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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Yuventus Effendi; Budy P. Resosudarmo |
| Abstract: | Even though there has been strong evidence that global warming has negative impacts on an economy, global carbon emissions have been increasing. Carbon emissions in the East Asia region has also shown a similar trend. The governments in East Asia have not implemented effective decarbonisation policies, presumably because so far limited analysis of the socio-economic and environmental impacts of these policies has been undertaken. This paper analyses the socio-economic and environmental implications of intended decarbonisation in the East Asian region using a computable general equilibrium model that captures closed-linkages between the economy and climate change. The results show that the intended decarbonisation policy does not always reduce carbon emissions. Incorporating CCS technology into existing coal power plants and carbon tax implementation could reduce carbon emissions significantly in all countries in the region. However, supplementary fiscal policies might be needed to mitigate the possible negative economic impacts of these intended decarbonisation policies. |
| Keywords: | decarbonisation, climate change, East Asia, Computable General Equilibrium |
| JEL: | D58 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2022-03&r= |
| By: | Hughes, Kai |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao21:321016&r= |
| By: | Borman, Julia |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321108&r= |
| By: | Marco Quatrosi (University of Ferrara – Department of Economics and Management (Ferrara, Italy);) |
| Abstract: | In the context of convergence of objectives among the single Member States within the European Union, environmental policy has always been considered one pivotal and necessary step towards a cohesive EU. Employing clustering techniques, this work identifies affinities in environmental performances (e.g., CO2 emissions), energy efficiency, and clean energy patterns for European countries. K-medoids clustering will be used for a cross-section of the total carbon dioxide emission in three reference years (2008, 2013, 2018). Data to feed the algorithm have been selected considering the well-established IPAT relationship as an analytical framework. After preliminary analysis, results highlighted the presence of persistent groups of countries over time with marked characteristics in terms of environmental performances, energy efficiency, and clean energy patterns. Considering the limitations of data employed and the potentialities of the methodological approach, this work could shed light on a new perspective of analysis in light of the harmonization path the EU has been undertaking since its foundation. These findings could better address policymakers in terms of convergence of environmental policy implementing new measures to promote low-carbon consumption and production patterns with a specific focus on energy efficiency (e.g., heating and cooling) and sustainable sources (e.g., nuclear power). |
| Keywords: | Q50; Q43; C38 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0722&r= |
| By: | Jacobs, Alec; Youngman, Tom |
| Abstract: | Ruminant livestock produce more than half of the UK’s agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, leading the Climate Change Committee to call for diets to move away from meat and dairy. We run simulations in Defra’s partial equilibrium model of the UK’s agricultural economy to evaluate how diet change might affect UK herd sizes and associated greenhouse gas emissions. We also simulate carbon tax and tariff policy scenarios to compare how diet shifts would interact with a widely advocated policy measure. We find unilateral diet change in the UK alone more likely to provoke a decrease in imports (and potentially an increase in exports) than bring about a significant reduction in UK ruminant herds and associated UK territorial greenhouse gas emissions. Conversely, our simulations find a large carbon tax imposed on domestic farmers alone reducing territorial emissions significantly, but only by leading to higher imports (and associated emissions) from overseas as UK consumption remains inelastic. Our modelling indicates that meeting the UK’s agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation goals requires holistic action on the consumption and production side of the economy, with the UK facing unintended consequences in its agri-food trade balance if its climate ambition is not in harmony with its trade policy. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321207&r= |
| By: | Balogh, Jeremias |
| Abstract: | The agricultural production in the European Union (EU) accounted for 40 % of the total land area of the EU Member States, providing farming opportunities for 10 million workers. In the EU, agriculture is also responsible for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions. The research investigates how the evaluation of agricultural subsidies under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) can contribute to agricultural sustainability in the European Union. The research question addresses the implementation of climate agreements into CAP regulations and the influence of agricultural subsidies on greenhouse gas emissions. Panel data econometrics is employed to analyse the effectiveness of EU subsidies on diminishing agricultural emissions between 2004 and 2019. The results suggest that some agri-environmental measures included in the Common Agricultural Policy served to cut GHG emissions by increasing the area of organic farming. The expansion of organic farming and CAP payments on rural development contributed significantly to CO2 emissions reduction in the EU. On the other hand, CAP direct payments stimulated GHG emissions. Regarding CAP reforms, the Health Check carried out in 2009 helped reduce while Ciolos reform in 2013 stimulated GHG emission for a period analysed. The results draw attention to the need for action to curb EU agricultural emissions by reforming or restructuring the system of direct agricultural subsidies. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321223&r= |
| By: | Raimondi, Valentina; Curzi, Daniele; Lucarno, Riccardo; Olper, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | Agri-food system is one of the economic sectors most at risk from climate change, but it is also a significant contributor to it, with greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the food supply chain equal to one-third of the global anthropogenic total in 2018 (Tubiello et al. 2021). Specifically, crop and livestock production within the farm gate contributes more than 50% of the methane (CH4) and 75% of the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activity globally (FAO, 2020). This paper relies on the recent work of Shapiro (2021) that firstly analysed the nexus between pollution embodied in traded goods, against the actual structure of trade policy (tariffs or non-tariff measures-NTMs). In our contribution we focus on agricultural and food products, considering three main pollutants (CO2, CH4, N2O), with the aims of answering the following research question: are actual trade policies a tax or a subsidy to total CO2 (equivalent) emissions embedded in agri-food imported goods? Main findings suggest that for all the three pollutants investigated a negative implicit carbon tax is applied, i.e. on average countries applied an implicit subsidy on more pollutant imported goods. This estimated implicit subsidy to CO2 emissions imported in agri-food products tend to be higher when also the ad-valorem equivalent of non-tariff measures (NTMs) is accounted for. By investigating the country-group heterogeneity in the applied tax or subsidy to imported CO2, results show that the larger implicit subsidy is applied by the trade policy structure of European Union countries. Specifically, Western and Northern European countries have among the largest negative environmental biases in trade policy, while more polluting countries, like China, India, Russia, Brazil and Mexico, tend to apply smaller (implicit) subsidies. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321217&r= |
| By: | David R. Johnson; Nathan B. Geldner; Jing Liu; Uris Lantz Baldos; Thomas Hertel |
| Abstract: | Biobased energy, particularly corn starch-based ethanol and other liquid renewable fuels, are a major element of federal and state energy policies in the United States. These policies are motivated by energy security and climate change mitigation objectives, but corn ethanol does not substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions when compared to petroleum-based fuels. Corn production also imposes substantial negative externalities (e.g., nitrogen leaching, higher food prices, water scarcity, and indirect land use change). In this paper, we utilize a partial equilibrium model of corn-soy production and trade to analyze the potential of reduced US demand for corn as a biobased energy feedstock to mitigate increases in nitrogen leaching, crop production and land use associated with growing global populations and income from 2020 to 2050. We estimate that a 23% demand reduction would sustain land use and nitrogen leaching below 2020 levels through the year 2025, and a 41% reduction would do so through 2030. Outcomes are similar across major watersheds where corn and soy are intensively farmed. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.14321&r= |
