|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Nicolli, Francesco; Gilli, Marianna; Vona, Francesco |
| Abstract: | This paper re-examines the relationship between per capita income, inequality, and per capita emissions while accounting for nonhomotheticity in green preferences and nonlinearities in the impact of economic growth on GHG emissions. Theoretically, our research is motivated by the fact that if environmental quality is a need with low priority on the hierarchical scale, the effect of inequality on emissions should vary depending on the level of income per capita. Specifically, for a given level of income per capita, a richer median voter will be more likely to approve of more stringent environmental policies, and thus, lower inequality is beneficial for the environment. With nonhomothetic preferences, the beneficial environmental effect of reducing inequality emerges only for countries that are sufficiently rich. We test this hypothesis by augmenting a standard EKC equation with the interaction between income per capita and the Gini coefficient. Our results for CO2, SO2 and N2O emissions corroborate our main hypothesis: reducing inequality is beneficial for the environment only for rich countries. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329340&r=env |
| By: | Marcelo Ochoa; Matthias Paustian; Laura Wilcox |
| Abstract: | It is difficult to assess the effectiveness of investment strategies that screen companies based on environmental criteria to hedge climate change risk because physical risks have not yet fully materialized and policies to combat climate change are usually widely anticipated. This paper sidesteps these limitations by analyzing the stock market response to plausibly exogenous changes in expectations about the level of a carbon tax in Germany. The risk-adjusted return on two sustainable investment approaches---screening companies based on environmental scores and on firms' carbon footprint---around the carbon tax news reveals that firms with a high environmental score did not perform any better than those with a low environmental score. In contrast, the stock price of firms with low carbon emissions increased in value relative to those with a high carbon footprint. Carbon intensity explains the cross-sectional reaction to the carbon tax news because it predicts revisions in expected profitability. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk; Portfolio choice; Stock returns; Carbon pricing; ESG |
| JEL: | G38 G11 Q54 G14 |
| Date: | 2022–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2022-73&r=env |
| By: | Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc; Hamadeh, Hani Fayad |
| Abstract: | Presently, environmental degradation is the prime concern of the world economies as a whole. Following this concern, Sustainable Development Goals designed by the UNDP raise the slogan “Clear Environment for All”. This paper has analyzed the impact of business freedom on environmental degradation in the case of 110 developing countries from 2000 to 2020. Panel least squares and generalized moments methods have been applied to check the impact of explanatory variables on dependent variables. The results show that business freedom and renewable energy consumption have a negative and significant impact on environmental degradation in selected developing countries. The results explain that financial development has a positive and significant impact on environmental degradation in developing countries. Whereas urbanization has a positive and significant impact on environmental degradation. Thus, for the reduction of environmental degradation business freedom and renewable energy consumption should be promoted, whereas negative linkages of urbanization and financial development should be reduced. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy consumption, business freedom, environmental degradation |
| JEL: | F41 Q30 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115219&r=env |
| By: | Rebecca Newman; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events have significant adverse costs for individuals, firms, communities, regional, and national economies. Extreme Event Attribution (EEA), a methodology that examines the degree to which anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions had changed the occurrence of specific extreme weather events, allows us to quantify the climate-change-induced component of these costs. We use EEA to aggregate the global economic damage from extreme weather events that is attributable to anthropogenic climate change. For that, we collect data from all available attribution studies which estimate the Fraction of Attributable Risk (FAR) for extreme events, and combine these FAR estimates with data on the socio-economic costs of these events. With extrapolation for missing data, we then arrive at our benchmark estimates. We find that US$ 143 billion per year, of the costs of extreme events during the last twenty years, is attributable to anthropogenic climatic change. This EEA-based method for calculating the costs of climate change from extreme weather differs fundamentally from other approaches to climate cost estimation. Those other approaches use macroeconomic modelling embedded within climate models in various types of Integrated Assessment Models (IAM). As we show, our research is not directly comparable, but it does provide a new form of evidence that suggests that most IAMs are substantially under-estimating the current economic costs of climate change. Given some of the data deficiencies we identify in terms of temporal and spatial coverage, the purpose here is not to produce a definitive quantification, but rather to sketch a path towards a more comprehensive and reliable estimation. As better EEA studies and more thorough and exhaustive economic costs estimates for extreme events become available over time, and the method is refined, the precision of this approach's estimates will increase in tandem. |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10053&r=env |
| By: | Zhaoyingzi Dong; Siqi Sun; Pierre-Alexandre Balland; Weiwen Zhang |
| Abstract: | Accelerating the development of green technologies is essential to achieve a green transition, but green technologies tend to be more radical and complex. It means that they require significant efforts to scale and we need to understand all possible levers of green technological change. In this paper, we investigate whether environmental regulation can provide opportunities for path-breakthrough and complex technology diversification during the green transition process. The analysis is based on patenting activities in Chinese cities from 2003 to 2016. Our results show that cities with tighter environmental regulations are more likely to branch into new green technology spaces. In addition, environmental regulations help cities enter less related and more complex green domains. This study provides significant policy implications for the green transition literature. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation; Technology diversification; Green innovation; Relatedness; Complexity |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2226&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | The Caribbean faces multidimensional vulnerabilities driven by climate change and aggravated by Small Island Developing States’ natural and economic characteristics (SIDS). A critical natural feature of SIDS is the extreme vulnerability to climate-change-induced events. Economically, the Caribbean has followed the global trend of seeing its urban areas swell during the last decades. Moreover, the region’s coastal areas expose human settlements, infrastructure, and businesses to external shocks, such as climate change-induced extreme weather events. In addition, the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) introduced a new dimension to these vulnerabilities, widening inequalities and demanding new and more localized approaches to how Caribbean countries respond to the pandemic’s economic and social fallouts. |
| Keywords: | VIVIENDA PUBLICA, POLITICA DE VIVIENDA, VIVIENDA BARATA, FINANCIACION DE LA VIVIENDA, URBANIZACION, ECONOMIA VERDE, RECUPERACIÓN, COVID-19, EPIDEMIAS, PROGRAMAS DE VIVIENDA, SUBSIDIOS DE VIVIENDA, VIVIENDA EN ARRIENDO, CONTROL DE ALQUILERES, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, PREVENCION DE DESASTRES, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, ALIANZAS PUBLICO-PRIVADAS, ELABORACION DE POLITICAS, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, RECOMENDACIONES, CEPAL, CDCC, ESTADOS PEQUEÑOS, PEQUEÑOS ESTADOS INSULARES EN DESARROLLO, PUBLIC HOUSING, HOUSING POLICY, LOW COST HOUSING, HOUSING FINANCE, URBANIZATION, GREEN ECONOMY, RECOVERY, COVID-19, EPIDEMICS, HOUSING PROGRAMMES, HOUSING SUBSIDIES, RENTAL HOUSING, RENT CONTROL, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER PREVENTION, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, POLICY-MAKING, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, RECOMMENDATIONS, ECLAC, CDCC, SMALL STATES, SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES |
| Date: | 2022–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:48144&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Angelos Alamanos; Kostas Dellis; Artemis Stratopoulou |
| Abstract: | The broad economic notion of Ecosystem Services (ES) refers to the benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions. Provisioning ES refer to human-centred benefits that can be extracted from nature (e.g., food, drinking water, timber, wood fuel, natural gas, oils etc.), whereas regulating ES include ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena (pollination, decomposition, flood control, carbon storage, climate regulation etc.). Cultural ES entail non-material benefits accruing to the cultural advancement of people, such as the role of ecosystems in national, and supranational cultures, recreation and the spur of knowledge and creativity (music, art, architecture). Finally, supporting ES refer to the main natural cycles that nature needs to function, such as photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, the creation of soils, and the water cycle. Most ES either depend on or provide freshwater services, so they are linked to Water Resources Management (WRM). The concept of ES initially had a pedagogical purpose to raise awareness on the importance of reasonable WRM, however, later it started being measured with economic methods, and having policy implications. The valuation of ES is an important methodology aimed at achieving environmental, economic and sustainability goals. The Total Economic Value (TEV) of ecosystems includes market values (priced) as well as non-market values (not explicit in any market) of different services for humanity�s benefit. The valuation of ES inherently reflects human preferences and perceptions regarding the contribution of ecosystems and their functions to the economy and society. The ES concept and associated policies have been criticised on the technical weaknesses of the valuation methods, interdisciplinary conflicts (e.g., ecological vs economic perception of value), and ethical aspects on the limits of economics, nature�s commodification, and its policy implications. Since valuation affects the incentives and policies aimed at conserving key ES, e.g., through payment schemes, it is important to understand the way that humans decide and develop preferences under uncertainty. Behavioural Economics attempts to understand human behaviour and psychology and can help to identify appropriate institutions and policies under uncertainty that enhance ecosystem services that are key to water resources management. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem Services, Water Resources, Management, Valuation, Total Economic Value |
| Date: | 2022–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2230&r=env |
| By: | Andreas Lichtenberger; Joao Paulo Braga; Willi Semmler (Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis (SCEPA)) |
| Abstract: | The green bond market is emerging as an impactful financing mechanism in climate change mitigation efforts. The effectiveness of the financial market for this transition to a low-carbon economy depends on attracting investors and removing financial market roadblocks. This paper investigates the differential bond performance of green vs non-green bonds with (1)a dynamic portfolio model that integrates negative as well as positive externality effects and via (2) econometric analyses of aggregate green bond and corporate energy time-series indices; as well as a cross-sectional set of individual bonds issued between 1 January 2017, and 1 October 2020. The asset pricing model demonstrates that, in the long-run, the positive externalities of green bonds benefit the economy through positive social returns. We use a deterministic and a stochastic version of the dynamic portfolio approach to obtain model-driven results and evaluate those through our empirical evidence using harmonic estimations. The econometric analysis of this study focuses on volatility and the risk–return performance (Sharpe ratio) of green and non-green bonds, and extends recent econometric studies that focused on yield differentials of green and non-green bonds. A modified Sharpe ratio analysis, cross-sectional methods, harmonic estimations, bond pairing estimations, as well as regression tree methodology, indicate that green bonds tend to show lower volatility and deliver superior Sharpe ratios (while the evidence for green premia is mixed). As a result, green bond investment can protect investors and portfolios from oil price and business cycle fluctuations, and stabilize portfolio returns and volatility. Policymakers are encouraged to make use of the financial benefits of green instruments and increase the financial f lows towards sustainable economic activities to accelerate a low-carbon transition. |
| Keywords: | green bonds; innovation; climate finance; dynamic portfolio decisions |
| JEL: | E24 I14 J62 J38 E21 J83 J32 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:epa:cepawp:2022-02&r=env |
| By: | Mumbunan, Sonny (World Resources Institute (WRI) Indonesia); Maitri, Ni Made Rahayu |
| Abstract: | A basic income (BI) for outcomes associated with nature protection and climate change is a subject of increasing interest in theory and policy-making. In this paper, we present the first review of BI for nature and climate. We address three BI issues critical to nature and climate in terms of conditionality, decoupling, and financing. First, the conditionality on nature and climate outcomes appears to contradict the defining criterion of unconditionality of a BI, although this contradiction may be resolved in those cases where the expected outcomes are only implicit. Second, the ecological outcome of BI remains elusive about decoupling of emissions and biodiversity loss from economic growth. Third, financing a BI for “nature and climate” from sources that are carbon intensive and degrade the ecosystem may impose limits on ecological and financial sustainability and is critical in enabling a BI to achieve greater ecological benefits. The paper illustrates and provides insights into all three issues considered with selected theoretical and practical global cases of BI. |
| Date: | 2022–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bre43&r=env |
| By: | Braun, Marius |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264006&r=env |
| By: | Araujo, Rafael; Costa, Francisco J M (FGV EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance); Garg, Teevrat |
| Abstract: | International agreements to reduce anthropogenic environmental disasters rely on public pressure driving local action. We study whether focused media and increased public outcry can drive local environmental action, reducing environmental damage. Although an annual affair, forest fires in the Brazilian Amazon received unprecedented public scrutiny in August 2019. Comparing active fires in Brazil versus those in Peru and Bolivia in a difference-in-differences design, we find that increased public attention reduced fires by 22% avoiding 24.8 million MtCO2 in emissions. Our results highlight the power of public attention to compel local action on pressing environmental issues. |
| Date: | 2022–08–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xj3f6&r=env |
| By: | Nicolo Barbieri; Davide Consoli; Giovanni Marin; Francois Perruchas |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a global phenomenon with markedly local manifestations. Accordingly, territories differ in terms of exposure to climate events, of capacity to adopt climate mitigation policies and of the welfare effects that these deep transformations entail. The paper brings together these threads with an empirical study of the relationship between green technology development and income inequality in US Metropolitan Areas over the period 2005-2015. We find a positive association between local patenting capacity and growing income gaps to the detriment of the least affluent. Further, higher patenting propensity in early stage technologies has a stronger association with income inequality, whereas such a relationship dissipates at later stages of the life cycle. |
| Keywords: | environmental technologies, technology lifecycle, inequality |
| JEL: | O33 R11 D63 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2225&r=env |
| By: | Naef, Alain |
| Abstract: | This paper offers a case study of how a small shareholder managed to impose three more climate-conscious directors on the board of ExxonMobil, one of the world’s largest scope 3 CO2 emitters. This concrete approach to fossil fuel companies’ transition might prove useful for climate change mitigation. The policy has the advantage to work in a vacuum. It has positive impacts on emissions regardless of what other actors do, unlike policies such as global carbon taxes or large-scale divestment, which need more coordination. But it comes with limitations. I find that the proxy campaign led to more attention for the hedge fund running the campaign. It was used as a marketing tool. Despite the limitations, proxy battles could prove a useful approach to pragmatic climate change approaches. |
| Date: | 2022–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:3b5d4&r=env |
| By: | Robert C. Schmidt; Moritz Drupp; Frikk Nesje; Hendrik Hoegen |
| Abstract: | Free-riding is widely perceived as a key obstacle for effective climate policy. In the game-theoretic literature on non-cooperative climate policy and on climate cooperation, the free-rider hypothesis is ubiquitous. Yet, the free-rider hypothesis has not been tested empirically in the climate policy context. With the help of a theoretical model, we demonstrate that if free-riding were the main driver of lax climate policies around the globe, then there should be a pronounced country-size effect: Countries with a larger share of the world's population should, all else equal, internalize more climate damages and thus set higher carbon prices. We use this theoretical prediction for testing the free-rider hypothesis empirically. Drawing on data on emission-weighted carbon prices from 2020, while controlling for a host of other potential explanatory variables of carbon pricing, we find that the free-rider hypothesis cannot be supported empirically, based on the criterion that we propose. Hence, other issues may be more important for explaining climate policy stringency or the lack thereof in many countries. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.06209&r=env |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Molina, José Alberto (University of Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | Climate change and global warming are problems that currently affect the daily lives of the world population and, to the extent that climate projections are less than optimistic, understanding how individuals respond to extreme weather conditions is essential for the correct design of public policies. One of the human behaviors that can be most affected by extreme weather conditions is that of personal travel, including commuting, an activity that is done daily by millions of workers worldwide. Within this framework, we estimate the effects of weather conditions on daily commuting and travel choices, by examining daily variations in weather conditions within counties in the US. To that end, we use timeuse diary information from the American Time Use Survey 2003-2019 and daily weather information at the county level for a sample of US workers, finding significant relationships between daily weather conditions, commuting time, and travel choices. Rainy days, high temperatures, and snowfall are associated with a statistically significant lower proportion of commuting time done by public transit and walking, whereas the relationship is found to be positive for the proportion of commuting time by car. With additional analysis, we find that the greatest substitution from greener modes of transport towards the private car is concentrated on days with greater precipitation and higher temperatures. Finally, our results suggest adaptation to higher temperatures in warmer places. |
