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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Tavoni, Alessandro; Winkler, Ralph |
| Abstract: | In the wake of 25 United Nations Climate Change Conferences of the Parties (and counting), international cooperation on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to avoid substantial and potentially irreversible climate change remains an important challenge. The limited impact of the Kyoto Protocol on curbing emissions, and the gap between the ambitions of its successor and the Paris Agreement's lack of sanctioning mechanisms for addressing noncompliance, demonstrates both the difficulties in negotiating ambitious environmental agreements and the reluctance of countries to comply with their agreed emission targets once they have joined the treaty. Therefore, a better understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that the interactions between domestic and international policy pose for the design of successful international climate cooperation is of utmost importance. To shed light on the roots of the stalemate (and suggest possible ways out), this article reviews and draws lessons from a growing theoretical, experimental, and empirical literature that accounts for the hierarchical interplay between domestic political pressure and international climate policy. |
| Keywords: | domestic pressure; hierarchical policy making; International climate cooperation; special interest groups; strategic delegation; (strategic) delegation; international climate cooperation |
| JEL: | D72 P48 Q58 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112608&r= |
| By: | Martinsson, Gustav (Royal Institute of Technology, Swedish House of Finance (SHoF)); Sajtos, László (Tillväxtanalys, Swedish House of Finance (SHoF), Misum); Strömberg, Per (Stockholm School of Economics, Swedish House of Finance (SHoF), CEPR, ECGI); Thomann, Christian (Royal Institute of Technology, Swedish House of Finance (SHoF), Misum) |
| Abstract: | Sweden was one of the first countries to introduce a carbon tax in 1991. We assemble a unique dataset tracking all CO2 emissions from the Swedish manufacturing sector to estimate the impact of carbon pricing on firm-level emission intensities. In panel regressions, spanning 26 years and around 4,000 firms, we find a statistically robust and economically meaningful negative relationship between emissions and marginal carbon pricing. We estimate an emission-to-pricing elasticity of around two, albeit with substantial heterogeneity across manufacturing subsectors. A simple calibration implies that 2015 CO2 emissions from Swedish manufacturing would have been roughly 30% higher without carbon pricing. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxation; Emissions trading; Climate Policy; Climate change; Green growth; Tax policy |
| JEL: | H23 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:hamisu:2022_010&r= |
| By: | Iania, Leonardo (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/LFIN, Belgium); Algieri, Bernardina (University of Calabria); Leccadito, Arturo (University of Calabria) |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the international community has been increasing its efforts to reduce the human footprint on air pollution and global warming. Total CO2 emissions are a key component of global emission, and as such, they are closely monitored by national and supranational entities. This study evaluates the performance of a broad set of forecasting models and their combinations to predict energy’s carbon dioxide releases using an in-sample and out-of-sample analysis. The focus is on the US for the period 1973-2021 using quarterly observations. The results show that economic variables, energy and interannual climate variability indicators help forecast short-/medium- term CO2 emissions. In addition, a combination of models sharpens quantile predictions. |
| Keywords: | CO2 Emissions ; Forecasting Models ; Quantile Forecast ; Economic, Energy and Nature- related drivers ; Climate Change ; Drought Severity ; Interannual Variability |
| JEL: | C01 C13 C31 C51 C52 C53 C55 C82 Q43 Q47 Q53 Q59 |
| Date: | 2022–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajf:louvlf:2022003&r= |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Earlier meta-analyses of the economic impact of climate change are updated with more data, with three new results: (1) The central estimate of the economic impact of global warming is always negative. (2) The confidence interval about the estimates is much wider. (3) Elicitation methods are most pessimistic, econometric studies most optimistic. Two previous results remain: (4) The uncertainty about the impact is skewed towards negative surprises. (5) Poorer countries are much more vulnerable than richer ones. A meta-analysis of the impact of weather shocks reveals that studies, which relate economic growth to temperature levels, cannot agree on the sign of the impact whereas studies, which make economic growth a function of temperature change do agree on the sign but differ an order of magnitude in effect size. The former studies posit that climate change has a permanent effect on economic growth, the latter that the effect is transient. The impact on economic growth implied by studies of the impactof climate change is close to the growth impact estimated as a function of weather shocks. The social cost of carbon shows a similar pattern to the total impact estimates, but with more emphasis on the impacts of moderate warming in the near and medium term. |
| Keywords: | climate change; weather shocks; economic growth; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0422&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Fisheries & Aquaculture Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Marine Environment Water Resources - Coastal and Marine Resources Water Resources - Oceans |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35377&r= |
| By: | Monasterolo,Irene; Mandel,Antoine; Battiston,Stefano; Mazzocchetti,Andrea; Oppermann,Klaus; Coony,Jonathan D'Entremont; Stretton,Stephen John; Stewart,Fiona Elizabeth; Dunz,Nepomuk Max Ferdinand |
| Abstract: | Green financial sector initiatives, including financial policies, regulations, and instruments,could play an important role in the low-carbon transition by supporting countries in the implementation of economicpolicies aimed to decarbonize their economy. Thus, it is fundamental to understand the conditions under which and theextent to which green financial sector initiatives could enable the scaling up of green investments and theachievement of national climate mitigation objectives, while, at the same time, avoiding unintended effects onmacroeconomic and financial stability. However, this understanding is currently limited, in particular in thecontext of emerging markets and developing economies. This paper contributes to filling this knowledge gap by analyzingopportunities and challenges associated with the implementation of green financial sector initiatives. Italso considers the specificities of green financial sector initiatives in emerging markets and developing economies,which are often characterized by budget constraints, debt sustainability concerns, and limited access to finance. Theanalysis focuses on green macroprudential policies, green monetary policies, and green public co-funding. For eachgreen financial sector initiative, the paper qualitatively investigates the transmission channels through which itaffects the availability and cost of capital for high- andlow-carbon goods, but also investments, output, and greenhouse gas emissions, considering the design andimplementation of the green financial sector initiative. For each green financial sector initiative, the paper furtheridentifies its entry point in the economy and its direct and indirect impacts. Building on these insights, the paperdevelops a theory of change about the role of green financial sector initiatives in climate mitigation and inthe low-carbon transition, identifying the criteria for applicability and conditions to maximize impact. |
| Date: | 2022–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10181&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Fisheries & Aquaculture Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Pollution Management & Control Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism Water Resources - Coastal and Marine Resources Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34892&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Public Sector Development - Public Sector Expenditure Policy Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35174&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Marine Environment Environment - Pollution Management & Control Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35296&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Pollution Management & Control Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Waste Disposal & Utilization |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35502&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Marine Environment Environment - Pollution Management & Control Urban Development - Urban Water & Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35114&r= |
| By: | Haleh Kootval; Alice Soares |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Conflict and Development - Disaster Management Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Natural Disasters Science and Technology Development - Climate and Meteorology |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34817&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Pollution Management & Control Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Water Resources Management |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34862&r= |
| By: | Stephanie Brunelin; Aissatou Ouedraogo; Sharad Tandon |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Conflict and Fragile States Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Natural Disasters Poverty Reduction - Services & Transfers to Poor Social Protections and Labor - Social Protections & Assistance |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35682&r= |
| By: | World Bank; WWF |
| Keywords: | Environment - Biodiversity Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34894&r= |
| By: | Andrea Restrepo-Mieth; Jorge Perez-Jaramillo; Felipe Montoya Pino |
| Keywords: | Transport - Railways Transport Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Rural Urban Linkages Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34826&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Forests and Forestry |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35179&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Food Security Agriculture - Pest Management Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Persistent Organic Pollutants |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35346&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34986&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Climate Change and Environment |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35039&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35345&r= |
| By: | Wiwandari Handayani; Rukuh Setiadi; Bintang Septiarani; Lincoln Lewis |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Rural Urban Linkages Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Governance and Management Water Resources - River Basin Management Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34828&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Public Sector Development - Regulatory Regimes Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Environmental Governance Environment - Environmental Strategy |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34972&r= |
| By: | Stephane Hallegatte; Jun Rentschler; Julie Rozenberg |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Disaster Management Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Natural Disasters Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34780&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34985&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34988&r= |
| By: | Ekaterina M. Gratcheva; Teal Emery; Dieter Wang |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environmental Governance Social Development - Social Accountability |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35586&r= |
| By: | Myriam Ababsa; Ahmad Z. Abu Hussein |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34822&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Fisheries & Aquaculture Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism Transport - Ports and Waterways |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34934&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment Water Resources - Coastal and Marine Resources |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34886&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Marine Environment Environment - Pollution Management & Control Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35295&r= |
| By: | Shagun Mehrotra; Lincoln Lewis; Mariana Orloff; Beth Olberding |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - City to City Alliances Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Economics |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34820&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35412&r= |
| By: | Amartya Deb; Jaya Dhindaw; Robin King |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Rural Urban Linkages Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34823&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Drylands & Desertification Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34998&r= |
| By: | Madhu Bharti; Shagun Mehrotra |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Rural Urban Linkages Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Governance and Management |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34821&r= |
| By: | Natalia Garcia; Beth Olberding; Jorge Macias |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Pollution Management & Control Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34827&r= |
| By: | Antar AbouKorin; Abdulrahman Alsayel; Hazem Abdelfattah |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Rural Urban Linkages Urban Development - Urban Housing |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34824&r= |
| By: | Marcus Wishart; Tony Wong; Ben Furmage; Xiawei Liao; David Pannell; Jianbin Wang |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Natural Disasters Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management Urban Development - Urban Environment Water Resources - Flood Control |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35710&r= |
| By: | Felbermayr, Gabriel; Peterson, Sonja; Wanner, Joschka |