| By: | Atwood, Lesley |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321117&r= |
| By: | Griff, Lance |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321109&r= |
| By: | Wimmer, Stefan; Stetter, Christian; Schmitt, Jonas; Ringer, Robert |
| Abstract: | Assessing the effects of climate change on agricultural production is crucial for designing pol-icies related to climate change and climate change mitigation. A large body of literature identi-fied detrimental effects on crop yields around the globe under various climate change scenarios, while farm-level adaptation has been shown to mitigate the adverse effect of climate change on agricultural production. In this paper, we use a structural approach to examine farms’ produc-tion responses to both expected and realized weather. We investigate how farmers adjust crop supply and input demand by estimating a system of output supply and input demand functions that controls for non-random crop selection. Using panel data on 1406 German crop farms (2005–2019), we find that both expected and realized weather outcomes determine farmers out-put supply and input demand, and that a drought shock has both immediate and lasting effects on farmers’ production decisions. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321221&r= |
| By: | Patrice Guillotreau (UMR MARBEC - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Kevin Bistoquet (National Bureau of Statistics, Seychelles) |
| Abstract: | Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are particularly vulnerable to climate change and ought to pay attention to their own contribution through the CO2 emissions resulting from the domestic production and consumption levels. Although poorly responsible of the worldwide carbon emissions by the modest level of their domestic demand, they can nonetheless contribute to the problem because of the global demand for their exported commodities. However, the carbon footprint is hardly assessed by SIDS because of a lack of data about greenhouse gas emissions or national account statistics. Taking the opportunity of the Covid-19 pandemic and the resulting economic shock, an environmentally-extended input-output model based on Eurostat data on air emissions is used to disentangle the CO2 emissions embodied in the domestic production and international trade, respectively, and to clearly identify the origin of emissions by industry. Not surprisingly, the consumption-based carbon footprint of Seychelles is deemed lower (6.79 tCO2 per capita) than the production-based inventory (9.55 tCO2 p.c.) for this small open economy relying to a large extent on exports of canned tuna and tourism services, hence a decrease of carbon dioxide emissions (-16%) in 2020 because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Could it be the right time to re-frame the international specialization of Seychelles? |
| Keywords: | carbon footprint,air emission accounts,Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (EE-IO) model,Covid-19,Seychelles economy |
| Date: | 2022–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03678148&r= |
| By: | Elkerbout, Milan; Bryhn, Julie; Righetti, Edoardo; Chapman, Francesca |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing has been adopted as a key climate policy measure in an increasing number of jurisdictions. With much of the world moving towards net-zero targets since the entry into force of the Paris Agreement, carbon pricing instruments now operate in a different context for climate policy than when economists first proposed them. This report re-examines the theory of diverse models of carbon pricing, especially for industrial decarbonisation, where concerns about carbon leakage risk and competitiveness play an important role in the policy debate. The report reviews implications for the effectiveness of climate policy and the need to reach climate neutrality in other regions when adopting measures to mitigate the risk of carbon leakage. It then discusses the concept of climate clubs and the potential for more inclusive ways of cooperating on climate policy beyond just carbon pricing. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:35998&r= |
| By: | Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Adrien Fabre; Tobias Kruse; Bluebery Planterose; Ana Sanchez Chico; Stefanie Stantcheva |
| Abstract: | Using new surveys on more than 40 000 respondents in twenty countries that account for 72% of global CO2 emissions, we study the understanding of and attitudes toward climate change and climate policies. We show that, across countries, support for climate policies hinges on three key factors: the perceived effectiveness of the policies in reducing emissions, their perceived distributional impacts on lower-income households (inequality concerns), and their own household’s gains and losses. We also show that information that specifically addresses these key concerns can substantially increase the support for climate policies in many countries. Explaining how policies work and who can benefit from them is critical to foster policy support. Simply making people more worried about climate change is not an effective strategy to foster policy support. Furthermore, we identify several socioeconomic and lifestyle factors – most notably education, political leanings, car usage, and availability of public transportation – that are significantly correlated with both policy views and overall reasoning and beliefs about climate policies. Yet, it is difficult to predict beliefs or policy views based on these characteristics only. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, climate change, climate policies, experiment, perceptions, survey |
| JEL: | D78 H23 Q54 Q58 P48 |
| Date: | 2022–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1714-en&r= |
| By: | Rupérez Calavera, Germán; Molina, Jose Alberto |
| Abstract: | A hot debate during the last years is going around the fact that our economies are based on natural resources consumption and up to which extend should we prioritize economic growth instead of sacrificing it in benefit of the environment. To analyze this problematic we will compare the greenhouse emissions of a variety of European countries with the GDP per capita of those countries to analyze the relationship among these two variables. |
| Keywords: | Emissions, GDP per capita, greenhouse gas, pollution, climate change, economic growth |
| JEL: | Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113512&r= |
| By: | Francesco Giancaterini; Alain Hecq; Claudio Morana |
| Abstract: | This paper, exploiting the properties of mixed causal and noncausal models, proposes strategies to detect time reversibility in stationary stochastic processes. We show that they can also be used for nonstationary processes when the trend component is computed using the Hodrick-Prescott filter characterized by a time-reversible closed-form solution. We then establish a linkage between the concept of environmental tipping point and the statistical property of time irreversibility and investigate nine climate indicators. While we detect time irreversibility in GHG emissions, global temperatures and fundamental natural oscillations do not show this feature. Under a constructive view, our findings then give hope that correction policies might still help avoid the worst consequences of climate change. |
| Keywords: | mixed causal and noncausal models, time reversibility, global warming, generalized Student's t-distribution, Hodrick-Prescott filter. |
| JEL: | C22 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:498&r= |
| By: | Mehta, Shefali |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321137&r= |
| By: | Porter, Dan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321152&r= |
| By: | Isaac K. Ofori (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy); Emmanuel Gbolonyo (University of Cape Town, South Africa); Nathanael Ojong (York University,Toronto, Canada) |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the scholarly literature on the drive towards sustainable development in light of the UN’s Agenda 2030 and the African Union’s Agenda 2063 by examining pathways through which energy efficiency (EE) promotes inclusive green growth (IGG) in Africa. Our contribution is novel from both the conceptual and empirical perspectives. With regard to the former, we develop a framework on how EE and governance feed into IGG, and on the latter, our contribution is based on country-level data for 23 African countries for the period 1996 – 2020. First, evidence from the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator shows that EE is not unconditionally effective for spurring IGG. Second, we find that governance is both directly, and indirectly effective for repackaging EE to foster IGG. In particular, the evidence suggests that governance mechanisms for controlling corruption while ensuring regulatory quality and government effectiveness are keys for forming relevant synergies with EE to foster IGG. Third, regarding the socioeconomic sustainability (SES) and environmental sustainability (EVS) dichotomy of IGG, we find that the EE-governance pathway is more effective for driving the latter compared to the former. We also make some policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Africa, Inclusive Growth; Inclusive Green