| Keywords: | weather, commuting, green mobility, workers, American Time Use Survey |
| JEL: | R4 J22 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15661&r=env |
| By: | Reichelstein, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Current corporate disclosures regarding carbon emissions lack commonly accepted accounting rules. The accrual accounting system for carbon emissions described here is grounded in the rules of historical cost accounting for operating assets, enabling the preparation of balance sheets and flow statements. The asset side of the balance sheet reports the carbon emissions embodied in operating assets. The liability side conveys the firm's cumulative direct emissions into the atmosphere as well as the cumulative emissions embodied in goods acquired from suppliers less those sold to customers. Flow statements report the cradle-to-gate carbon footprint of goods sold during the current period. Taken together, balance sheets and flow statements generate multiple indicators of a company's past, current and future performance with regard to carbon emissions. |
| JEL: | M41 M48 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22052&r=env |
| By: | Peralta Quesada, Leda |
| Abstract: | El turismo ha sido uno de los sectores más afectados por la pandemia por COVID-19, pero se espera que se recupere y continue creciendo. Sin embargo, la pandemia ha resaltado algunos retos persistentes del sector, como la participación de las mujeres, la precarización de los empleos y la poca claridad en el abordaje de la estacionalidad, y revelado algunos nuevos, como la transformación digital de la industria y los impactos del cambio climático y los desastres. La ralentización del turismo da una oportunidad para analizar estos retos y sus causas, y proponer estrategias de recuperación más resilientes y sostenibles. Para contribuir al diseño de una recuperación transformadora, este estudio propone diez pilares para la recuperación sostenible del turismo. Los pilares giran en torno a los tres principios de la sostenibilidad: ambiental, sociocultural y económica. Se analiza el abordaje de la sostenibilidad en el turismo a nivel internacional y en los países de la región y se elabora un diagnóstico de las condiciones socioculturales, económicas y ambientales que caracterizan al turismo en la subregión del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA). |
| Keywords: | TURISMO, FOMENTO DEL TURISMO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESASTRES NATURALES, POLITICA TURISTICA, ESTRATEGIA EMPRESARIAL, TOURISM, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, NATURAL DISASTERS, TOURISM POLICY, CORPORATE STRATEGIES |
| Date: | 2022–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:48200&r=env |
| By: | Guo, Liwen; Cheng, Zhiming; Tani, Massimiliano; Cook, Sarah; Zhao, Jiaqi; Chen, Xi |
| Abstract: | We examine the causal effect of air pollution on an individual's propensity for entrepreneurship in China. Our preferred model, which employs an instrumental variable approach to address endogeneity arising from sorting into entrepreneurship and locational choices, suggests that exposure to higher intensity of air pollution lowers one's proclivity for entrepreneurship. We also find that industrial activity and self-efficacy mediate the relationship between air pollution and entrepreneurship. In addition, education and gender further moderate the relationship between air pollution and self-efficacy. In particular, air pollution negatively affects self-efficacy among the less-educated and females. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution,Entrepreneurship,China |
| JEL: | J24 L26 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1196&r=env |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van; Tran, Phuong-Mai; Nguyen, Thuy; ; Dang, Phuong-Thao; Tuyen, Dang Trung; Pham, Phu; Dat, Luu Quoc |
| Abstract: | Industrialization and consumerism have aroused growing concern about energy depletion, necessitating a transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources. To this end, every segment of the population should shoulder responsibility for mitigating environmental problems, especially the young generation. This study contributes to the literature on environment management and development by improving the understanding of young adults’ intention to acquire energy conservation knowledge and its correlation with their demographics and environmental concerns. We employed a systematic randomized sampling method and conducted a large-scale online survey with the participation of 1454 students in 48 different universities in Vietnam. The first results show that young adults had significant environmental concerns, yet more efforts are demanded to turn perceptions into actions or contributions. Almost 83% expressed a desire for energy-saving knowledge, and roughly 50% are willing to take an energy course. We found that the young adults' perception and high income were positively associated with their decision on energy course enrolment. Demographically, women were more likely to take energy-saving courses, and those living urban areas had a higher desire for knowledge enhancement. These findings have numerous policy implications for facilitating energy transformation based on improved environmental education programs for sustainable development in Vietnam and beyond. |
| Date: | 2022–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:5vphg&r=env |
| By: | Larch, Mario; Wanner, Joschka |
| Abstract: | International cooperation is at the core of multilateral climate policy. How is its effectiveness harmed by individual countries dropping out of the global mitigation effort? We develop a multisector structural trade model with emissions from production and a constant elasticity of fossil fuel supply function to simulate the consequences of unilateral withdrawals from the Paris Agreement. Taking into account both direct and leakage effects, we îond that a US withdrawal would eliminate more than a third of the world emissions reduction (31.8% direct effect and 6.4% leakage effect), while a potential Chinese withdrawal lowers the world emission reduction by 24.1% (11.9% direct effect and 12.2% leakage effect). The substantial leakage is primarily driven by technique effects induced by falling international fossil fuel prices. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,International trade,Carbon leakage,Fossil fuel supply |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2236&r=env |
| By: | Aude Pommeret (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Francesco Ricci (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Katheline Schubert (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Confronted with political opposition to the implementation of efficient direct carbon pricing, climate policy relies on alternative policy interventions, such as subsidies to renewables. This paper uses a dynamic macroeconomic model under a carbon budget to study climate policies constrained to keeping a constant level of the carbon tax. We find that it is possible to implement the optimal trajectory by combing an increasing tax on electricity consumption with a feedin-premium paid to electricity produced from renewable sources. Otherwise, when the climate policy relies on the second instrument only, the subsidy to renewables should be so large to foster rapid build up of specialized capital, that it would imply large investment costs and financial burden on the public budget, unless the carbon tax level could be initially set at a high level. Unfortunately, the two solutions with no or low welfare losses raise concerns on their political acceptability too. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition,Carbon tax,Renewable energy,Policy acceptability |
| Date: | 2022–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03726396&r=env |
| By: | Naef, Alain |
| Abstract: | Economists agree that carbon taxes are the most effective solution for climate change mitigation. But where do fossil fuel companies stand on carbon taxes? I analyse how the 100 largest oil and gas companies communicate on carbon taxes. Surprisingly, I find that 54% of companies who have a policy on carbon taxes support them (78% for the 50 largest). This is puzzling as an effective carbon tax should reduce revenues and reserve value of fossil fuel companies. I present a conceptual trilemma model showing that fossil fuel companies’ existence is threatened by a carbon tax. To understand this paradox, I offer non-mutually exclusive reasons why fossil fuel companies might support carbon taxes. Oil and gas companies could use a carbon tax to get rid of the competition from coal, create a level playing field and remove regulatory uncertainty. Or They think that these taxes will not affect them because demand for oil and gas is inelastic or that international coordination will fail and lead to leakages. Finally, it could be that this is simply a communication exercise and that a carbon tax helps them shift the responsibility from fossil fuel companies to customers, voters and elected officials. |
| Date: | 2022–08–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:k84ru&r=env |
| By: | Di Foggia, Giacomo; Beccarello, Massimo |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing aims to capture the external costs of emissions and link them to their sources through a price signal, while market-based policy tools support investments in energy efficiency, rewarding investors following certified energy savings. The interplay between the emission trading system and the white certificate scheme is complex, especially regarding opportunity costs and the efficiency of the two mechanisms combined in achieving environmental goals. Using monthly data covering six years, we analyze how carbon pricing and white certificate programs intertwine. We consider the opportunity cost as the savings from an energy efficiency intervention under the white certificate program in a firm covered by the emission trading system. We calculate the €/MWh savings corresponding to a one MWh reduction in energy consumption to assess the contribution of white certificates and the emission trading system as determinants of the savings induced by an energy efficiency intervention. We then simulate how the economic determinants of saving vary as the dynamics of the gas and emission permit markets change. The relative weight of the components on saving differs significantly according to the dynamics of the related commodity and environmental markets. Provided that the emission trading system is mandatory for certain industries while participation in a white certificate scheme is voluntary, we argue that the overlap between the two mechanisms can be effective. This is important for policymaking, periodic fine-tuning interventions to market-based mechanisms, and increasing flexibility. The paper also has business implications, given that energy managers may use this framework in building energy management strategies. |
| Date: | 2022–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:tbyug&r=env |
| By: | Ricardo Crisostomo |
| Abstract: | We develop a comprehensive framework to measure the impact of the climate transition on investment portfolios. Our analysis is enriched by including geographical, sectoral, company and ISIN-level data to assess transition risk. We find that investment funds suffer a moderate 5.7% loss upon materialization of a high transition risk scenario. However, the risk distribution is significantly left-skewed, with the worst 1% funds experiencing an average loss of 21.3%. In terms of asset classes, equities are the worst performers (-12.7%), followed by corporate bonds (-5.6%) and government bonds (-4.8%). We discriminate among financial instruments by considering the carbon footprint of specific counterparties and the credit rating, duration, convexity and volatility of individual exposures. We find that sustainable funds are less exposed to transition risk and perform better than the overall fund sector in the low-carbon transition, validating their choice as green investments. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.15329&r=env |
| By: | Blaber, Richard Michael |
| Abstract: | The so-called ‘Doomsday Argument’ of Carter, Nielsen, Leslie, Gott, and Bostrom is examined, in conjunction with attempts to refute it, in relation to the real-world prospects of catastrophic climate and environmental change, and loss of biodiversity. If the late James Lovelock was right in his hypothesis that the biosphere is protected by a ‘Gaia’ self-defence mechanism, humans may well face extinction precisely because they constitute a threat to the survival of the biosphere. |
| Date: | 2022–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ne2z9&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Persico; Dave E. Marcotte |
| Abstract: | We conduct the first-ever large-scale study of the relationship between air pollution and suicide using detailed cause of death data from all death certificates in the U.S. between 2003 and 2010. Using wind direction as an instrument for daily pollution exposure, we find that a 1 μg/m3 increase in daily PM2.5 is associated with a 0.49% increase in daily suicides and 0.171 more suicide-related hospitalizations (a 50% increase). Estimates using 2SLS are larger and more robust, suggesting a bias towards zero arising from measurement error. Event study estimates further illustrate that contemporaneous pollution exposure matters more than exposure to pollution in previous weeks. |
| JEL: | I10 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30626&r=env |
| By: | Hoffart, Franziska |
| Abstract: | Emission-free hydrogen (H2) is crucial to decarbonize energy supply and to tackle the climate crisis. To unlock the potential of H2, pipelines infrastructures and related investments are required to enable trade. However, it is uncertain what future H2 infrastructure will be needed. The paper aims to assess three H2 infrastructures for Germany within a European context in terms of feasibility (criterion 1) and 1.5°C-alignment (criterion 2) to inform investment and political decisions. Own socio-technical scenarios are used to include findings from four disciplines for a holistic infrastructure evaluation. As results, implementation requirements are identified that determine the future robustness of different supply chains. It is assessed which feasible infrastructures are 1.5°C-aligned in terms of impact for the environment and energy transition, which goes beyond the German context. The results show, that the origin of H2 mainly determines the 1.5°C-alignment and that renewable H2 is more sustainable than fossil-based H2. Also, investments in gas pipelines for future retrofitting might delay energy transitions due to lock-ins and climate-related risks. In conclusion, a step-by-step construction of new H2 pipelines for renewable H2 near industry cluster is advisable. In the light of the chick-and-egg problem of establishing a H2-economy, recommendations on H2 supply and demand are drawn, which are also relevant for an international context. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition,socio-technical scenarios,H2 infrastructure,energy policy,climate risks |
| JEL: | H54 Q42 Q48 O33 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:979&r=env |
| By: | Piringer, Niklas; Vardanega, Gabrielle; Thiede, Brian C. (The Pennsylvania State University) |
| Abstract: | Climatic variability has been linked to multiple demographic and health outcomes, but few studies have examined its impact on household size. Household size is an important correlate of wellbeing and is driven by multiple demographic processes that may be affected by environmental shocks. This paper describes these links conceptually, and then empirically examines the effects of exposure to climate anomalies on household size and three underlying components: fertility, marriage, and family agglomeration (partition). We examine these relationships by linking harmonized census microdata from eleven sub-Saharan African countries with high-resolution climate data from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and modeling the effects of recent temperature and precipitation exposures on the outcomes of interest. Our analyses find little evidence that recent temperature and precipitation exposures lead to overall changes in household size. When examining underlying demographic dynamics, however, we find that family agglomeration responds to both temperature and rainfall, marriage responds to rainfall and cold shocks, and higher temperatures are associated with increases in fertility. By studying these outcomes in one unified conceptual and empirical framework, our results suggest that many components of household size are associated with climate exposures, but in a manner that does not translate into significant net changes in household size. |
| Date: | 2022–07–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nbwf6&r=env |
| By: | Atkinson, Nathan |
| Abstract: | To deter a profit-maximizing corporation from breaking the law, the expected costs from noncompliance must be greater than the expected costs from compliance. In this paper, I examine the costs of corporate compliance and noncompliance with the Clean Air Act. Using the universe of civil Clean Air Act environmental violations by stationary emitters of pollution, I estimate that 37.5% of civil violations are profitable net of penalties imposed. The profitability of noncompliance is increasing in the size of the violation. In aggregate, I estimate that penalties imposed by the EPA would have to be five times greater than those imposed in order to achieve the EPA's stated policy goal of removing the economic benefits of noncompliance. I further show that the firms that profit the most from violations are also the largest emitters of pollution. |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jk4r7&r=env |
| By: | Thierry Madiès (Université de Fribourg, Switzerland.); Ornella Tarola (DISSE, Rome, Italy); Emmanuelle Taugourdeau (CNRS, CREST, Palaiseau, France) |
| Abstract: | Developed and developing countries compete using various instruments including corporate taxes and environmental regulations in order to attract firms. They also commit to international environmental agreements with “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR). We investigate how the principles of CBDR and of “in a position to do so” embedded in global environmental agreements affect optimal corporate taxes and environmental standards. We find that the latter depend only on the mitigation burdens imposed by international agreements. In other words, the burden of competition between countries is carried by corporate taxes, which depend among others on the level of firms’ mobility costs and on production cost differentials. Interestingly, we find that developed countries are not necessarily worse-off in terms of payoffs under CBDR, while emerging countries “in a position to do so” are not necessarily harmed by assuming responsibilities. |
| Keywords: | Tax Competition, Capital Integration, Global Pollution, Environmental agreements. |
| JEL: | H2 R3 R5 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crs:wpaper:2022-21&r=env |
| By: | Polina Knutsson; Perla Ibarlucea Flores |
| Abstract: | As foreign direct investment (FDI) can help mitigate the repercussions of climate change, understanding what factors attract energy FDI is important. A large share of energy FDI originated from outside the energy sector, and given that renewable power FDI also comes from outside the energy sector, it is worthwhile to examine if drivers behind this type of FDI differ from what encourages investment by firms operating within the energy sector. This paper demonstrates that renewable energy FDI has been increasing, while FDI in fossil fuels is potentially slowing down. Results of the empirical analysis show that both the broader investment conditions and the strength of climate policies are vital for ensuring the favourable environment for renewable energy FDI, but the extent to which these factors impact investment decisions varies depending on where the investors come from: greenfield investors from outside the energy sector seem less responsive to the climate mitigation policies of host countries, whereas their location choices are tightly linked to the broader investment conditions in the destination economies. |
| Keywords: | energy FDI, energy sector |