| Abstract: | While international trade can offer gains from specialization and access to a wider range of products, it is also closely interlinked with global environmental problems, above all, anthropogenic climate change. This survey provides a structured overview of the economic literature on the interaction between environmental outcomes, trade, environmental policy and trade policy. In this endeavor, it covers approaches reaching from descriptive data analysis based on Input-Output tables, over quantitative trade models and econometric studies to game-theoretic analyses. Addressed issues are in particular the emission content of trade and emissions along value chains, the relocation of dirty firms and environmental impacts abroad, impacts of specific trade polices (such as trade agreements or tariffs) or environmental policy (such as Border Carbon Adjustment), transportation emissions, as well as the role of firms. Across the different topics covered, the paper also tries to identify avenues for future research, with a particular focus on extending quantitative trade and environment models. |
| Keywords: | trade,trade policy,environment,climate,carbon emissions |
| JEL: | F13 F18 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2233&r= |
| By: | Gabriel Felbermayr (Austrian Institute of Economic Research); Sonja Peterson; Joschka Wanner |
| Abstract: | While international trade can offer gains from specialisation and access to a wider range of products, it is also closely interlinked with global environmental problems, above all, anthropogenic climate change. This survey provides a structured overview of the economic literature on the interaction between environmental outcomes, trade, environmental policy and trade policy. In this endeavour, it covers approaches reaching from descriptive data analysis based on Input-Output tables, over quantitative trade models and econometric studies to game-theoretic analyses. Addressed issues are in particular the emission content of trade and emissions along value chains, the relocation of dirty firms and environmental impacts abroad, impacts of specific trade polices (such as trade agreements or tariffs) or environmental policy (such as Border Carbon Adjustment), transportation emissions, as well as the role of firms. Across the different topics covered, the paper also tries to identify avenues for future research, with a particular focus on extending quantitative trade and environment models. |
| Date: | 2022–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2022:i:649&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Public Sector Development - Public Sector Economics Energy - Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy Policies & Economics Energy - Renewable Energy Energy - Solar Energy Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35371&r= |
| By: | Catalano,Michele; Forni,Lorenzo |
| Abstract: | This paper compares the effectiveness of different fiscal policy instruments, carbon pricing,fiscal incentives for private green investments, and public green investment, in supporting a green recovery that isalso fiscally sustainable. It argues that relying on carbon pricing or green investments is not sufficient to achievethe transition to a low-carbon economy in a timely and sustainable way. Carbon pricing alone would result in rapidand significant energy price increases that would be recessionary. Similarly, the level of public greeninvestment needed to reach the Paris goals without recourse to carbon pricing would be so great that it would endangerdebt sustainability. The conclusion from the simulations supports the view that a mix of supply side policies (carbonpricing) and demand-side interventions (deficit financed green public investment) is necessary to achieve the Parisgoals within the specified period and with a fiscally sustainable outcome. The paper also assesses the costsassociated with transitioning to a low carbon economy by geographic area. It finds that deficit financed public greeninvestment by high-emitting countries only (typically advanced and emerging economies), would have positive growthimpacts for those countries and enhance their fiscal sustainability, while also providing large positivespillovers to other countries, particularly to highly climate sensitive nations. In turn, the simulations showthat wherever fiscally feasible it is in the best interest of all countries to increase public investment in the green economy. |
| Keywords: | Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Energy and Mining,Financial Sector Policy,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Public Sector Economics,Economic Adjustment and Lending,Macro-Fiscal Policy,Public Finance Decentralization andPoverty Reduction |
| Date: | 2022–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9799&r= |
| By: | Hugo Le Boulzec (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Louis Delannoy (Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique); Baptiste Andrieu (ISTerre - Institut des Sciences de la Terre - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219 - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Gustave Eiffel - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, The Shift Project - Redesigning the Economy to Achieve Carbon Transition); François Verzier (ISTerre - Institut des Sciences de la Terre - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219 - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Gustave Eiffel - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Olivier Vidal (ISTerre - Institut des Sciences de la Terre - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219 - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Gustave Eiffel - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sandrine Mathy (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The low-carbon energy transition requires a widespread change in global energy infrastructures which in turn calls for important inputs of energy and materials. While the transport and electricity sectors have been thoroughly analyzed in this regard, that of the hydrocarbon industry has not received the same attention, maybe in part due to the difficulty of access to the necessary data. To fill this gap, we assemble public-domain data from a wide variety of sources to present a stock-flow dynamic model of the fossil fuels supply chain. It is conducted from 1950 to 2050 and along scenarios from the International Energy Agency. We estimate the concrete, steel, aluminum and copper requirements for each segment, as well as the embedded energy and CO2 emissions through a dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) model. We find that (i) the material intensities of oil, gas and coal supply chains have stagnated for more than 30 years; (ii) gas is the main driver of current and future material consumption; and (iii) recycled steel from decommissioned fossil fuels infrastructures could meet the cumulative need of future low-carbon technologies and reduce its energy and environmental toll. Furthermore, we highlight that regional decommissioning strategies significantly affect the potential of material recycling and reuse. In this context, ambitious decommissioning strategies could drive a symbolic move to build future renewable technologies from past fossil fuel structures. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03780879&r= |
| By: | Candelon, Bertrand (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/LFIN, Belgium); Hasse, Jean-Baptiste (Aix-Marseille University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we evaluate the causal effects of climate policies on carbon emissions reductions. Using Sweden as a case study, we compare the effects of the domestic carbon tax and the Kyoto Protocol over the period 1965–2018. A simulation exercise shows that the test for causality in the frequency domain offers policy-makers a useful tool for evaluating the effect of public policies. The empirical results indicate a significant causal effect of the carbon tax policy on carbon intensity dynamics in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Granger causality ; Spectral analysis ; Climate policy ; Carbon tax |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajf:louvlf:2022005&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Pollution Management & Control Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Indicators |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35376&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Pollution Management & Control Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Indicators |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35721&r= |
| By: | Lucie Adélaïde (Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Olivier Chanel (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mathilde Pascal (Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France]) |
| Abstract: | Climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation affect the public health. In particular, the increase and persistence of high temperature spells could put a large part of the population at serious risk, and drastically limit human activity. Yet, heat waves are underrepresented in analyses of extreme weather events, and particularly in economic assessments. This lack of study, combined with the low risk perception of the population, limits the will to implement adaptation measures even though the impacts are avoidable. This article presents the evolution of the global economic impact of the health effects of heat waves in France between 1974 and 2020. |
| Abstract: | Le changement climatique, la perte de la biodiversité et l'altération globale de l'environnement détériorent la santé des populations. Plus particulièrement, l'augmentation des périodes marquées par des températures élevées et leur persistance pourraient constituer un risque majeur pour une large part de la population et limiter drastiquement l'activité humaine. Pourtant, les vagues de chaleur sont sous-représentées dans les analyses des événements météorologiques extrêmes, en particulier dans les évaluations économiques. Ce manque d'études, associé à la faible perception par la population du risque lié à la chaleur, limite la mise en place de mesures d'adaptation, alors que les effets des canicules sont en grande partie évitables. Cet article présente l'évolution de l'impact économique global des effets sanitaires des vagues de chaleur observées en France entre 1974 et 2020. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03778984&r= |
| By: | MaryGrace W. Lugakingira; Amy Faust; Maria Pomes-Jimenez |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Rural Urban Linkages Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Water & Waste Management Water Resources - River Basin Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34825&r= |
| By: | Johnston, David W. (Monash University); Knott, Rachel (Monash University); Mendolia, Silvia (University of Wollongong) |
| Abstract: | Many people remain opposed to climate change mitigation policies. This opposition is an obstacle to policy action and, therefore, important to understand. We explore how unusually high temperatures (heat waves), which observably increase the salience of climate change-related issues, affect people's support for policies to reduce emissions. We additionally test whether this relationship is moderated by economic status and employment conditions. By linking local temperature observations to attitudes collected in large U.K. surveys, we find that unusually hot weather caused significant reductions in support in 2012-2013, a high-unemployment period, but not in 2018-2019, a low-unemployment period. The negative effects in 2012-2013 were driven by people working in carbon-intensive industries and people who felt economically insecure. Overall, these findings suggest that economically vulnerable groups can respond negatively to the promotion of climate change mitigation policies, but that this negativity is mutable. |
| Keywords: | climate change, attitudes, economic insecurity, employment |
| JEL: | D83 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15562&r= |
| By: | Yabei Zhang; Zijun Li |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy and Environment Energy - Fuels Energy - Renewable Energy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35258&r= |
| By: | Erika Moreno (SIO - Scripps Institution of Oceanography - UC San Diego - University of California [San Diego] - University of California); Lara Schwarz (Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science , SDSU - San Diego State University); Sabine Host (ORSIDF - Observatoire régional de santé Île-de-France [Paris, France]); Olivier Chanel (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Tarik Benmarhnia (SIO - Scripps Institution of Oceanography - UC San Diego - University of California [San Diego] - University of California) |
| Abstract: | Background Reducing the mortality burden associated with urban air pollution constitutes a public health priority, and evidence of unequal exposure and susceptibility across population subgroups is growing. Many European countries have implemented low emission zones (LEZs) in densely populated city centers. Although LEZs decrease air pollution exposure and health impacts, evidence is lacking on their impact across neighborhoods and socio-economic groups. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the most equitable approach to implementing the second phase of the LEZ in Paris, France. We also present a literature review of the studies evaluating the benefits associated with LEZs in Europe. Methods A health impact assessment (HIA) was conducted to quantify changes in air pollution exposure and expected health benefits by socioeconomic group and neighborhood related to four hypothetical scenarios for the second phase of the LEZ based on French Deprivation Index scores. The study focused on NO 2 and PM 2.5 as air pollutants and evaluated the impact of the LEZ on the inequitable burden of childhood asthma and all-cause premature adult mortality. We also conducted an economic evaluation associated with the LEZ benefits on prevented deaths and asthma cases. Results The scenario with the largest LEZ perimeter and the most stringent vehicle standards prevented the highest number of cases and produced the most equitable distribution of health benefits, especially childhood asthma. It is expected that 810 deaths and 3200 cases of asthma could be prevented from the LEZ extension in this scenario. These results were distributed heterogeneously across three socioeconomic (SES) groups, most noticeably with asthma cases as 230, 180, and 210 cases were avoided per 100,000 inhabitants in high, medium, and low SES groups, respectively. We found substantial economic benefits associated with LEZ, with estimates ranging from €0.76 billion to €2.36 billion for prevented deaths. The benefits associated with asthma reduction ranged from €2.3 million to €8.3 million. Discussion Conducting HIAs with a focus on equity will further inform policy makers of the impact of LEZ models on air pollution, health, and environmental justice. Developing these systematic methods and applying them to future LEZs and other air pollution policies will increase their effectiveness to reduce the burden of ambient air pollution on society and the environment. |
| Keywords: | Low emission zones,Traffic-related air pollution,Air pollution,Air pollution policy,Health equity,Environmental justice |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03781372&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Pollution Management & Control Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Waste Disposal & Utilization |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35500&r= |