Growth; Greenhouse Gases; Environmental Sustainability; Carbon Intensity; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | I3 O11 O43 O44 O55 Q01 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/043&r= |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | Pursuing efforts to decarbonize economies and increase energy systems’ resilience is crucial to stay within global warming limits and fight the consequences of climate change, which are becoming increasingly acute. The transition to a net-zero economy will be commodityintensive and require significant quantities of critical minerals, defined as metals and nonmetals essential to high-tech sectors. As the shift to cleaner technologies progresses, supply of critical minerals for the energy transition will be challenged by the needs for large quantities. If supply does not meet demand, prices of these minerals could skyrocket, leading to a new type of vulnerability. Thus, the interdependence and price volatility that characterize hydrocarbon markets would not disappear entirely in a decarbonized world. Therefore, many prerequisites must be in place for minerals markets to function effectively, including credible and globally coordinated climate policy, high environmental, social, labor, and governance standards, and reduced export trade barriers. This would allow scaling-up of investment to sufficiently increase the supply of critical minerals while preventing the rising cost of low-carbon technologies, thus supporting the transition to clean energy. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb37-22&r= |
| By: | Elkerbout, Milan; Bryhn, Julie |
| Abstract: | Negative emissions will be needed on an increased scale to meet the EU’s climate targets, in particular climate neutrality by 2050. This Policy Insight examines different policy options for the EU to support the deployment of negative emissions technologies. After presenting an overview of measures to support negative emissions around the world, the EU’s climate policy frameworks are reviewed from the perspective of (potentially) integrating negative emissions. This is followed by a review of specific policy measures to support negative emissions in the EU. The paper recommends a wide portfolio of policy measures over time, to account for technology differences and the changing demands of climate policy for different time horizons as climate neutrality approaches (followed by net-negative emissions thereafter). This Policy Insight builds on a scoping paper by CEPS (Elkerbout & Bryhn, 2021) that discussed the need for negative emissions more in detail, as well as various options for negative emissions technology. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:35831&r= |
| By: | Itle, Cortney |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321135&r= |
| By: | Geissler, George |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321153&r= |
| By: | Bebber, Dan; Lin, Han; Lloyd, Tim; McCorriston, Steve; Varma, Varun |
| Abstract: | Climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events, affecting food systems. How food prices in domestic markets are affected by resulting supply shocks is key to understanding the impacts of climate change on food security. The expectation that supply shocks are fully translated into higher consumer prices may, however, not hold true even for commodities that see minimal processing from farm to plate and, in particular, where vertical chains deviate from perfect competition. Focussing on four major consuming countries, we show that anomalous weather patterns in exporting countries affects the spread between world and retail prices suggesting that shocks are mainly ameliorated (but in one case, exacerbated) by firms that comprise the supply chain - ‘the missing middle’. Our findings highlight placing equal emphasis on understanding how firms in this ‘missing middle’ will adapt to, and determine the impact of, climate shocks on participants in value chains. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321228&r= |
| By: | Coralie KERSULEC; Luc DOYEN |
| Abstract: | The increasing consumption of seafood products raises concerns over the sustainability of marine ecosystems. We examine the role of consumer preferences on seafood demand and consequently on the sustainability of fisheries. Our analysis relies on a bio-economic model combining a demand derived from a CES utility depending on different fish species, a mixed fishery supply based on the Schaefer production function, a market equilibrium and a multispecies resource-based dynamics. Using both a steady-state approach and bio-economic viability goals, we identify analytical conditions on consumer preferences making it possible to balance biodiversity conservation with viable profits. We derive policy recommendations in terms of eco-labels for the sustainability of fisheries and the underlying seafood system. We exemplify the analytical results with the coastal fishery in French Guiana. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, Multi-species fishery, Sustainability, Ecolabel, CES utility function, Consumer preferences, Food systems, Viability goals; Bioeconomics. |
| JEL: | Q21 Q22 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2022-10&r= |
| By: | Francesco Vona (University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and OFCE Sciences-Po); Francesco Bontadini (OFCE Sciences-Po, LUISS Guido Carli University and SPRU – University of Sussex) |
| Abstract: | We study green specialisation across EU countries and detailed 4-digit industrial sectors over the period of 1995-2015 by harmonizing product-level data (PRODCOM). We propose a new list of green goods that refines lists proposed by international organizations by excluding goods with double usage. Our analysis reveals important structural characteristics of green specialisation in the manufacturing sector. First, green production is highly concentrated, with 13 out of 119 4-digit industries, which are high-tech and account for nearly 95% of the total. Second, green and polluting productions do not occur in the same sectors, and countries specialise in either green or brown sectors. Third, our econometric analysis identifies three key drivers of green specialisation: (i) first-mover advantage and high persistence of green specialisation, (ii) complementarity with non-green capabilities and (iii) the degree of diversification of green capabilities. Importantly, once we control for these drivers, environmental policies are not anymore positively associated with green specialisation. |
| Keywords: | Green goods, green specialisation, environmental policies, complementarity, path dependency |
| JEL: | Q55 L60 O44 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.14&r= |
| By: | Wallander, Steven |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321094&r= |
| By: | Orts, William |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321098&r= |
| By: | Flores, Bryan; Alvarado, Rafael |
| Abstract: | In Ecuador, the income obtained from the exploitation of natural resources, especially hydrocarbons and minerals, have been consolidated as the basis of economic development, in turn, the lack of economic and technological resources, as many of the developing countries development, have caused these activities to be concessioner to foreign companies, causing a conflict of interest in which the economic benefit has exceeded environmental sustainability. For this reason, the general objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of rent from natural resources and foreign direct investment on environmental degradation in Ecuador during the period 1975-2019, through an econometric study in order to propose policies. that mitigate environmental degradation and promote environmental sustainability. The data was obtained from the World Development Indicators (2021) and time series econometric techniques were used through the implementation of Vector Autoregressive (VAR), Error Correction (VEC) models and the Granger causality test. According to the results obtained, the presence of a short- and long-term equilibrium relationship between total income from natural resources, foreign direct investment and CO2 emissions was verified. Therefore, policies must be aimed at strengthening environmental legislation and providing an optimal environment for business development based on the implementation of environmentally friendly technologies that guarantee the sustainability of resources. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Natural resources, Foreign Direct Investment |
| JEL: | F21 Q34 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113736&r= |
| By: | McCarthy, Laura |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321151&r= |
| By: | Davide Antonioli (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara and SEEDS – Centre for Sustainability, Environmental Economics and Dynamics Studies); Claudia Ghisetti (Università degli studi di Milano Bicocca); Massimiliano Mazzanti (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara and SEEDS – Centre for Sustainability, Environmental Economics and Dynamics Studies); Francesco Nicolli (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara and SEEDS – Centre for Sustainability, Environmental Economics and Dynamics Studies) |