| Date: | 2022–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dafaaa:2022/02-en&r=env |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Norman Meade (Independent consultant); Ronaldo Seroa da Motta (State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)); Ramon Arigoni Ortiz (Independent consultant); Mike Welsh (Independent consultant); Gleiciane Carvalho Blanc (Lactec) |
| Abstract: | We present the results of a contingent valuation study aimed at estimating the monetary value of environmental and cultural/heritage injuries caused by the Fundão (tailings) Dam failure in Brazil in 2015 as perceived by the Brazilian population. While the valuation literature considering mining-related externalities is considerable, valuation studies of injuries resulting from mining incidents are scarce and most available damage assessments apply market valuation methods while rarely considering environmental and other nonmarket-valued impacts. The flooding and the release of tailings from the dam failure led to injuries to sediments, watercourse opacity, and oxygenation, changes in riparian morphology, loss of human life, mortality to fish and wildlife, changes in the food chain and more along the 675 km watercourse of the Doce River. This was arguably the greatest environmental and cultural/heritage injury ever caused by a single tailings dam collapse. The study followed state-of-the-art recommendations for the development, administration, and data analysis of stated-preference valuation methods. The survey of a representative sample of 5,195 Brazilian urban households revealed that the average lower-bound willingness-to-pay estimate to avoid a similar incident in the near future was 137 USD and the parametric-based estimate was 230 USD per household, which aggregates to 7.96 or 12.91 billion USD, respectively. This corresponds to environmental damages of 176 or 295 USD per m3 of tailings released. |
| Keywords: | tailings dam failure, nonmarket environmental damages, contingent valuation, willingness to pay |
| JEL: | Q51 Q30 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-19&r=env |
| By: | Stefano Moretti (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raja Trabelsi (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LARODEC - Laboratoire de Recherche Opérationnelle de Décision et de Contrôle de Processus - Université de Tunis - ISG de Tunis) |
| Abstract: | Global warming, as a result of greenhouse gases, is exceeding the planet's temperature stabilization capacities. Thus, greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced. We analyse a bankruptcy situation aimed at allocating emissions permits of CO2, the predominant greenhouse gas emitted by human activities. Inspired by the Constrained Equal Awards (CEA) solution for bankruptcy situations, we introduce a new allocation protocol based on the extension of the CEA solution over double-weighted bankruptcy situations, including two exogenous parameters aimed at providing a balance, in the request of emissions permits, between economic activities and the production of renewable energy. In these bi-criteria allocation problems, we focus on a computational approach to find an allocation protocol that does not prioritize any particular parameter. As an application of our method, we first consider CO2 permit allocation problems in European Union (EU) countries, using real data about the gross domestic product (GDP), the production rate of renewable energies, and countries' ‘demands' of CO2 emissions from 2010 to 2014. Then, we compare our approach with the CEA solution and its single-weighted extension to show the impact of using two weights over the distribution of CO2 emissions permits; we analyse the correlation between allocations of CO2 emission permits and the distribution of power within the EU Council to study the acceptability of alternative allocations. |
| Keywords: | bankruptcy situations,CO 2 emissions permits,double-weighted allocation protocol |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03835536&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Venditto (Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean – ISMed-CNR); Ndumba J. Kamwanyah (University of Namibia, UNAM); Christian H. Nekare (University of Namibia, UNAM) |
| Abstract: | Scientists are in agreement that climate change is a real threat to people and the planet, worldwide. Human activities are believed to be the primary cause for this change. In countries, such as Namibia, in which the majority of people in rural areas largely depend on rainfed agriculture and water resources for their livelihood, the rapid changing climate may mean that more people will likely move to the urban centres, no matter restrictive migration measures in place. The intricate relationship between climate change and human mobility, however, is a phenomenon not yet very well-articulated or established. In Namibia, while migrating to an urban area in some instances might offer potential opportunities -in the form of employment, better economic status and standard of living for migrants- but the move not only comes with negative effects and challenges for the migrants but also for urban governance in delivering services to the increasing urban masses. This study used a hybrid methodological approach by which a critical analysis and the consolidation of the existing literature on climate change, migration and urbanisation was combined and complemented with supplementary in-depth interviews carried out with 13 participants with a migratory background. The objective of the study was to investigates the nexus between climate change and migration, and subsequently examines the relevance of climate induced rural-urban mobility in Namibia. The findings of the study indicate that Namibia’s increasing changing climate patterns magnifies the existing problems of rural-urban migration, resulting in Namibia’s internal migration phenomenon to be determined by more than the usual factors of rural-urban migration. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, urbanisation, migration, Namibia |
| JEL: | O15 O55 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awm:wpaper:14&r=env |
| By: | Isaac K. Ofori (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy); Emmanuel Y. Gbolonyo (University of Cape Town, South Africa); Nathanael Ojong (York University,Toronto, Canada) |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing number of empirical studies on foreign direct investment (FDI) and energy efficiency (EE) as they relate to green growth, there remains an empirical research gap with respect to whether EE can engender positive synergy with FDI to foster inclusive green growth (IGG) in Africa. Also, little has been done to show the IGG gains from improving EE in both the short and long terms. Thus, this paper aims to investigate whether there exists a relevant synergy between EE and FDI in fostering IGG in Africa by using macrodata for 23 countries from 2000 to 2020. According to our findings, which are based on dynamic GMM estimator, FDI hampers IGG in Africa, while EE fosters IGG. Notably, in the presence of EE, the environmental-quality-deterioration effect of FDI is reduced. Additional evidence by way of threshold analysis indicates that improving EE in Africa generates positive sustainable development gains in both the short and long terms. This study suggests that a country’s drive to attract FDI needs to be accompanied by appropriate policy options to promote energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Energy efficiency; FDI; Inclusive Green Growth; Greenhouse Gases; Environmental Sustainability |
| JEL: | F2 F21 O11 O44 O55 Q01 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/089&r=env |
| By: | Isaac K. Ofori (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy); Emmanuel Y. Gbolonyo (University of Cape Town, South Africa); Nathanael Ojong (York University,Toronto, Canada) |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing number of empirical studies on foreign direct investment (FDI) and energy efficiency (EE) as they relate to green growth, there remains an empirical research gap with respect to whether EE can engender positive synergy with FDI to foster inclusive green growth (IGG) in Africa. Also, little has been done to show the IGG gains from improving EE in both the short and long terms. Thus, this paper aims to investigate whether there exists a relevant synergy between EE and FDI in fostering IGG in Africa by using macrodata for 23 countries from 2000 to 2020. According to our findings, which are based on dynamic GMM estimator, FDI hampers IGG in Africa, while EE fosters IGG. Notably, in the presence of EE, the environmental-quality-deterioration effect of FDI is reduced. Additional evidence by way of threshold analysis indicates that improving EE in Africa generates positive sustainable development gains in both the short and long terms. This study suggests that a country’s drive to attract FDI needs to be accompanied by appropriate policy options to promote energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Energy efficiency; FDI; Inclusive Green Growth; Greenhouse Gases; Environmental Sustainability |
| JEL: | F2 F21 O11 O44 O55 Q01 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/089&r=env |
| By: | McCarthy, Nancy; Brubaker, Josh; Mabiso, Athur; Cavatassi, Romina |
| Abstract: | This paper applies a methodological framework for incorporating current period weather and long-term climate conditions into impact assessments. More specifically, the framework applies to non-experimental impact assessments that rely on ex post data collected from both households that were beneficiaries of the project (treated households) and those that did not benefit (control households). Here, the authors apply the methodological framework to an IFAD project that aimed to increase high quality coffee and the performance of coffee cooperatives in Rwanda as a case study. Results show that there is some evidence of biased treatment impacts when climatic variables are not included, but more importantly, show that coffee producers are highly vulnerable to weather shocks. To generate more climate-change relevant evidence more rapidly, there is ample opportunity to more fully exploit impact assessment datasets than is commonly done. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:329321&r=env |
| By: | Gruhl, Henri; Volkhausen, Nicolas; Pestel, Nico; aus dem Moore, Nils |
| Abstract: | This paper studies whether people's perception of improvements in local air quality are reflected in the housing market based on comprehensive data on real estate prices from Germany. Using a quasi-experimental research design, we exploit the staggered introduction of Low Emission Zones (LEZs) across German cities, lowering urban air pollution by limiting the access of high-emitting vehicles. We find that residents value the presence of LEZs, reflected by roughly 2% higher apartment rents. Estimates are similar, albeit smaller in magnitude, for properties for purchase. The results are driven by earlier LEZ implementations and LEZs in areas with relatively higher pre-intervention pollution levels. |
| Keywords: | Low emission zone,policy evaluation,house prices,externalities |
| JEL: | I18 R21 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:977&r=env |
| By: | Brehm, Johannes; Pestel, Nico; Schaffner, Sandra; Schmitz, Laura |
| Abstract: | Low Emission Zones (LEZs) reduce local air pollution by restricting emission-intensive vehicles from accessing designated areas and have been shown to improve population health. Little is known about the effects of driving restriction policies on other areas of life. This paper studies the effects of LEZs on the educational achievements of elementary school students in Germany, measured by secondary-school transition rates. Using school-level data from North-Rhine Westphalia (NRW), Germany's largest federal state, we exploit the staggered adoption of LEZs since 2008 in a difference-indifferences framework. Our results imply that LEZs increased rates of transition to the academic track by 0.9-1.6 percentage points in NRW. Our findings on the district level for all of Germany confirm the external validity of these findings. Using geo-referenced data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we provide suggestive evidence that a reduction in the prevalence of respiratory infections is a vital channel through which LEZs affect schooling outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Low emission zone,education,air quality,Germany |
| JEL: | I21 J24 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:980&r=env |
| By: | Mar’a Dolores Almeida (Inter-American Development Bank); Hu‡scar Eguino (Inter-American Development Bank); Juan Luis G—mez Reino (Inter-American Development Bank); Axel Radics (Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at climate change in decentralized Latin American and Caribbean countries to address two main goals. First, to systematize the main subnational climate initiatives in fiscal decentralization, administrative decentralization, and intergovernmental coordination implemented in the LAC region. Second, to contribute prospectively with potential lines of action related to decentralization and climate change policy measures that will make it possible to sustain the current achievements, as well as to manage climate related risks in the future. Three central questions are explored: How involved have subnational governments been in managing the response to climate change in terms of mitigation and adaptation in LAC? What fiscal decentralization policies and instruments support the development and implementation of SNG climate actions? What policies and instruments of administrative decentralization support the development and implementation of the SNGs climate actions? The authors offer a series of seven prospective actions to address these questions. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper2207&r=env |
| By: | Margrethe Aanesen (Centre for applied research (SNF), Norway); Mikołaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Henrik Lindhjem (Menon Economics, Sørkedalsveien, Norway); Ståle Navrud (School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life sciences (NMBU), Norway) |
| Abstract: | Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food industry globally, and proposed expansion plans include substantial increases in production over the next decades. While this will improve global food security, contribute to the blue economy and create jobs locally, the potential negative impacts on the marine environment could be massive. The existing literature suggests that further research needs to be conducted into the dynamic nature of the social-ecological systems which host aquaculture. This paper presents the results of a choice experiment survey of Norwegian households’ trade-offs between salmon production and job creation, and the detrimental impacts on the marine environment. Most respondents were at the outset neutral or supportive of plans for a substantial increase in aquaculture production. However, when informed about potential environmental impacts in terms of marine plastics and salmon lice affecting wild salmon stocks, and asked to trade these off against the positive effects, the majority opposed the plans and expressed a positive willingness-to-pay to avoid the planned expansion. Applying a hybrid mixed multinomial logit model we find that income, education and to some extent age, along with environmental attitudes, explain most of the variation in people's preferences. Support for large aquaculture expansion is higher among people who consume farmed salmon frequently and those living in areas with a high density of aquaculture farms. Hence, we do not find the so-called “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) effect. These results, which arguably contrast with previous studies of environmental impacts from aquaculture, can be useful for public planners globally as they consider expanding the blue economy. |
| Keywords: | aquaculture expansion, environmental impacts, inhabitants’ preferences, choice experiment |
| JEL: | Q22 Q28 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-16&r=env |
| By: | Christos Makriyannis (Suffolk University, Department of Economics); Robert J. Johnston (Clark University, George Perkins Marsh Institute and Department of Economics); Ewa Zawojska (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Inherent outcome uncertainty within stated preference surveys is invariant across valuation scenarios. It has received relatively little attention in the environmental stated preference literature. Specifically, it is unknown whether percentage probabilities—a ubiquitous means of communicating uncertainty in questionnaires—are an effective risk communication tool. This article systematically evaluates two treatments in a discrete choice experiment survey related to coastal climate change adaptation in Connecticut, USA: one provides only raw frequencies as a risk communication tool, while the other provides implied numerical probabilities in addition to the same raw frequencies. Results from a mixed logit model and from a latent class model that controls for sociodemographic influences show that the use of percentage probabilities to communicate inherent uncertainty has no additional effect on average welfare estimates or the choice behavior of respondents. Our findings suggest that percentage probabilities may not be an impactful way to communicate inherent uncertainty in environmental stated preference questionnaires. |
| Keywords: | flood adaptation, inherent uncertainty, discrete choice experiment, stated preference, mixed logit, risk communication, WTP-space |
| JEL: | D61 D83 H41 Q51 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-05&r=env |
| By: | Jayachandran, Seema |
| Abstract: | Conservation programs in low-income countries often have dual goals of protecting the environment and reducing poverty. This article discusses the tension between these two goals in payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs. Participants who undertake a pro-environment behavior receive a payment, which can be decomposed into two parts: the amount that compensates them for the cost of changing their behavior and the extra amount that is a "pure transfer" to them. To maximize the program's environmental benefits, a policy maker would like to set the pure transfer component to zero, yet the pure transfer is the only part of the payment that increases participants' economic well-being. In practice, PES programs pay out some pure transfers, and the extent of the anti-poverty benefits depends on whether the pure transfers are de facto targeted to the poor. I lay out these points and then illustrate them with data from a randomized trial of payments for forest protection in Uganda. I provide evidence that the economic gains from participation in PES are indeed larger for those with low costs to fulfill the program's conservation requirements. I also show that, in this context, poorer eligible households enjoyed more improvement in their economic well-being than richer ones did. |
| Date: | 2022–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g67ax&r=env |
| By: | Mausch, Kai (World Agroforestry (ICRAF)); McMullin, Stepha; Karanja, Alice |