| By: | Jiawen Yang; Jiangping Zhou |
| Keywords: | Transport - Railways Transport Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Rural Urban Linkages Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34829&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Pollution Management & Control Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Waste Disposal & Utilization |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35501&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Pollution Management & Control Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Waste Disposal & Utilization |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35499&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36223&r= |
| By: | Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | Carbon intensity from fossil fuel use in the United States economy peaked in 1917. World War I ended, and the Spanish Flu pandemic broke out one year later in 1918. This paper contends that these events, coupled with associated turmoil in the domestic coal industry, were largely responsible for the turning point in carbon intensity. It is instructive to consider that geopolitics, labor markets, and public health at the time of peak carbon intensity bear relevance to the global economy from 2019 to the present. Interventions in markets intended to mitigate detrimental consequences of pandemic and war may induce ancillary impacts for long-run climate change and environmental quality. |
| JEL: | N41 N42 N51 N52 N71 N72 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30522&r= |
| By: | Sebastien Desbureaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frederic Mortier (UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Esha Zaveri (World Bank Group); Michelle van Vliet (Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Jason Russ (World Bank Group); Sophie Aude (World Bank Group); Richard Damania (World Bank Group) |
| Abstract: | Clean water is key for sustainable development. However, large gaps in monitoring data limit our understanding of global hotspots of water quality and their evolution over time. We demonstrate the value added of a data-driven approach to provide accurate high-frequency estimates of surface water quality worldwide over the period 1992-2010. We assess water quality for six indicators (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, nitrate-nitrite, phosphorus) relevant for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The performance of our modelling approach compares well to, or exceeds, the performance of recently published process-based models. The model's outputs indicate that poor water quality is a global problem that impacts low-, middle-and high-income countries but with different pollutants. When countries become richer, water pollution does not disappear but evolves. |
| Date: | 2022–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03764434&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Biodiversity Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism Industry - Accommodation & Tourism Industry |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35737&r= |
| By: | Gerling, Charlotte; Schöttker, Oliver; Hearne, John |
| Abstract: | Climate change causes range shifts of species and habitats, thus making existing reserve networks less suitable in the future. Existing optimisation procedures hence need to be adapted in order to account for changes in the spatial distribution of habitat types as well as their relative occurrence. We develop a multi-objective optimisation procedure that considers these dynamic changes. We demonstrate the functioning of the model by applying it to a conceptual case study. In this case study, we aim to gain an understanding on the consequences of not adapting the reserve network despite climate change and the optimal adaptation pathways for different funding levels. Finally, we consider whether larger flexibility in terms of when to adapt the reserve network by providing a one-off payment instead of regular payment improves the outcome achieved. We find that the optimisation procedure is a suitable tool to identify adaptation pathways as the outcome is improved, especially for habitat types that become increasingly threatened. Initially providing a one-off payment instead of regular payments leads to higher habitat protection. |
| Keywords: | Conservation planning; climate adaptation; climate-ecological-economic modelling; optimal time series; range shift; RD problem; spatial changes; temporal changes |
| JEL: | C61 C63 Q54 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114691&r= |
| By: | Gregory Casey; Stephie Fried; Matthew Gibson |
| Abstract: | Existing climate-economy models use aggregate damage functions to model the effects of climate change. This approach assumes climate change has equal impacts on the productivity of firms that produce consumption and investment goods or services. We show the split between damage to consumption and investment productivity matters for the dynamic consequences of climate change. Drawing on the structural transformation literature, we develop a framework that incorporates heterogeneous climate damages. When investment is more vulnerable to climate, we find short-run consumption losses will be smaller than leading models with aggregate damage functions suggest, but long-run consumption losses will be larger. We quantify these effects for the climate damage from heat stress and find that accounting for heterogeneous damages increases the welfare cost of climate change by approximately 4 to 24 percent, depending on the discount factor. |
| Keywords: | climate change; productivity; consumption; investments; structural changes; growth |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:94890&r= |
| By: | Mehra,Divya; Tong,Junying; Dizon,Felipe Jr Fadullon; De Pee,Saskia |
| Abstract: | An ideal food system is envisioned to provide healthy diets for people and be sustainable for theenvironment. Such a food system is required to deliver on these goals even as diets are increasingly anddisproportionately comprised of high-fat and/or high-sugar foods vis-à-vis nutritious diets. The ideal “planetaryhealth diet,” as defined in the EAT Lancet report for several countries, presents trade-offs when contextualizedat the local level. Using Bangladesh as the case study, this paper examined the change in diets (between 2000 and 2016)and their greenhouse gas emissions over time and compared the nutritional value and environmental impact to twomodeled diets: national food-based dietary guidelines and the planetary health diet/EAT Lancet diet. The analysisfinds that despite a change of the diet toward the recommended diet, significant gaps remain from a nutritionalperspective. Moreover, meeting the dietary guidelines would increase greenhouse gas emissions by at least 10 percent.Compared to the food-based dietary guidelines, the EAT Lancet diet requires dietary patterns to change even moresignificantly and would increase greenhouse gas emissions by 23 percent. The policy implications and options from theproduction and demand sides are complex and require assessing multiple trade-offs. |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10160&r= |
| By: | Chaitat Jirophat; Pym Manopimoke; Suparit Suwanik |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the dynamic impact of climate shocks on economic activity and inflation in Thailand, a developing country susceptible to the effects of climate change. We utilize a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) analysis that accounts for the asymmetric and nonlinear impacts of climate change. Overall, climate shocks are significantly contractionary on output whereas their effect on inflation is rather muted. For output, the impact is more pronounced on the production rather than expenditure side of the economy, although highly persistent climate shocks can have significant effects on demand. Furthermore, we find that the macroeconomic impact of climate change varies significantly across sectors of production as well as components of inflation. Raw food prices, in particular vegetables, are sensitive to climate shocks, consistent with the agricultural sector being most vulnerable, with effects that are more pronounced in the short-run. This contrasts with industrial production and service sectors that experience more persistent effects. We also find that dry versus wet weather conditions deliver varying effects on output and inflation, and we also find that the impact of climate shocks are more severe if extreme weather events are large, as well as sustained for longer periods of time. Finally, utilizing a panel autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), we quantify significant differences in the impact of climate shocks on aggregate output across provinces, depending on the provincial level of income as well as its proportion of output tied to agricultural activities. |
| Keywords: | climate shocks; Climate change; Macroeconomy; Inflation; Extremity; Nonlinearity; Sectors of production; Output |
| JEL: | E23 E52 O13 O53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:188&r= |
| By: | Alkis Blanz (University of Potsdam, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change); Ulrich Eydam (University of Potsdam); Maik Heinemann (University of Potsdam); Matthias Kalkuhl (University of Potsdam, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change) |
| Abstract: | Prices of primary energy commodities display marked fluctuations over time. Market-based climate policy instruments (e.g., emissions pricing) create incentives to reduce energy consumption by increasing the user cost of fossil energy. This raises the question of whether climate policy should respond to fluctuations in fossil energy prices? We study this question within an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (E-DSGE) model calibrated on the German economy. Our results indicate that the welfare implications of dynamic emissions pricing crucially depend on how the revenues are used. When revenues are fully absorbed, a reduction in emissions prices stabilizes the economy in response to energy price shocks. However, when revenues are at least partially recycled, a stable emissions price improves overall welfare. This result is robust to different modeling assumptions. |
| Keywords: | energy prices, E-DSGE, climate policy, welfare |
| JEL: | E62 E64 Q43 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:51&r= |
| By: | A. Balietti (Heidelberg University); S. Datta (ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]); S. Veljanoska (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the impact of air pollution on child growth in India. We rely on wind direction to capture quasi-random variation in three main criteria air pollutants. We show that an increase in the average concentration of fine particulate matter by one standard deviation is accountable for almost 5 and 2.4 percentage points of stunting and severe stunting rates, respectively. We also find that ozone and carbon monoxide impact weight-related outcomes. Stunting has critical long-term health and economic consequences; through its impact on stunting, pollution exacerbates the height premium in earnings, with girls being more adversely affected than boys in India. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. |
| Keywords: | Ambient air pollution,Anthropometry,Child health,Height premium,Wind direction |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03662124&r= |
| By: | Giulio Guarini; Jose Luis Oreiro |
| Abstract: | The article aims to analyze the ecological transition and the structural change by considering the role of Medium-Income Trap (MIT) with respect to exchange rate overvaluation and (re)industrialization, according to the structuralist-New Developmentalist Approach. The ecological challenges can be faced by an ecological transition based on Ecological Technological Progress and Ecological Structural Change (ESC). The ESC can be represented by the increase of the share of green activities in output for increasing the environmental efficiency of the economy. The theoretical core of the new developmentalism is the tendency of overvaluation of real exchange rate for middle income countries whose sources are the Dutch disease (and the growth with external saving strategy). This fact generates the MIT concerning the negative impact of overvaluation real exchange rate on the industrial development. Thus, we analyze how the ESC interact with the drivers of overvaluation exchange rate by carrying out a post-Keynesian model based the Structuralist-New Developmentalist features. In this perspective, we integrate the issue of the achievement of the environmental targets as indicated by the Climate International Conferences and by the UN initiative of the Sustainable Developments Goals, to the structural change necessary for the economic catching-up of the middle income (and/or developing) countries. |
| Keywords: | Ecological Transition, Structural Change, Dutch-Disease, New-Developmentalism |
| JEL: | O11 O14 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp2223&r= |
| By: | Georg Zachmann |
| Abstract: | The transition to climate neutrality requires the reallocation of production factors from polluting activities to non-polluting activities. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:wpaper:node_7994&r= |
| By: | Kahn,Matthew Edwin; Lall,Somik V. |
| Abstract: | As billions of people in the developing world seek to increase their living standards,their aspirations pose a challenge to global efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The emerging middle class isbuying and operating energy intensive durables ranging from vehicles to air conditioners to computers. Owners of thesedurables represent an interest group with a stake in opposing carbon pricing. The political economy ofencouraging middle class support for carbon pricing hinges on offsetting its perceived negative income effects. Risingenvironmentalism in the developing world could also increase support for credible greenhouse gas reduction policy. Thispaper quantifies these effects by estimating Engel curves of durables ownership, comparing the grid’s carbon intensity bynation, and studying the demographic correlates of support for prioritizing environmental protection. |
| Date: | 2022–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10125&r= |
| By: | Senzele, Joseph |
| Abstract: | The study aims at analyzing the relationship between economic growth Environmental degradation in Côte d'Ivoire over the period 1990-2020. To do so, we applied the STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology) model of Ehrlich-oldren (1971 ; 1972), improved by Dietz and Rosa (1997) and York et al. (2003), which allows to catch the effects of macroeconomic variables on the environment. The results of the test indicate a long-run relationship between the variables, and the results of the long-run model confirm the Kuznets environmental curve hypothesis for the Ivorian economy with a GDP per capita turning point of 2008 US Dollars. We also find that energy consumption, urbanization and industry have significant positive effects on CO2 emissions. The Toda-Yamamoto approach shows that there is a unidirectional causality from economic growth to carbon dioxide emissions in Côte d'Ivoire. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth, CO2 emissions, STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology), AutoRegressive Distributed Lags, TodaYamamoto approach, Côte d’Ivoire |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–09–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114754&r= |
