them locked into path-dependent trajectories of outdated technologies. Yet, little research exists which provides empirical evidence on new ventures' role in the technological transition towards decarbonization and dematerialization. This is mainly because patenting is rare among start-ups and also no historical track record about their R&D investments exists, both data sources commonly used to determine a company's technological footprint. To enable the identification of clean technology-oriented market entrants and to better understand their role as adopters and innovators for sustainable market solutions, this paper presents framework that systematically maps new ventures' business models to a set of well-defined clean technologies. For this purpose, the framework leverages textual descriptions of new entrants' business summaries that are typically available upon business registration and allow for a good indication of their technological orientation. Furthermore, the framework uses textual information from patenting activities of established innovators to model semantic representations of technologies. Mapping company and technology descriptions into a common vector space enables the derivation of a fine-granular measureof entrants' technological orientation. Applying the framework to a survey of German start-up firms suggests that clean technology-oriented market entrants act as accelerators of technical change: both by virtue of their existing products and services and through a high propensity to introduce additional environmental innovations. |
| Keywords: | Clean technologies,technological orientation,environmental innovation,sustainable entrepreneurship,text modeling,natural language processing |
| JEL: | C38 O13 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22057&r=env |
| By: | Matteo Benetton (Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley); Simone Emiliozzi (Bank of Italy); Elisa Guglielminetti (Bank of Italy); Michele Loberto (Bank of Italy); Alessandro Mistretta (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | Investment in adaptation is a critical strategy to reduce the damages from climate change, yet there is limited evidence about its effectiveness and costs. We exploit the activation of a sea wall to protect the city of Venice from increasingly high tides to provide new evidence on the capitalization of infrastructure investment in climate change adaptation into housing values. Exploiting variation in the activation of the sea wall -- based on expected tides -- as well as in the exposure of different properties - based on characteristics (ground vs higher floors, stilts elevation) - we find that the sea wall increases house prices by 3% for properties above the activation threshold and by an additional 7% for ground-floor properties. Overall, one year after the activation the sea wall generated a 4.5% increase in the value of the total residential housing stock in Venice, that is a lower bound on the total welfare gains generated by this infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | housing, climate change, adaptation, infrastructure |
| JEL: | Q54 R21 R38 O18 H54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_735_22&r=env |
| By: | To, Jenny |
| Abstract: | The European Union Circular Economy Action Plan (EU-CEAP) is key to transitioning to a circular economy and climate neutrality under the EU Green Deal, with developing and emerging countries (DECs) playing an important role. First, DECs are essential for the primary material chains, for example, supplying material for electric vehicle (EV) batteries to the European Union (EU). Second, DECs are involved in secondary material chains: To recycle its plastic packaging, Europe relies on DECs. But despite the essential role DECs play in Europe's transition to a circular economy, the EU-CEAP's impact on DECs has largely gone unexamined in literature and policy discourses - a shortcoming that could reinforce Eurocentrism and jeopardise the much-needed willingness to cooperate on multilateral solutions to global challenges (Messner, 2022). This policy brief and associated discussion paper (To, 2022) outline challenges and opportunities for DECs that are related to the EU-CEAP and present recommendations for German development cooperation. In the plastic packaging sector, DECs will likely be impacted by stricter waste shipment regulation (WSR), along with higher EU recycling targets, mandatory recycled content for plastics, and bans on certain single-use plastic items. Hence, the following recommended policy actions: To lower the risks of illegal plastic waste trade and disposal, DECs must be helped to enforce the WSR and meet tightened import regulations. The impact of plastic waste imports on DEC domestic markets in light of changing WSR must be monitored; discussion about stricter EU waste export regulations should be initiated accordingly. In response to plastic waste imports, plastic recycling in DECs must be improved by raising standards and investments in advanced machinery as well as working conditions for informal labourers. Changing EU plastic ban regulations must be monitored to anticipate increased demand for plastic alternatives. For EVs and batteries, EU-CEAP regulations that could impact DECs include stricter due diligence requirements for raw materials, higher targets for retrieving secondary battery materials, as well as reusing, repurposing and recycling EVs and their batteries. In response, the following policy actions are recommended: Help DEC suppliers meet tighter supply-chain require-ments in light of the expected steady increase in demand for virgin raw materials from DECs. Help expand road infrastructure to make it possible to reuse EVs, ensure EV batteries for repurposing, and provide recycling machinery and know-how. |
| Keywords: | circular economy,green economy,EU Green Deal,EU Circular Economy Action Plan,plastic waste,plastic packaging,electric vehicles,electric vehicle batteries,developing and emerging countries |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:102022&r=env |
| By: | Vuong, Quan-Hoang |
| Abstract: | A recent study showed that 78% of global climate science funding flows to European and North American institutions. Dr. Quan-Hoang Vuong gives his perspective on why this is a problem for the planet. |
| Date: | 2021–11–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4eh2s&r=env |
| By: | Blackman, Allen; Hoffmann, Bridget |
| Abstract: | Ambient air pollution is a leading cause of death in developing countries. In theory, using smartphone apps, text messages, and other personal information and communication technologies to disseminate real-time information about such pollution can boost avoidance behavior like wearing face masks and closing windows. Yet evidence on their effectiveness is limited. We conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of training university students in Bogotá, Colombia to use a newly available municipal government smartphone app that displays real-time information on air quality. The training increased participants acquisition of information about air quality, their knowledge about avoidance behavior, and their actual avoidance behavior. It also enhanced their concern about other environmental issues. These effects were moderated by participants characteristics. For example, the training was generally less effective among job holders. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; Colombia; information; randomized controlled trial; experiment; smartphone application |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 Q58 I15 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11727&r=env |
| By: | Stephen K. Dimnwobi (NnamdiAzikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley I. Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Favour C. Onuoha (Evangel University Akaeze, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural productivity remains pivotal to the sustenance of the economies and livelihoods of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Given the emerging threat of energy and environmental uncertainties globally, this study makes a foray into understanding the link among energy poverty, environmental degradation and agricultural productivity in 35 SSA nations in particular, and the nature of their impacts across the sub-region constituents namely; the Central, Eastern, Western and Southern sub-regional blocs in general. To begin, our identified variables comprised of the following: Energy Poverty Index, derived using the principal component analysis, agricultural value added as a share of GDP served as a measure of agricultural productivity and ecological footprint to represent environmental degradation. Subsequently, the instrumental variable generalized method of moment (IV†GMM) technique was implemented for the aggregate SSA model, while the IV-two stage least square technique was adopted for the sub-regional estimations for the Central, East, West and South African blocs respectively. Major findings from the SSA model revealed that whereas the index of energy poverty has a significant positive influence, ecological footprint exhibited an inverse and significant impact on agricultural productivity, while the Central, East, West and South African models yielded mixed results given regional disparities in economic development, regional variations in agricultural productivity and an imbalance of available resources. Policy recommendations were suggested to, among other things, transform the energy, environmental and agricultural fortunes of the region. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Productivity, SSA; Energy Poverty, Environmental Degradation, Africa’s sub-region |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/096&r=env |
| By: | Gavard, Claire; Göbel, Jonas; Schoch, Niklas |
| Abstract: | An argument sometimes used to support renewable energy is that it may contribute to job creation. On the other hand, these technologies often face local opposition. On the case of Denmark, the country with the longest experience with wind power, the authors examine whether the installation of new turbines had local economic benefits. They use a quasi-experimental set-up and exploit time and regional variations at the municipal level. The authors find that the deployment of wind power contributed to the increase in personal income for entrepreneurs and some retirees. As municipalities received payments from wind investors ahead of the construction, the new wind revenues were followed by increases in local public spending. Regarding employment, the authors find very minor effects in some sectors but the aggregate local employment does not change significantly. |
| Keywords: | Wind power,renewable energy,climate policy,co-benefits,employment |
| JEL: | C23 H23 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22058&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Eichner; Rüdiger Pethig |
| Abstract: | In the standard theoretical literature on forming international environmental agreements (IEAs) countries use to be self-interested materialists and stable coalitions are small. This paper analyzes IEA games with countries that exhibit Kantian moral behavior. Countries may behave morally with respect to both emissions (reduction) and membership in an IEA. If countries are emissions Kantians or membership Kantians the outcome of the corresponding IEA games is socially optimal. To model more realistic Kantian behavior, we define an emissions [membership] moralist as a country whose welfare is the weighted average of the welfare of an emissions [membership] Kantian and a materialist. The game with emissions moralists produces stable coalitions not larger than those in the standard game with materialists. The game with membership moralists yields stable coalitions that are increasing in the membership morality. Finally, we consider countries who are moderate moralists with respect to both emissions and membership. In that encompassing IEA game the size of the coalition is increasing in the emissions morality, the membership morality, and in the weight of the membership moralist’s welfare. Depending on parameter values, the grand coalition may or may not be attained if one of the moral parameter increases and tends towards one. |
| Keywords: | international environmental agreement, stable coalitions, moral behavior, Kantian ethics |