| Abstract: | Assessing the economic consequences of sustainable production choices aimed at reducing environmental negative externalities is crucial for policy making, in light of the increasing interest and awareness experienced in the recent EU policy packages (Circular Economy package; European Green Deal and Recovery Fund to support sustainable transition). This assessment is one of the goal of the current work, which tries to provide new empirical evidence on the economic returns of such choices, drawing on previous literature on the underlying determinants of greener production choices, which are stated to differ from standard technological innovations as they are subject to a knowledge and an environmental externality. Using an original dataset on about 3000 Italian manufacturing firms we provide evidence on the relations among innovations related to the Circular Economy concept and economic outcome in the short run. The evidence shows that in the short run it is difficult to obtain economic gains, especially for the SMEs. |
| Keywords: | Circular Economy, Sustainable Production, Environmental Innovation, Economic Effect |
| JEL: | O30 O44 O55 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.05&r= |
| By: | Bowman, Maria |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321134&r= |
| By: | Ellsworth, Jason W. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321127&r= |
| By: | Marianne Lefebvre (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Masha Maslianskaia-Pautrel (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pauline Laille (Plante & Cité) |
| Abstract: | Adaptation of urban green spaces (UGSs) to allow their maintenance without pesticides is likely to impact the value attached to these green infrastructures by urban citizens. To understand citizens' preferences for UGSs in this context, a Discrete Choice Experiment was administered in France in 2017, when a pesticide ban in all UGSs was implemented. It allows evaluating the impact on citizens' welfare of different UGSs management scenarios without pesticides. The scenario offering new recreational opportunities is by far the most valued by citizens. Only a minority is worse-off in the "laisser-faire" scenario, where the vegetation is much less controlled. Citizens suffer from welfare losses in the scenario "apparently as before" since it comes at the cost of deteriorated working conditions for maintenance teams. The policy recommendations drawn can contribute to greater social acceptance of the transition towards pesticide-free UGSs. |
| Keywords: | JEL classification : Q24,Choice experiment,France,Pesticides,Urban green spaces,Welfare measure |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03694169&r= |
| By: | Hunecke, Claudia |
| Abstract: | The Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) are qualitative descriptions of five equally plausible, potential future scenarios related to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The FSEC-SSPs extend the SSPs framework and contribute to this literature by focusing on the global agricultural production level as its scope. We examine the drivers determining future on-farm management decisions and their outcomes regarding output and productivity, profitability, and environmental impacts. We apply a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews and expert workshops, with its results to be implemented as a baseline in Integrated Assessment Modelling exercises. The storyline elements and the associated storylines are defined by an international group of experts in agricultural economics from both FSEC (Food System Economics Commission) and various other research institutions. Besides, bio-physical and locational factors of the farm, especially the structure of the agricultural system of the particular country and the political environment, are predicted to be significant drivers of future development. However, demand for various product groups, the availability and use of specific technologies, and the market structure are additional forces to impact production decisions. The description of typical farms for each SSP in different world regions will support the qualitative storylines. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321222&r= |
| By: | Marlon G. Boarnet (University of Southern California); Xize Wang (University of Southern California); Douglas Houston (University of California, Irvine) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a before-after, experimental-control group method to evaluate the impacts of the newly opened Expo light rail transit line in Los Angeles on personal vehicle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We applied the California Air Resources Board's EMFAC 2011 emission model to estimate the amount of daily average CO2 emissions from personal vehicle travel for 160 households across two waves, before and after the light rail opened. The 160 households were part of an experimental-ccontrol group research design. Approximately half of the households live within a half-mile of new Expo light rail stations (the experimental group) and the balance of the sampled households live beyond a half-mile from Expo light rail stations (the control group). Households tracked odometer mileage for all household vehicles for seven days in two sample waves, before the Expo Line opened (fall, 2011) and after the Expo Line opened (fall, 2012). Our analysis indicates that opening the Expo Line had a statistically significant impact on average daily CO2 emissions from motor vehicles. We found that the CO2 emission of households who reside within a half-mile of an Expo Line station was 27.17 percent smaller than those living more than a half-mile from a station after the opening of the light rail, while no significant difference exists before the opening. A difference-in-difference model suggests that the opening of the Expo Line is associated with 3,145 g less of household vehicle CO2 emissions per day as a treatment effect. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the emission reduction effect is also present when the experimental group of households is redefined to be those living within a kilometer from the new light rail stations. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.12610&r= |
| By: | Bernhardt, Jacob Jeff; Rolfes, Lennart; Kreins, Peter; Henseler, Martin |
| Abstract: | The challenges associated with ongoing climate change will pose major challenges for global agriculture in the future and require well thought-out adaptation strategies. Thus, adaptation of water management is one of the major tasks to be tackled. Changes in the monthly water balance and precipitation depths and their intra-annual shift in favor of the winter half-year, as well as increasing evaporation rates, indicate that the availability of water is an limited production factor. These global changes can also be considered on a regional scale and are consequently also of high relevance in Germany. The regional representation of the scenario succeeds on the basis of the core ensemble of the German Weather Service (DWD). Based on these climate projections, the irrigation demand of Bavaria's agriculture is calculated in a model simulation. The model results are subdivided into arable crops, vegetable crops and special crops. Studies on irrigation demand done in the past at the Thünen Institute form the basis of the model development, which has been continuously optimized in the course of the project. The model approach is based on the principle of Geisenheim irrigation management where soil and crop-specific characteristics are used in addition to climate data to differentiate plants water requirements. This information is combined with spatial data on agricultural land use in Bavaria in order to estimate regional irrigation demands. In this study, the irrigation demands of Bavarian agriculture are simulated for the periods 1991– 2020 (ex-post period) and 2021–2050 (future). The mean irrigation demand of all considered crops increases, comparing the two observation periods. By 2050 the mean annual water demand is expected to increase by 19 %. Differentiated by land use classes, Bavaria's irrigation demand increases by 19 % in arable farming, by 23 % in vegetable growing and by 10 % in the cultivation of special crops. However, annual fluctuations in climatic conditions can lead to significant deviations from the mean trend. The spatial analysis of the model results displays a high degree of correspondence with the current irrigation regions of Bavaria. Thus, a high water demand of agriculture can be identified by the model in the regions Knoblauchsland, the wine-growing regions of Lower Franconia, the areas south of Regensburg and north of Augsburg. The model developed in this study has a high sensitivity to the input parameters and allows simulations of different time periods and study areas. The methodology could be improved and further developed. Also, the transferability to other projects and issues is given. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwo:321999&r= |
| By: | Laurent Denant-Boèmont (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Javier Faulin (UPNA - Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra); Sabrina Hammiche (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adrian Serrano-Hernandez (UPNA - Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra) |