| By: | Ambec, Stefan |
| Abstract: | This report uses an economic lens to analyze the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) which is currently under discussion at the European Union (EU). The CBAM, which is set to replace free allowances for specific ETS sectors after a transition period, aims to address carbon leakage and preserve the competitiveness of industries participating in the EU ETS. Although the two policy instruments share the same goals, their economic impacts differ. On the one hand, free allowances level the playing field both within the EU and on international markets by reducing the cost of the EU ETS for firms. European firms have an incentive to reduce their carbon emissions even if they obtain a certain part of their allowances for free. On the other hand, the CBAM levels the playing field only within the EU unless it is complemented with export rebates (such as benchmark-free allowances on exported production). However, the CBAM incentivizes not only European firms but also foreign firms to reduce their carbon emissions when exporting to the EU. Furthermore, unlike free allowances, the CBAM is more consistent with the polluter-pays principle. The CBAM calls for product-based pricing of embedded carbon emissions equivalent to the manufacturing plant-based pricing of the EU ETS. The shift of the pricing base requires choices to be made on the economic sectors to target, the scope of emissions, the adjustments to be made for firmspecific carbon intensity and to country-specific carbon pricing. The pros and cons of those choices are discussed. The CBAM will generate substantial revenues which can be used to foster and smooth out decarbonization. The CBAM differs substantially from the Climate Club that has been proposed by the Nobel Prize winner, William Nordhaus, for extending carbon pricing worldwide. Yet, by allowing importers to pay only the carbon price difference between the CBAM jurisdiction and the manufacturing country, the CBAM also incentivizes countries to implement their own carbon price. |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:127382&r= |
| By: | Leidimari Neves Do Prado (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jens Abildtrup (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Brazil is the largest buyer of pesticides in the world and allows the use of chemicals that have long been banned in other countries. One in four Brazilian cities has water polluted by agrochemicals, and the poorest and most vulnerable suburban communities are considered to be suffering disproportionately from this exposure to pesticide contamination of drinking water. To increase the quantity and improve the quality of water, in 2012, the Pipiripau River Basin (PRB) was selected as the site of one of the main pilot studies in Brazil for the protection of water resources. However, the Payment for Environmental Services (PES) currently implemented in the Water Producer Programme (WPP) does not address pesticide use reduction as an environmental service. In this study, we report the result of a survey of land owners in the basin and in particular the results of a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) applied to estimate the potential Pipiripau Basin landowners' Willingness-To-Accept (WTA), compensation for reducing the use of agrochemicals on their land. This study is the first to apply a dce to analyse policies for pesticide reduction and the protection of water resources in Brazil, and there are very few studies worldwide on the topic to date. We find that the contract characteristics are important determinants of the WTA. Furthermore, farm and landowner characteristics also impact the estimated WTA, including, for example, the farm type, the current use of pesticides, and who is involved in the decision-making. We also find clear evidence that profit considerations are not the only determinant of landowners' decision to participate in a pesticide use reduction scheme. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03770448&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Pollution Management & Control Water Supply and Sanitation - Waste Disposal & Utilization |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35498&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36224&r= |
| By: | Marcus Wishart; Tony Wong; Ben Furmage; Xiawei Liao; David Pannell; Jianbin Wang |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Environment Urban Development - Urban Financial Intermediation Urban Development - Urban Governance and Management Water Resources - Flood Control |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35687&r= |
| By: | Burgi,Constantin Rudolf Salomo; Hovhannisyan,Shoghik; Joshi,Santosh Ram; Ahmad Famm Alkhuzam |
| Abstract: | Environmental regulations and their enforcement play a critical role in reducing emissions andtheir devastating effects on humanity and the environment. However, many developing countries have large informalsectors—accounting for more than 70 percent of total employment, that operate outside government control. Thepresence of the informal sector could have detrimental consequences on the environment as informal firms do notcomply with regulations, which could jeopardize the effectiveness of environmental policies. The paper usesreduced form equations to estimate the relationship between both CO2 and non-CO2 emissions per value added and theinformal sector measured as the share of informal workers in total across countries. The estimates indicate thatemissions per value added in the informal sector are higher as opposed to in the formal sector. At the sector level,higher informality is associated with lower CO2 emissions per value added only in manufacturing and other servicessectors. In particular, a one percentage point increase in the share of informal workers in total sector employmentreduces the CO2 emissions per value added by 1.44 percent in manufacturing and 1.773 percent in services. This impliesthat the magnitude of emissions per value added in the formal sector relative to the informal sector is ambiguous.Sector-specific estimations for non-CO2 emissions yield positive significant coefficients for agriculture, trade,mining, and utilities and a negative significant coefficient for manufacturing. |
| Date: | 2022–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10158&r= |
| By: | Wellenstein, Hailey; Kramer, Berber |
| Abstract: | Farming is an inherently high-risk activity, and farmers’ livelihoods depend on a set of interlinked environmental factors including weather, soil conditions, disease, pests, and more. Unfortunately, globally, many of the risks in agricultural production have been exacerbated by increasingly erratic and extreme weather patterns (Porter et al. 2014). One way to mitigate such climate risk is the use of seed varieties that are bred to be resilient to the types of extreme weather that crops regularly suffer, such as drought (Cacho et al. 2020). Use of such seeds can potentially help reduce insurance premiums to more sustainable levels, as drought-tolerant varieties could help mitigate losses from moderate droughts and thus insurance would only be required to cover farmers for losses associated with more severe droughts. In this project note, we examine to what extent the use of drought-tolerant varieties is associated with improved performance in the context of a crop insurance project in Kenya. We hypothesize that crops grown from drought-tolerant varieties sustain less damage than other varieties. We test this hypothesis and extend our analysis to ask if there are phenological differences between stress-tolerant varieties (STVs) and non-STVs that would affect the period during which insurance coverage is needed. Finally, since both reduced risk exposure and phenological differences could affect insurance payouts, and thereby insurance premiums in the longer run, we examine differences in farmers’ yields and insurance payouts between the two groups. |
| Keywords: | KENYA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, stress, tolerance, drought tolerance, seed, agricultural insurance, crop insurance, risk |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:136355&r= |
| By: | Jessika A. Bohlmann (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Roula Inglesi-Lotz (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Heinrich R. Bohlmann (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on evaluating the economy-wide impact of a carbon tax as a policy mechanism designed to reduce GHG emissions in South Africa, with a particular focus on households. Impacts of the carbon tax are evaluated across different households, including low-income households, who are often said to be the least responsible for climate change. A dynamic CGE model of the South African economy that includes detailed tax information allowing for accurate measurement of the effects of imposing a carbon tax is used to conduct the modelling simulations. Results show that the effects of the carbon tax on economic growth are minimised when the revenue collected is recycled back into the economy. Additionally, low-income households are shown to be more affected by the carbon tax implementation compared to high-income households. The results from this study confirm that policymakers need to be careful in introducing new taxes on goods that form a large part of the consumption bundle of vulnerable households, such as energy, and have mitigation policies ready to support such households. |
| Keywords: | CGE Modelling, Carbon Tax, Households, South Africa |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202248&r= |
| By: | Amine Chekireb (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEREGE - Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CdF (institution) - Collège de France - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julio Goncalves (CEREGE - Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CdF (institution) - Collège de France - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hubert Stahn (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Agnes Tomini (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We formulate a hydro-economic model of the North-Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) to assess the effects of intensive pumping on the groundwater stock and examine the subsequent consequences of aquifer depletion. This large system comprises multi-layer reservoirs with vertical exchanges, all exploited under open access properties. We first develop a theoretical model to account for relevant features of the NWSAS by introducing, in the standard Gisser-Sanchez model, a non-stationary demand and quadratic stock-dependent cost functions. In the second step, we calibrate parameters values using data from the NWSAS over 1955–2000. We finally simulate the time evolution of the aquifer system with exploitation under an open-access regime. We specifically examine time trajectories of the piezometric levels in the two reservoirs, the natural outlets, and the modification of water balances. We find that natural outlets of the two reservoirs might be totally dried before 2050. |
| Keywords: | Hydro-economic model,Private pumping,Multi aquifer system,Groundwater-dependant ecosystems,Semi-arid region,Simulation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03779321&r= |
| By: | Norzalina Ahmad (Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok Kedah, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Hanita Kadir @ Shahar Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok Kedah, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Adilah Azhari Author-3-Workplace-Name: Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok Kedah, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study aims to examine the factors that influence the success or failure of the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) certification among independent smallholders. Methodology/Technique - We analysed 67 respondents from the Kedah region between February and March 2021. Our curiosity is piqued, about how awareness and sustainability practices influence the certification or non-certification among independent palm oil smallholders. Finding - Based on our survey, the finding shows that most of the respondents are aware of, and understand, the value of MSPO certification and use relevant sustainability practices on their farm. However, the result of the regression analysis suggests that sustainable practice is insignificant in explaining the failure in having the MSPO certification. The finding also shows that awareness is crucial in assisting independent smallholders to accept MSPO certification. Novelty - This study would provide insight into the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) because it is one of the country's most important bodies for addressing environmental and social concerns voiced by both local and international organizations and consumers. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | MSPO certification; Independent smallholders; Sustainability; Awareness; Palm oil industry |
| JEL: | Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr624&r= |
| By: | Böhringer,Christoph; Fischer,Carolyn; Rivers,Nicholas |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing policies worldwide are increasingly coupled with direct or indirect subsidies whereemissions pricing revenues are rebated to the regulated entities. This paper analyzes the incentives created by twonovel forms of rebating that reward additional emission intensity reductions: one given in proportion to output(intensity-based output rebating) and another that rebates a share of emission payments (intensity-based emissionrebating). These forms are contrasted with output-based rebating, abatement-based rebating, and lump sum rebating.Given the same emission price, intensity-based output rebating incentivizes the most intensity reductions, whileabatement-based rebating incentivizes the most output reductions, and output-based rebating puts the leastpressure on output (and emissions); intensity-based emissions rebating lies in between these, by implicitlysubsidizing emissions while incentivizing intensity reductions. The paper supplements partial equilibriumtheoretical analysis with numerical simulations to assess the performance of different mechanisms in a multisectorgeneral equilibrium model that accounts for economywide market interactions. |
| Date: | 2022–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10069&r= |
| By: | Phiri Kampanje, Brian |