| JEL: | C72 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10090&r=env |
| By: | Shuya Wu (CUP - China University of Petroleum Beijing, IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School); Arash Farnoosh (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School); Yingdan Mei (CUP - China University of Petroleum Beijing) |
| Abstract: | While promoting green and low-carbon transition, clean energy facilities also have externalities, which may lead to opposition and economic losses. There is evidence that the impact of facilities decreases with distance, but existing research make strict assumption on its functional form. In this research work we explore the non-linear relationship between housing transaction prices and distances to the nearest facility without predefined functions combined with spatial smoothing in the hedonic pricing model by taking China as a case-study. We use the housing transaction data from 2015 to 2018 to estimate the distance decay of HRS (Hydrogen Refueling Station) in different regions in the rental and sale markets. The results show that the HRS has a significant negative impact on sale prices, while it has no significant impact on rental prices. In the sale market, for every 1% decrease in the distance, the house prices decrease by 6.62%, and the main impact distance is 3.5 km. In the eastern region, HRS has a significant impact on both rents and prices; in the central and western regions, there may be a positive impact on the rental market, but there is no significant impact in the northeastern region. Based on the empirical results, policy recommendations are given. |
| Keywords: | Clean energy facility, Hydrogen refueling station, Non-linear distance decay, Hedonic |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03898758&r=env |
| By: | Ansari, Dawud; Grinschgl, Julian; Pepe, Jacopo Maria |
| Abstract: | Due to Europe's gas crisis and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, ramping up the hydrogen market has become more urgent than ever for European and German policymakers. However, ambitious targets for green hydrogen present an enormous challenge for the European Union (EU) and its young hydrogen economy. Apart from the demand for electricity, there is above all a lack of production capacities for electrolysers. The envisioned production scaling of electrolysers is almost impossible to achieve, and it also conflicts with import efforts and cements new dependencies on suppliers of key raw materials and critical components. Although a decoupling from Russia's raw material supply is generally possible, there is no way for the EU to achieve its goals without China. Aside from loosened regulations and the active management of raw material supply, Europe should also reconsider its biased preference for green hydrogen. |
| Keywords: | Russia,Ukraine,EU,climate and energy policy,REPowerEU,electricity,electrolyser,raw material,nickel,platinum-group metals (PGMs),polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:572022&r=env |
| By: | Sébastien Duchêne (Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School); Adrien Nguyen-Huu (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Dimitri Dubois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marc Willinger (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | We assess the impact of environmental externalities on port folio decisions in a lab-in-the-field experiment on finance professionals and students. Participants are prone to accept lower returns for positive environmental impact but will not bear increased risk. They show a symmetric pro-environmental preferences depending on the sign of the externality. Finance professionals are more pro-environment than students, particularly regarding positive externalities, and less influenced by a ranking signal about environmental performance. Control tasks show that experimental measures of pro-social and environmental preferences have less influence on port folios than market practices for professionals but are significant predictors for students. |
| Date: | 2022–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03883121&r=env |
| By: | Oeindrila Dube; Joshua E. Blumenstock; Michael Callen; Michael J. Callen |
| Abstract: | Religious adherence has been hard to study in part because it is hard to measure. We develop a new measure of religious adherence, which is granular in both time and space, using anonymized mobile phone transaction records. After validating the measure with traditional data, we show how it can shed light on the nature of religious adherence in Islamic societies. Exploiting random variation in climate, we find that as economic conditions in Afghanistan worsen, people become more religiously observant. The effects are most pronounced in areas where droughts have the biggest economic consequences, such as croplands without access to irrigation. |
| Keywords: | religion, mobile phones, big data, climate, economic shocks |
| JEL: | Z10 Z12 Q10 Q15 Q54 O13 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10114&r=env |
| By: | Luccas Assis Attilio; Joao Ricardo Faria, Mauro Rodrigues |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the relationship between monetary policy and CO2 emissions. Our contribution is twofold: (i) we present a stylized dynamic AD-AS model with Global Value Chains (GVC) and carbon emissions to illustrate this relationship, (ii) we estimate the effect of monetary policy on emissions using the GVAR methodology, which explicitly considers the interconnection between regions instead of treating them as isolated economies. We focus on CO2 emissions in four regions: U.S., U.K., Japan and the Eurozone, but we use data from 8 other countries to characterize the international economy. Our results show that a monetary contraction in a country is associated with lower domestic emissions both in the short- and the long-run. Although we do not find evidence of cross-region effects concerning monetary policy, variance decomposition suggests that external factors are relevant to understanding each region's fluctuations in emissions. |
| Keywords: | Pollution; monetary policy; international linkages |
| JEL: | E52 E43 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2022wpecon24&r=env |
| By: | Kimon Keramidas (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Silvana Mima (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Adrien Bidaud-Bonod (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | MOTIVATION-OBJECTIVE - Hydrogen (H2): promising vector in the race to reach to net-zero - Many announced national strategies & investments: RePowerEU, Japanese H2 Strategy… - Current production based on gas and coal (70 MtH2, 750 MtCO2) - How to supply large enough quantities of H2 while making it a lower-GHG vector than the fuels it replaces? |
| Keywords: | Hydrogen |
| Date: | 2022–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03878210&r=env |
| By: | Pavel Ciaian (European Commission - JRC); Andrej Cupak (National Bank of Slovakia and University of Economics in Bratislava); Pirmin Fessler (Oesterreichische Nationalbank, Economic Microdata Lab); d’Artis Kancs (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Individuals invest in Environmental-Social-Governance (ESG)-assets not only because of (higher) expected returns but also driven by ethical and social considerations. Less is known about ESG-conscious investor subjective beliefs about crypto-assets and how these compare to traditional assets. Controversies surrounding the ESG footprint of certain crypto-asset classes – mainly on grounds of their energy-intensive crypto mining – offer a potentially informative object of inquiry. Leveraging a unique representative household finance survey for the Austrian population, we examine whether investors’ environmental and social preferences can explain cross- sectional differences in individual portfolio exposure to crypto-assets. We find a strong association between investors’ environmental and social preferences and the crypto-investment exposure but no significant relationship for the benchmarks of traditional asset classes such as bonds and shares. |
| Keywords: | Crypto-assets, investment portfolio, financial behaviour, financial literacy, environmental and social preferences |
| JEL: | D14 G11 G41 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc129919&r=env |
| By: | Blanc, Corin |
| Abstract: | Nous étudions ici les déterminants de l’acceptabilité de trois politiques environnementales en France : l’augmentation des taxes sur les combustibles fossiles comme le pétrole, le gaz et le charbon, les subventions publiques aux énergies renouvelables comme l’énergie solaire ou éolienne et l’interdiction de la vente des équipements ménagers les moins performants sur le plan énergétique.Cette analyse est rendue possible grâce au module Attitudes to Climate Change and Energy de la vague 8 déployée par l’European Social Survey en 2016. Nous analysons les ressemblances de ces déterminants avec les caractéristiques spécifiques aux soutiens des Gilets jaunes. Nous montrons d’abord que les Français s’opposent plus à une taxe sur les carburants que leurs voisins européens. Ensuite, nous étudions les effets des caractéristiques socio-démographiques sur l’acceptabilité de ces politiques. Enfin, nous observons qu’un sentiment de forte responsabilité personnelle envers le changement climatique est corrélé avec un plus fort soutien envers les politiques environnementales. Au contraire, le manque de confiance envers autrui, l’une des principales caractéristiques subjectives des Gilets jaunes et de leurs soutiens, affecte seulement l’acceptabilité de la politique fiscale. |
| Keywords: | France, Acceptabitité, Taxe Carbone, Transition écologique |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:notobe:2215&r=env |
| By: | Sirgit Perdana (CMCS-EPFL - CMCS-EPFL - EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne); Marc Vielle (CMCS-EPFL - CMCS-EPFL - EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne); Maxime Schenkery (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School) |
| Abstract: | The recent economic sanctions against Russia can jeopardize the sustainability of the European Union's (EU) energy supply. Despite the EU's strong commitment to stringent abatement targets, fossil fuels still play a significant role in the EU energy policy. Furthermore, high dependency on Russian energy supplies underlines the vulnerability of the EU energy security. Using a global computable general equilibrium model, we prove that the current EU embargo on coal and oil imported from Russia will have adverse supply effects, substantially increasing energy prices and welfare costs for the EU resident. Although it reduces emissions, extending the embargo to include natural gas doubles this welfare cost. The use of coal is likely to increase, especially with respect to EU electricity generation, given the current constraints of additional import capacities from nonRussian producers. The impact on Russia once the EU extends the sanctions to natural gas is less substantial than on the EU. Russian welfare cost will increase less than 50%, indicating that extending the current restriction to boycott Russian gas is a costly policy option. |
| Keywords: | European Union, Russia, Computable General Equilibrium Model, Fit for 55 Package, Imports Ban |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03898833&r=env |
| By: | Neidell, Matthew; Graff Zivin, Joshua; Sheahan, Megan; Willwerth, Jacqueline; Fant, Charles; Sarofim, Marcus; Martinich, Jeremy |
| Abstract: | Workers in climate exposed industries such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing face increased health risks of working on high temperature days and may make decisions to reduce work on high-heat days to mitigate this risk. Utilizing the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) for the period 2003 through 2018 and historical weather data, we model the relationship between daily temperature and time allocation, focusing on hours worked by high-risk laborers. The results indicate that labor allocation decisions are context specific and likely driven by supply-side factors. We do not find a significant relationship between temperature and hours worked during the Great Recession (2008-2014), perhaps due to high competition for employment, however during periods of economic growth (2003-2007, 2015-2018) we find a significant reduction in hours worked on high-heat days. During periods of economic growth, for every degree above 90 on a particular day, the average high-risk worker reduces their time devoted to work by about 2.6 minutes relative to a 90-degree day. This effect is expected to intensify in the future as temperatures rise. Applying the modeled relationships to climate projections through the end of century, we find that annual lost wages resulting from decreased time spent working on days over 90 degrees across the United States range from $36.7 to $80.0 billion in 2090 under intermediate and high emission futures, respectively. |