| Abstract: | The world is and has been continuously changing and adjusting. Some changes are positive, some are negative. It is important to be aware of emerging changes in order to mitigate negative effects and amplify positive effects. Some of the major current trends are: urbanization, migration, climate change, population growth, biodiversity loss as well as the emergence of pandemics such as COVID 19. All of these trends affect food systems in several ways. A clear understanding of the implications is critical when considering how food systems can be strengthened and made more resilient to withstand the impacts of these trends. Climate change is threatening all aspects of food security. Low- and middle-income countries are projected to be affected to the largest extent. Yield reduction and price increases further increase the incentives to expand production into forest and grasslands which would in turn accelerate climate change. Urban food supply chains will have to adjust to shifting regional supplies and increasingly erratic volumes. Heat and water stress will further amplify the negative human health effects especially in densely populated areas. Biodiversity could be a crucial contributor to improved food system outcomes, yet it is continuously degraded. Many valuable plant species are already threatened and population growth, urbanization, climate change and current market forces increase the pressures on habitats for biodiversity. Direct threats also emerge from current food production systems that contribute to degradation through heavy use of chemical pesticides and fertilizer. Current food systems are already failing to deliver for the poor, contribute to environmental degradation, and fail to withstand disruptions such as the effects of COVID 19. Around 66% of Africans already face food insecurity. The population is projected to double by 2060 and food supply will need to change, diversify and increase drastically in order to overcome the current and emerging challenges. Here, the supply to urban residents will be most critical as urban populations will triple by 2050 and already by 2030, half of the population will reside in cities. With the majority of the population increase likely being absorbed by informal settlements, these areas will require attention to ensure they are made more resilient, to buffer the worst impacts. Food system trends towards more processed, and less nutritious foods are already negatively impacting different segments of populations with the coexistence of multiple forms of malnutrition, and increasing diet associated with non-communicable diseases. Therefore, alternative systems will have to be developed in order to avoid increasing health problems. While focusing on solving or mitigating the acute problems, we need to ensure a clear vision towards a more resilient, sustainable and equitable (food) future that is able to address the needs of all segments of society. The reports of EAT Lancet, the HLPE, the Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition and UNICEF are recent examples that highlight the needs and pathways towards this goal. Yet, there remain critical knowledge gaps for action that need to be addressed. Food choice motives are highly complex and interact with other needs and strategies. These are often context specific and generalization remains difficult, with limited evidence in low-and middle-income countries Hence a clear understanding of local contexts, and socio-cultural dynamics remains crucial for understanding, and devising suitable interventions that will respond to consumer needs and behaviour, for better food, nutrition and well-being outcomes. Furthermore, the food system itself and its mechanics have yet to be fully explored when it comes to interventions, particularly the parts which connect rural-producers and urban- consumers, and supporting and enabling food environment. While at the abstract and aggregate level there have been significant advances, the implications for local interventions have to be explored in more detail to avoid negative consequences or spillovers. Overall, clarity on intervention logic, design and monitoring will have to be ensured in order to truly advance the functioning of the food system for all and especially for vulnerable people that are currently ill served. |
| Date: | 2022–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:uvcb7&r=env |
| By: | Feridoon Koohi-Kamali; Amit Roy (Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis (SCEPA)) |
| Abstract: | Environmental shocks, particularly high impact natural disasters, force children into the labor market to meet the basic survival needs in straitened times. Currently India has the largest number of child labor in the world while the disaster-prone African economy of Ethiopia is experiencing a surge in child labor. Using Young Lives Longitudinal Survey Data on Ethiopia and India covering 2002-2016, this paper examines the dynamics between child labor and environmental shocks, employing different panel data models of child labor supply. The paper has two notable features. First, it uses the Young Lives Survey Datasets (2020), a data set rich on child welfare information not previously explored. Second, it employs the panel-data fix and random effects estimators to analyze the impact of environmental shocks on child labor, to our knowledge, a first attempt of its kind to deal with observable and unobservable endogenous time-invariant influences on child labor supply. We control for a relatively large set of child, household and community levels covariates, and obtain robust, statistically significant evidence of the positive impact of climate disaster on the incidence and amount of child labor in both Ethiopia and India and in all different models employed. We also report strong negative effects of link between child education and child labor, and some less clear evidence of the negative link between child health (stunning and obesity) and child labor. The evidence presented indicate that the traditional public policy devises like parents’ education and inadequate social safety programs do not make statistically robust contribution to reducing child labor supply in face of environmental disasters, suggesting income gains from such programs are not sufficient to meet the survival needs of poor households and hence to prevent child labor. |
| Keywords: | environmental shocks, child labor, panel data |
| JEL: | C33 J13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:epa:cepawp:2021-05&r=env |
| By: | Glavas, Dejan |
| Abstract: | We find that green bond issuers are more financially constrained. We use three measures of financial constraint, which are the FCP index, the SA index, and the Altman’s Z score. We test the link between green bond issuance and financial constraints using difference in means, regression analyses and a matching procedure. We finally document that these constraints increase after the first green bond issuance. |
| Date: | 2022–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:n4mdy&r=env |
| By: | Carroll, James (Central Bank of Ireland) |
| Abstract: | Physical damage from the effects of climate change will increase in the coming decades. However, global economies can slow this rate of increase – and potentially even reverse it – by frontloading a considerable amount of technological, infrastructural and behavioural change in the short-to medium term. Understanding such physical and transition risks for the financial system is a priority, as is the sector’s role in financing the technological transition to net zero emissions by 2050. This article presents an overview of the key climate risk transmission channels. It is likely that financial sector impacts will mainly flow though the real economy, that is, how weather/climate-related damage and net zero policies affect business and household resilience and wealth. The existing research also shows that risks are unevenly distributed across and within countries. Such heterogeneity in real-economy risks is discussed in the Irish context. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbi:fsnote:7/fs/22&r=env |
| By: | Jason R. Bailey; Davide Lauria; W. Brent Lindquist; Stefan Mittnik; Svetlozar T. Rachev |
| Abstract: | We consider the use of P-spline generalized additive hedonic models for real estate prices in large U.S. cities, contrasting their predictive efficiency against linear and polynomial based generalized linear models. Using intrinsic and extrinsic factors available from Redfin, we show that GAM models are capable of describing 84% to 92% of the variance in the expected ln(sales price), based upon 2021 data. As climate change is becoming increasingly important, we utilized the GAM model to examine the significance of environmental factors in two urban centers on the northwest coast. The results indicate city dependent differences in the significance of environmental factors. We find that inclusion of the environmental factors increases the adjusted R-squared of the GAM model by less than one percent. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.14266&r=env |
| By: | Michael Holscher; David Ignell; Morgan Lewis; Kevin J. Stiroh |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a stylized framework to assess conceptually how the financial risks of climate change could interact with a regulatory capital regime. We summarize core features of a capital regime such as expected and unexpected losses, regulatory ratios and risk-weighted assets, and minimum requirements and buffers, and then consider where climate-related risk drivers may be relevant. We show that when considering policy implications, it is critically important to be precise about how climate change may impact the loss-generating process for banks and to be clear about the specific policy objective. While climate change could potentially impact the regulatory capital regime in several ways, an internally coherent approach requires a strong link between specific assumptions and beliefs about how these financial risks may manifest as bank losses and what objectives regulators are pursuing. We conclude by identifying several potential research opportunities to better understand these complex issues and inform policy development. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Regulatory capital |
| JEL: | G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2022–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2022-68&r=env |
| By: | Di Foggia, Giacomo; Beccarello, Massimo |
| Abstract: | Governance of waste management is historically based on local issues, with different applications and rules across countries. To meet the increasing number of circular economic goals, countries worldwide are seeking to improve the efficiency of waste management markets in terms of environmental performance and cost efficiency. For this market to effectively move toward a more circular perspective, sound reforms are needed at the market design level. We suggest that a system operator should be introduced in the industry to coordinate and support the healthy functioning of the market. We develop our idea starting from lessons learned from the energy market that apply governance characteristics and environmental goals. Focusing on the industry structure, we identify tasks and duties that a waste management system operator should perform to boost the transition toward a more circular economy. Our proposal has policy ramifications, with the most important identifying an appropriate legal entity. The study has managerial implications, and we suggest that a system operator is needed for reporting environmental results, ensuring the universality of service, planning and monitoring environmental goals, and supporting local authorities, as well as other coordination activities. These activities will facilitate a move toward a more circular economy, addressing issues concerning the complexity of waste management industries, markets, and outputs. |
| Date: | 2022–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7gw8c&r=env |
| By: | Thiede, Brian C. (The Pennsylvania State University); Robinson, Abbie; Gray, Clark |
| Abstract: | The potential effects of climate change on human migration have received widespread attention, driven in part by concerns about possible large-scale population displacements. Recent studies demonstrate that climate-migration linkages are often more complex than commonly assumed, and climatic variability may increase, decrease, or have null effects on migration. However, the use of non-comparable analytic strategies across studies makes it difficult to disentangle substantive variation in climate effects from methodological artifacts. We address this gap by using census and survey micro-data from six Asian countries (n=54,987,838), which today are collectively home to nearly one-quarter of the world’s population, to measure climate effects on interprovincial migration. We examine climate effects overall and among sub-populations defined by age, sex, education, and country of residence. We also evaluate whether climate effects differ according to the distance and type of migration. We find non-linear precipitation effects across the sample, with exposure to precipitation deficits leading to substantively large reductions in out-migration. Both precipitation and temperature effects vary among focal sub-populations. Precipitation deficits reduce internal migration to both adjacent and non-adjacent provinces and, among the subset of samples with data on the reasons for migration, also reduce the probability of work-related moves. Temperature anomalies reduce work-, education-, and family-related moves. Our findings provide evidence of climate-related reductions in migration (i.e., trapped populations) and suggest these effects are driven largely by economic factors. Our analysis complements similar uses of harmonized data and methods in studies from South America and sub-Saharan Africa, which collectively reveal significant heterogeneity in demographic responses to climate variability around the world. |
| Date: | 2022–08–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:hxv35&r=env |
| By: | Viktor Stojkoski; Philipp Koch; Cesar A. Hidalgo; |
| Abstract: | To achieve inclusive green growth, countries need to consider a multiplicity of economic, social, and environmental factors. These are often captured by metrics of economic complexity derived from the geography of trade, thus missing key information on innovative activities. To bridge this gap, we combine trade data with data on patent applications and research publications to build models that significantly and robustly improve the ability of economic complexity metrics to explain international variations in inclusive green growth. We show that measures of complexity built on trade and patent data combine to explain future economic growth and income inequality and that countries that score high in all three metrics tend to exhibit lower emission intensities. These findings illustrate how the geography of trade, technology, and research combine to explain inclusive green growth. nations. |
| Keywords: | economic complexity, inclusive green growth, complex systems |
| JEL: | F14 F43 O12 O15 O47 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2228&r=env |
| By: | Polanco, Rodrigo |
| Abstract: | This article describes the sustainable development provisions (SDPs) that are generally found in international investment agreements (IIAs), as well as those that explicitly refer to environmental and labour standards. In turn, it examines Chilean IIAs and their sustainable development provisions in bilateral investment promotion and protection agreements (BITs) and as part of preferential trade agreements (PTAs), and compares them with the inclusion of these provisions in IIAs worldwide. Considering that Chile is one of the leading countries in the negotiation of trade agreements and that, at the same time, it has made a strong public commitment to promote sustainable development, we propose some recommendations for future negotiations or renegotiations of Chilean IIAs to include more sustainable development provisions. Read the full Working Paper by clicking on the link below. |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1376&r=env |
| By: | Linsenmeier, Manuel |
| Abstract: | This study estimates causal effects of temperature variability on long-run economic development, which are not accounted for in most estimates of the costs of future climate change. For identification I use a novel research design based on spatial first-differences. Economic activity is proxied by nightlights. Informed by the underlying physical mechanisms, I distinguish between day-to-day, seasonal, and interannual variability. The results suggest an economically large and statistically significant negative effect of day-to-day variability on economic activity. Regarding seasonal variability, I find a smaller but also negative effect. The estimated effect of interannual variability is positive at low and negative at high temperatures. These effects are robust, they can be identified in urban and rural areas, and they cannot be explained with the spatial distribution of agriculture. The results suggest that temperature variability will add to the costs of anthropogenic climate change, especially in relatively warm and currently relatively poor regions. |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xvucn&r=env |
| By: | Lodi, Chiara; Marin, Giovanni; Modica, Marco |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at empirically testing the dynamics of budget outcomes of Italian municipalities in the aftermath of floods, by accounting for heterogeneous levels of resilience and vulnerability to natural disasters. Our findings, based on a dynamic difference-in-difference after propensity score matching, point to substantial impacts in terms of increased capital expenditure and revenues from transfer, which also depend on the degree of resilience and vulnerability. Through our analysis we account for multiple aspects of risk so we can support policy decisions related to both ex-ante and ex-post disaster occurrence management. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2022–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329435&r=env |
| By: | Bhattarai, Keshav; Adhikari, Ambika P. (Institute for Integrated Development Studies (IIDS)) |
| Abstract: | Nepal’s political institutions and administrative units were thoroughly restructured in 2015 with the promulgation of the new Constitution. Several rural areas were combined to meet the definition of urban threshold criteria to classify rural areas into urban categories. Accordingly, over 3,900 local political and administrative units were amalgamated into 753 units, of which, 293 units are classified as urban. Within these newly defined urban areas, many natural environments have been converted into impervious surfaces such as paved roads, sidewalks, and building roofs. These impervious surfaces have drastically increased the amount of surface run-offs—often termed as “urban floods” --under increasing precipitation caused by global climate change. These incidences have negatively impacted to the groundwater recharge processes in the urban areas. Data on groundwater recharge rates are needed in the context of global climate change to understand the status of groundwater recharge processes in the urban areas of Nepal. However, due to various limitations, this study only focuses around the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal to understand: a) how the expansion of urban, peri-urban, and associated areas have resulted in decreasing groundwater recharges; b) how groundwater is affected by the year-to-year variability of precipitation amount (low and high intensity) with the conversion of the natural landscape into built-up areas; and c) how the changing trends in precipitation and evapotranspiration may impact future groundwater availability. This study is based on a review of the literature and the analysis of secondary data available from the government and various social media and authors' professional experiences. The study ends with some recommendations based on experiences from other parts of the world on groundwater recharge processes. |
| Date: | 2022–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:tqfns&r=env |
| By: | Fabianek, Paul (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to assess the economic potentials of power and hydrogen generation via solar and wind energy resources at locations in Northern Germany and California, both of these (geographical) regions beeing pioneers in terms of a sustainable energy transition. Based on extensive research and electrolyzer manufacturer interviews, green hydrogen generation plants are modeled in a MATLAB® environment. All relevant inputs and outputs of the systems studied (wind power plants, Photovoltaic power plants, and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers, among others) are considered for different locations and framework conditions. In contrast to the existing literature, special attention is paid to the part-load behavior of electrolysis systems, which becomes particularly relevant in their interplay with volatile renewables. Metrics such as the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) of the wind and photovoltaic power plants and the resulting levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOHy) are determined. With the help of the developed model, dimensioning of a whole system’s components can be determined for different locations. A case study is conducted for a Northern German site and another one for a site in the Californian Mojave Desert. Both the optimal dimensioning of the renewable energy plants and the ratio of installed wind and photovoltaic power plant capacity are strongly location-dependent. In Northern Germany, for example, lower LCOHy can be generated at higher wind power plant capacity shares and, in the Mojave Desert, be produced at higher Photovoltaic power plant capacity shares. In general, with larger plants and correspondingly larger polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers, LCOHy are lower due to scaling effects. Following this dimensioning recommendation, the LCOHy vary between 4.5 €/kg and 5.2 €/kg in the Northern German case study and between 4.6 US$/kg and 5.3 US$/kg in the Californian one. With costs of 1–2 €/kg, gray hydrogen is still economically superior. |