| Abstract: | We designed a survey that aims at estimating individual willingness-to-pay to reduce noise and air pollution arising from transportation activity near the Pyrenees in Navarre (Spain). Our participants cope with a series of contingent valuation questions and also with an economic experiment with real incentives about the same topic. Our goal is to identify several methodological problems in the valuation process coming from hypothetical bias, correlation effect and sequence effect when series of responses are requested. Our main results are that hypothetical bias is significant, because the willingness-to-pay is greater when the survey is hypothetical compared to when there is real monetary incentive. Likewise, the correlation effect also observes the same behavior since the willingness-to-pay for pollution mitigation is close to the one established for noise reduction. Finally, we have obtained mixed evidence for the sequence effect, being present only in the contingent valuation survey part. |
| Keywords: | Willingness-to-pay,Transport externality,Pollution,Cognitive bias,Laboratory economic experiment,Transportation |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03476849&r= |
| By: | Wang, Yanbing; Schaub, Sergei; Wuepper, David; Finger, Robert |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is a main source of environmental degradation and biodiversity decline. We investigate the causal effects of culture on pro-environmental behaviors of the agricultural population (farmers), and how policy instruments interact with culture to influence individual behavior. We exploit a unique natural experiment in Switzerland, which consists of two parts. First, there is an inner-Swiss cultural border between German- and French-speaking farmers who share the same natural environment, economy, and institutions, but differ in their norms and values. Second, in 2014, there was an unexpected and vast agri-environmental policy reform that increased the monetary incentive to enroll land into biodiversity conservation. Using a spatial difference-in-discontinuities design and panel data of all Swiss farms between 2010 and 2017, we show the following findings: Before the reform, farmers on the French-speaking side of the cultural border systematically enrolled less land into biodiversity conservation, compared to the German-speaking side. With increased monetary incentives following the 2014 policy reform, the French-speaking farmers enrolled more additional land than the German-speaking farmers, shrinking the discontinuity. These findings indicate that cultural effects on pro-environmental behaviors are more important when external incentives are relatively low, and with increased economic incentives, cultural differences become less important. We discuss the implications for research and especially for policy. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321224&r= |
| By: | Puga, German; Anderson, Kym; Jones, Gregory; Tchatoka, Firmin Doko; Umberger, Wendy |
| Abstract: | Using a dataset with 16 climate variables for locations representing 813 wine regions that cover 99% of the world’s winegrape area, we employ principal component analysis (PCA) for data reduction and cluster analysis for grouping similar regions. The PCA resulted in three components explaining 89% of the variation in the data, with loadings that differentiate between locations that are warm/dry from cool/wet, low from high diurnal temperature ranges, low from high nighttime temperatures during ripening, and low from high vapor pressure deficits. The cluster analysis, based on these three principal components, resulted in three clusters defining wine regions globally with the results showing that premium wine regions can be found across each of the climate types. This is, to our knowledge, the first such classification of virtually all of the world’s wine regions. However, with both climate change and an increasing preference for premium relative to non-premium wines, many of the world’s winegrowers may need to change their mixes of varieties, or source more of their grapes from more-appropriate climates. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aawewp:321845&r= |
| By: | Swisher, Kent |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321132&r= |
| By: | Rodrigo Salvador (DTU - Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby], LDSPS - Laboratory for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems - Department of Industrial Engineering - University of Santiago of Chile); Murillo Vetroni Barros (LDSPS - Laboratory for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems - Department of Industrial Engineering - University of Santiago of Chile); Mechthild Donner (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Paulo Brito (Politécnico de Portalegre = Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre); Anthony Halog (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland); Antonio C. de Francisco (LDSPS - Laboratory for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems - Department of Industrial Engineering - University of Santiago of Chile) |
| Abstract: | High rates of resource consumption and waste generation have put pressure on environmental systems and one of the solutions to this concerning behavior is a circular bioeconomy (CBE). However, for a CBE to succeed, new businesses and business models are needed, for which many drawbacks might be faced. Therefore, this article aimed (i) to identify the drivers, opportunities, challenges, and barriers for businesses in a CBE both from theoretical and practical perspectives, and (ii) to present the regional differences in those aspects for different continents. A mixed-method approach was adopted, comprising a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews with 32 organizations from 18 countries in 4 continents (Africa, America, Australia, and Europe). Eight barriers and twenty challenges, as well as fifteen drivers and eight opportunities were identified. The main barrier and challenge pointed out by stakeholders were lack of financial resources/capital, and price competitiveness with traditional/linear product offers. The most prominent driver and opportunity were establishment of public policies/governmental support, and waste recovery. Regional aspects of CBEs (by continent) were also identified. Advancing CBEs requires setting strategies to overcome the lack of financial resources/capital, developing and/or making the adequate technology available locally, and enabling price competitiveness with traditional (linear and non-renewable-based) options. This study also unveils a series of managerial and business implications. There is the risk of rebound effects, such as waste becoming mainstream feedstock and bioproducts being introduced to the market on low-price strategies, thus triggering increased consumption. Premium pricing strategies need to be considered for bio-based products (compared with non-bio-based products). Moreover, technological development plays a role in driving innovation, and pioneers might lead the development of policies. For CBE systems to succeed there needs to be further technological development and greater connection among the actors in the value chain, converging in resilient circular business models for a CBE. |
| Keywords: | circular business model,bioeconomy,circular economy,circular bioeconomy,sustainable production,sustainable consumption |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03657626&r= |
| By: | Drielli Peyerl (Institute of Energy and Environment, - USP - University of São Paulo); Celso da Silveira Cachola; Victor Harano Alves (USP - University of São Paulo); Marcella Mondragon (Institute of Energy and Environment, - USP - University of São Paulo); Sabrina Fernandes Macedo (Institute of Energy and Environment, - USP - University of São Paulo); Xavier Guichet (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Edmilson Moutinho dos Santos |
| Abstract: | There are currently several studies about the necessity of increasing access to sustainable electricity for isolated communities or in remote areas using alternative energy sources. There are about 212 energy grid isolated systems in Brazil, mainly concentrated in the North of the country, especially in the state of Amazonas, largely supplied by diesel power plants. The isolated systems in Amazonas present significant logistical challenges due primarily to the dependence on fluvial transport. The small-scale liquefied natural gas by fluvial transport can be an alternative to natural gas supply to remote areas and isolated systems and the non-dependence or construction of new pipelines. Based on this context, the work aims to evaluate the small-scale liquefied natural gas economic costs by fluvial transport to replace diesel oil with natural gas in power plants in the state of Amazonas. It then also analyses whether this substitution can significantly mitigate greenhouse gas emissions of the electricity sector at the local level. As a result, the use of natural gas in just a few scenarios elaborated from the case studies can provide energy security, decrease local emissions of CO2eq, and reduce the electricity cost to the final consumer. |
| Keywords: | Small-scale liquefied natural gas,Electricity sector,Economic model cost,Low-carbon economy,Fluvial transport,Isolated systems |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03694140&r= |
| By: | Jamie Hansen-Lewis; Michelle M. Marcus |