| Abstract: | This paper briefly analysed the social costs and environment impact of the Moatize- Nkaya Nacala Rail on the Malawian communities as well as the economic impact on the country. The findings are that Malawi is worse off than before in view of poor negotiations and failure to enter into agreement with Mozambican Government. It is recommended that Malawi must introduce a carbon levy of USD5.00 per tonne and earn at least USD100,000,000.00 in each fiscal year. This money should be used for restoration of the environment across the country but also serve the affected communities. This will be a guaranteed source of much needed forex as well. |
| Keywords: | Carbon; Tax; Rail; Coal; Malawi; Forex |
| JEL: | H20 H23 H27 |
| Date: | 2022–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114350&r= |
| By: | Gabriela Demarchi (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Caue D Carrilho (USP - Universidade de São Paulo); Thibault Catry (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles - UM - Université de Montpellier); Stibniati Atmadja (CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Julie Subervie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, INSPÉ Montpellier - Mémoires - Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Understanding why forest conservation initiatives succeed or fail is essential to designing cost-effective programs at scale. In this study, we investigate direct and indirect impact mechanisms of a REDD+ project that was shown to be effective in reducing deforestation during the early years of its implementation in the Transamazon region, an area with historically high deforestation rates. Using counterfactual impact evaluation methods applied to survey and remote-sensing data, we assess the impact of the project over 2013-2019, i.e., from its first year until two years after its end. Based on the Theory of Change, we focus on land use and socioeconomic outcomes likely to have been affected by changes in deforestation brought about by the initiative. Our findings highlight that forest conservation came at the expense of pastures rather than cropland and that the project induced statistically greater agrobiodiversity on participating farms. Moreover, we find that the project encouraged the development of alternative livelihood activities that required less area for production and generated increased income. These results suggest that conservation programs, that combine payments conditional on forest conservation with technical assistance and support to farmers for the adoption of low-impact activities, can manage to slow down deforestation in the short term are likely to induce profound changes in production systems, which can be expected to have lasting effects. |
| Keywords: | REDD+,CO2 emissions,impact evaluation,livelihood,Brazilian Amazon |
| Date: | 2022–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03778384&r= |
| By: | Hintermann, Beat (University of Basel); Ludwig, Markus (University of Basel) |
| Abstract: | We examine the pattern of allowance trades in the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) using highly disaggregated trading data and identify a significant and robust home market bias. Our results point to informational transactions costs that increase when trading across national borders. The existing trade pattern in goods and services explains two thirds of the home bias, with the remainder due to other causes. Our finding suggests that firms make use of existing trade networks to overcome search costs in bilateral allowance trade. Since the home bias differs across firms, it follows that marginal abatement costs are not equalized across market participants of the EU ETS. |
| Keywords: | Emission permit market, EU ETS, transactions costs, gravity model, home bias |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2022/07&r= |
| By: | Brian P. Hanley; Steve Keen |
| Abstract: | In the ongoing debate over discount rates and climate change, William Nordhaus has championed a higher discount rate to account for risk. Nicholas Stern has championed a lower rate. Here we prove that in the case of a stream of future losses, risk can only be represented by a lower discount rate, never a higher one. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.06654&r= |
| By: | Wallander, Steven; Hrozencik, Aaron; Aillery, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Drought can have a major impact on irrigated agricultural production. This report summarizes information from USDA’s 2019 Survey of Irrigation Organizations about irrigation organizations’ role in drought planning and response. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerseb:327233&r= |
| By: | Hinton, Jennifer B. |
| Abstract: | This article seeks to unpack how the generation of profit impacts social and ecological sustainability. It begins by framing profit as not necessarily sustainable or exploitative. Social and ecological inputs and impacts are necessary for economic processes and when social and ecological stakeholders are not compensated for their contributions to the process, they can be considered unpaid inputs and, thus, sources of profit. This often overlaps with exploitation of stakeholders, which occurs when one party financially benefits at the expense of another party. The paper examines how profit is generated by several common types of profit-seeking strategies. In doing so, a conceptual framework is developed that clarifies how profit-seeking strategies generate profit from four basic sources: efficiency gains; willing and informed contributions from social stakeholders; exploitation of social stakeholders; and exploitation of nature. The fact that there are a bounded number of sources of benign profit (and that there are limits to those sources) indicates that there are limits to profit. It also indicates that much of the profit generated today comes at the expense of people and nature, which helps explain the global sustainability crisis. This reveals some inherent perils of a profit-driven economy and implies that businesses in a sustainable economy should not pursue profit as an end. Thus, the paper adds clarity to the social and ecological sources and limits of profit. It also gives guidance for how profit should be treated in a sustainable economy. |
| Keywords: | Profit,Sustainable economy,Sustainable business,Tradeoffs,Exploitation,Value creation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:penwps:022022&r= |
| By: | Matteo Bonato (Department of Economics and Econometrics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa; IPAG Business School, 184 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France); Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcelaenshaven 16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark; Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Haci Bayram Mah. Istiklal Cad. No:10 06050, Ankara, Turkey); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Christian Pierdzioch (Department of Economics, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, P.O.B. 700822, 22008 Hamburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the predictive value of climate risks for state-level realized stock-market volatility, computed, along with other realized moments, based on high-frequency intra-day U.S. data (September, 2011 to October, 2021). A model-based bagging algorithm recovers that climate risks have predictive value for realized volatility at intermediate and long (one and two months) forecast horizons. This finding also holds for upside (``good" ) and downside (``bad" ) realized volatility. The benefits of using climate risks for forecasting state-level realized stock-market volatility depend on the shape and (as-)symmetry of a forecaster's loss function. |
| Keywords: | State-level data, Realized stock-market volatility, Climate-related predictors, Forecasting |
| JEL: | C22 C53 G10 G17 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202246&r= |
| By: | Dobdinga C. Fonchamnyo (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Etoh-Anzah P. Angyie (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Nges S. Afumbom (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Gildas D. Dinga (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study examined the effects of structural change and environmental pollution on health expenditure, while controlling for globalization. A panel data from 1995 to 2019 for 115 countries was used, while the estimation of results was done based on the Driscoll-Kraay technique. The estimation was conducted for different income levels as well as sub-regional groupings. The results revealed that two components of structural change, manufacturing value-added and service value-added significantly increased health expenditure in the world. Economic globalization and financial globalisation were also found to significantly reduce health expenditure while social globalisation, environmental pollution and interpersonal globalisation were found to significantly increase health expenditure in the world. The income level analysis revealed that manufacturing value-added significantly increased health expenditure in low-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries and in the different sub-regional groupings. The results also showed that agricultural value-added reduced health expenditure in low-middle-income countries and in Latin American countries. Service value added was found to reduce health expenditure in East Asian, Pacific, and South Asia and to increase health expenditure in the Middle East and North Africa. It is therefore recommended that green production techniques and better abatement policies should be utilized in the industrial and service sectors of all economies. |
| Keywords: | Structural change, environmental pollution, Health expenditure, Driscoll-Kraay technique |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/071&r= |
| By: | Yuko Arai; Daniel Levine; Haruka Miki-Imoto; Mitsuhiro Yamazaki |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Water & Waste Management Water Resources - Flood Control |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35180&r= |
| By: | Gregory Casey; Stephie Fried; Ethan Goode |
| Abstract: | We use theory and empirics to distinguish between the impact of temperature on transition (temporary) and steady state (permanent) growth in output per capita. Standard economic theory suggests that the long-run growth rate of output per capita is determined entirely by the growth rate of total factor productivity (TFP). We find evidence suggesting that the level of temperature affects the level of TFP, but not the growth rate of TFP. This implies that a change in temperature will have a temporary, but not a permanent, impact on growth in output per capita. To highlight the quantitative importance of distinguishing between permanent and temporary changes in economic growth, we use our empirical estimates and theoretical framework to project the impacts of future increases in temperature from climate change. We find losses that are substantial, but smaller than those in the existing empirical literature that assumes a change in temperature permanently affects economic growth. |
| Keywords: | temperature; climate; macroeconomics; growth rates |
| Date: | 2022–08–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:94889&r= |
| By: | Adjognon,Guigonan Serge; Nguyen Huy,Tung; Guthoff,Jonas Christoph; van Soest,Daan |
| Abstract: | Unsustainable land use is a key threat to both economic development and environmentalconservation in developing countries. This study implemented a randomized controlled trial in arid Burkina Faso to testthe effectiveness of financial incentives in stimulating the adoption of sustainable land management practices (SLMPs).It did so in the context of a so-called cascade training program, in which some farmers were trained in theimplementation of sustainable land management practices, who were then asked to disseminate their newly acquiredknowledge and expertise to other farmers in their social networks. The study finds that offering payments conditionalon adoption improves both the transfer of information from the trained to the peer farmers, as well as the peerfarmers' sustainable land management practices adoption rates. Offering financial incentives thus mitigates two ofthe most important barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management practices – the (perceived) lack of privatebenefits and insufficient diffusion of the technical implementation information from the trained farmers to theirpeers. Finally, the study documents that adoption of sustainable land management practices generates substantialincreases in crop productivity and agricultural income already after one agricultural cycle. |
| Date: | 2022–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10041&r= |
| By: | Chimere O. Iheonu (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Ekene ThankGod Emeka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Princewill U. Okwoche (Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study complements existing literature by examining the short-run heterogeneous and long-run homogeneous impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on ecological footprints in 37 African countries for the period 1990 to 2019. Utilizing the pooled mean group estimator, our findings show considerable heterogeneity in the impact of FDI and international trade on ecological footprints in the short run. In particular, the findings revealed that while FDI increases ecological footprints in Botswana, Egypt, and Mauritania, it reduces ecological footprints in Algeria, Comoros, Gambia, and Togo. Furthermore, the findings revealed that international trade increases ecological footprints in Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, and Eswatini but reduces ecological footprints in Algeria, Mauritania, and Morocco. Nonetheless, the study finds that in the long run, FDI significantly reduces ecological footprints while international trade has no significant influence on the environment. The study further finds economic growth and population to be significant in propping up ecological footprints in the long run. Policy recommendations based on these findings are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Foreign Direct Investment, International Trade; Environmental Sustainability; Ecological Footprints; Pooled Mean Group |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/068&r= |
| By: | Gong Cheng (Bank for International Settlements (BIS)); Eric Jondeau (University of Lausanne - Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne); Swiss Finance Institute; Swiss Finance Institute); Benoît Mojon (Bank for International Settlements (BIS)) |
| Abstract: | We propose a strategy to build portfolios of sovereign securities with progressively declining carbon footprints. Passive investors could use it as a new Paris-consistent benchmark to construct a “net zero” (NZ) portfolio while tracking closely the risk-adjusted returns of a business-as-usual (BAU) benchmark. Our strategy rewards sovereign issuers that have made stronger efforts in reducing carbon intensity, measured by total domestic emissions per capita. The NZ portfolio would have reduced carbon intensity by 41% between 2014 and 2019, by assigning higher weights to countries that have had lower carbon emissions. Among advanced economies, rebalancing leads to raising shares of France, Italy and Spain in the portfolio at the expense of the United States. And among emerging market economies, this leads to higher shares for Chile, the Philippines and Romania at the expense of China. Importantly, the NZ portfolio retains the same creditworthiness as the BAU benchmark without entailing materially higher foreign exchange risks. |