| Keywords: | Power-to-Gas; Hydrogen; Wind power plants; Photovoltaic power plants |
| JEL: | D25 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2021_002&r=env |
| By: | Kishore, Siddharth (Colorado State University) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the impact of monsoon rainfall shocks on child health outcomes in rural India at varying levels of soil organic carbon. I combine high resolution spatial data on soil organic carbon content and weather with the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for India (2015-2016) to estimate the linkage between monsoon rainfall shock, soil health, and child health. Weather variables and soil determine crop productivity and thus affect human health through food access in low- and middle-income countries. I contribute to the literature by demonstrating direct and indirect impact of soil health on childhood outcome of wasting. Using a coarsened exact matching method, I estimate that having high soil health can result in 26 percent improvement in child wasting. I also demonstrate that having high soil health can moderate adverse impacts from weather shocks. |
| Date: | 2022–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8gfy9&r=env |
| By: | KUBO, Takahiro; Mieno, Taro; Uryu, Shinya; Terada, Saeko; Veríssimo, Diogo |
| Abstract: | Regulation of natural resource use might have unintended spillover impacts beyond the policy targets. Overexploitation is a major cause of species extinction and banning wildlife trade is a common and immediate measure to tackle it. However, few rigorous studies have investigated consequences of wildlife trade bans, and those few studies have focused only on the policy target species. This means governments and researchers may have overlooked side effects of trade bans on unregulated threatened species. This study explores whether trade ban regulations on three threatened species (i.e., giant water bugs Kirkaldyia deyrolli, Tokyo salamanders Hynobius tokyoensis and golden venus chub Hemigrammocypris neglectus) have spillover impacts on the demand for non-banned species considered as substitutes. We draw on a 10-year online auction dataset and the recently developed causal inference approach—synthetic difference-in-differences—to analyze the trade ban regulation implemented in February 2020 in Japan, one of the largest wildlife trade markets. The results show that bans on the giant water bugs and Tokyo salamanders led to an increase in the trade of non-banned species, whereas there was no such evidence concerning the golden venus chub. The findings suggest that policy evaluations ignoring spillover effects might overstate the benefits of trade bans. Our findings raise concerns about the unintended consequences caused by trade bans and restate the importance of further efforts around consumer research, monitoring and enforcement beyond the species targeted by policies, while minimizing the costs by applying modern technologies and enhancing international cooperation. |
| Date: | 2022–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:s6gwu&r=env |
| By: | Merrill, Nathaniel; Mazzotta, Marisa J.; Mulvaney, Kate K.; Sawyer, Joshua Paul (EPA); Twichell, Julia; Atkinson, Sarina F.; Keith, Darryl; Erban, Laura |
| Abstract: | Water recreation is valuable to people and its value can be affected by changes in water quality. This paper presents the results of a primary data collection effort using a revealed preference survey to elicit coastal New England, USA residents’ values for water recreation and water quality. We combined the survey responses with a comprehensive dataset of coastal attributes, including in-water and remotely sensed water quality metrics for the coast of New England. The results provide an updated willingness-to-pay for a coastal recreation trip of $26-$28 (USD). Using a travel cost model framework, we found water clarity and the bacterial conditions of coastal waters to be practical water quality inputs to economic analysis, available at appropriate scales and meaningful to people and their behavior. Changes in clarity and bacterial conditions affected trip values, with a $4-$5 change for a meter in clarity and $0.13 for a one-unit change, respectively. We demonstrate their utility and the large potential value of improving water quality through welfare analysis scenarios for Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The paper discusses generalizable lessons for improving the policy relevance and applicability of water quality valuation studies in the U.S. and worldwide through improved water quality data collection and aggregation combined with application of scalable analysis tools for valuation. |
| Date: | 2022–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:q2mg3&r=env |
| By: | von Zahn, Moritz; Bauer, Kevin; Mihale-Wilson, Cristina; Jagow, Johanna; Speicher, Max; Hinz, Oliver |
| Abstract: | With free delivery of products virtually being a standard in E-commerce, product returns pose a major challenge for online retailers and society. For retailers, product returns involve significant transportation, labor, disposal, and administrative costs. From a societal perspective, product returns contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and packaging disposal and are often a waste of natural resources. Therefore, reducing product returns has become a key challenge. This paper develops and validates a novel smart green nudging approach to tackle the problem of product returns during customers' online shopping processes. We combine a green nudge with a novel data enrichment strategy and a modern causal machine learning method. We first run a large-scale randomized field experiment in the online shop of a German fashion retailer to test the efficacy of a novel green nudge. Subsequently, we fuse the data from about 50,000 customers with publicly-available aggregate data to create what we call enriched digital footprints and train a causal machine learning system capable of optimizing the administration of the green nudge. We report two main findings: First, our field study shows that the large-scale deployment of a simple, low-cost green nudge can significantly reduce product returns while increasing retailer profits. Second, we show how a causal machine learning system trained on the enriched digital footprint can amplify the effectiveness of the green nudge by "smartly" administering it only to certain types of customers. Overall, this paper demonstrates how combining a low-cost marketing instrument, a privacy-preserving data enrichment strategy, and a causal machine learning method can create a win-win situation from both an environmental and economic perspective by simultaneously reducing product returns and increasing retailers' profits. |
| Keywords: | Product returns,Green Nudging,Causal Machine Learning,Enriched Digital Footprint |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:363&r=env |
| By: | Fabianek, Paul (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Glensk, Barbara (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | The novelty of large-scale green hydrogen technology with its numerous applications, and the competition with conventional technologies, still makes it difficult to operate renewable power-to-hydrogen (RP2Hy) plants profitably. In this study, sequential investments in the RP2Hy plant’s components are investigated. Based on a Real Options approach, we tackle the question of what is the optimal timing of sequential investments in RP2Hy modules that enable hydrogen feed-in into the gas grid in Germany and California, both pioneering the energy transition. Choosing this approach, the uncertain and largely irreversible character of the investments in this new technological field is dealt with. Since the focus is on substituting natural gas by adding green hydrogen to the gas grid, the underlying asset considered as stochastic is the price of natural gas. It is modeled applying a geometric Brownian motion process. In the analysis conducted, we find for both California and Germany that polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer systems are uneconomical in the foreseeable future. The required natural gas price level that would enable economic viability of gas grid feed-in exceeds the level of today's natural gas prices many times over. Without subsidies or an increased willingness to pay for green fuel on the customers’ side, it is unlikely that the required price level will be achieved in the foreseeable future. |
| Keywords: | Real options; Hydrogen; Germany; California |
| JEL: | D25 D81 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2021_001&r=env |
| By: | Nelson, Nanette; Pete, Shandin; Neher, Chris; Duffield, John; Devlin, Shawn |
| Abstract: | Dreissenid mussels are known to alter ecological processes and thus the provision of ecosystem services. Few studies exist linking changes in ecosystem services from aquatic invasive species (AIS) to changes in human welfare. Preventing AIS introduction is a priority for protecting ecosystem services. However, monetization of AIS disruptions to ecosystem services is rare, producing incomplete cost estimates for AIS-related damages and, by extension, inadequate public policy decisions. Non-Anglo American value systems are also absent from public policy. Including indigenous peoples’ nonmarket values is necessary for a more comprehensive accounting of the distributional consequences of management decisions across affected parties. In co-development with the the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT) of the Flathead Reservation (Montana), we have designed a survey instrument and research approach with cultural relevance and methods appropriate to a Tribal setting. Based on a physical/chemical/ecological simulation model of the Flathead Lake ecosystem, we developed a set of scientifically plausible characterizations of ecosystem services affected by dreissenid mussel invasion. We pretested the salience of these hypothetical outcomes in focus groups. |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fk4xj&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Many international development agendas highlight the importance of quality data for sustainable development. With the advent of the data revolution for sustainable development, stakeholders have underscored the value of timely, usable data in informing decision-making and for monitoring progress and evaluating outcomes, be it in relation to national development planning or as regards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other international development agendas. Crucially, the COVID-19 pandemic, more than anything else in recent times, has demonstrated the value of timely production and dissemination of data for decision-making. In the Caribbean, at the national and subregional levels, COVID-19 has not only been a public health matter but has also become a socioeconomic issue with many ramifications for how societies operate. As governments tackle the challenges posed by the pandemic and its aftermath, statistics have been one of the essential tools employed by governments to educate citizens about the risks posed by the pandemic and the severe consequences of contracting the COVID-19 disease. |
| Keywords: | COOPERACION REGIONAL, SERVICIOS ESTADISTICOS, CAPACIDAD ESTADISTICA, RECURSOS HUMANOS, DOTACION DE PERSONAL, ENCUESTAS, PROGRAMAS DE CAPACITACION, DESARROLLO DE CAPACIDAD, COOPERACION TECNICA, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, COVID-19, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, REGIONAL COOPERATION, STATISTICAL SERVICES, STATISTICAL CAPACITY, HUMAN RESOURCES, STAFFING, SURVEYS, TRAINING PROGRAMMES, CAPACITY BUILDING, TECHNICAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, COVID-19, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
| Date: | 2022–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:48143&r=env |
| By: | aus dem Moore, Nils; Brehm, Johannes; Breidenbach, Philipp; Ghosh, Arijit; Gruhl, Henri |
| Abstract: | The frequency and severity of fluvial floods are expected to increase due to climate change. This paper investigates whether flood risk perception in the housing market changes across a country after the occurrence of a catastrophic fluvial flood. Using a comprehensive geocoded German house price data set and official flood risk maps, we exploit the July 2021 fluvial flood that was salient across Germany as an exogenous variation to causally measure the flood risk valuation update in a difference-in-differences setup. While we find that house prices decreased in the most inundated regions, no price changes occurred in flood risk regions that were not directly affected. This finding indicates that people did not update their risk perception after indirect exposure. With this paper, we contribute to the understanding of the impact of a salient flood on flood risk capitalization in places without direct exposure. |
| Keywords: | Flood risk,home prices,risk updating |
| JEL: | Q54 Q51 D81 R31 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:976&r=env |
| By: | Alan Matthews; Katia Karousakis |
| Abstract: | Despite calls for the reform of incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity, including under the Convention on Biological Diversity and its 2011-2020 Aichi Targets, very few countries to date have undertaken what is considered the first step in this process, namely, to identify and assess the types and magnitudes of any incentives in place at the national level which are harmful for biodiversity or the environment more broadly.This paper begins with a brief literature review on subsidies harmful to biodiversity, followed by a detailed review and comparison of the existing national level studies to identify and assess subsidies and other incentives harmful to biodiversity or the environment. The report concludes with guidance and good practice insights to identify and assess subsidies and other incentives harmful to biodiversity, at national level. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, biodiversity harmful subsidies and incentives, environmentally harmful subsidies |
| JEL: | Q01 Q5 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:206-en&r=env |
| By: | Melina Kourantidou (WHOI - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution); Phillip Haubrock (CENAKVA - South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses [University of South Bohemia] - Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia] - University of South Bohemia); Ross Cuthbert (GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]); Thomas Bodey (University of Exeter); Bernd Lenzner (University of Vienna [Vienna]); Rodolphe Gozlan (MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Martin Nuñez (INIBIOMA-CONICET - Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente [Bariloche] - CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] - UNCOMA - Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén]); Jean-Michel A Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Christophe Diagne (Université Paris-Saclay); Franck Courchamp (Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | In addition to being a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, biological invasions also have profound impacts on economies and human wellbeing. However, the threats posed by invasive species often do not receive adequate attention and lack targeted management. In part, this may result from different or even ambivalent perceptions of invasive species which have a dual effect for stakeholders—being simultaneously a benefit and a burden. For these species, literature that synthesizes best practice is very limited, and analyses providing a comprehensive understanding of their economics are generally lacking. This has resulted in a critical gap in our understanding of the underlying trade-offs surrounding management efforts and approaches. Here, we explore qualitative trends in the literature for invasive species with dual effects, drawing from both the recently compiled InvaCost database and international case studies. The few invasive species with dual roles in InvaCost provide evidence for a temporal increase in reporting of costs, but with benefits relatively sporadically reported alongside costs. We discuss methods, management, assessment and policy frameworks dedicated to these species, along with lessons learned, complexities and persisting knowledge gaps. Our analysis points at the need to enhance scientific understanding of those species through inter- and cross-disciplinary efforts that can help advance their management. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03524617&r=env |
| By: | Beccarello, Massimo; Di Foggia, Giacomo |
| Abstract: | Policies adopted to improve the competitiveness of public services include those designed to reform governance. Good governance of the waste management industry is becoming one of the most thought-provoking themes in heading toward a more circular economy. Given the complexity of this industry, the starting point for improving waste management performance must be at the industry structure and governance level. Although the economic literature on waste management has deeply investigated economic efficiency, business models, environmental performances, and citizens' behavior, governance's role in supporting the market's healthy functioning has received little attention. In such an evolving industry, securing a competitive market while ensuring the universality of waste management services and reaching circular economy targets is challenging. Based on both a theoretical approach and empirical analysis, we provide insights into the managerial functions of an independent body aimed at performing tasks that help policymakers to implement policies, waste management operators make decisions, and stakeholders, get information. We identify the economic and managerial functions that shall be entrusted to an independent coordinating body to coordinate and support the operators and institutions involved in the waste management industry. Focusing on municipal solid waste, we justify our proposal since it is a public service with environmental and economic implications at the center of the transition toward a more circular economy. Given its complexity, it needs to be properly governed to avoid policy and strategic drifts that may hinder the transition path. |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:sd947&r=env |
| By: | Régis Chenavaz (KEDGE Business School [Marseille]); Marta Leocata (LUISS - Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli [Roma]); Malgorzata Ogonowska (UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis, LED - Laboratoire d'Economie Dionysien - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis, GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Dominique Torre (UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Abstract: | Current approach to the management of World Heritage sites and the associated tourism is not always effective. Indeed, operators of Chteau de Versailles, Alhambra, and Vatican Palace trade-off visitors' revenues against damage to these sites. We study the effective dynamic behavior of a firm managing a heritage site. In an optimal control model, the operator sets pricing and heritage conservation policies. Heritage sites benefit from spending on conservation but are deteriorated by large numbers of visitors. Visitor numbers increase with the attractiveness of the site but decrease with the entrance fee. Our results characterize optimal pricing and heritage conservation policies over time and provide a stronger foundation for sustainable tourism policies. |
| Keywords: | sustainable tourism,World Heritage Sites,dynamic pricing,conservation policies,optimal control |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03836454&r=env |
| By: | Nguyen, Minh-Hoang; Le, Tam-Tri; Jones, Thomas; Vuong, Quan-Hoang |
| Abstract: | Products made from animal fur and skin have been a major part of human civilization. However, in modern society, the unsustainable consumption of these products – often considered luxury goods – has many negative environmental impacts. This study explores how people’s perceptions of biodiversity affect their attitudes and behaviors toward consumption. To investigate the information process deeper, we add the moderation of beliefs about biodiversity loss. Following the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics, we use mindsponge-based reasoning for constructing conceptual models and employ Bayesian analysis aided by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms on a dataset of 535 Vietnamese urban residents. The results show that people’s preference for using products made from animal skin/fur is negatively associated with perceived consequences of biodiversity loss when they believe biodiversity loss is real and a major problem. In contrast, if urban residents believe biodiversity loss is unreal or not a significant issue, the association between perceived consequences of biodiversity loss and personal preference happens in the opposite direction. The same effects of biodiversity loss perception on people’s possession of skin/fur products was not found, indicating a more complex information process on behaviors compared to attitudes. Nevertheless, in the scenario that people believe biodiversity loss is not a significant issue, the higher the perceived consequences of biodiversity loss are, the greater number of animal-based products they likely own. Our results suggest that policymakers should not neglect the factor of personal belief besides knowledge and awareness in environmental campaigns. |