| Keywords: | Humans, Models, Economic, Climate, Agriculture, Employment, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, United States, Hot Temperature, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Behavioral and Social Science, Climate Action, Decent Work and Economic Growth, General Science & Technology |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:qt8031v4f4&r=env |
| By: | Mads Greaker (Oslo and Akershus University College - Oslo Business School); Lars Lindholt (Statistics Norway - Research Department) |
| Abstract: | This study uses the National Accounts and the definitions of the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting to calculate the resource rents in Norwegian aquaculture in the period 1984-2020. If we know the remuneration of all input factors such as capital, labour, and inter-mediates except the remuneration of the ecosystem services used in aquaculture, the resource rent will appear as the difference between the value of output and the remuneration of all other input factors. This resource rent is a combination of a Ricardian rent and regulation rent. To as-sess the size of the rent, we perform various sensitivity analysis as introducing higher rates of return, applying alternative wage costs and by treating the stock of growing fish as real capital. A robust conclusion is that there has been a significant resource rent in aquaculture since 2000 and that it has risen markedly since 2012. In the period 2016-2020 it has averaged 18-20 billion NOK per year. Hence, both from an allocative justice and economic efficiency perspective, the Norwegian aquaculture industry seems ripe for resource rent taxation. |
| Keywords: | Resource rent; Aquaculture; National Accounts; System of Environmental-Economic Accounting |
| JEL: | Q22 L11 E22 |
| Date: | 2022–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oml:wpaper:202201&r=env |
| By: | Cavallo, Eduardo A.; Becerra, Oscar; Acevedo, Laura |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the impact of catastrophic natural disasters on economic growth using an event study methodology on a country panel dataset from 1970 to 2019. The severity of the events is determined by the associated mortality. We find that affected economies which, given the way natural disasters are ranked, comprise mainly developing countries, suffer an average loss between 2.1 and 3.7 percentage points (p.p.). The estimated loss is not offset by above-average growth rates in the disasters aftermath. In contrast, when the severity of the events is determined by physical intensity rather than by mortality, which implies a more balanced estimating sample of developed and developing economies, the estimated effects on growth are negligible. Thus, the negative impacts of natural disasters on economic growth are larger for poorer countries, suggesting that the impact of natural disasters on growth is an economic development issue. |
| Keywords: | Event study |
| JEL: | Q54 O47 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11662&r=env |
| By: | Elisa Navarra |
| Abstract: | Labor rights violations and environmental challenges have caused companies to comeunder increasing society’s pressure to achieve higher sustainability standards. Using a noveldataset of worldwide industrial disasters and companies allegedly involved in them, I examinewhether large companies suffer systematic stock market losses after disasters. I estimate anaverage drop in price returns of 1.47 percentage points on the day after the disaster and3.21 over one week. Accordingly, volatility soars. I then discuss the possible mechanismsbehind this negative market response. I focus on harm to the reputation for sustainabilityand I examine the media’s attention to environmental and labor topics through a sentimentanalysis of disaster-related news. I find that a more negative tone of the news is associatedwith larger stock market losses. |
| Keywords: | Industrial Disasters; Reputation; Stock Market Returns |
| JEL: | F23 F63 G14 Q53 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/352568&r=env |
| By: | Stefano Carattini; Kenneth Gillingham; Xiangyu Meng; Erez Yoeli |
| Abstract: | Observability has been demonstrated to influence the adoption of pro-social behavior in a variety of contexts. This study implements a field experiment to examine the influence of observability in the context of a novel pro-social behavior: peer-to-peer solar. Peer-to-peer solar offers an opportunity to households who cannot have solar on their homes to access solar energy from their neighbors. However, unlike solar installations, peer-to-peer solar is an invisible form of pro-environmental behavior. We implemented a set of randomized campaigns using Facebook ads in the Massachusetts cities of Cambridge and Somerville, in partnership with a peer-to-peer company. In the campaigns, treated customers were informed that they could share "green reports" online, providing information to others about their greenness. We find that interest in peer-to-peer solar increases by up to 30% when "green reports," which would make otherwise invisible behavior visible, are mentioned in the ads. |
| Keywords: | Peer to peer solar; pro-environmental behavior; social rewards; visibility; Facebook |
| JEL: | C93 D91 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exc:wpaper:2022-02&r=env |
| By: | Rosenberg, Andrew B.; Pratt, Bryan; Arnold, David |
| Abstract: | The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is the largest agricultural land retirement program in the United States, with the General Signup competitive auction accounting for about one-half of enrolled acreage. In this study, we assess the land use impacts of the CRP, identifying the land uses that could have been retired had rejected offers in the 2016 General Signup instead been accepted. We also compare information from proposed offers with land use decisions after offers were rejected to determine the costs that the program would have to pay to avoid these land uses. In the immediate years after the Signup that we examine, 47 percent of acreage in fields with a rejected offer was planted in crops for grain, while 14 percent was planted in crops for forage, and 10 percent was used for grazing. We find that the fraction of land in each use is relatively consistent across a range of Environmental Benefits Index (EBI) scores. Further, we find that the cost effectiveness of retiring grain and other productive agricultural uses is relatively constant across a large range of EBI scores but is lower for the lowest scoring offers. Finally, we find that program land use impacts vary significantly across states and depend on prior enrollment status. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa23:316533&r=env |
| By: | Laura Bonacorsi; Vittoria Cerasi; Paola Galfrascoli; Matteo Manera |
| Abstract: | We study the relationship between the risk of default and Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors using Machine Learning (ML) techniques on a cross-section of European listed companies. Our proxy for credit risk is the z-score originally proposed by Altman (1968).We consider an extensive number of ESG raw factors sourced from the rating provider MSCI as potential explanatory variables. In a first stage we show, using different SML methods such as LASSO and Random Forest, that a selection of ESG factors, in addition to the usual accounting ratios, helps explaining a firm’s probability of default. In a second stage, we measure the impact of the selected variables on the risk of default. Our approach provides a novel perspective to understand which environmental, social responsibility and governance characteristics may reinforce the credit score of individual companies. |
| Keywords: | credit risk, z-scores, ESG factors, Machine learning. |
| JEL: | C5 D4 G3 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:507&r=env |
| By: | Blyde, Juan S. |
| Abstract: | Analyses that examine the role of international standards on export performance has been concentrated on quality certifications. Very little is known about the impact of environmental certifications on exports. In this paper we employ firm-level data from Ecuador to assess the impact of the ISO 14001 environmental certification on export outcomes. The results show that holding an ISO 14001 increases the likelihood of becoming an exporter by 0.31 percentage points (equivalent to 4%), and that this positive effect is concentrated among large firms. We did not find evidence that the environmental certification has a causal impact on the level or the growth rate of exports. Consequently, the results suggest that the ISO 14001 certification is most useful in reducing information frictions, allowing firms to initiate export transactions. |
| Keywords: | Exports;Environmental Standars |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11726&r=env |
| By: | Olivier Chanel (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This article offers an approach incorporating latency into the process for evaluating long‑term mortality and into its economic valuation, following a temporary impact. It is applied to the effects of COVID‑19 activity restrictions, in the spring of 2020, on ambient air pollution in France. These effects are evaluated in terms of Life Years Gained (LYG) and in monetary terms for two air pollution indicators. This approach is compared to a standard estimate on the basis of difference. It gives results that are lower by a factor of 3.7 to 5.5 for LYG and, on account of the additional effect of discounting, gives an economic valuation that is lower by a factor of 4.7 to 6.9. These results show that an adapted valuation of the long‑term health benefits, then their translation into monetary terms, is essential in order to compare the long‑term consequences of temporary exogenous impacts or policies. |
| Abstract: | Cet article propose une approche intégrant le temps de latence dans le processus d'évaluation de la mortalité de long terme et dans sa valorisation économique, suite à un choc transitoire. Il l'applique aux conséquences des restrictions d'activité en lien avec la Covid‑19 au printemps 2020 sur la pollution de l'air ambiant en France. Ces conséquences sont évaluées en termes d'années de vie gagnées (AVG) ainsi qu'en termes monétaires pour deux indicateurs de pollution de l'air. Cette approche est comparée à une estimation standard par différence. Elle conduit à des résultats inférieurs d'un facteur 3.7 à 5.5 pour les AVG et, du fait de l'influence additionnelle de l'actualisation, à une valorisation économique inférieure d'un facteur 4.7 à 6.9. Ces résultats indiquent qu'une évaluation adaptée des bénéfices sanitaires de long terme, puis leur traduction en termes monétaires, est essentielle pour comparer les conséquences à long terme de politiques ou de chocs exogènes transitoires. |
| Keywords: | COVID‑19,long‑term mortality,activity restrictions,air pollution,economic valuation,Covid‑19,mortalité de long terme,restrictions d’activité,pollution de l’air,évaluation économique |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03778336&r=env |
| By: | Stepputtis, Daniel; Noack, Thomas; Lichtenstein, Uwe; Hammerl, Constanze; Santos, Juan; Mieske, Bernd |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwo:329689&r=env |
| By: | Laszlo Bokor (Magyar Nemzeti Bank (the Central Bank of Hungary)) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the pilot top-down climate stress test of the Hungarian banking system over the 2020-2050 horizon. The focus is on a core indicator of financial soundness, the ratio of non-performing loans. Three scenarios are considered with different grades of compliance with the Paris Agreement. Results show that, by 2050, the sectoral excess ratios of non-compliance are scattering from 0 to 19 percentage points. |