| Keywords: | Carbon footprints, sovereign debt, portfolio rebalancing, portfolio optimisation, active share, tracking error. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2266&r= |
| By: | Michael Morris; Ashwini Rekha Sebastian; Viviana Maria Eugenia Perego |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Extension Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Food Markets Agriculture - Food Security |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34812&r= |
| By: | World Bank; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Disaster Management Environment - Natural Disasters Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35583&r= |
| By: | Witajewski-Baltvilks,Jan Ignacy; Fischer,Carolyn |
| Abstract: | If one region of the world switches its research effort from dirty to clean technologies, will other regions follow To investigate this question, this paper builds a North-South model that combines insights from directed technological change and quality-ladder endogenous growth models with business-stealing innovations. While North represents the region with climate ambitions, both regions have researchers choosing between clean and dirty applications, and the resulting technologies are traded. Three main results emerge: (i) In the long-run, if North's research and development (R&D) sector is large enough, researchers in South will follow the switch from dirty to clean R&D in North, motivated by the growing value of clean markets. (ii) If the two regions direct research effort toward different sectors and the outputs of the two sectors are gross substitutes, then the long-run growth rates in both regions are lower than if the global research effort were invested in one sector. (iii) If North's government induces its researchers to switch to clean R&D through clean technology subsidies, the welfare-maximizing choice for South is to ensure that all of its researchers switch too, unless the social discount rate is high. The last result is true even if South's R&D sector is large. |
| Date: | 2022–06–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10096&r= |
| By: | Ferrazzi,Matteo; Tueske,Annamaria |
| Abstract: | The information contained in the Enterprise Survey—administered by the World Bank (WB), theEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and the European Investment Bank (EIB)—is used to build afirm-level “Corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance Responsibility” composite indicator. The novelty of theindicator, compared with the corporate social responsibility scores and environmental, social, and governance (ESG)scores already available, is due to its unique coverage, namely, a large number of private sector small andmedium-size enterprises in selected emerging economies (morethan 40 economies covered by the Enterprise Survey). The composite indicator summarizes information on private sectoractions on environmental, social, and governance factors. The analysis shows that the actions of private sector smalland medium-size enterprises in emerging economies to foster sustainability and green growth significantly lag in thetransition to a more sustainable business environment, and large gaps persist. Among emerging economies, those in theMiddle East and North Africa—which deserve special attention due to the urgent need to green their growth model—are amongthe worst performers. Larger companies in the Middle East and North Africa show better environmental, social, andgovernance performance than small and medium-size enterprises in other areas; but smaller firms in the MiddleEast and North Africa show extremely weak performance in many aspects, even if controlling for the relative level ofeconomic development. The weakness of environmental, social, and governance practices among firms in the Middle East andNorth Africa is due to the social (with large gaps in female participation in the workforce and management) andenvironmental topics. This calls for urgent policy action to address such weaknesses and exploit the full potential ofthe region. |
| Date: | 2022–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10065&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Coal and Lignite Energy - Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy - Energy and Environment Energy - Energy and Mining Social Protections and Labor - Social Protections & Assistance |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35323&r= |
| By: | Juan-Pablo Rud (University of London); Michael Simmons (Umeå University); Gerhard Toews (Orléans University); Fernando Aragon (Simon Fraser University) |
| Abstract: | The reduction of carbon emissions will require a rapid phasing out of coal and the displacement of millions of coal miners. How much could this energy transition cost mining workers? We use the dramatic collapse of the UK coal industry to estimate the long-term impact on displaced miners. We find evidence of substantial losses: wages fell by 40% and earnings fell by 80% to 90% one year after job loss. These losses are persistent and remain significantly depressed fifteen years later, amounting to present discounted value earnings losses of between four and six times the miners pre-displacement earnings |
| JEL: | J30 J63 J64 O4 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:184&r= |
| By: | Kojima,Masami; Zhou,Xin |
| Abstract: | Analysis of household energy use has tended to focus on primary energy sources for cooking,lighting, and heating. However, even those using clean primary energy sources are not necessarily free fromhousehold air pollution and the burden of biomass collection because of commonly practiced fuel stacking. This paperexamines household energy use in 24 Sub-Saharan African countries with a focus on bottled cooking gas, which isexpected to play a pivotal role in the attainment of universal access to clean household energy by 2030. Theshare of people using clean energy (electricity and gas) as the primary source exceeded half only in five countries,with liquefied petroleum gas dominating in three and electricity in two. As income rose, households shifted awayfrom wood in every country, to clean energy in most countries and to charcoal in some. Of the 12 countries(nationally or in urban areas) in which at least one-fifth of the population used liquefied petroleum gas as theirprimary cooking fuel, more than three-fifths of primary liquefied petroleum gas users had abandoned polluting fuelsin five countries. Within per capita expenditure quintiles, households who had abandoned all polluting fuels wereconsistently smaller than those who continued to use polluting fuels, mainly charcoal or kerosene, perhapspointing to the ease of cooking for small families exclusively with liquefied petroleum gas and electricity.However, liquefied petroleum gas–using households in the top expenditure quintile who had not abandoned polluting fuelswere on average smaller than those in the fourth quintile who had abandoned polluting fuels. These findings point toreasons for fuel stacking that seem to go beyond the question of affordability. |
| Date: | 2022–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10089&r= |
| By: | Hinton, Jennifer B.; Cornell, Sarah E. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the implications of the argument that sustainable businesses should see profit as a means, not an end. It develops a heuristic conceptual framework that identifies two main ways in which a business can treat profit as an end: first, through voluntary objectives; and secondly, through private financial rights. To illustrate the usefulness of this framework, these indicators are applied to examine a range of theoretical approaches, incorporation structures, and third-party certifications that have been developed with the aim of making business sustainable. The application of the framework reveals inconsistencies, ambiguities, and shortfalls of these approaches in their treatment of profit, and outlines ways to advance the theory and practice of sustainable business. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable business,Social enterprise,Sustainable economy,Ecological economics,Degrowth |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:penwps:032022&r= |
| By: | Beckman, Jayson; Ivanic, Maros; Jelliffe, Jeremy L; Baquedano, Felix G; Scott, Sara G |
| Abstract: | The European Commission has proposed strategies that would impose restrictions on EU agriculture through targeted reductions in the use of land, antimicrobials, fertilizers, and pesticides. We perform a range of policy simulations to examine the economic implications of several of the proposed targets, finding reduction in global agriculture production, higher prices, less trade, and more global food insecurity. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerseb:327231&r= |
| By: | Céline Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur], Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation) |
| Abstract: | L'équitation est actuellement le 4ème sport national et la pratique en compétition s'est largement développée. La tenue de ces événements nécessite une organisation importante et on peut donc s'interroger sur les impacts qu'ils génèrent pour les territoires qui les accueillent. Au cours de ces dix dernières années, dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche associant l'Institut français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), l'Institut National de Recherche en Agronomie et en Environnement (INRAE) et le Centre de Droit et d'Economie du Sport (CDES) de limoges, des études d'impacts ont été menées sur des événements équestres sportifs, pour mieux cerner les enjeux liés à ces manifestations. Les retombées économiques, sociales et environnementales ont ainsi été analysées. Ces résultats ont permis de mettre au point l'outil de simulation ImpactsEvénements. |
| Keywords: | Préconisation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03781136&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Disaster Management Environment - Natural Disasters Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Infrastructure Economics Social Development - Social Risk Management Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35220&r= |
| By: | Alvina Erman; Sophie Anne De Vries Robbe; Stephan Fabian Thies; Kayenat Kabir; Mirai Maruo |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Disaster Management Environment - Natural Disasters Gender - Gender and Development Poverty Reduction - Inequality Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35202&r= |
| By: | Clara Galeazzi; Jevgenijs Steinbuks; James Cust |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy Policies & Economics Energy - Energy and Environment Energy - Oil & Gas Energy - Renewable Energy Industry - Mining & Extractive Industry (Non-Energy) International Economics and Trade - Export Competitiveness |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34946&r= |
| By: | Franck-Dominique Vivien (URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Yulia Altukhova-Nys (URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Jean-Marc Bascourret (REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Nicolas Befort; Sylvie Benoit (URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Romain Debref (URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Pascal Grouiez (UPCité - Université Paris Cité, LADYSS - Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité); Jean-Francis Ory (URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Jean-Luc Petitjean (URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Abstract: | What bioeconomy means? What types of agriculture will it lead to in the Champagne Ardenne region ? These are the questions at the origin of the BIOCA Project. While the bioeconomy is usually presented as an ongoing ecological transition, BIOCA has shown that it actually covers a diversity of economic development projects that are both competing and seeking compromises, which do not necessarily meet the challenges of sustainability. These bioeconomies are based on a diversity of agricultural models present in Champagne Ardenne that do not have the same territorial scope or the same economic, social and environmental impacts. Public policies must take note of this diversity of situations and trajectories in terms of the agricultural bioeconomy and promote it in order to face the uncertainty of the future. The difficulty in establishing ecological accounting also appears to be a major obstacle for farmers who are already engaged in ecological transition thinking and approaches. |
| Abstract: | Qu'est-ce que la bioéconomie ? Quels types d'agriculture induit-elle sur le territoire de la Champagne Ardenne, lequel fait figure de leader en matière de bioéconomie ? Telles ont été les questions à l'origine du Projet BIOCA. Alors que la bioéconomie est présentée habituellement comme une transition écologique en cours, BIOCA a permis de montrer qu'elle recouvre en réalité une diversité de projets de développement économique qui sont à la fois en concurrence et à la recherche de compromis, qui ne répondent pas forcément aux enjeux de soutenabilité. Ces bioéconomies s'appuient sur une diversité de modèles agricoles présents en Champagne Ardenne qui n'ont pas la même territorialisation ni les mêmes impacts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux. Les politiques publiques doivent prendre acte de cette diversité de situations et de trajectoires en matière de bioéconomie agricole et la favoriser pour affronter au mieux les incertitudes du futur. La difficulté à établir une comptabilité écologique apparaît aussi comme un verrou majeur pour les agriculteurs qui sont d'ores et déjà engagés dans des réflexions et démarches de transition écologique. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy,Knowledge and business regimes,Territorial anchoring,Ecological accounting,Bioéconomie,Régimes de production de connaissance et d’activité économique,Ancrage territorial,Comptabilité écologique |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03637287&r= |
| By: | Soumik Ghosh; Arpan Chakraborty |
| Abstract: | Environmental degradation, global pandemic and severing natural resource related problems cater to increase demand resulting from migration is nightmare for all of us. Huge flocks of people are rushing towards to earn, to live and to lead a better life. This they do for their own development often ignoring the environmental cost. With existing model, this paper looks at out migration (interstate) within India focusing on the various proximate and fundamental causes relating to migration. The author deploys OLS to see those fundamental causes. Obviously, these are not exhaustive cause, but definitely plays a role in migration decision of individual. Finally, this paper advocates for some policy prescription to cope with this problem. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.11507&r= |