| Abstract: | Maritime shipping emits as much fine particulate matter as half of global road traffic. We are the first to measure the consequences of US maritime emissions standards on air quality, human health, racial exposure disparities, and behavior. The introduction of US maritime emissions control areas significantly decreased fine particulate matter, low birth weight, and infant mortality. Yet, only about half of the forecasted fine particulate matter abatement was achieved by the policy. We show evidence consistent with behavioral responses among ship operators, other polluters, and individuals that muted the policy's impact, but were not incorporated in ex-ante models. |
| JEL: | F18 I14 Q52 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30181&r= |
| By: | Peng Zhang; Yuwei Zhang; Nuo Xu |
| Abstract: | Faced with increasingly severe environmental problems, carbon trading markets and related financial activities aiming at limiting carbon dioxide emissions are booming. Considering the complexity and urgency of carbon market, it is necessary to construct an effective evaluation index system. This paper selected carbon finance index as a composite indicator. Taking Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong as examples, we adopted the classic method of multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to analyze the composite indicator. Potential impact factors were screened extensively and calculated through normalization, weighting by coefficient of variation and different aggregation methods. Under the measurement of Shannon-Spearman Measure, the method with the least loss of information was used to obtain the carbon finance index (CFI) of the pilot areas. Through panel model analysis, we found that company size, the number of patents per 10,000 people and the proportion of new energy generation were the factors with significant influence. Based on the research, corresponding suggestions were put forward for different market entities. Hopefully, this research will contribute to the steady development of the national carbon market. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.00189&r= |
| By: | Bua, Giovanna; Kapp, Daniel; Ramella, Federico; Rognone, Lavinia |
| Abstract: | We examine the existence of physical and transition climate risk premia in euro areaequity markets. To do so, we develop two novel physical and transition risk indicators, basedon text analysis, which are then used to gauge the presence of climate risk premia. Resultssuggest that climate risk premia for both, transition and physical climate risk, have increasedsince the time of the Paris Agreement. In addition, we investigate which metrics may be usedby investors to proxy a firm’s exposure to either physical or transition risk. To this end, weconstruct portfolios according to the most common firm-specific climate metrics and estimatethe sensitivity of these portfolios to our risk indicators. We compare results from these firmlevelproxies to much simpler sectoral classifications to see if investors may simply pigeonholefirms into the industry they operate in. We find that firm level information appears to beused as a gauge for transition risk, in particular since 2015, whereas sectoral classificationsappear insufficient. However, sectoral classification may be employed to broadly gauge firms’exposures to physical risk. JEL Classification: C58, G12, G14, G28, Q51 |
| Keywords: | Climate risk premia, Physical risk, Text analysis, Transition risk |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222677&r= |
| By: | Shu Guo (Ma Yinchu School of Economics, Tianjin University and China Academy of Energy, Environmental and Industrial Economics); ZhongXiang Zhang (Ma Yinchu School of Economics, Tianjin University and China Academy of Energy, Environmental and Industrial Economics) |
| Abstract: | The green credit policy plays a vital role in promoting enterprise upgrading. Using a thirteen year panel data of listed companies in China (2007 2019), this study uses the difference in differences (DID) method to examine the effects of the Green Credit Guidelines in 2012 (GCG2012) on the firm level total factor productivity (TFP). Our results show that the GCG2012 significantly increases the TFP of companies in green credit restricted industries. This finding remains robust through employing the PSM-DID model, alternating the treatment group, changing the sample period, and controlling the effects of other environmental policies and financial crises. This effect is more pronounced for private enterprises, companies with worse debt paying ability, companies in highly competitive industries and companies in regions with higher financial liberalization. The impact mechanism test indicates that increasing the green innovation and reducing the agency costs (including green agency costs and traditional agency costs) are two possible channels to boost firm level TFP. Further analysis shows that the GCG2012 is effective not only for heavily polluting industries but also for light polluting industries, and that the GCG2012 can improve the economic performance of firms in green credit restricted industries. Overall, this study reveals the micro mechanisms behind the long term impact of the GCG2012 policy on firm level TFP, providing empirical evidence and policy suggestions for improving green credit policies and promoting green development. |
| Keywords: | Green credit policy, green finance, total factor productivity, PSM-DID model, China |
| JEL: | Q48 Q53 Q55 Q58 O13 P28 R11 H23 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.13&r= |
| By: | Küblböck, Karin; Tröster, Bernhard; Eigner, Michael |
| Abstract: | This briefing paper provides an overview of t he global iron and steel sector. It describes the properties of iron ore and delineates the geographical distribution of deposits and trade flows. Further, it explains pricing mechanisms and addresses environmental impacts. Iron and steel are key materials for industrial production, with iron being used 20 times more than all other metals combined. While extraction of iron ore has almost tripled over the past twenty years, the iron and steel sector remains highly concentrated, with most iron ore extraction taking place in just a few countries, in particular in Australia and Brazil, which account for over half of all iron ore extraction. Indeed, more than two-thirds of the iron ore export market is controlled by only four companies. In terms of global steel production, China accounts for more than half of the market share. Iron ore is also mined in Austria, and significant quantities are imported for steel production, although there is a lack of transparency; Austria is the only country in the EU not to publish statistical data on its iron ore imports since 2018. Globally, iron and steel represent the larges t sector in terms of energy demands, CO 2 emissions and air pollution and are among the world's major water consumers. Prices of iron ore are highly volatile, which has major consequences for exporting and importing countries and makes planning for CO2 phase-out difficult. |
| Keywords: | iron ore,steel,trade flows,price volatility,China,Austria |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefseb:33&r= |
| By: | Y. Mechouar (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - Université Paris-Saclay); Vincent Hovelaque (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université, IGR-IAE Rennes - Institut de Gestion de Rennes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Rennes - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes); C. Gaigné (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Current environmental issues that have been made unavoidable by environmental regulations have become new constraints for industrial companies. In this paper, we consider a joint production-location problem for supply chains under a carbon tax policy on transport-related carbon emissions. We characterize the relationship that links the production level to the input quantities by considering a production function, namely, constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function. Our study focuses on the potential impact of increased transportation costs due to carbon taxation on the joint production-location decision. We find that the location-production configuration differs according to the degree of substitutability among the raw material quantities. More importantly, we observe that a higher carbon tax is more likely to cause a significant jump in firm location choice and a considerable change in production decisions when a firm has high flexibility in its ability to substitute among input quantities. |
| Keywords: | Facility location,Raw material substitution,Environmental issues,Carbon tax |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03517835&r= |
| By: | Curzi, Daniele; Nota, Paolo; Di Falco, Salvatore |
| Abstract: | Post–harvest losses (PHL) are particularly critical for developing countries. This is especially evident in Sub-Saharan (SSA) countries, where PHL are estimated to be about 37% of the total food production. Climate is a core determinant of cereal losses, as biodeterioration factors are sensitive to the temperature and humidity. In this paper we analyse to what extent climatic conditions affect PHL. The analysis considers Sub-Saharan countries and focuses on maize production over the period 2000-2020 period. Data on PHL are taken from APHLIS (African Postharvest Losses Information System), which represents a network of cereals and grain experts in SSA countries. Data collected by APHLIS are aimed at improving existing aggregated data on PHL (e.g. FAO data). PHL data quantify the percentage loss for each phase of the post-harvest chain. APHLIS has some unique characteristics, as it provides PHL at the province (Administrative 1 - ADM1) level over time. The main results of our analysis suggest that humidity is the most relevant determinant of PHL in this region. Our results are relevant, especially if we consider the future instability of the climate in this area. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321219&r= |