| Keywords: | climate stress test, banking system, non-performing loans, sectoral granularity |
| JEL: | C51 C53 G21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mnb:opaper:2022/147&r=env |
| By: | Teevrat Garg; Maulik Jagnani; Hemant K. Pullabhotla |
| Abstract: | Even as policymakers seek to encourage economic development by addressing misallocation due to frictions in labor markets, the associated production externalities - such as air pollution - remain unexplored. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show access to rural roads increases agricultural fires and particulate emissions. Farm labor exits are a likely mechanism responsible for the increase in agricultural fires: rural roads cause movement of workers out of agriculture and induce farmers to use fire - a labor-saving but polluting technology - to clear agricultural residue or to make harvesting less labor-intensive. Overall, the adoption of fires due to rural roads increases infant mortality rate by 5.5% in downwind locations. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.02664&r=env |
| By: | Browne, Oliver R. (University of California, Berkeley); Gazze, Ludovica (University of Warwick, Department of Economics & CAGE); Greenstone, Michael (University of Chicago); Rostapshova, Olga (University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | New technologies allow perfect detection of environmental violations at near-zero marginal cost, but take-up is low. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate enforcement of water conservation rules with smart meters in Fresno, CA. Households were randomly assigned combinations of enforcement method (automated or in-person inspections) and fines. Automated enforcement increased households’ punishment rates from 0.1 to 14%, decreased water use by 3%, and reduced violations by 17%, while higher fine levels had little effect. However, automated enforcement also increased customer complaints by 1,102%, ultimately causing its cancellation and highlighting that political considerations limit technological solutions to enforcement challenges. |
| Keywords: | Field Experiment ; Automated Enforcement ; Remote Sensing ; Water Conservation JEL Codes: Q25 ; K42 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:646&r=env |
| By: | Kammerer, Johannes; Gomez-Cardona, Santiago; Nyamweya, Chrisphine |
| Abstract: | The Nile perch fishery of Lake Victoria is regulated with a slot size and with restrictions on legal gear sizes. This study provides an assessment of the effectiveness of the the slot size regulation by simulating the Nile perch fishery with a size structured population model where the size preference of the fishery is an input into the model. The model is compared to the size structure of the Nile perch population from three empirical surveys to find agreement between the model, the bottom-trawl and the catch assessment survey, while the hydroacoustic survey predicts a different population structure. The empirical fishing mortality is 2.0% above the value that produces the maximum sustainable yield, given the empirical fishing fleet selectivity. Next to the actual fleet selectivity, three alternatives are simulated to quantify the effect of the selectivity. We find that the annual yield could be increased by 17.7% by sparing fish below 50cm. |
| Keywords: | Nile perch; size-structured population model; maximum sustainable yield; fleet selectivity; slot size |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0720&r=env |
| By: | Laeven, Luc; Popov, Alexander |
| Abstract: | Using data on syndicated loans, we find that the introduction of a carbon tax is associated with an increase in domestic banks’ lending to coal, oil, and gas companies in foreign countries. This effect is particularly pronounced for banks with large prior fossil-lending exposures, suggesting a role for bank specialization. Lending to private companies in foreign markets increases relatively more, which points to an intensification of banks’ incentives to avoid public scrutiny. We also find that banks reallocate a relatively larger share of their fossil loan portfolio to countries with less strict environ-mental regulation and bank supervision. JEL Classification: F3, G15, G21, H23, Q5 |
| Keywords: | carbon taxes, climate change, cross-border lending |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222762&r=env |
| By: | Laura Bonacorsi (Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University); Vittoria Cerasi (Italian Court of Auditors and CefES & O-Fire, University of Milano-Bicocca); Paola Galfrascoli (Department of Economics, Management and Statistics and CefES & O-Fire, University of Milano-Bicocca); Matteo Manera (Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | We study the relationship between the risk of default and Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors using Supervised Machine Learning (SML) techniques on a cross-section of European listed companies. Our proxy for credit risk is the z-score originally proposed by Altman (1968). We consider an extensive number of ESG raw factors sourced from the rating provider MSCI as potential explanatory variables. In a first stage we show, using different SML methods such as LASSO and Random Forest, that a selection of ESG factors, in addition to the usual accounting ratios, helps explaining a firm’s probability of default. In a second stage, we measure the impact of the selected variables on the risk of default. Our approach provides a novel perspective to understand which environmental, social responsibility and governance characteristics may reinforce the credit score of individual companies. |
| Keywords: | Credit risk, Z-scores, ESG factors, Machine learning |
| JEL: | C5 D4 G3 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.36&r=env |
| By: | Browne, Oliver R. (The Brattle Group); Gazze, Ludovica (University of Warwick); Greenstone, Michael (University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy); Olga Rostapshova (The University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | New technologies allow perfect detection of environmental violations at near-zero marginal cost, but take-up is low. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate enforcement of water conservation rules with smart meters in Fresno, CA. Households were randomly assigned combinations of enforcement method (automated or in-person inspections) and fines. Automated enforcement increased households’ punishment rates from 0.1 to 14%, decreased water use by 3%, and reduced violations by 17%, while higher fine levels had little effect. However, automated enforcement also increased customer complaints by 1,102%, ultimately causing its cancellation and highlighting that political considerations limit technological solutions to enforcement challenges. |
| Keywords: | Field Experiment ; Automated Enforcement ; Remote Sensing ; Water Conservation JEL Codes: Q25 ; K42 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1440&r=env |
| By: | Malcolm Baker; Mark L. Egan; Suproteem K. Sarkar |
| Abstract: | Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives have risen to near the top of the agenda for corporate executives and boards, driven in large part by their perceptions of shareholder interest. We quantify the value that shareholders place on ESG using a revealed preference approach, where shareholders pay higher fees for ESG-oriented index funds in exchange for their financial and non-financial benefits. We find that investors are willing, on average, to pay 20 basis points more per annum for an investment in a fund with an ESG mandate as compared to an otherwise identical mutual fund without an ESG mandate, suggesting that investors as a group expect commensurately higher pre-fee, gross returns, either financial or non-financial, from an ESG mandate. Our point estimate has risen from 9 basis points in 2019 when our sample begins to as much as 28 basis points in 2022. When we incorporate the possibility that investors are willing to accept lower financial returns in exchange for the psychic and societal benefits of ESG, when we consider that the holdings of ESG and non-ESG index funds overlap, when we measure the ESG ratings of these holdings, and when we focus on 401(k) participants who report being concerned about climate change or who work in industries with lower levels of emissions, we find that the implicit value that investors place on ESG stocks is higher still. A simple model of supply suggests that the large majority of these benefits accrue to investors and firms, with intermediaries capturing 5.9 basis points in fees, half of which reflect higher markups. |
| JEL: | G0 G11 G5 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30708&r=env |
| By: | Cazzola, Giacomo |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an application of the analytical path assembled within my PhD research on Disaster Risk Creation (DRC) in humanitarian contexts, to Flood Risk Management (FRM) planning in Italy. The investigation concerns some key challenges, for spatial planning and disaster risk management, in understanding, evaluating, and addressing Disaster Risk (DR) drivers and pressures, those processes and land uses enhancing exposure, vulnerability and flood hazard itself. The reference methodological approach benefits from well-established theoretical models of causal analysis of Disaster Risk Creation processes as bridging analytical construct for reordering and coordinating flood risk management interventions. These theoretical and analytical reflections are build upon a gap between the European Water Framework and the Flood Directives that, despite their many interconnections and commonalities, differ in the focus (or lack of) on underlying causal factors. Thus, the Water Framework Directive provides a valuable operational reference for orienting flood risk management planning to the reduction of disaster risk creation components. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329690&r=env |
| By: | NISHITATENO Shuhei |
| Abstract: | During the early 2000s, five prefectures in Japan introduced a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) policy that banned highly polluting diesel trucks and buses from entering. This paper analyzes effects of this policy intervention on air quality, new vehicle registrations, and birthweights. To do so we use a matching approach to construct a control group that is comparable to the designated areas in terms of pollution levels and road traffic volumes of regulated vehicles and apply a difference-in-differences (DD) design. We find that the LEZs led to a reduction in hourly suspended particulate matter concentrations and to reduced incidence of low birthweights in the treated prefectures relative to the control group, holding the gestational period and other controls constant. Evidence also suggests that the LEZs led to an increase in new registrations of trucks and buses, but not of passenger cars, which were exempt from the regulations. Our paper is the first to study such a large-scale LEZ intervention and to provide evidence linking LEZs to reduced incidence of low birthweights. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22109&r=env |
| By: | Frithjof Laubinger; Andrew Brown; Maarten Dubois; Peter Börkey |
| Abstract: | Despite decades of experience with Deposit Refund Systems (DRS) in some countries and sub-national markets, there are only a few instances where DRS is complemented by additional mandatory extended producer responsibility (EPR) policy instruments within the same sector. In light of increasingly ambitious collection and recycling targets, countries and sub-national governments are considering the use of a DRS for specific products in combination with other mandatory EPR policy instruments. This interplay of a DRS and other mandatory EPR policy instruments can lead to synergies, as it can improve the quality and quantity of recycling, enable reuse systems and incentivise eco-design. DRS also helps to address littering and influence consumer behaviour, which is difficult to address with other mandatory EPR policy instruments. This report identifies key insights that can guide the design and implementation of a DRS and its role in a broader policy mix including other mandatory EPR policies. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, deposit refund system, extended producer responsibility, product stewardship, resource efficiency, sustainable consumption, waste management |