| By: | Surbhi Goyal; Satyaki Bhattacharya; Shraddha Suresh; Georg Goldes; Saurabh Nirgudkar |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Technology & Transmission Energy - Renewable Energy Energy - Solar Energy |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35123&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Technology & Transmission Energy - Renewable Energy Energy - Solar Energy Energy - Windpower |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35113&r= |
| By: | Hrozencik, Aaron; Wallander, Steven; Aillery, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Water delivery and storage organizations allow irrigation water to be transported and stored for use by farmers and ranchers. This report reviews data on water storage, conveyance, and metering infrastructure that is managed by these organizations. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerseb:327232&r= |
| By: | Zsolt Darvas |
| Abstract: | In this Policy Contribution, we compare these two proposals in terms of their treatment under the current EU fiscal rules, and analyse the legal options for their introduction in the EU fiscal framework. We start with a brief review of the rationale for a green golden rule andthen discuss legal options. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polbrf:node_8105&r= |
| By: | Beyer,Robert Carl Michael; Narayanan,Abhinav; Thakur,Gogol Mitra |
| Abstract: | Exceptionally high rainfall in the Indian state of Kerala caused major flooding in 2018. Thispaper estimates the short-run causal impact of the disaster on the economy, using a difference-in-difference approach.Monthly nighttime light intensity, a proxy for aggregate economic activity, suggests that activity declined for threemonths during the disaster but boomed subsequently. Automated teller machine transactions, a proxy for consumerdemand, declined and credit disbursal increased, with households borrowing more for housing and less forconsumption. In line with other results, both household income and expenditure declined during the floods. Despite astrong wage recovery after the floods, spending remained lower relative to the unaffected districts. The paper arguesthat increased labor demand due to reconstruction efforts increased wages after the floods and provides corroboratingevidence: (i) rural labor markets tightened, (ii) poorer households benefited more, and (iii) wages increased mostwhere government relief was strongest. The findings confirm the presence of interesting economic dynamics during andright after natural disasters that remain in the shadow when analyzed with annual data. |
| Date: | 2022–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10084&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Electric Power Energy - Energy Policies & Economics Energy - Hydro Power Energy - Renewable Energy Energy - Solar Energy Energy - Thermal Energy Energy - Windpower |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34586&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Natural Disasters Finance and Financial Sector Development - Insurance & Risk Mitigation Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36013&r= |
| By: | Elena Angulo (EBD - Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid]); Benjamin Hoffmann; Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia; Ahmed Taheri (UCD - Université Chouaib Doukkali); Paride Balzani; Alok Bang (Society for Ecology Evolution and Development); David Renault (ECOBIO - Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - INEE - Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OSUR - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche); Marion Cordonnier (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Céline A Bellard (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Christophe Diagne (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Danish Ahmed (GUST - Gulf University for Science and Technology); Yuya Watari (FFPRI - Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Invasive ants are amongst the most destructive and widespread invaders across the globe; they can strongly alter invaded ecosystems and are responsible for the loss of native ant species. Several studies have reported that invasive ants can also lead to substantial economic costs. In this study, we search, describe and analyse 1342 reported costs of invasive ants compiled in the InvaCost database. Economic costs, reported since 1930 for 12 ant species in 27 countries, totalled US dollars 51.93 billion, from which US dollars 10.95 billion were incurred, and US$ 40.98 billion were potential costs (i.e., expected or predicted costs). More than 80% of total costs were associated with only two species, Solenopsis invicta and Wasmannia auropunctata ; and two countries, the USA and Australia. Overall, damage costs amounted to 92% of the total cost, mainly impacting the agriculture, public and social welfare sectors. Management costs were primarily post-invasion management (US dollars 1.79 billion), with much lower amounts dedicated to prevention (US dollars 235.63 million). Besides the taxonomic bias, cost information was lacking for an average of 78% of the invaded countries. Moreover, even in countries where costs were reported, such information was available for only 56% of the invaded locations. Our synthesis suggests that the global costs of invasive ants are massive but largely biased towards developed economies, with a huge proportion of underreported costs, and thus most likely grossly underestimated. We advocate for more and improved cost reporting of invasive ants through better collaborations between managers, practitioners and researchers, a crucial basis for adequately informing future budgets and improving proactive management actions of invasive ants. |
| Abstract: | El coste económico mundial de las hormigas invasoras Las hormigas invasoras están entre las especies más destructivas y más ampliamente extendidas en todo el mundo. Pueden alterar fuertemente los ecosistemas y son responsables de la pérdida de numerosas especies de hormigas nativas en los ecosistemas invadidos. Muchos estudios han mostrado que las hormigas invasoras pueden producir costes económicos importantes. En este estudio, recopilamos, describimos y analizamos 1342 entradas de costes económicos de hormigas invasoras usando la base de datos InvaCost. Los costes económicos fueron reportados desde 1930, para 12 hormigas invasoras, en 27 países, alcanzando un total de 51.93 mil millones de dólares americanos de los cuales 10.95 mil millones fueron observados (costes reales) mientras que 40.98 mil millones de dólares americanos fueron costes potenciales (es decir, costes esperados, no observados). Más del 80% de los costes totales fueron causados por dos especies: Solenopsis invicta y Wasmannia auropunctata ; y en dos países: Estados Unidos y Australia. Los costes debidos a daños alcanzaron el 92% del total, afectando principalmente a los sectores agrícola y de bienestar social. Los costes de gestión se invirtieron en su mayoría en la gestión de post-invasión (1.79 mil millones de dólares), con montos mucho menores de inversión en prevención (235.63 millones de dólares). A nivel geográfico, falta información de reportes de costes económicos para aproximadamente un 78% de los países invadidos. Además, incluso en los países donde existían costes reportados, dicha información sólo estaba disponible para el 56% de los lugares invadidos. Nuestra síntesis sugiere que los costes globales de las hormigas invasoras son enormes pero en gran medida sesgados hacia las economías desarrolladas, con una gran proporción de costes sin reportar y por lo tanto gravemente subestimados. Exhortamos entonces, a un mayor y mejor reporte de los costes económicos de las hormigas invasoras a través de una mayor colaboración entre gestores, profesionales e investigadores; lo cual es la base crucial para informar adecuadamente presupuestos futuros y mejorar las actuaciones hacia una gestión proactiva de las hormigas invasoras. |
| Keywords: | Anoplolepis,Linepithema,Wasmannia,InvaCost,Monetary impacts,Formicidae |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03781179&r= |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Samba Diop (Alioune Diop University, Bambey, Senegal) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how governance and infrastructure modulate the effect of natural resource rents on economic growth in a sample of 110 countries for the period 2000-2018. The empirical evidence is based on Panel Smooth Transition Regressions (PSTR). The following findings are established. First, the nexus between economic growth and natural resources is not linear and the underlying non-linearity is contingent on existing infrastructural and governance levels. Second, evidence of a “natural resource curse†is apparent in countries with extremely low levels of governance and infrastructural development. Third, the favorable effect of natural resources on economic growth requires a governance threshold of -1.210 and an infrastructure threshold of 2.583 indicating that countries with governance and infrastructure level higher than these values tend to benefit much more from the wealth of natural resources. With high levels of the transition variables (governance and infrastructure), the established thresholds are low and situated between the 5th and the 10th percentiles. Countries identified below the established thresholds are mainly from Africa. Policy implications are discussed with specific emphasis on African countries. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources; Economic Growth; Governance; Infrastructure; Threshold |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/072&r= |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Samba Diop (Alioune Diop University, Bambey, Senegal) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how governance and infrastructure modulate the effect of natural resource rents on economic growth in a sample of 110 countries for the period 2000-2018. The empirical evidence is based on Panel Smooth Transition Regressions (PSTR). The following findings are established. First, the nexus between economic growth and natural resources is not linear and the underlying non-linearity is contingent on existing infrastructural and governance levels. Second, evidence of a “natural resource curse†is apparent in countries with extremely low levels of governance and infrastructural development. Third, the favorable effect of natural resources on economic growth requires a governance threshold of -1.210 and an infrastructure threshold of 2.583 indicating that countries with governance and infrastructure level higher than these values tend to benefit much more from the wealth of natural resources. With high levels of the transition variables (governance and infrastructure), the established thresholds are low and situated between the 5th and the 10th percentiles. Countries identified below the established thresholds are mainly from Africa. Policy implications are discussed with specific emphasis on African countries. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources; Economic Growth; Governance; Infrastructure; Threshold |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/072&r= |
| By: | Angela Cindy Emefa Mensah; Edward B. Barbier |
| Abstract: | We examine inequality convergence over the past three decades and ask if environmentally related impacts on health, and their effect on human capital, are responsible for the slow rate of inequality reduction in countries. Though higher initial incidence of environmentally related impacts on health simultaneously worsens the rate of inequality reduction, we find that those countries that experience faster reduction in the level of environmentally related impacts on health tend to converge to a lower level of inequality more quickly than their counterparts. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Convergence, environmental impact, Health, Income, Growth, Human capital |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-110&r= |
| By: | Dalila Cervantes-Godoy |
| Abstract: | The economic importance and level of employment in agriculture are declining in many rural regions. There are many reasons for this, including demographic changes, deeper urban-rural linkages, technological advances, growing urbanisation, and land use change. To successfully accompany this structural change, agricultural and rural development policies must be coherent. This requires an improved understanding of areas of complementarity and trade-offs between these policies to ensure better integration and to avoid overlaps. Areas of complementarity include rural policies with transferable benefits for agriculture, such as investments in rural infrastructure, digital connectivity, health care, and other public services. With respect to agricultural policies, these complementarities exist with policies that have wider rural benefits, such as investments in agricultural innovation systems, improvements in extension services, and land and water management policies. As the transition towards a diversified low carbon rural economy continues, additional synergies could be developed between agriculture and rural policies. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural policy, Policy complementarity, Rural policy |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 R11 R50 Q16 |
| Date: | 2022–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:187-en&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Communities and Human Settlements - Land Administration Environment - Forests and Forestry Rural Development - Agricultural Growth and Rural Development |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35016&r= |
| By: | Jürgen Schupp; Rolf G. Heinze; Nico A. Siegel |
| Abstract: | Ein Klimageld als sozialer Kompensationsmechanismus zur CO2-Bepreisung gehört zu den Kernprojekten der Ampel-Regierung, um die Akzeptanz der Marktsystems zu gewährleisten. Zuletzt wurde die Erhöhung der CO2-Bepreisung im Rahmen des dritten Entlastungspaket bis 2024 allerdings ausgesetzt. Eine repräsentative Befragung zeigt jetzt, dass rund drei Viertel der deutschen wahlberechtigten Personen mit Onlinezugang einem Klimageld als monatliche Pro-Kopf-Erstattung für alle Bürger*innen zustimmen. Ähnlich viele Menschen stimmen einer Erhöhung der sogenannten Pendlerpauschale zu, mit der Arbeitswege steuerlich abgeschrieben werden können. Vertiefende Analysen zeigen, dass vor allem mit Menschen, die sich um die eigene wirtschaftliche Situation sorgen, das Klimageld unterstützen. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwakt:85de&r= |
| By: | Liotta,Charlotte; Avner,Paolo; Viguié,Vincent; Selod,Harris; Hallegatte,Stephane |