| Date: | 2022–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:b8pgu&r=env |
| By: | THIVILLON, Thomas |
| Abstract: | I evaluate the effect of the conversion of households from wood-fuel cooking to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cooking on infant mortality using data from sixteen waves of Peru’s continuous Demographic and Health Survey. I exploit the sequential introduction of LPG subsidies targeting low-income households and compare early-treated districts to later or never treated districts using a staggered difference-in-difference estimation strategy. I find that infant mortality increased by 15% as a result of the massive fuel switch induced by the intervention, which corresponds to at least 6,600 additional infant deaths between 2010 and 2020. Subsidizing LPG also caused a higher incidence of symptoms of acute respiratory infections in children under five and of moderate or severe anemia among adult women, two conditions which are known to be induced by exposure to air pollution from cooking fuels. I show that these unexpected results are most likely explained by the fact that the switch to LPG led households which were previously cooking outdoors to start mainly cooking indoors, thus radically modifying the ventilation quality of their cooking area. These findings suggest that clean cooking interventions need to pay more attention to choices of cooking location and to cooking area ventilation. |
| Date: | 2022–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:yh5xs&r=env |
| By: | Park, Yujin (Chung-Ang University); Zhao, Qunshan; Guldmann, Jean-Michel; Wentz, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | Shading is an effective heat-mitigation strategy, with tree and building shades naturally cooling down heated surfaces, especially in a hot-arid climate. However, increasing shades through tree planting and building arrangement often implies opportunity costs, such as water/maintenance costs for trees and loss of solar access for buildings. It is thus important to better quantify the cooling effectiveness of shade to make strategic decisions. Urban landscape involving trees and buildings creates shades of varying size and location at different times. This study examines the extent to which shade reduces land surface temperature (LST) by considering its areal coverage, overall duration, and time of day in a hot arid residential environment. Based on a fine-resolution 3D surface model (1m/pixel), land cover classification (1m/pixel), and high-resolution thermal imagery (6m/pixel) for Tempe, Arizona, USA, hourly shade calculations are conducted from 7:30 to 13:30 on July 12, 2011. The relationships among the observed LST at 13:30, land cover types, and shade characteristics are analyzed using linear and spatial regression. The results show that the cooling effect of shade is cumulative, rather than instantaneous, as surface cooling by earlier shade persists to some degree to later times. An area of 6×6m can generate a LST reduction of 2.3℃ at 13:30 if that area shifted from zero to 100% shade in the early morning. The same shift in shade for the whole morning and the entire period (7:30-13:30) would lower LST by 8.3℃ and 11.3℃, respectively. The importance of temporal shade planning for urban heat mitigation is discussed. |
| Date: | 2022–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hbxsy&r=env |
| By: | Coisnon, Thomas; Musson, Anne; Rousselière, Damien; Le Royer, Agathe; Viaud, François |
| Abstract: | The increasing use of life cycle analysis (LCA) methods in order to estimate environmental and social impacts of food products enhances a better understanding of how agricultural production systems contribute to their territories’ environmental and social quality in a positive or negative way. However, the contribution of agriculture to landscape quality and living environment within these territories is never included although some agricultural practices, such as urban pastures, may generate significant landscape amenities that may be valued by locals. From a series of surveys within the Nantes Métropole territory and relying on the study-case of the Vache nantaise, we provide a set of indicators to measure the living environment dimension into future impact analysis. We show how the development of a local urban meat branch involving pastures may contribute to the living environment through inhabitants’ experience, branch sustainability and territorial sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2022–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:329211&r=env |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Ewa Zawojska (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Norman Meade (Independent consultant); Ronaldo Seroa da Motta (State University of Rio de Janeiro); Mike Welsh (Independent consultant); Ramon Arigoni Ortiz (Independent consultant) |
| Abstract: | Although contingent valuation (CV) is one of the main sources of estimates of non-market values of environmental goods, little guidance exists regarding parametric approaches for modelling CV data, which would reliably estimate willingness-to-pay (WTP) values based on binary choice, payment card or open-ended preference elicitation data, among others. CV studies often rely on relatively simple approaches to modeling stated preference responses, without examining alternative modelling specifications. Lower-bound, non-parametric estimates seem to be preferred in legal cases, while studies that apply parametric approaches often select a specification among a limited set of commonly used distributions. To enhance the reliability of CV-based WTP estimates, we propose to adopt a more flexible approach to parametric modelling of a WTP distribution, by considering a wide range of parametric model specifications. We demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach using databases from two large CV studies: the eutrophication reduction valuation for the Baltic Sea Action Plan and the Deepwater Horizon natural resource damage assessment. We find non-negligible differences in WTP value estimates across models with different assumed parametric distributions, and we observe the variation in the values to decrease when only better-fitting models are considered. This emphasizes the need for cautiously identifying the model best fitting to the data, instead of choosing a specification ad hoc without taking into account alternative parametric distributions. Focusing on the best-fitting parametric specifications, we provide alternative WTP value estimates for the two empirical cases studied. |
| Keywords: | contingent valuation, parametric modelling, stated preferences, willingness to pay, welfare estimates |
| JEL: | D61 H41 H43 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-08&r=env |
| By: | Sherry Hu; Kose John; Balbinder Singh Gill |
| Abstract: | In this study, we evaluate the effects of natural disasters on the stock (market) values of firms located in the affected counties. We are able to measure the change in stock prices of the firms affected by the 2021 Texas winter storm. To measure the abnormal return due to the storm, we use four different benchmark models: (1) the market-adjusted model, (2) the market model, (3) the Fama-French three-factor model, and (4) the Fama French plus momentum model. These statistical models in finance characterize the normal risk-return trade-off. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.16905&r=env |
| By: | Schauf, Andrew; Oh, Poong |
| Abstract: | When populations share common-pool resources (CPRs), individuals decide how much effort to invest towards resource extraction and how to allocate this effort among available resources. We investigate these dual aspects of individual choice in networked games where resources undergo regime shifts between discrete quality states (viable or depleted) depending on collective extraction levels. We study the patterns of extraction that emerge on various network types when agents are free to vary extraction from each CPR separately to maximize their short-term payoffs. Using these results as a basis for comparison, we then investigate how results are altered if agents fix one aspect of adaptation (magnitude or allocation) while letting the other vary. We consider two constrained adaptation strategies: uniform adaptation, whereby agents adjust their extraction levels from all CPRs by the same amount, and reallocation, whereby agents selectively shift effort from lower- to higher-quality resources. A preference for uniform adaptation increases collective wealth on degree-heterogeneous agent-resource networks. Further, low-degree agents retain preferences for these constrained strategies under reinforcement learning. Empirical studies have indicated that some CPR appropriators ignore—while others emphasize—allocation aspects of adaptation; our results demonstrate that structural patterns of resource access can determine which behavior is more advantageous. |
| Date: | 2021–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:wmtqk&r=env |
| By: | Mazzucato, Mariana |
| Abstract: | Los actuales retos económicos y sociales de América Latina y el Caribe han puesto de manifiesto tanto los problemas estructurales de la región como la necesidad urgente de encontrar nuevos motores de crecimiento económico. La región no logrará superar las crisis imperantes en materia económica, sanitaria y climática si se siguen aplicando los antiguos enfoques relativos al desarrollo económico. Los Gobiernos pueden establecer objetivos ambiciosos y colaborar con los actores del sector privado que se muestren dispuestos, a fin de promover una economía verdaderamente sostenible e inclusiva. A través de las políticas industriales orientadas por misiones, los países pueden estimular la cooperación, diversificar la producción, aumentar la productividad y orientar un crecimiento económico sostenible e inclusivo. Se trata de una oportunidad única para dar forma a un desarrollo económico que maximice los beneficios públicos a través de la innovación impulsada por misiones, la mejora en el uso de las herramientas disponibles, alianzas inteligentes entre los sectores público y privado e instituciones impulsadas por propósitos claros, que estén respaldadas por un servicio público sólido, la evaluación orientada a los resultados, la participación inclusiva de los grupos de interés y el compromiso respecto de un contrato social renovado. La estrategia industrial orientada por misiones consiste en dar un nuevo propósito a los Gobiernos y las economías de la región, garantizando que toda la sociedad se beneficie de los futuros cambios estructurales. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, ADMINISTRACION PUBLICA, PRODUCTIVIDAD, INDUSTRIA MINERA, EMPRESAS MANUFACTURERAS, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, COVID-19, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, RECURSOS NATURALES, TURISMO, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, CUIDADORES, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, SECTOR PRIVADO, SECTOR PUBLICO, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, PRODUCTIVITY, MINING INDUSTRY, MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, COVID-19, ELECTRIC POWER, WATER RESOURCES, NATURAL RESOURCES, TOURISM, SOCIAL WELFARE, CAREGIVERS, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR |
| Date: | 2022–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:48298&r=env |
| By: | Carroll, Carlos; Noss, Reed F.; Rosa, Lindsay; Davis, Frank W.; Stein, Bruce A. |
| Abstract: | Comprehensive biodiversity assessments play an essential role in strengthening global and national conservation strategies. The recently-announced US National Nature Assessment provides a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between research and conservation practice and communicate the extent of the US biodiversity crisis to the public. Recent global assessments provide a model for synthesizing information on status and trends at multiple levels of biodiversity with data on drivers of biodiversity loss and pathways to their mitigation. The US national assessment can augment such global analyses and avoid the pitfalls encountered by previous US efforts by ensuring policy-relevant design, data accessibility, and inclusivity in both process and product, and by incorporating spatial data relevant to both national and subnational audiences. By considering and incorporating the diverse ways in which society values and benefits from nature, the assessment can foster broad-based support for transformative change in humanity’s relationship to the natural world. |
| Date: | 2022–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:q75hr&r=env |
| By: | Arnaud Lamy (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Gilles Séré de Lanauze (Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School, UM - Université de Montpellier, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier); Céline Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur], Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Objectifs/questions de recherche : Cette recherche montre comment les liens entre la distance au produit, l'attachement affectif à l'animal à l'origine du produit et les niveaux de construit interagissent sur l'intention de consommation. Méthodologie/approche : Elle mobilise les théories de la distance psychologique et des niveaux de construit. Le cas de la viande chevaline est choisi, car illustrant le conflit interne du mangeur partagé entre le plaisir de consommer de la viande et l'inconfort lié à la mise à mort de l'animal. Une étude qualitative est menée auprès de 21 consommateurs ou non de viande chevaline. Résultats : Les bas niveaux de construit sont davantage reliés à de faibles distances psychologiques au produit, et à un faible attachement affectif à l'animal : les individus se percevant proches du produit l'évaluent sur des caractéristiques concrètes et ont peu de liens affectifs au cheval, et inversement. Cependant un faible attachement affectif à l'animal ne permet d'avoir des construits de bas niveau de la viande que si l'individu peut se rapprocher psychologiquement de ce produit, ce qui est impossible lorsque celui-ci est peu visible. Implications managériales/sociétales : Des recommandations à destination des acteurs du secteur agro-alimentaire sont formulées pour améliorer l'offre de produits carnés. Originalité : L'inclusion de l'attachement affectif à l'animal permet de mieux comprendre comment cette variable vient se combiner à la distance psychologique au produit et aux niveaux de construit pour comprendre les attitudes et les intentions des consommateurs. |
| Keywords: | niveau de construit,distance psychologique |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03821943&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Deuxième secteur émetteur de GES après les transports, l'agriculture en Occitanie contribue à hauteur de 24% aux émissions de GES. En même temps, elle représente un potentiel d'atténuation élevé lorsque des pratiques agricoles permettant de réduire les émissions GES, préserver et accroître le stockage de carbone dans les sols et la biomasse, sont mises en oeuvre. Cette fiche présente les principaux résultats de ces travaux pour la région Occitanie et promeut les pratiques les plus atténuantes. |
| Keywords: | atténuation GES,stockage de carbone,MACC,coût d'abattement,Occitanie |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03789315&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | L'agriculture ligérienne est le premier secteur émetteur de GES. Les émissions de GES n'ont baissé que d'environ 1% en l'espace de six ans. La baisse pourrait être drastique si des pratiques permettant de réduire les émissions GES, préserver et accroître le stockage de carbone dans les sols et la biomasse, sont mises en oeuvre. Cette fiche présente les principaux résultats de ces travaux pour la région Pays de la Loire et promeut les pratiques les plus atténuantes. |
| Keywords: | Atténuation GES,stockage de carbone,MACC,coût d'abattement,Pays de la Loire |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03789297&r=env |
| By: | Stefanie Meilinger; Anna Herman-Czezuch; Nicola Kimiaie; Christopher Schirrmeister; Rone Yousif; Stefan Geiss; Leonhard Scheck; Martin Weissmann; Felix Gödde; Bernhard Mayer; Tobias Zinner; James Barry; Klaus Pfeilsticker; Markus Kraiczy; Kevin Winter; Abdullah Altayara; Christian Reise; Mariella Rivera; Hartwig Deneke; Jonas Witthuhn; Jethro Betcke; Marion Schroedter-Homscheidt; Philipp Hofbauer; Bernhard Rindt |
| Abstract: | In the research project "MetPVNet", both, the forecast-based operation management in distribution grids and as well as the forecasts of the feed-in of PV-power from decentralized plants could be improved on the basis of satellite data and numerical weather forecasts. Based on a detailed network analyses for a real medium-voltage grid area, it was shown that both – the integration of forecast data based on satellite and weather data and the improvement of subsequent day forecasts based on numerical weather models – have a significant added value for forecast-based congestion management or redispatch and reactive power management in the distribution grid. Furthermore, forecast improvements for the forecast model of the German Weather Service were achieved by assimilating visible satellite imagery, and cloud and radiation products from satellites were improved, thus improving the database for short-term forecasting as well as for assimilation. In addition, several methods have been developed that will enable forecast improvement in the future, especially for weather situations with high cloud induced variability and high forecast errors. This article summarizes the most important project results. |
| Keywords: | Distribution grid management, photovoltaics, generation forecast, satellite products, numerical weather prediction, radiation, cloud parameters, reflectance, COD, AOD, radiation variability, spectral influence, Si reference cells, inversion, energy meteorology |
| JEL: | Q42 Q47 |
| Date: | 2021–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sau:iznews:2104&r=env |
| By: | Leroutier, Marion; Quirion, Philippe |
| Abstract: | Tackling car emissions in urban areas: Shift, Avoid, Improve |
| Date: | 2022–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:f5kmd&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | L'agriculture en Grand-Est est le troisième secteur émetteur de GES, après les transports et l'industrie. Le bilan du secteur agricole peut être amélioré par le biais de la mise en oeuvre des pratiques permettant de réduire les émissions GES, préserver et accroître le stockage de carbone dans les sols et la biomasse. Cette fiche présente les principaux résultats de ces travaux pour la région Grand-Est et promeut les pratiques les plus atténuantes. |
| Keywords: | atténuation GES,Stockage de carbone,MACC,coût d'abattement,Grand-Est |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03788965&r=env |
| By: | Troxler, Pascal |
| JEL: | Z31 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264121&r=env |
| By: | José Vicente Romero; Sara Naranjo-Saldarriaga |