| JEL: | L15 O14 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:208-en&r=env |
| By: | Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Silvia Faggian (Université de Venise Ca’ Foscari | Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia); Giuseppe Freni (PARTHENOPE - Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope” = University of Naples) |
| Abstract: | We study the dynamics of the exploitation of a natural resource distributed among and flowing between several nodes connected via a weighted, directed network. The network represents both the locations and the interactions of the resource nodes. A regulator decides to designate some of the nodes as natural reserves where no exploitation is allowed. The remaining nodes are assigned (one-to-one) to players, who will exploit the resource at the node. We show how the equilibrium exploitation and the resource stocks depend on the productivity of the resource sites, on the structure of the connections between the sites, and on the number and the preferences of the agents. The best locations to host nature reserves are identified according to the model's parameters, and we find that they correspond to the most central (in the sense of eigenvector centrality) nodes of a suitably redefined network that considers the nodes' productivity. |
| Keywords: | Harvesting, Spatial models, Differential games, Nature reserve |
| Date: | 2022–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03888256&r=env |
| By: | Rainald Borck (University of Potsdam, CESifo, DIW Berlin); Philipp Schrauth (University of Potsdam) |
| Abstract: | We use worldwide satellite data to analyse how population size and density affect urban pollution. We find that density significantly increases pollution exposure. Looking only at urban areas, we find that population size affects exposure more than density. Moreover, the effect is driven mostly by population commuting to core cities rather than the core city population itself. We analyse heterogeneity by geography and income levels. By and large, the influence of population on pollution is greatest in Asia and middle-income countries. A counterfactual simulation shows that PM2.5 exposure would fall by up to 36% and NO2 exposure up to 53% if within countries population size were equalized across all cities. |
| Keywords: | population density, air pollution, gridded data |
| JEL: | Q53 R12 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:60&r=env |
| By: | Dionisio Ortiz-Miranda (UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València); Olga Moreno-Pérez (UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València); Laura Arnalte-Mur (UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València); Pedro Cerrada-Serra (UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València); Victor Martinez-Gomez (UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València); Barbara Adolph (IIED - International Institute for Environment and Development); Joanes Atela (African Centre for Technology Studies - Partenaires INRAE); Sylvester Ayambila (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana); Isaurinda Baptista (UNICV - Universidade de Cabo Verde); Raluca Barbu (Highclere Consulting); Hilde Bjørkhaug (Institute for Rural and Regional Research); Marta Czekaj (University of Agriculture in Krakow); Dominic Duckett (GCU - Glasgow Caledonian University); Arlindo Fortes (UNICV - Universidade de Cabo Verde); Francesca Galli (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Pisa, Pisa); Giannis Goussios (Agricultural University of Athens); Paola Andrea Hernández; Pavlos Karanikolas (Agricultural University of Athens); Kennedy Machila (Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi); Elpiniki Oikonomopoulou (Agricultural University of Athens); Paolo Prosperi (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); María Rivera (Universidade de Évora); Łukasz Satoła (Universidade de Évora); Monika Szafrańska (Institute for Rural and Regional Research); Talis Tisenkopfs (baltic studies centre); Charles Tonui (African Centre for Technology Studies - Partenaires INRAE); Richard Yeboah (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana) |
| Keywords: | Europe,Africa |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03878977&r=env |
| By: | Fatima El Hadad-Gauthier (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Bleoussi Bernardin Monhoussou (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Abdelhakim Hammoudi (Universit ́e Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay Applied Economics); Maria Angela Perito (Universit ́e Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay Applied Economics, Facoltà di Bioscienze e tecnologie agro-alimentari e ambientali - Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology [Teramo] - UniTE - Università degli Studi di Teramo) |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on the perception of ethnic foods by European consumers. The aim of this work is to enrich the literature on the analysis of consumer perception of ethnic foods by focusing on the socio-demographic characteristics of consumers, the possible role played by product attributes, psychographic characteristics, and willingness to pay for these products, specifically date fruits. We surveyed a representative sample of 1123 Italian and French consumers. Using an ordered logit model, we found that, as for any other product, geographical indication, region of production, organic character, and fair trade are attributes that individuals consider in their purchase decisions for ethnic foods. Similarly, country of origin is a source of quality for ethnic foods such as dates. The results reveal that women, more educated individuals, and Generation Z (younger individuals) have a higher willingness to pay for organic, fair trade, and GI-labeled ethnic foods. Finally, this willingness to pay is driven more by product knowledge than by cognitive closeness to the ethnic food. |
| Keywords: | ethnic food,organic foods,consumers’ attitude,willingness to pay,date fruits |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03879642&r=env |
| By: | Jan Frankowski; Joanna Mazurkiewicz; Jakub Soko³owski |
| Abstract: | Widespread modernisation of social housing is essential if the country is to avoid exacerbating energy poverty in its cities. In Poland, the inhabitants of social housing estates are people with low and insecure incomes; their homes are often in poor condition and are usually heated with either coal stoves or electric heaters. Municipal governments own social housing flats. Therefore it is up to them to improve the living conditions of residents in a sustainable manner. However, municipal governments have limited resources for modernisation, and the current energy crisis will only tighten their pockets further. We propose that three critical social criteria are considered when assessing and implementing social housing energy efficiency investments: 1) Efficiency, 2) Solidarity, and 3) Reduction of External Costs. Adhering to these criteria will allow municipalities to retrofit social housing more equitably – meaning that investments will serve those most in need while limiting their environmental impact. |
| Keywords: | energy, climate, housing, energy poverty |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:ppaper:pp022022&r=env |
| By: | Anneleen Vandeplas; Istvan Vanyolos; Mauro Vigani; Lukas Vogel |
| Abstract: | With policy ambitions at an all-time high, the green transition is set to accelerate over the next decade and trigger significant structural change in EU labour markets. While aggregate employment impacts of the green transition may remain contained, shifts are likely to occur between sectors, firms, occupations, and regions. This calls for policymakers to anticipate and address the distributional risks of climate policy. Three types of jobs (‘green’, ‘white’ and ‘brown’) are distinguished that would be differently affected. Brown jobs would be most negatively affected. While on aggregate, their share is relatively small, impacts may be concentrated in sectors and regions. As the ease of labour reallocation will crucially depend on the similarity of location and skills of the jobs that are newly created, demographic characteristics of workers in brown sectors are discussed. It is argued that with the right policy support, transition costs can be mitigated, particularly at the current juncture, where abour markets are tight. At the same time, regional socio-economic specificities need to be accounted for. Policy action should focus on providing inclusive social protection, education and training, individualised re-employment support, temporary job subsidies, and effective regional development policy. Acting in anticipation can improve policy effectiveness. Lessons should be drawn from past structural transformations aimed at economic diversification. At the same time, care should be taken to counter political backlash against climate policies based on job-killing arguments with evidence of positive employment effects in well-managed cases and clear communication on policy strategies to address distributional consequences. |
| JEL: | J21 J23 J24 L52 Q28 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:176&r=env |
| By: | Alexander Roth; Wolf-Peter Schill |
| Abstract: | The massive expansion of wind power and solar PV is the primary strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in many countries. Due to their variable generation profiles, power sector flexibility needs to increase. Geographical balancing enabled by electricity grids and temporal flexibility enabled by electricity storage are important options for flexibility. As they interact with each other, we investigate how and why interconnection with neighboring countries reduces storage needs. To do so, we apply a cost-minimizing open-source capacity expansion model to a 100% renewable energy scenario of central Europe. We use a factorization method to disentangle the effect of interconnection on optimal storage through distinct channels: differences in (i) countries' solar PV and wind power capacity factors, (ii) load profiles, as well as (iii) hydropower and bioenergy capacity. Results show that geographical balancing lowers aggregate storage capacities by around 30% in contrast to a similar system without interconnection. We further find that the differences in wind power profiles between countries explain, on average, around 80% of that effect. Differences in solar PV capacity factors, load profiles, or country-specific capacities of hydropower together explain up to 20%. Our analysis improves the understanding of the benefits of geographical balancing for providing flexibility and its drivers. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.16419&r=env |
| By: | Raluca Ioana IORGULESCU (Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy) |
| Abstract: | Bioeconomy is a concept developed in the past hundred years in humankind’s search for a sustainable way of development. A special emphasis deserve the issues related to agriculture, as food is, along with energy, the metabolic basis of human beings and their societies. This paper contrasts the etymological meaning of the term bioeconomy to the meaning promoted by international institutions (OECD and EU) to explain why a digital bioeconomic society leads to the divergence of natural organisms with artificial organisms. The evolution phases of agriculture, respectively organic agriculture (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, respectively 4.0) are presented. The positive and negative aspects of digital technology use in agriculture are presented. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy, Agriculture 4.0, Organic 3.0 |
| JEL: | Q57 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rjr:wpiecf:221002&r=env |