| Abstract: | Opposition to climate policies seems to arise, at least partly, from their effects on inequality.However, so far, the impact of climate policies on inequality has mainly been studied through the lens ofincome inequality, and their spatial dimension is poorly understood. This paper, using Cape Town, South Africa, as acase study, investigates the impact of a fuel tax on both spatial and income inequalities. It uses a model derivedfrom the standard urban economics land use model, accounting for four income classes and four housing types. Thismodeling framework allows decomposing the impacts of the tax by income class, housing type, and housing location. Theanalysis also decomposes the impacts of the tax over different timeframes, assuming that households anddevelopers progressively adapt to the tax. The findings reveal strong evidence that in the short term, there areboth income and spatial inequalities, with households being more negatively impacted by the fuel tax if they earn lowincomes or live far from employment centers. In the medium and long term, these inequalities persist: the pooresthouseholds, living in informal settlements or subsidized housing, have few or no ways to adapt to changes in fuelprices by changing housing type, adjusting their dwelling sizes or locations, or shifting transportation modes.Low-income households living in formal housing also remain impacted by the tax over the long term due to complexeffects driven by the competition with richer households on the housing market. Complementary policies promoting afunctioning labor market that allows people to change jobs easily, affordable public transportation, or subsidieshelping low-income households to rent houses closer to employment centers will be key to enable the socialacceptability of climate policies. |
| Date: | 2022–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10185&r= |
| By: | Selahmi, Basma; Liu, Chunping |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether natural resource revenues in the GCC countries lead to economic growth or if the resource curse is evident. Using panel data for six countries during 1996-2019, we investigate the indirect relationship in which natural resources and economic growth operate through different institutional qualities. Using two different classifications of export composition, we show that point-source resources, particularly fuel exportation, worsen the economic performance of a country. In contrast, diffuse-source resources do not follow this pattern. Nevertheless, the results also provide the threshold level of institutional, beyond which fuel wealth enhances economic growth. This result suggests that for fuel exportation to have a meaningful impact on economic growth, GCC countries must attain a certain threshold of institutional quality. The results confirm our hypothesis that institutions are decisive for the resource curse, therefore contrasting the claims of Sachs and Warner (1995, 2001) that institutions do not play a role. It, therefore, suggests that countries must adopt appropriate policy measures to improve their levels of institutional quality and soften the impact of a resource curse. |
| Keywords: | C5; E02; N5; O4 |
| JEL: | O13 O43 Q32 |
| Date: | 2022–01–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114924&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Forestry Management Gender - Gender and Development Gender - Gender and Rural Development Private Sector Development - Small and Medium Size Enterprises Rural Development - Rural Labor Markets Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35343&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Impacts Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Poverty Reduction - Achieving Shared Growth Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35284&r= |
| By: | Letta,Marco; Montalbano,Pierluigi; Paolantonio,Adriana |
| Abstract: | Over the past two decades, the causal relationship between climate change and migration has gainedincreasing prominence on the international political agenda. Despite recent advances in both conceptual frameworks andapplied techniques, the empirical evidence does not provide clear-cut conclusions, mainly due to the intrinsiccomplexity of the phenomena of interest, the irreducible heterogeneity of the transmission mechanisms, some commonmisconceptions, and, in particular, the paucity of adequate data. This data-oriented review first summarizes thefindings of the most recent empirical literature and identifies the main insights as well as the most importantmediating channels and contextual factors. Then, it discusses open issues and assesses the main data gaps thatcurrently prevent more robust quantifications. Finally, the paper highlights opportunities for exploring these researchquestions, exploiting the potential of the existing multi-topic and multi-purpose household survey data sets,such as those produced by the World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Study. The paper focuses on the Living StandardsMeasurement Study–Integrated Surveys on Agriculture program to discuss potential improvements for integrating standardhousehold surveys with additional modules and data sources. |
| Date: | 2022–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10082&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Governance and Management Urban Development - Urban Services to the Poor Urban Development - Urban Water & Waste Management |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35115&r= |
| By: | Costanza Naguib; Martino Pelli; David Poirier; Jeanne Tschopp |
| Abstract: | We shed new light on the short-term dynamic effects of cyclones on local economic growth in India. We proxy local GDP growth with night-time light intensity data and construct a cyclone index that varies across months and districts depending on windspeed exposures. Using local projections on highly granular data for the period 1993M1-2011M12, we find that yearly estimations hide large short-term differential impacts and that the negative impact of cyclones is the largest between 4 and 8 months after the event. Nous apportons un nouvel éclairage sur les effets dynamiques à court terme des cyclones sur la croissance économique locale en Inde. Nous substituons la croissance du PIB local par des données d'intensité lumineuse nocturne et construisons un indice cyclonique qui varie selon les mois et les districts en fonction de l'exposition à la vitesse du vent. En utilisant des projections locales sur des données très détaillées pour la période 1993M1-2011M12, nous constatons que les estimations annuelles cachent d'importants impacts différentiels à court terme et que l'impact négatif des cyclones est le plus important entre 4 et 8 mois après l'événement. |
| Keywords: | cyclone,night light,India,monthly measurements,local projections, cyclone,éclairage nocturne,Inde,mesures mensuelles,projections locales |
| JEL: | O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2022s-26&r= |
| By: | Alimi,Omoniyi Babatunde; Gibson,John |
| Abstract: | Burning off the gas coming out of oil wells—gas flaring—is a common practice in oil-producingdeveloping countries. This economically wasteful and environmentally damaging process occurs becauseinfrastructure has been built with a focus on oil production rather than gas capture and because weak regulations andlimited environmental monitoring make flaring an attractive choice for oil producers. Moreover, gas flaring is harmfulto human health, especially because of pollutants. This research focuses on Nigeria, where over 10 percent of allgas produced is flared and about 2 million people in the Niger Delta live within four kilometres of a gas flare.While several studies from developed countries examine relationships between gas flaring and human (especiallyinfant) health, a lack of data limits what research is possible in developing countries. This paper uses infanthealth data from Demographic Health Surveys, and satellite-detected data on gas flaring to examine theeffects of flaring on disease incidence and infant mortality in oil-producing regions of Nigeria. The findings show astrong positive association between gas flaring and the incidence of respiratory diseases and fever among childrenyounger than five years. The study contributes to the literature measuring the wider cost to society of oil andgas production and adds to a growing body of work using satellite data to understand well-being in places whereconventional data sources are unavailable or unreliable. |
| Date: | 2022–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10153&r= |
| By: | Erman,Alvina Elisabeth; Dallmann,Ingrid |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a hedonic propertyprice function to estimate the relationship between flood risk and rents in four Sub-Saharan Africa cities: Accra,Antananarivo, Dar es Salaam, and Addis Ababa. The analysis relies on household survey data collected after flood eventsin the cities. Flood risk is measured with self-reported data on past flood exposure and perception of future risk offlooding of households. The study finds that flood risk is associated with lower rents in Accra, Antananarivo, andAddis Ababa, ranging from 14 to 56 percent lower. In contrast, risk is associated with higher rent in Dar esSalaam, which could be potentially attributed to a combination of lack of awareness of flood risk amongrenters, high transaction costs and omitted variable bias. For example, only 12 percent of households living inflood-prone areas were aware of the flood risk when they moved in. In Antananarivo, job density is associated withhigher rents while in Accra and Addis Ababa, higher job density is associated with lower rents. Results are negativebut not significant in Dar es Salaam. When interacting job density with flood risk for each city, the negative effectof job density on rents is higher (in absolute value) when flood risk is high in Accra and Addis Ababa, and thepositive effect of job density on rents becomes negative when flood risk is high in Antananarivo. This relationshipis not found in Dar es Salaam. The finding seems to suggest that access to jobs is a factor driving people to settle inflood-prone areas. |
| Date: | 2022–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10127&r= |
| By: | Ofori Adofo,Josephine; Tarui,Nori; Tanaka,Tomomi |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the welfare impacts of natural resources by analyzing Ghana’s offshoreoil discovery and subsequent production. It finds substantial increases in real income, but no effect onconsumption and poverty. The income effects are stronger for skilled workers. Estimates of the effects of oil discoveryon employment show that employment in general increased by 4 percentage points. The positive employment effects arelargely concentrated in non-oil local sectors: manufacturing and construction. The findings do not show significantimpacts on employment in the agriculture and service sectors where a large proportion of individuals below the povertyline are engaged. This largely explains why the oil discovery had no effect on poverty reduction, as itbenefited the non-poor rather than the poor. |
| Date: | 2022–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10154&r= |
| By: | Mahler,Daniel Gerszon; Serajuddin,Umar; Maeda,Hiroko |
| Abstract: | To monitor progress toward global goals such as the Sustainable Development Goals, globalstatistics are needed. Yet cross-country data sets are rarely truly global, creating a trade-off for producers ofglobal statistics: the lower is the data coverage threshold for disseminating global statistics, the more statistics canbe made available, but the lower is the accuracy of these statistics. This paper quantifies the availability-accuracytrade-off by running more than 10 million simulations on the World Development Indicators. It shows that if the fractionof the world’s population for which data are lacking is x, then the global value will on expectation be off by 0.37*xstandard deviation, and it could be off by as much as x standard deviations. The paper shows the robustness of thisresult to various assumptions and provides recommendations on when there is enough data to create global statistics.Although the decision will be context specific, in a baseline scenario, it is suggested not to create globalstatistics when there are data for less than half of the world’s population. |
| Date: | 2022–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10034&r= |
| By: | Hongyan Chen; Pushpam Kumar; Tom Barker |
| Abstract: | Wetland quality is a critical factor in determining values of wetland goods and services. However, in many studies on wetland valuation, wetland quality has been ignored. While those studies might give useful information to the local people for decision-making, their lack of wetland quality information may lead to the difficulty in integrating wetland quality into a cross-studies research like meta-analysis. In a meta-analysis, a statistical regression function needs withdrawing from those individual studies for analysis and prediction. This research introduces the wetland quality factor, a critical but frequently missed factor, into a meta-analysis and simultaneously considers other influential factors, such as study method, socio-economic state and other wetland site characteristics, as well. Thus, a more accurate and valid meta-regression function is expected. Due to no obvious quality information in primary studies, we extract two kinds of wetland states from the study context as relative but globally consistent quality measurement to use in the analysis, as the first step to explore the effect of wetland quality on values of ecosystem services. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.01153&r= |
| By: | Köthke, Margret; Weimar, Holger |
| Abstract: | This working paper provides a detailed overview of the trade in wood-based or wood-containing products1 in the EU27 in 2020 and distinguishes products already under the scope of the EUTR and the proposed regulation of the European Commission on deforestation-free value chains, from products not in the scope of those two regulations. The study considers overall 769 products (according to the 8-digit product codes of the Combined Nomenclature) from the entire list of goods for international trade statistics, provided that some wood content can be assumed. Of these products, 348 are already in the scope of the EUTR. The remaining 421 products are considered, to assess their relevance in EU27 wood-based products trade. Therefore, trade values and quantities for each product are taken from EUROSTAT foreign trade data bases. To compare the wood content related to each product, trade quantities were converted into trade volumes of cubic meters of roundwood equivalents (RWE m³). The roundwood equivalent indicates how much raw wood is required to produce the respective wood-based product. Converting the trade volumes into this physical reference value also enables a raw material-related comparison of the traded products. The working paper presents three different trade flows, which all fall within the scope of the proposed new regulation for deforestation-free products: a) Imports of wood-based products from third countries into the EU27, b) exports to third countries from the EU27, and c) intra trade within the EU27 internal market (between EU Member States). Further, detailed information on data compilation, data gaps and uncertainties and conversion factors applied are given within this working paper. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:327293&r= |