| By: | Thomas Bonvillain (I4CE - Institut de l’Économie pour le Climat); Claudine Foucherot (I4CE - Institut de l’Économie pour le Climat); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | French agriculture lacks the capacity to single-handedly address the many challenges it faces. Its necessary transformation can only proceed if additional external funding is made available. Carbon certification frameworks, by providing guarantees on the veracity of emission reductions (ER) and the additionality of projects, are one of the tools to provide new financial resources to the sector. France has had its own carbon certification framework since 2018, overseen by the Ministry of the Ecological Transition: the French Low-Carbon Standard (Label Bas-Carbone, LBC)1. The development of sectoral methodologies is progressing rapidly and projects have already received the standard, but it has become apparent that several clarifications are necessary to facilitate the financing of agricultural projects by agribusinesses. A recurring question asked by potential funders is "What am I allowed to say and do when financing certified low-carbon projects?" And underlying this question are many others: are there double counting problems surrounding voluntary credits and State inventories? Is there a need to distinguish between ER from inside or outside the value chain in the context of a carbon offset approach? What are the best methods of project communication when several funders are involved? These questions are not specific to the LBC, as they concern the functioning of all voluntary carbon markets, and nor are they new. However, they remain topical and are even the subject of numerous international debates, although no consensus has been reached. Paradoxically, these discussions, held in the pursuit of rigour and raising ambitions, are delaying the financing of projects. In the short term it is therefore necessary to provide operational answers to funders, at least in the specific LBC context. In France, these issues have mainly been raised by the agri-food industries, which is why this document focuses specifically on this sector. Taking this into account, the aim of this study is to provide practical answers to agri-food companies that are wondering what they are entitled to say or do when financing projects within the LBC framework. Through an analysis of five project funding case types, we make recommendations on the structuring of the carbon assessment and reporting with which financing companies can engage, whether through a carbon offsetting approach or a contribution to the climate effort. These technical recommendations made for each case type stem from three general recommendations: when financing low-carbon projects, one must seek to be cooperative, pragmatic and transparent. Cooperation Neither the private sector nor the State alone has the means to finance all the projects needed to achieve the objectives that France has set itself in the framework of the Paris Agreement. Partnerships between value chains, between industrial sectors, between territories, between the private and public sectors, should be facilitated and encouraged to finance as many projects as possible. Presenting oneself as the sole beneficiary of a financed project in terms of carbon accounting is often misleading and can be detrimental to project development. In the carbon field, everyone benefits from the actions of others. So much the better if "collateral benefits", such as Scope 3 reductions for a third party, occur during a project's implementation. But beware: only funders can claim responsibility for ER. Pragmatism Guidelines cannot be based on rules that are unverifiable in practice, as we see for the issue of double counting between Scope 3 carbon reporting and voluntary credits. It must be remembered that the framework within which companies act on climate change inherently involves a degree of uncertainty, which is limited and controlled, but nevertheless real. Perfect is the enemy of good: the search for rigour and high standards must not be at the expense of project funding. Transparency Transparency is the most important point and the counterpart of the first two. Being transparent about actions undertaken is the best guarantee of credibility regarding climate impact. Agribusinesses must first make a clear distinction between their carbon reporting on the one hand, and the ER purchased or financed by the organisation on the other. Furthermore, they should report not only in tCO2e, the commonly used indicator, but also in euros, to show the amount spent on project financing. This provides additional information. Ideally, both figures should be provided, and not one or the other. Indeed, a contribution made at a carbon credit price of 5 euros, for example, is not equal to one with a credit price of 100 euros. Finally, a funder's communication should not anticipate the certification of ER. As soon as funding has been committed, it is possible to report in terms of euros. However, it is not until ER have been acknowledged by the Ministry that the volume of ER can be made public. |
| Keywords: | Carbon offsetting,Communication,Label Bas-Carbone,Low-carbon standard,Agriculture |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03613848&r= |
| By: | Kym Anderson |
| Abstract: | Providing affordable access to enough healthy and safe food for an ever-more-affluent and growing world population has become more challenging in the face of climate change, rising income inequality and a more uncertain global trade environment. Agriculture is expected to contribute more, but is under pressure in both high-income and developing countries to do so more sustainably and inclusively. This paper reviews the roles of food policy in this changing setting. It begins by revisiting the case for keeping food markets open to international trade, investment and technology transfer, and concludes that openness is even more important, especially for developing countries, as the climate becomes warmer and more volatile. It then summarizes trade-related food policy developments globally in the 50 years prior to the global financial crisis, and in the price-spike periods since then. The current situation is calling for more action – including from agriculture – to mitigate climate change and biodiversity loss. The scope for re-purposing food policies to better meet these demands is then assessed. It proposes some alternatives to current measures that could better achieve national societal objectives while simultaneously benefitting the rest of the world in terms of easing natural resource and environmental stresses and reducing national and global poverty, food and nutrition insecurity, and inequalities in income, wealth and health. The review concludes by noting areas where further research could facilitate such transformations in food policy. |
| Keywords: | Uncertain international trade environment; Virtues of liberal food trade; Re- purposing food policies. |
| JEL: | F13 F18 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2021-25&r= |
| By: | Huang, Iona Y.; Behrendt, Karl; Parker, Eleanor; Hill, Nigel; Purewal, Amandeep Kaur; Swales, David; Baker, Sarah |
| Abstract: | Under the new post-Brexit era English agricultural and environmental policies are changing, with a transition away from direct payments to agri-environmental schemes. With a significant proportion of farmers reliant on direct payments for their viability, there is a need to understand farmers awareness of the proposed changes in farm policy, and to assess the extent to which English farmers are adapting their businesses to changes in policy. This research used transcribed qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with 34 farmers across England and representative of the main industry sectors. Thematic content analysis using NVivo and attributional information was used to analyse farmer responses. The research found that there existed predominantly negative views about the ELMs and the Sustainable Farming Incentive pilot. Alarmingly over a third of farmers did not know the financial impacts of future policy changes and over a fifth of farmers had undertaken no planning at all, with only a third of farmers planning for reduced support. The results identified that the in-coherence between the ELMs policy and international trade policy was the main source of farmers’ resentment towards the new policy and opportunities to improve the design of future schemes and policy to align with farmers’ goals. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321210&r= |
| By: | Buckhalt, Ronald |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321097&r= |