| By: | Chiara Castelli (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Wiener Institut fur Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche); Marta Castellini (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua); Emanuele Ciola (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia); Camilla Gusperti (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Ilenia Gaia Romani (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia); Sergio Vergalli (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia) |
| Abstract: | The Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystems (WEFE) nexus refers to the system of complex and highly non-linear interconnections between these four elements. It now represents the basic framework to assess and design policies characterized by an holistic environmental end economical perspective. In this work, we provide a systematic review of the macroeconomic models investigating its components as well as combinations of them and their interlinkages with the economic system. We focus on four different types of macroeconomic models: Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models, Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), Agent-based Models (ABMs), and Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. On the basis of our review, we find that the structure of IAMs is currently the most used to represent the nexus complexity, while DSGE models focus only on single components but appear to be better suited to account for the randomization of exogenous shocks. CGE models and ABMs could be more effective on the side of the policy perspective. Indeed, the former can account for interlinkages across sectors and countries, while the latter can define theoretical frameworks that better approximate reality. |
| Keywords: | Agent-based, Computable general equilibrium, Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium, Integrated assessment, Macroeconomic models, Water-energy-food ecosystems nexus |
| JEL: | Q18 Q25 Q43 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.35&r=env |
| By: | Witte, Jonas; Gao, Kevin; Zöll, Anne |
| Date: | 2023–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:135325&r=env |
| By: | Li, Kun |
| Abstract: | To quantify the growth in GHG emissions related to international trade, we build an extensive database for export-related production and transportation GHG emissions covering 189 countries and 10 sectors from 1990 to 2014. We employ this database to quantify the contribution of production and international transportation to total export-related GHG emissions from Latin America and the Caribbean and decompose growth in these to contributions of the increase in the regions trade flows, shifts in the composition of trade partners, changes in the traded product basket, and technological progress. |
| Keywords: | Emission Intensity;Transportation Mode |
| JEL: | Q56 F18 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11627&r=env |
| By: | Pachankis, Yang |
| Abstract: | The research accesses waste management in the low-earth orbit and geosynchronous earth orbit. It identifies and acknowledges the primary organizational entities affiliated with the Communist Parties have been behind the waste generation. With the global mercantilist ambitions of the primary entities organizationally infiltrated the global market economy, the assessment is incorporated with strategic analysis on organizational behaviors and game theory in global political economy. Military-civil relations in the commercialization of outer space are discussed with the commons at stake in the space wastes. With some analysis on the existing solutions, the assessment proposes a fast-neutron-field induced method in quantitatively eliminating space debris smaller than 1 centimeter above the earth’s atmospheric plasma. Political economy under current multilateral frameworks is discussed for the complexities of the issues. The assessment results with a) engineering solutions exist; b) loss of legitimacy of the United Nations system is one of the root problems; c) buyers’ market exists for solutions without current resolutions in multilateral political economy. |
| Keywords: | Space Debris, Incentive Analysis, Orbital Wastes, Space Wastes, Spontaneous Fission, Irrational Behavior Econom- ics, Hegemonic Legitimacy, Celestial Anarchy, Value Investment |
| JEL: | O22 O31 O33 P37 P52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115688&r=env |
| By: | Luiz de Mello; João Tovar Jalles |
| Abstract: | The subnational governments, at the regional and local levels, play an important role in the prevention, management and recovery from natural disasters and pandemics/epidemics. These jurisdictions are responsible for issuing and monitoring compliance with several aspects of regulation that are essential for risk prevention, including land use and construction codes; for providing frontline services that are crucial for effective crisis management, including health care, civil protection, and public order and safety; and for rebuilding lost or damaged physical infrastructure in the recovery phase. This paper provides empirical evidence based on impulse response functions that the occurrence of natural disasters and the outbreak of pandemics/epidemics are associated with an increase in the subnational shares of government spending and revenue in the years following these shocks. These decentralisation effects vary according to specific shocks and are conditional on the business cycle: they tend to be stronger when the shocks materialise during cyclical expansions. |
| Keywords: | decentralisation; natural disasters; pandemics; epidemics; public finances; regional autonomy; impulse response functions; panel data. |
| JEL: | H11 H23 H77 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gov:wpaper:2207&r=env |
| By: | Gourdel, Régis; Sydow, Matthias |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a framework for the short-term modelling of market risk and shock propagation in the investment funds sector, including bi-layer contagion effects through funds’ cross-holdings and overlapping exposures. Our work tackles in particular climate risk, with a first-of-its-kind dual view of transition and physical climate risk exposures at the fund level. So far, while fund managers communicate more aggressively on their awareness of climate risk, it is still poorly assessed. Our analysis shows that the topology of the fund network matters and that both contagion channels are important in its study. A stress test on the basis of granular short-term transition shocks suggests that the differentiated integration of sustainability information by funds has made network amplification less likely, although first-round losses can be material. On the other hand, there is room for fund managers and regulators to consider physical risk better and mitigate the second round effects it induces, as they are less efficiently absorbed by investment funds. Improving transparency and setting relevant industry standards in this context would help mitigate short-term financial stability risks. JEL Classification: C62, G23, G17, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate finance, investment funds, stress testing, systemic risk |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222757&r=env |
| By: | Katsuhito Nohara |
| Abstract: | Most Japanese consumers focus on the appearance of vegetables, for example, their shape, color, or size. However, giving consumers precise information about the growing process of vegetables may change their preferences. Therefore, in order to reduce food loss, it is important to change consumers' preferences for vegetables and for producers to understand consumers' preferences, and select vegetable production methods. Japanese supermarkets sell vegetables containing legally permissible amounts of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and chemical-free vegetables are generally hard to find. Therefore, in this study, pesticide-free vegetables were cultivated from scratch to analyze whether consumers are willing to pay a premium when presented with pesticide-free vegetables. The contingent valuation method and double-bound dichotomous choice were used for analysis. The results revealed that consumers' willingness to pay was not related to the appearance of the pesticide-free vegetables. In other words, they cared neither about the color nor about the shape of the vegetables so long as they were pesticide-free. In Japan, some farmers continue to grow organic or pesticide-free vegetables, although they are few. Therefore, if producers know the actual needs of consumers' vegetables, they may reduce their dependence on pesticides and chemical fertilizers and expand the market for environmentally friendly and healthy vegetables. Such a change could, in turn, reduce food loss. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:30&r=env |
| By: | Harstad, Bård (Dept. of Economics, University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | Inspired by the negotiations leading up to the Paris Agreement on climate change, I study a bargaining game where every party is proposing only its own contribution, before the set of pledges must be unanimously approved. I show that, with uncertain tolerance for delay, each equilibrium pledge maximizes an asymmetric Nash product. The weights on others' payoffs increase in the uncertainty, but decrease in the correlation of the shocks. The weights vary pledge to pledge, and this implies that the outcome is generically inefficient. The Nash demand game and its mapping to the Nash bargaining solution follow as a limiting case. The model sheds light on the Paris climate change agreement, but it also applies to negotiations between policymakers or business partners that have differentiated responsibilities or expertise. |
| Keywords: | Bargaining games; the Nash program. |
| JEL: | C78 D78 |
| Date: | 2021–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:osloec:2022_005&r=env |
| By: | Hao, Tongping; Zhao, Qunshan; Huang, Jianxiang |
| Abstract: | Trees provide cooling benefits through shading and evapotranspiration; they are regarded as an important measure in heat-resilient urban planning and policies. Knowing where to plant trees for maximum cooling benefits, given practical and resource constraints, remains a challenge in both practice and research. Literature in the field of tree modelling and location optimization is limited, either by the incompleteness in accounting for tree shading, evapotranspiration, and the modifying effect of wind, or by the slow-running speed of the Computational Fluid Dynamics model, making them less applicable in practice. This paper describes a novel method to search for the optimal locations for trees to maximize their cooling benefits in an urban environment. A non-CFD simulation model was applied to assess on-site heat stress under the influences of trees, which was evaluated using field measurements conducted under hot, temperate, and cool weather conditions in an urban park in Hong Kong. It was then linked to a genetic algorithm in search of a near-optimal tree layout. The proposed method was tested in the same park, and it can automatically identify locations to plant new trees to minimize heat stress, subject to practical constraints such as avoiding existing buildings and utilities. It can also identify the optimal layout to rearrange the existing 55 trees, hypothetically, which is expected to cool the park (around 30,000 m2) by up to 0.3 ℃ in the site average UTCI equivalent temperature compared with the worse scenario. Trees can cool the most if they are concentrated on the leeward side of the park relative to the prevailing wind, rather than spread evenly. The new method runs significantly faster than existing approaches, and it can inform research and landscape design practices concerning park cooling as a goal. |
| Date: | 2022–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:t7ukq&r=env |
| By: | Diana Radu |
| Abstract: | Climate-related disasters have affected most EU Member States, even if unevenly, due to their different geographic situation and GDP levels. Consensus is emerging that disaster risk financing strategies can be a useful tool to manage and limit the fiscal cost of disasters. This is all the more relevant when the State acts as disaster insurer of last resort, a situation that provides little incentive to individuals to purchase insurance, leading to moral hazard. This paper presents evidence on the main elements of national disaster risk financing strategies. It starts with evidence on quantifying and disclosing disaster-related fiscal risks. It provides evidence on private disaster insurance, a risk-sharing instrument, as a complement to the public sector financial involvement in disaster relief, recovery and reconstruction. The explicit and implicit role of the public sector after disasters is reflected in the national budgetary arrangements and available public insurance schemes. Finally, the rules on the beneficiaries and eligibility for public compensation and provisions for transparency and monitoring enhance the national set-up for disaster financing. |