| Abstract: | Colombia is particularly affected by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) weather fluctuations. In this context, this study explores how the adverse weather events linked to ENSO affect the inflation expectations in Colombia and how to incorporate these second-round effects into a small open economy New Keynesian model. Using BVARx models we provide evidence that the inflation expectations obtained from surveys and break-even inflation measures are affected by weather supply shocks. Later, using this stylised fact, we modify one of the core forecasting models of the Banco de la República by incorporating the mechanisms in which weather-related shocks affect marginal costs and inflation expectations. We find that ENSO shocks had an important role in both inflation and the dynamics of inflation expectations, and that policymakers should consider this fact. **** RESUMEN: Colombia es un país que esta particularmente afectado por las fluctuaciones climáticas de El Niño (ENSO). En este contexto, este estudio explora cómo los eventos meteorológicos adversos vinculados con el ENSO afectan las expectativas de inflación en Colombia y analiza cómo incorporar estos efectos de segunda ronda en un modelo neokeynesiano para una economía pequeña y abierta. Usando modelos BVARx se proporciona evidencia que tanto la inflación como sus expectativas se ven afectadas por choques de oferta climáticos. Posteriormente, y haciendo uso de este hecho estilizado, se modifica uno de los modelos centrales de pronóstico del Banco de la República y se incorporan mecanismos bajo los cuales los choques climáticos afectan los costos marginales y las expectativas de inflación. En este documento se encuentra que las fluctuaciones relacionadas con el ENSO han tenido un papel importante tanto en la inflación como en la dinámica de las expectativas y que, por lo tanto, las autoridades deberían considerar este hecho en su análisis sobre el estado actual de la economía. |
| Keywords: | Inflation, inflation expectations, inflation expectations anchoring, weather shocks, Inflación, expectativas de inflación, anclaje de las expectativas de inflación, choques climáticos |
| JEL: | D84 E31 E52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:borrec:1218&r=env |
| By: | Tomas Balezentis; Kristiaan Kerstens (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Zhiyang Shen (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2022–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03833245&r=env |
| By: | Gaëlle Petit (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ONIRIS - École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], IRSTV - Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville - FR 2488 - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - ENSA Nantes - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes - ULR - La Rochelle Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gwenola Yannou-Le Bris (SayFood - Paris-Saclay Food and Bioproduct Engineering - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claudia Eckert (School of Engineering and Innovation [Milton Keynes] - Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes] - OU - The Open University [Milton Keynes]); Yan Liu (Changchun University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | The transition of existing food value chains towards greater sustainability is a societal imperative and a potential competitive factor. To succeed, some actors in the chains define new practices to establish common sustainability goals. To date, there is little evidence that the visions and values of the various actors in the chains have been leading to common solutions. This work explores the impact of collaboration on the value chain actors' ability to jointly decide strategies for redesigning their activities. It reports on an empirical approach, which elicits the values and priorities of different stakeholders. The case takes place in the context of a value chain of the production/processing/sale of pork products. This value chain involves two French production-processing and redistribution cooperatives. Stakeholders were questioned about their prioritization of sustainability issues and these weights were applied to evaluate 12 animal feed solutions that vary in terms of the composition and geographical origin of rations, and the means and locations of their production. The results show that despite several years of cooperation, the objectives of the upstream and downstream actors remain different. The objectives of the upstream actors are driven by the economic difficulties of production and those of the downstream actors by the multiplicity of consumer demands and cost control objectives. In a reversal of the current practice marked by the economic difficulties of the actors upstream of the chain, an integrated culture could be led by bottom-up approaches to create a shared vision. Public policy would be then essential in regulating the sharing of value among actors; and in promoting chain models that help the required investments. |
| Keywords: | sustainability,value chain,food,co-decision,collaboration,cooperation,pork |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03640243&r=env |
| By: | Francois, Joseph; Hoekman, Bernard; Manchin, Miriam |
| Abstract: | Abstract Using a large dataset covering more than 180 countries and spanning several decades, we employ a SDID estimator to identify the extent to which trade agreements incorporating non-trade provisions (labor standards, environmental protection and civil and political rights) are associated with improvements in corresponding non-trade performance indicators. We distinguish between binding (enforceable) and non-binding provisions in trade agreements, and also control for the allocation of official development assistance targeting these three non-trade policy areas. Overall, the results suggest that efforts made to date to include non-trade provisions in trade agreements have not resulted in consistent desired (better) non-trade outcomes. |
| Date: | 2022–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1377&r=env |
| By: | Maria Cecilia Mancini (Department of Economics and Management, University of Parma, Italy); Marianna Guareschi (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Filippo Arfini (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]) |
| Abstract: | In the European context, geographical indications (GIs) are tools that contribute to the achievement of rural development policy objectives. In this article, we propose that GI value chains produce positive environmental, social and economic benefits, defined as Public Goods (PGs), resulting from the rules defined in the Code of Specifications (CoS). This article reports the main results of the Strength2food H2020 project, designed to assessing the impact of GIs (through their CoSs) on agri-food system sustainability. Specifically, this report highlights that GI CoSs may generate PGs through the rules codified in CoSs presented as good practices in the production of PGs for other GI systems. Some final recommendations are proposed from the analysis of those good practices which contribute to the generation of PGs and, consequently, to the improvement of a sustainable rural development process. Case studies analysed show that generation of PGs requires both an internal and external intervention. The former intervention implies governance strategies for GI territorial systems and value chains that can improve the production of PGs. The latter intervention entails consumers and other stakeholder communication strategies to raise awareness regarding PG generation. These interventions will ultimately increase the social value of GIs. |
| Abstract: | Dans le contexte européen, les indications géographiques (IG) sont des outils qui contribuent à la réalisation des objectifs de la politique de développement rural. Dans cet article, nous suggérons que les chaînes de valeur des IG apportent, du fait des règles définies dans le Cahier des charges (CdC), des avantages environnementaux, sociaux et économiques positifs, définis comme des biens d'intérêt public (BP). Cet article rapporte les principaux résultats du projet Strength2food H2020, conçu pour évaluer l'impact des IG (au travers de leurs CdC) sur la durabilité des systèmes agroalimentaires. Plus précisément, ce rapport souligne que les CdC des IG peuvent générer des BP à travers les règles codifiées dans les CdC présentées comme des bonnes pratiques pour la production de BP, transposables à d'autres systèmes d'IG. Quelques recommandations finales sont proposées à partir de l'analyse de ces bonnes pratiques qui contribuent à la production de BP et, par conséquent, à l'amélioration d'un processus de développement rural durable. Les études de cas analysées montrent que la production de BP nécessite à la fois une intervention interne et externe. Le premier type d'intervention implique des stratégies de gouvernance pour les systèmes territoriaux et les chaînes de valeur des IG qui peuvent améliorer la production de BP. Le second type demande d'autres stratégies de communication vers les consommateurs et d'autres parties prenantes pour sensibiliser à la production de BP. Ces interventions augmenteront à terme la valeur sociale des IG. |
| Keywords: | Geographical indications,public good,sustainability,environment,food,quality |
| Date: | 2022–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03813338&r=env |
| By: | Angelique Brathwaite (CRIOBE - Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LabEX CORAIL - Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UAG - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UR - Université de La Réunion - UPF - Université de la Polynésie Française - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - Institut d'écologie et environnement - UA - Université des Antilles, Blue Finance Economics for Coral Reef Ecosystems); Nicolas Pascal (CRIOBE - Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LabEX CORAIL - Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UAG - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UR - Université de La Réunion - UPF - Université de la Polynésie Française - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - Institut d'écologie et environnement - UA - Université des Antilles, Blue Finance Economics for Coral Reef Ecosystems); Eric Clua (CRIOBE - Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LabEX CORAIL - Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UAG - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UR - Université de La Réunion - UPF - Université de la Polynésie Française - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - Institut d'écologie et environnement - UA - Université des Antilles, Blue Finance Economics for Coral Reef Ecosystems) |
| Abstract: | Coastal protection, an important coral reef ecosystem service, is threatened by increasing coral mortality, exacerbated by global climate change. Nature-based solutions in the form of coral restoration, while not perfect, can assist in rebuilding reef structure and improving the flow of the service for some sites. With a financing gap existing between what is required for conservation and what is being accessed, private investors should be playing a larger role in such restoration activities. Especially so as coastal hoteliers in particular, benefit from stable beaches and also have additional income generating potential with healthy reefs. Blended finance solutions in particular, are especially suited to restoration that incorporates substrate addition, while payments for ecosystem services are more suited to coral gardening. Conservation and finance practitioners must engage further and understand each other's worlds, in order for these private sources to be effectively sourced and utilized. |
| Keywords: | coastal protection,reef restoration,financing mechanisms,nature-based solutions |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03839140&r=env |
| By: | Molina, Renato; Rudik, Ivan (Cornell University) |
| Abstract: | Hurricanes are among the costliest natural disasters in the world, with a significant portion of their impact linked to whether forecasts can accurately predict hurricanes’ intensity and path. In this paper, we estimate the economic impacts of the official hurricane forecasts in the US and the value of improving them. We reconstruct county-level forecasts of storm track, wind speed, and precipitation for all major hurricanes in the US from 2005 to 2021, and we link them with data on hurricane damages and federal emergency expenditures to either protect or recover from hurricanes. We find that protective expenditures exponentially increase with the forecast wind speed and with the degree of uncertainty about the forecast. Correspondingly, we find that forecast errors are costly: underestimating wind speed can result in damages up to an order of magnitude larger than if the forecast had been accurate. Finally, we estimate the marginal social value of improving forecasts and find that for the average county, a reduction in forecast uncertainty by one standard deviation would reduce total protective expenditures and subsequent damages by over half a million dollars. This value is larger for higher-intensity storms or when conditions make forecasts more uncertain. Our results suggest that forecast improvements since 2009 have generated benefits that are orders of magnitude greater than the cumulative budget for operating and improving the hurricane forecast system. |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:sqtjr&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | L'ADEME propose 13 fiches régionales de la France métropolitaine, complétées d'une fiche introductive générale, pour accompagner les acteurs régionaux - décideurs publics et acteurs du monde agricole, dans la priorisation, la mise en oeuvre et le déploiement des leviers d'action pour la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et le stockage de carbone dans le secteur agricole. Ces fiches valorisent les résultats clés de deux travaux phares dans le secteur : * le projet «BANCO - Analyse des freins et des mesures de déploiement des actions d'atténuation " à coût négatif " dans le secteur agricole» (I Care & Consult, INRAE, CEREOPA, 2017) * l'étude «Stocker du carbone dans les sols français» (INRAE, 2019), plus communément appelée étude «4/1000», qui ont abouti à des évaluations par pratique des potentiels de réduction GES et de stockage de carbone et de coûts. |
| Keywords: | Atténuation GES,Stockage de carbone,MACC,coût d'abattement |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03788832&r=env |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble) |
| Abstract: | Without a voluntary action of the men, the global warming raises the question of the survival of the humanity especially as the technological innovation cannot solve all the immediate societal and social questions without voluntary scientific support of the public powers. It appears necessary to modify the rules of the game of the global market globalization, by the implementation of a green revolution which cannot develop without international security, a greater social justice and the application of the rules of the "enlightened catastrophism". Immediate financial interests are opposed to the collective interest of the near future. In a market economy dominated by international finance, states have great difficulty in preparing for the worrying future of global warming in the presence of important energy assets that should be sterilized. More worryingly, they are sometimes themselves de facto led by an oligarchy which, under the guise of democracy, institutes a plutocracy, rather sensitive to the action of lobbies, especially those who want to extend the market of fossil energy resources. The third industrial revolution raises the question of the current mode of production and consumption which, in the near future, will lead to the rise of natural ecological disasters, to the rarefaction of resources and to generalized permanent insecurity. |
| Abstract: | Sans une action volontariste des hommes, le réchauffement climatique pose la question de la survie de l'humanité d'autant que l'innovation technologique ne peut pas résoudre toutes les questions sociétales et sociales immédiates sans soutien scientifique volontariste des puissances publiques. Il apparaît nécessaire de modifier les règles du jeu de la globalisation mondialiste du marché, par la mise en place d'une révolution verte qui ne pourra pas se développer sans sécurité internationale, une plus grande justice sociale et l'application des règles du « catastrophisme éclairé ». Les intérêts financiers immédiats s'opposent à l'intérêt collectif d'un futur proche. Dans un univers d'économie de marché dominé par la finance internationale, les Etats ont de grandes difficultés à préparer l'avenir inquiétant du réchauffement climatique en présence d'actifs énergétiques importants qu'il faudrait stérilise. Plus inquiétant, ils sont eux-mêmes parfois dirigés de fait par une oligarchie qui, sous couvert de démocratie, institue une ploutocratie, plutôt sensible à l'action des lobbys, notamment ceux qui veulent prolonger le marché des ressources énergétiques fossiles. La troisième révolution industrielle pose la question du mode de production et de consommation actuel qui, dans un avenir proche, conduit à l'essor de catastrophes écologiques naturelles, à la raréfaction des ressources et à l'insécurité permanente généralisée. |
| Keywords: | Global warming,international security,Réchauffement climatique,sécurité internationale |
| Date: | 2022–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03813266&r=env |
| By: | Mazzucato, Mariana |
| Abstract: | The current economic and social challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean have highlighted both the region’s structural problems and the urgent need to find new drivers of economic growth. The old approaches to economic development will not enable Latin America and the Caribbean to overcome the present-day economic, health and climate crises. Governments must set bold goals and work with willing private sector partners to promote a truly sustainable and inclusive economy. By advancing mission-oriented industrial policies, countries can stimulate cooperation, diversify production, increase productivity and direct economic growth that is both sustainable and inclusive. There is a unique opportunity to shape economic development that maximizes public benefits through mission-driven innovation, better use of available tools, smart public-private partnerships and purpose-driven institutions, underpinned by a strong public service, results-based evaluation, inclusive stakeholder engagement and a commitment to a renewed social contract. The mission-driven industrial strategy is about imbuing governments and economies of the region with a new sense of purpose and ensuring that everyone in society benefits from the structural changes ahead. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, ADMINISTRACION PUBLICA, PRODUCTIVIDAD, INDUSTRIA MINERA, EMPRESAS MANUFACTURERAS, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, COVID-19, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, RECURSOS NATURALES, TURISMO, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, CUIDADORES, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, SECTOR PRIVADO, SECTOR PUBLICO, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, PRODUCTIVITY, MINING INDUSTRY, MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, COVID-19, ELECTRIC POWER, WATER RESOURCES, NATURAL RESOURCES, TOURISM, SOCIAL WELFARE, CAREGIVERS, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR |
| Date: | 2022–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:48299&r=env |
| By: | Dixon, Anthony; Farrell, Graham (University of Leeds); Tilley, Nick |
| Abstract: | Objective: Illegal dumping of household and business waste is a significant environmental crime, known as fly-tipping in the UK. News agencies reported major increases early in the pandemic when waste disposal services were closed or disrupted. This study examines the veracity of those claims. Method: A freedom of information request was sent to all local authorities in the UK asking for records of reported incidents of fly-tipping for before and after the first national lockdown. ARIMA modelling and year-on-year comparison was used to compare observed and expected levels of fly-tipping. Urban and rural local authorities were compared. Results: A statistically significant decline in fly-tipping during lockdown was followed by a similar increase when lockdown ended. The effects largely cancelled each other out. There was pronounced variation in urban-rural experience: urban areas, with higher rates generally, experienced most of the initial drop in fly-tipping while some rural authorities experienced an increase. Conclusion: Waste services promote compliance with laws against illegal dumping. When those services were disrupted during lockdown it was expected that fly-tipping would increase but, counter-intuitively, it declined. This enhanced compliance effect was likely due to increased perceived risk in densely populated urban areas. However, as lockdown restrictions were eased, fly-tipping increased to clear the backlog, indicating temporal displacement. |
| Date: | 2022–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:df5ue&r=env |
| By: | Ala-Mantila, Sanna; Kurvinen, Antti; Karhula, Aleksi |