| JEL: | G22 O11 O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:174&r=env |
| By: | Cullen S. Hendrix (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | Demand for critical minerals--bauxite, cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, and other minerals that underpin solar, wind, geothermal, and other forms of renewable energy and electric vehicles--is already booming and is projected to continue to grow at a rapid pace. Africa’s mineral-rich developing economies could benefit greatly from this increase in demand. Many African economies have vast critical mineral reserves, and their nascent industrial sectors imply vast export potential. These countries could increase the benefits they reap from these minerals by building downstream capacity in processing--the steps that turn mined ore (bauxite, iron ore) into refined intermediate goods (aluminum, steel). To do so, however, they need to improve their infrastructure, investment climate, and governance and learn to navigate an increasingly complicated geopolitical environment. Hendrix assesses the challenges facing four critical mineral-rich developing African economies: Guinea (bauxite); the Democratic Republic of Congo (cobalt); Madagascar (graphite and nickel); and Mozambique (graphite). The solutions he offers include (a) embracing hydropower potential--which is vast in these countries--while paying attention to social costs and distributive impacts, (b) exempting refinery-related capital goods and industrial inputs from import duties, (c) locating downstream capacity in areas of relative stability, and (d) leveraging external policy anchors to provide policy stability and transparency. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:pbrief:pb22-16&r=env |
| By: | Edward L. Glaeser; Caitlin S. Gorback; James M. Poterba |
| Abstract: | Pigouvian taxes and user fees can address environmental externalities and efficiently fund transportation infrastructure, but these policies may place burdens on poorer households. This paper presents new evidence on the distributional consequences of the gasoline tax, bus and light rail charges and a vehicle miles traveled (VMT) tax. Gas taxes have become more regressive over time, partially because of environmentally-oriented technological change, although the share of expenditures on gas taxes declines with expenditures much less than the share of income spent on gas taxes declines with income. Replacing the gasoline tax with a household-level VMT tax would increase the average tax burden on households in the top income and expenditure deciles, because of their greater use of hybrid-electric and battery-electric vehicles. This progressive shift would be small given current levels of hybrid and electric vehicle ownership, but will be larger in the future if such vehicles continue to be more common among higher than lower income households. An expanded commercial VMT would place a larger burden, as a share of expenditures, on lower income or expenditure households, because better-off households consume more non-tradable goods that do not require transportation. User charges for airports, subways and commuter rail are progressive, while bus fees loom much larger for lower income households. |
| JEL: | H23 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30746&r=env |
| By: | Orsetta Causa; Emilia Soldani; Nhung Luu; Chiara Soriolo |
| Abstract: | Inflation has quickly and significantly increased in most OECD countries since the end of 2021 and further accelerated after Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, mostly driven by surging energy and food prices. Certain categories of households are particularly vulnerable, as large parts of their consumption expenditures are devoted to energy and food. Drawing on national micro-based household budget surveys and on CPI data, this paper provides a quantification of the impact of rising prices on households’ welfare. Declines in household purchasing power between August 2021 and August 2022 are estimated to range from 3% in Japan to 18% in the Czech Republic. This decline is driven by energy prices in most countries, especially Denmark, Italy, and the United Kingdom, while energy prices play a lesser role in countries where inflation is more broad-based like the Czech Republic and the United States. In all considered countries, inflation weighs relatively more on low than high-income households. Rural households are hit particularly hard, most often more than low-incomes ones, and this is driven by energy price inflation. To cushion vulnerable households from rising inflation, especially from energy prices, these findings call for a careful targeting of income and price support measures, notwithstanding their administrative and logistical complexity, taking into account their effects on economic activity, inflation, and, last but not least, environmental goals. |
| Keywords: | distribution, energy, inequality, inflation, policy analysis, purchasing power |
| JEL: | H12 H23 I3 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1744-en&r=env |
| By: | Alt, Marius; Gallier, Carlo; Kesternich, Martin; Sturm, Bodo |
| Abstract: | We experimentally test a theoretically promising amendment to the ratchet-up mechanism of the Paris Agreement. The ratchet-up mechanism prescribes that parties' commitments to the global response to climate change cannot decrease over time and our results confirm that its effect is detrimental. We design a public goods game to study whether an amendment to the mechanism that stipulates all agents to contribute at least a collective minimum to the public good which is based on the principle of the lowest common denominator promotes cooperation. We find that binding collective minimum contributions improve the effectiveness of the ratchet-up mechanism. Non-binding minimum contributions, in contrast, do not foster cooperation. Our data reveal conditional cooperative dynamics to explain the difference. If other participants contribute less than the collective minimum contributions, even initially cooperative participants start to negatively reciprocate such a form of non-compliance by contributing less. |
| Keywords: | global public goods,climate change,institutions,ratchet-up mechanism,minimum contributions,laboratory experiment |
| JEL: | C72 C92 H41 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22053&r=env |
| By: | Alejandra Gonzales (SDSN Bolivia); Agnes Medinaceli (SDSN Bolivia); Andres Aramayo (ORBITA); Martha Jemio (ORBITA); Ariel Tamayo (ORBITA) |
| Abstract: | La infraestructura de transporte y la calidad de los servicios de movilidad son muy importantes en la toma de decisiones de los turistas nacionales y extranjeros. Una buena infraestructura y buena calidad en el servicio de transporte puede promover la participación de más visitantes en los carnavales y del turismo en general. Este documento, se enfoca en analizar tanto el tipo de transporte que los visitantes usaron para llegar al carnaval, como también la percepción de los visitantes en cuanto a la calidad de la carretera y servicio de transporte tanto terrestre como aéreo. Se encuentra que, debido a las bajas puntuaciones obtenidas en la percepción de la calidad de los servicios e infraestructura en los carnavales, es necesario mejorar ambos aspectos para promover no solo el turismo, sino también el desarrollo sostenible del país. |
| Keywords: | Turismo, desarrollo sostenible, género, Bolivia |
| JEL: | J30 J50 J80 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:obitwp:2204&r=env |
| By: | Romagnoli, Matteo |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the effect of electricity liberalisation on the variety of clean energy patent’ search space to asses whether a more competitive electricity market can foster the development of radical clean-energy technologies. This idea is tested using a cross-section of patents filed in the period 1990-2017, a set of patent-level indicators and an instrumental variable approach. Results show that electricity liberalisation pushes clean-energy patents to cite knowledge from technological fields other than their own. However, the reform does not significantly affect the overall breath of the knowledge base of these patents. Additional insights are drawn by looking at the correlation between electricity liberalisation and an indicator of novelty in patents’ search space. The results are consistent with the claim that electricity liberalisation has a positive effect on the development of radical clean-energy technologies. At the same time, by describing how the reform changes clean-energy patents’ search space, they define this effect more precisely. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329738&r=env |
| By: | Niftiyev, Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | After the painful transition process from a command economy to a market economy, Azerbaijan used its rich hydrocarbon resources to promote economic growth and development. As a result, national income and per capita income soared, infrastructure improved, and poverty was reduced. However, Azerbaijan's economy seems to have been caught up in the negative effects of the oil boom. In other words, non-oil tradeable sectors such as manufacturing have not been able to build on the success and gain a high share of output, employment, and exports due to the increase in the real effective exchange rate (REER) and domestic prices. So far, the literature on studies of Dutch disease in the Azerbaijani economy has focused on highly aggregated data without properly separating the effects of Dutch disease, namely resource movement and spending effects. In this paper, the effects of resource movement were examined using manufacturing employment with a standard unrestricted vector autoregression (VAR). However, to ensure analytical accuracy, the spending effect was also considered. The results show that manufacturing employment responds positively to mining employment. However, when employment in the service sector increases, manufacturing employment shrinks, which is also negatively affected by oil prices and the appreciation of the REER. These results may be useful for policymakers to neutralize the impact of Dutch disease to ensure sustainable development goals and promote export-led growth policies in the manufacturing sector. |
| Keywords: | Azerbaijan economy,Dutch disease,employment,labor resources,manufacturing,natural resource curse,unrestricted VAR |
| JEL: | C32 F41 Q32 Q33 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:266654&r=env |
| By: | Miriam Fritzsche (Humboldt-University Berlin); Nikolaus Wolf (Humboldt-University Berlin, CEPR, CESifo) |
| Keywords: | Coal, Oil invasion, Education, Reinvention, Economic Growth |
| JEL: | O13 Q32 N13 R10 I25 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anj:wpaper:029&r=env |
| By: | RODRIGUEZ QUINTERO Rocio; BERNAD BELTRAN David (European Commission - JRC); RANEA PALMA Maria (European Commission - JRC); DONATELLO Shane; VILLANUEVA KRZYZANIAK Alejandro (European Commission - JRC); PARASKEVAS Dimos; BOYANO LARRIBA Alicia; STAMMINGER Rainer |
| Abstract: | Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulation of domestic cooking appliances entered into force in 2015. Since then, the market has evolved and new technologies are available. The implementing measures contain review clauses that are already due. Energy classes also need rescaling. Therefore, the Commission launched the revision of this Regulation. The study has been led by DG ENER and conducted by the Joint Research Centre. Some areas where revised regulation could provide added value in this product group have been identified. Some oven manufacturers may be exploiting the characteristics of current measurement methods to declare energy consumption values that are lower than real-life use. The current approach for energy declaration allows the use of heating modes that are not consumer representative. Similarly, current energy efficiency measurement methods in cooking fume extractors may be pushing the market towards high airflow appliances, rather than to energy efficient ones. Other aspects that required further research were the ambition level of material efficiency requirements, the feasibility of energy sources such as hydrogen or the harmonization with other horizontal regulation such as low power modes.Based on these aspects, a set of policy options have been evaluated and presented as potential aspects to review in a hypothetical new version of the ecodesign and energy labelling regulation for cooking appliances. |
| Keywords: | Cooking appliances, Oven, Hob, Cooking fume extractor, Ecodesign, Energy Label, Energy Efficiency, Resource Efficiency |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130716&r=env |
| By: | Dirk Bergemann (Department of Economics, Yale University and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Marina Bertolini (Department of Economics and Management, Levi Cases Centre and CRIEP, University of Padova); Marta Castellini (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, DICEA, University of Padova); Michele Moretto (Department of Economics and Management, Levi Cases Centre and CRIEP University of Padova); Sergio Vergalli (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia) |
| Abstract: | In this work we study the case of agents willing to engage in a Renewable Energy Community (REC). The municipality – being the promoter of the REC – burdens all the investment costs (RE plants, storage, local grid interventions) and entrusts an aggregator of its operation paying a fixed tariff. The latter, acting as a monopolist, is also the sole supplier of energy for the REC’s members. The management of the REC requires the collection of energy data from the members to assure its efficient operation on the side of the self-consumption and exchange of energy within it. Such data allow also the identification of the agents’ preferences across energy devices and are an additional source of revenues for the aggregator thanks to their sell to third parts. This behaviour translates into a dis-utility the agents, which we call privacy cost. In such a framework, we consider also uncertainty on the side of the investment cost. On the basis of the outcomes of our model, we are able to study the effect of data collection policy performed by the aggregator on the size of the REC, while also accounting for agents’ valuation and the role of uncertainty on the investment cost side. |
| Keywords: | Smart Grids, Renewable Energy Sources, Renewable Energy Communities, Prosumers, Peer to Peer Energy Trading, Information, Privacy Costs |
| JEL: | Q42 C61 D81 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.37&r=env |
| By: | Vásquez Cordano, Arturo Leonardo; Nario Lazo, Tatiana |
| Abstract: | El agua es un recurso necesario para el desarrollo de la vida y de la economía; sin embargo, existe una crisis originada por la escasez de los recursos hídricos y por la competencia por su uso, factores que vienen provocando diversos conflictos sociales por el acceso a estos recursos alrededor del mundo. En particular, se observa que los conflictos sociales relacionados a los recursos hídricos se han incrementado en el caso peruano. Por ejemplo, en el período de análisis considerado en este documento, la cantidad de conflictos aumentó de 51 eventos en enero del 2012 hasta 102 eventos en diciembre del 2015. Este incremento fue impulsado por el aumento de conflictos en estado de “latente” y en “observación”, considerando que en dicho periodo de cuatro años solo se resolvieron 17 conflictos. El objetivo de este documento es identificar los factores determinantes que influyen sobre la duración de los conflictos sociales relacionados a los recursos hídricos en el Perú. La principal hipótesis de esta investigación es que la duración de los conflictos hídricos depende del tiempo que estos han permanecido en estado de latencia. Para este propósito, se ha recopilado información inédita sobre los conflictos sociales ocurridos en el período entre los años 2012 y 2015 en el Perú a partir de las publicaciones de la Defensoría del Pueblo. Se utiliza un modelo de duración de Weibull corregido por sesgo de selección para analizar esta información, debido a que la muestra de conflictos se ha recogido a través de los canales de denuncias de esta entidad, los cuales son sistemas de recolección de datos de naturaleza no aleatoria. Los resultados muestran que el periodo de latencia influye en la duración de los conflictos sociales por recursos hídricos. Adicionalmente, los resultados arrojan que otros factores como el porcentaje de la población que habla una lengua nativa y el número de participantes en el conflicto son variables significativas como determinantes de la duración de este tipo de conflictos. Asimismo, las características propias de cada conflicto social sí influyen sobre la duración de estos eventos. Estas conclusiones son esenciales para que las autoridades que administran la política pública focalicen sus esfuerzos en la gestión de los determinantes de los conflictos sociales por el agua para resolverlos cuanto antes y evitar así que alcancen el estado de latencia, un estado que dificulta su resolución a futuro. |
| Keywords: | conflictos sociales, recursos hídricos, minería, petróleo y gas natural, modelos de duración, sesgo de selección, Perú |
| JEL: | C25 C41 N56 Q25 Q28 Q34 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ger:dtrabj:009&r=env |
| By: | Bergemann, Dirk; Bertolini, Marina; Castellini, Marta; Moretto, Michele; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | In this work we study the case of agents willing to engage in a Renewable Energy Community (REC). The municipality – being the promoter of the REC – burdens all the investment costs (RE plants, storage, local grid interventions) and entrusts an aggregator of its operation paying a fixed tariff. The latter, acting as a monopolist, is also the sole supplier of energy for the REC’s members. The management of the REC requires the collection of energy data from the members to assure its efficient operation on the side of the self-consumption and exchange of energy within it. Such data allow also the identification of the agents’ preferences across energy devices and are an additional source of revenues for the aggregator thanks to their sell to third parts. This behaviour translates into a dis-utility the agents, which we call privacy cost. In such a framework, we consider also uncertainty on the side of the investment cost. On the basis of the outcomes of our model, we are able to study the effect of data collection policy performed by the aggregator on the size of the REC, while also accounting for agents’ valuation and the role of uncertainty on the investment cost side. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329581&r=env |
| By: | Albertazzi, Andrea; Ploner, Matteo; Vaccari, Federico |
| Abstract: | We perform a controlled experiment to study the welfare effects of competition in a strategic communication environment. Two equally informed senders with conflicting interests can misreport information at a cost. We compare a treatment where only one sender communicates to a treatment where both senders privately communicate with a decision-maker. Data show that competition between senders does not increase the amount of information decision-makers obtain. We find evidence of under-communication, as the information transmitted is lower than what theory predicts in the most informative equilibrium. Senders are worse off under competition because their relative gains from persuasion are more than offset by their expenditures in misreporting costs. As a result, competition between senders reduces the total welfare. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2022–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329585&r=env |
| By: | Avdimetaj, Valona; Loomans, Dirk; Zerres, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Die Problemstellung, die diesem neuen Arbeitspapier zugrunde liegt, ist die Kritik an der bisherigen Etablierung des Datenschutzes in der ESG-Dimension und die Berücksichtigung dessen in dem ESG-Score, welcher eine grundlegende Orientierung für Investitionsentscheidungen von ESG-Anlegern darstellt. |
| Keywords: | Datenschutz,ESG |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ouwpmm:67&r=env |
| By: | Francois Viruly |
| Abstract: | REITS are increasingly expected to adopt on ESG interventions and to report on sustainability activities. There is a growing emphasis on the determination of non-financial reporting standards which are presently being adopted by entities such GRI and IFRS. The research shows what aspects of ESG South African REITS are reporting on and whether this is being undertaken in a consistent manner and based on specific standards. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-011&r=env |
| By: | DELRE Antonio (European Commission - JRC); KOWALSKA Malgorzata Agata; WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | On 13 July 2022, the EU Ecolabel criteria for ‘growing media and soil improvers’ were established in Commission Decision 2022/1244, within the scheme of the EU Ecolabel Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 66/2010). This User Manual (UM) supports the interpretation of the EU Ecolabel criteria for ‘growing media and soil improvers’, and it explains all requirements. The UM aims to optimise the time and ease the procedures of all the actors involved in the application stage. The manual is composed of this document and separate files, which include the application form, data submission and declarations. There are three spreadsheets to be filled out, dedicated to the three product categories of this product group: mineral growing media, growing media other than mineral growing media, and soil improvers. |
| Keywords: | Fertilising products Regulation, mulch, circular economy, organic matter, peat-free, responsible sourcing, restricted substances, heavy metals, PAH, orticulture, CE mark |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130949&r=env |
| By: | Alain Husson (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Aurélien Mirebeau (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Achille Payant (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bénédicte Rulleau (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Eddy Renaud (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Kevin Caillaud (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marie Collet (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nicolas Rodriguez (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Selma Baati (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Simon Fidelle (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yves Le Gat (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Partant du constat de leur intérêt commun à rechercher des réponses scientifiques et opérationnelles aux questions soulevées par la gestion patrimoniale des réseaux d'eau potable, SWDE et INRAE ont décidé de s'associer pour conduire des travaux de recherche dans ce domaine. Cela s'est concrétisé le projet « Gestion Patrimoniale Multi-Echelles des réseaux d'eau potable » (GePaME) d'une durée de trois ans et démarré le 1er septembre 2020. Il s'agit d'une collaboration de recherche interdisciplinaire qui s'intéresse i) à la compréhension du processus de fuite et à l'efficacité de la recherche de fuite (RF), ii) à l'aide à la sélection multi-objectifs et contrainte des chantiers de renouvellements, iii) à la simulation long terme de stratégies de gestion patrimoniale des réseaux. Il se décompose en tâches opérationnelles qui doivent aboutir à des avancées scientifiques et à des outils d'aide à la décision qui ont vocation à être intégrés dans les pratiques et dans le système d'information de SWDE. Ce rapport est le deuxième rapport intermédiaire du projet GePaME, il retrace les résultats obtenus au cours de la deuxième année de réalisation du projet. |
| Keywords: | Gestion patrimoniale des réseaux d'eau,Recherche des fuites d'eau,Vulnérabilité des usagers,Prévision des casses,Traitements de données |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03836891&r=env |