| Abstract: | As a result of the ongoing urbanization megatrend, cities have an increasingly critical role in the search for sustainability. To create sustainable strategies for cities and to follow up if they induce desired effects proper metrics on the development of neighborhoods are needed. In this paper, we introduce a neighborhood classification framework and demonstrate its use through an analysis of the 20 largest cities in Finland. The high-quality data available for Finland provided solid grounds for development, but the framework is widely applicable to other locations. The classification is freely available for use and has a multitude of potential applications. |
| Date: | 2022–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:vw9pb&r=env |
| By: | Pachankis, Yang I. |
| Abstract: | The mini-review summarizes the clinical implications for residents near the sources of electronic warfare. It adopts a thermonuclear physic-chemical analysis from the sources of harm to the human body physiology on sudden and intense exposures to electromagnetic flux and long term exposures to proliferation. Two methods of analytic frameworks have been introduced according to the methods of toxicity from airborne fluxes and waterborne proliferation. Even though physical methods of reducing intracranial pressure may applied for emergent first-aid response, given the unpredictable amplification timeframes, the difficulties for reactionary first-aid remain, and risks for subsequent electronic flux through air conduction, furthering the harms. Practical temporal suggestion for reduced outdoor activities and sports in inflicted regions is prescribed until a resolution can be reached, ceasing the criminal conducts. Closed windows and indoors air-conditioning devices are preferable in such circumstances with water-filtering devices. The mini-review appeals to parties and relevant international & global organs in putting a halt to the ongoing crime against humanity severely transgressing the Geneva Conventions, apart from the medical institutions’ moral and professional responsibilities in evidence preservation on the genocidal acts. The mini-review calls for cross-industry coordination between investors and stakeholders in the insurance industry in the humanitarian crisis. |
| Date: | 2022–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:7ekj6&r=env |
| By: | Tolstoguzov, Oleg; Belykh, Anastasia |
| Abstract: | Исследование посвящено созданию аналитического инструментария в рамках формирования мониторинга в целях получения ответов на карбоновый вызов и достижения глубины понимания фундаментальных противоречий структуры социально-природных отношений. Мониторинг необходим для подсчета углеродного баланса и формирования своевременных легитимных финансовых и институциональных решений. Для учета финансового результата и полезности в условиях равновесия отрасли с высокой природоемкостью используется модель монополистической конкуренции Диксита - Стиглица с применением ставки социального дисконтирования, учитывающей особенности территорий. This research focuses on the creation of an analytical toolkit as part of monitoring formation to answer the Carboniferous challenge and achieve a deeper understanding of fundamental contradictions in the structure of socio-natural relations. This monitoring is necessary to calculate the carbon balance and to formulate timely legitimate financial and institutional decisions. The Dixit-Stiglitz monopolistic competition model, using an area-specific social discount rate, is used to account for financial performance and utility in an equilibrium high nature-intensive industry. |
| Keywords: | карбоновая повестка дня; природные и социальные геосистемы; полезность; социальное дисконтирование; социальный бренд |
| JEL: | D24 P28 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115215&r=env |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold (University of Pennsylvania); Maximilian Gobel (University of Lisbon); Philippe Goulet Coulombe (University of Quebec) |
| Abstract: | We use "glide charts" (plots of sequences of root mean squared forecast errors as the target date is approached) to evaluate and compare fixed-target forecasts of Arctic sea ice. We first use them to evaluate the simple feature-engineered linear regression (FELR) forecasts of Diebold and Gobel (2022), and to compare FELR forecasts to naive pure-trend benchmark forecasts. Then we introduce a much more sophisticated feature-engineered machine learning (FEML) model, and we use glide charts to evaluate FEML forecasts and compare them to a FELR benchmark. Our substantive results include the frequent appearance of predictability thresholds, which differ across months, meaning that accuracy initially fails to improve as the target date is approached but then increases progressively once a threshold lead time is crossed. Also, we find that FEML can improve appreciably over FELR when forecasting "turning point" months in the annual cycle at horizons of one to three months ahead. |
| Keywords: | Seasonal climate forecasting, forecast evaluation and comparison, prediction |
| JEL: | Q54 C22 C52 C53 |
| Date: | 2022–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:22-028&r=env |
| By: | Anders Christensen; Joel Ferguson; Sim\'on Ram\'irez Amaya |
| Abstract: | Recent efforts have been very successful in accurately mapping welfare in datasparse regions of the world using satellite imagery and other non-traditional data sources. However, the literature to date has focused on predicting a particular class of welfare measures, asset indices, which are relatively insensitive to short term fluctuations in well-being. We suggest that predicting more volatile welfare measures, such as consumption expenditure, substantially benefits from the incorporation of data sources with high temporal resolution. By incorporating daily weather data into training and prediction, we improve consumption prediction accuracy significantly compared to models that only utilize satellite imagery. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.01406&r=env |
| By: | Mindsponge, AISDL |
| Abstract: | The AISDL team discloses the pre-peer-reviewed results of a research project exploring how people’s belief and perceptions of biodiversity affect their attitudes and behaviors toward consumption. The research project was contributed by four authors. The project’s outcome has been sent to the academic journal for peer review. The preprint of the research outcome can be found at the following URL: https://osf.io/b8pgu |
| Date: | 2022–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gz64n&r=env |
| By: | Anne-Charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre Courtois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Melina Kourantidou (SDU - University of Southern Denmark, HCMR - Hellenic Centre for Marine Research); Diagne Christophe (Université Paris-Saclay); Franz Essl (University of Vienna [Vienna]); Natalia Kirichenko (Sukachev Institute of Forest, SibFU - Siberian Federal University); Michael Welsh; Jean-Michel A Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03681268&r=env |
| By: | Carreira, Igor; Costa, Francisco J M (FGV EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance); Pessoa, Joao Paulo |
| Abstract: | This paper quantifies the relative footprint of trade and agricultural productivity on deforestation in Brazil between 2000 and 2017. Using remote-sensing data, we find that these two phenomena have distinct effects on land use. Greater exposure to new genetically engineered soy seeds is associated with faster deforestation through the expansion of cropland. We find no association between exposure to demand from China and deforestation – although, trade induces conversion of cropland to pastureland. Our results suggest that, when taken together, agriculture productivity gains, and not trade, were the main driver of deforestation and the expansion of the agriculture sector. |
| Date: | 2022–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:hy3np&r=env |
| By: | Gustavo de Souza |
| Abstract: | I show that weather conditions on election day affect future fiscal policy. When it rains during state elections, there is an increase in the relative income of voters, which is followed by an increase in expenditure and debt. The increase in expenditure is directed towards a larger police and safety budget. This result is compatible with a model of complementarity between consumption and public goods. In the model, high-income voters support an increase in safety budget because they benefit more from it than low-income voters. |
| Keywords: | public goods; Government size; fiscal policy; weather |
| JEL: | D7 H0 H4 H7 |
| Date: | 2022–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedhwp:95078&r=env |
| By: | Anne Rozan; Sandrine Spaeter |
| Abstract: | L’Etat français et les assureurs privés proposent de réformer en profondeur le système de couverture des risques agro-climatiques des exploitants agricoles. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à l’articulation entre protection et assurance à l’aulne de cette réforme adoptée le 2 mars 2022 et dont les décrets sont attendus en 2023. A l’aide d’un modèle simple de décision dans le risque, nous déterminons les conditions sous lesquelles protection et assurance décidées par l’exploitant sont substituables ou complémentaires selon que l’effort de protection reste une information privée de l’exploitant, ou qu’il est pris en compte soit par l’assureur soit par l’Etat. Contrairement à l’intuition première, nous montrons qu’un niveau élevé de subvention de la prime d’assurance visant à inciter l’exploitant à s’assurer diminue, dans le même temps, ses incitations à investir en techniques de protection de ses cultures alors même que l’assureur en tient compte. Il est toutefois possible de définir un taux de subvention tel que, lorsque l’Etat décide de le faire dépendre des niveaux de protection de l’exploitant, assurance et protection deviennent complémentaires. La question du partage du financement de la protection entre assureurs privés et Etat, ainsi que celle de la modulation de la subvention en fonction de l’efficacité des technologies de protection disponibles par culture sont discutées. |
| Keywords: | risques agro-climatiques, assurance privée, fonds public, réforme, incitations. |
| JEL: | G52 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2022-30&r=env |
| By: | Paolo Maranzano; Matteo Maria Pelagatti |
| Abstract: | Event Studies (ES) are statistical tools that assess whether a particular event of interest has caused changes in the level of one or more relevant time series. We are interested in ES applied to multivariate time series characterized by high spatial (cross-sectional) and temporal dependence. We pursue two goals. First, we propose to extend the existing taxonomy on ES, mainly deriving from the financial field, by generalizing the underlying statistical concepts and then adapting them to the time series analysis of airborne pollutant concentrations. Second, we address the spatial cross-sectional dependence by adopting a twofold adjustment. Initially, we use a linear mixed spatio-temporal regression model (HDGM) to estimate the relationship between the response variable and a set of exogenous factors, while accounting for the spatio-temporal dynamics of the observations. Later, we apply a set of sixteen ES test statistics, both parametric and nonparametric, some of which directly adjusted for cross-sectional dependence. We apply ES to evaluate the impact on NO2 concentrations generated by the lockdown restrictions adopted in the Lombardy region (Italy) during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The HDGM model distinctly reveals the level shift caused by the event of interest, while reducing the volatility and isolating the spatial dependence of the data. Moreover, all the test statistics unanimously suggest that the lockdown restrictions generated significant reductions in the average NO2 concentrations. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.17529&r=env |
| By: | Suarez, Ronny |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an ad-hoc classification of countries using available World Bank values of 2019 CO2eq emissions (metric tons per capita). Countries are classified as: extremely high, very high, high, upper middle, middle, lower middle, low, and very low emitters. Categorization is validated through an ANOVA analysis that confirm the statistical differences between defined categories. |
| Keywords: | CO2; GHG; emissions |
| JEL: | C1 |
| Date: | 2022–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115262&r=env |
| By: | Maria Mercanti-Guérin (UP1 EMS - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - École de Management de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | E-Commerce et RSE sont-ils compatibles ? L'e-commerce est-il injustement accusé et en pleine transformation écologique ? Des fédérations comme la FEVAD souhaitent relativiser les mauvais chiffres environnementaux du commerce en ligne. La FEVAD souligne qu'en France, la vente sur Internet de produits non alimentaires génère en moyenne 400 g de CO2 par produit vendu contre 600 g pour le commerce physique. Quant à l'artificialisation des sols due au commerce en ligne, elle représenterait moins de 1% des flux moyens annuels. L'e-commerce ne représenterait que 0,5% du trafic routier dans des zones comme Paris, Berlin ou Londres. De grands acteurs comme Amazon mettent en avant leurs transitions écologiques. Le programme d'Amazon est d'atteindre zéro émission nette pour l'ensemble de ses activités d'ici 2040, utiliser 100 % d'énergies renouvelables d'ici 2025, déployer 100 000 véhicules de livraison électriques personnalisés d'ici 2030. Le sujet de la RSE se pose de façon, dans tous les cas, de plus en plus cruciale pour les acteurs du e-commerce. En France, les problématiques RSE concernant l'e-commerce donnent une nouvelle direction à ce levier perçu comme créateur de proximité et de maintien des commerces en centre-ville, d'emplois supplémentaires et de nouvelles pratiques écoresponsables. |
| Keywords: | e-commerce,RSE,plateformes,Amazon |
| Date: | 2022–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03810494&r=env |
| By: | Pitukhina, Maria; Tolstoguzov, Oleg; Belykh, Anastasia |
| Abstract: | Статья посвящена результатам социологического опроса двух типов респондентов (зарубежных трудовых мигрантов и принимающего сообщества) в пяти арктических регионах России (Ямало-ненецкий автономный округ, Чукотский автономный округ, Республика Карелия, Республика Саха (Якутия), Мурманская область). Результаты опроса зарубежных трудовых мигрантов позволили сформировать профайл зарубежного трудового мигранта в российской Арктике – это мужчина со средним профессиональным образованием. Результаты опроса принимающего сообщества позволили также сконструировать Индекс конфликтогенности и Индекс толерантности применительно к исследуемым пяти арктическим регионам. Очевидно, что Индекс конфликтогенности является повышенным в Республике Карелия и Республике Саха (Якутия), что верифицируется и на практике всплесками на межнациональной почве в августе 2006 и марте 2019 соответственно. Более спокойная обстановка складывается в Чукотском автономном округе и Мурманской области, о чем также свидетельствует Индекс толерантности. Цель статьи – определить возможности сотрудничества локального населения и приезжих зарубежных трудовых мигрантов в Арктике, принимая во внимание социально-экономические и этнические особенности арктических регионов. На основании проведенных социологических измерений, определяющих области напряжения, было сформулировано теоретическое обоснование, демонстрирующее, как происходит интеграция зарубежных трудовых мигрантов в субъектах Арктики и что может произойти при колебаниях социального климата. Для прогнозной оценки были использована структурная модель, определяющая вероятности возникновения конфликтов на межнациональной почве. Article deals with sociological survey results of two respondents types (foreign labour migrants and local community) within five Russian Arctic regions. Survey results of foreign labour migrants made it possible to create a foreign labour migrant profile in the Russian Arctic. Survey results of local community in the Russian Arctic made it possible to calculate both Conflict Index and Tolerance Index in relation to five Russian Arctic regions. It turned out that Conflict Index is still quite high at Republic of Karelia and Republic of Sakha. More peaceful situation takes place at Chukotka Autonomous District and Murmanskya oblast. Both empirical study and its theoretical generalization revealed foreign labour migrants’ integration issues in the Arctic as well as what might happen when social climate fluctuates. The goal of this article is to identify opportunities for cooperation between local communities and foreign labour migrants in the Arctic taking into account socio-economic and ethnic traits of Russian Arctic regions. Based on sociological toolkit a theoretical rationale was formulated in order to demonstrate how foreign labour migrants’ integration in the Arctic regions occurs and what might happen when social climate fluctuates. A structural model determining interethnic conflicts likelihood was also applied for predictive evaluation. |
| Keywords: | российская Арктика; зарубежная трудовая миграция; межнациональные отношения; Индекс конфликтогенности; Индекс толерантности; человеческий капитал; местные сообщества |
| JEL: | F22 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115159&r=env |
| By: | Merkel, Axel (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Nyberg, Erik (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Ek, Karin (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Sjöstrand, Henrik (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | The provision of shore power to ships at berth is recognized as an effective measure to reduce the external costs of maritime transport. However, the deployment and uptake of shore power technology is subject to barriers, part of which have to do with insufficient economic incentives for providers and users. Regulatory proposals in the EU have targeted liner shipping segments to be covered by a shore power mandate. There is much less discussion and research focused on other segments of shipping, though these represent a significant share of at-berth emissions. This study uses maritime traffic data and a relatively simple modelling framework to analyse whether public investments in shore power deployment, coupled with added incentives to shipowners, could be socio-economically beneficial. The analysis is focused on maritime traffic in the Swedish port network, but the main findings can likely be generalized beyond this context. We find that investing in (or mandating) the provision of shore power in ports can be socio-economically beneficial also when aimed at segments typically classified as non-liner (or “tramp”). The results do not however indicate that network-wide deployment of shore power is justifiable, but rather that care must be taken to determine the cost-efficient size of the network as well as to design the network of shore power deployment in ports so as to reap benefits of network effects. We also find that the pricing of shore power access has a major impact on expected uptake and consequently on whether or not shore power investments yield benefits in proportion to costs. Crucially, we find that unregulated profit-maximizing pricing by ports leads to significant welfare losses by suppressing take-up among shipowners. |
| Keywords: | Shore power; On-shore power supply; Infrastructure pricing; Cost-benefit analysis; CO2 emission reduction |
| JEL: | Q41 R40 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2022_006&r=env |
| By: | Matthias Bebber; Stefanie Meilinger; Samer Chaaraoui; Silvan Rummeny; Thorsten Schneiders; Eberhard Waffenschmidt |
| Abstract: | In this paper, a model of a photovoltaic (PV)-diesel-hybrid system is built. In addition to a PV system, this system has a battery storage system and is connected to the public power grid. In case of a failure of all three energy sources, a diesel generator ensures the power supply. With the help of the created model, the influence of different seasons and weather conditions on the PV yield and the entire system is investigated in the period from February 2016 to February 2017. The data for this study was collected in a hospital in Akwatia, Ghana. The hospital is already equipped with a PV system and a diesel generator as backup. Another aspect of the study is the impact of power outages, which are common in this region, on the use of the generator. The results show the relevance of seasonal and infrastructural influences on the operating mode of the system. With the help of the created model it was shown that especially during the rainy season in August the PV output decreases and consequently a lot of energy has to be provided by the public grid and the generator. Another significant drop in PV yield is observed at the time of Harmattan in January. |
| JEL: | Q41 |
| Date: | 2021–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sau:iznews:2103en&r=env |