| By: | Xinqing Lu (Sciences Po, Paris School of International Affairs); Erpu Zhu (Sciences Po, Paris School of International Affairs); Loyle Campbell (Sciences Po, Paris School of International Affairs); Manfred Hafner (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Sciences Po, Paris School of International Affairs, The John Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies); Michel Noussan (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Sciences Po, Paris School of International Affairs); Pier Paolo Raimondi (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Istituto Affari Internazionali) |
| Abstract: | This paper compares different just transition pathways in China, the European Union and the United States of America by comparing the current state of the coal sector and just transition policies away from coal. How can social justice in the energy transition be achieved under different models of energy governance? Since these three blocs have only made some progress on just transition policies and legislations for workers and communities impacted by the coal phase down or phase out in recent years, there have not been many studies comparing them to each other. The analysis in this paper shows that while all three blocs work towards ensuring the integration of coal workers and coal communities into the clean economy in the process of coal reduction, their approaches to achieving a just transition differ in terms of policy frameworks, financing resources, specific measures and public participation. This paper is part of a series of FEEM working papers of comparison studies of China, the EU and the US in the field of climate and energy. |
| Keywords: | Energy Transition, Just Transition, Coal Phase Out, Inclusiveness, China, the European Union, the United States |
| JEL: | Q38 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.36&r= |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (ESC Rennes School of Business - ESC Rennes School of Business); Carmen Camacho (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Weihua Ruan (Purdue University Northwest); Benteng Zou (University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg]) |
| Abstract: | We use a parsimonious two-stage differential game setting where the duration of the first stage, the coalition stage, depends on the will of a particular player to leave the coalition through an explicit timing variable. By specializing in a standard linear-quadratic environmental model augmented with a minimal constitutional setting for the coalition (payoff share parameter), we are able to analytically extract several nontrivial findings. Three key aspects drive the results: the technological gap as an indicator of heterogeneity across players, the constitution of the coalition and the intensity of the public bad (here, the pollution damage). We provide with a full analytical solution to the two-stage differential game. In particular, we characterize the intermediate parametric cases leading to optimal finite time splitting. A key characteristic of these finite-time-lived coalitions is the requirement of the payoff share accruing to the splitting country to be large enough. Incidentally, our two-stage differential game setting reaches the conclusion that splitting countries are precisely those which use to benefit the most from the coalition. Constraining the payoff share to be low by Constitution may lead to optimal everlasting coalitions only provided initial pollution is high enough, which may cover the emergency cases we are witnessing nowadays. |
| Keywords: | Coalition splitting,Constitutional vs technological heterogeneity,Environmental agreements,Multistage optimal control Coalition splitting,Differential games |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03676670&r= |
| By: | MARQUES SANTOS Anabela (European Commission - JRC); BARBERO JIMENEZ Javier (European Commission - JRC); SALOTTI Simone (European Commission - JRC); DIUKANOVA Olga (European Commission - JRC); PONTIKAKIS Dimitrios (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | We construct a novel indicator of regional competitive sustainability based on the changes over time of employment sectoral shares across all the regions of the European Union. The indicator accounts for shifts in employment towards greener and more productive sectors over the 2008-2018 period. The mapping of the indicators shows considerable regional heterogeneity in terms of both competitiveness and environmental sustainability, as well as interesting dynamics over time. We present an econometric analysis of the determinants of these sectoral shifts. It appears that the European Structural Funds are positively associated with the transition towards a more competitive and sustainable economy at the regional level. This is particularly true for the competitive dimension of the transition, with the Funds being positively associated with regional employment restructuring towards more productive sectors within each country. |
| Keywords: | Green transition, public support, sectoral employment, European regions |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202207&r= |
| By: | Sipiczki, Agnes |
| Abstract: | Environmental, social and governance (ESG) investing has been practised in Europe for more than two decades, during which it has moved from niche to the mainstream market. The rapid growth in the number of sustainability-related financial products and service providers over the past decade has also attracted regulators’ attention. The EU’s regulatory capacity on sustainability represents a hidden treasure that echoes the realisation that to achieve the EU’s environmental and social goals, a sharp departure from the current predominant model of capitalism and corporate governance is required. It has been argued that an increasing amount of capital is misallocated due to the inadequacy of ESG criteria and the ESG services market’s lack of transparency. The rankings produced by ESG rating agencies create a false sense of security, and investors who buy into ESG funds with dubious credibility need protection. Considering the potential implications of ESG exposures for long-term financial stability, it is in the public interest to critically evaluate ESG criteria and reporting requirements to clear a path for more meaningful and more operational corporate objectives that contribute to the green, digital and just transition. Whilst in the context of the EU sustainable finance package many regulatory measures are already underway, it is imperative that the Commission fixes the blind spots and completes the additional steps needed. |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:36111&r= |
| By: | Michaël Goujon (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Olivier Santoni (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Laurent Wagner (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | The Physical Vulnerability to Climate Change Index (Feindouno et al., 2020) is a composite indicator computed at country level (191 countries) that can be used for the identification of the most vulnerable countries and as a criterion for guiding the international allocation of resources for adaptation. In this paper we present the details of the computation of the PVCCI at the sub-national level (2nd sub-national administrative level in the GADM database), representing 47,138 administrative units in the World (covering all land but Antarctica). It aims at measuring vulnerability to climate change at a finer geographic level, which is particularly relevant for countries that are characterized by high geoclimatic diversity. It would help identify the most vulnerable subnational administrative units and could be used as an instrument of adaptation planning. |
| Keywords: | Vulnerability index,Climate change |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03672203&r= |
| By: | Kimathi, Sally Mukami; Ayuya, Oscar Ingasia; Mutai, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | Despite sustained efforts by various research organizations in developing and disseminating climate resilient varieties, adoption of climate resilient potato varieties (CRPVs) remains low in Sub-Saharan Africa. This has been majorly attributed to limited coordination between formal research institutions and farmers hence sidelining farmers’ preferences especially smallholder farmers. Considering farmer preferences in the breeding process may yield optimal combination of varietal attributes hence increasing adoption. Therefore, this study used a discrete choice experiment to investigate farmers’ preferences and mean Willingness to Pay (WTP) for various attributes of CRPV. Results indicate that farmers have a strong preference for high resistance to pests and diseases as compared to other attributes which include low water requirements, short maturation period and high yield. Despite farmers preferring low prices for CRPV attributes, we also note that they were low price responsive. A small change in price did not affect their preferences for other CRPV attributes. This study emphasizes on the need for participatory breeding efforts that embed traits preferred by farmers hence satisfying the demands of different population segments based on age, gender and education level. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321220&r= |
| By: | Fabien Candau (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Charles Regnacq (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Julie Schlick (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes how climate change inuences the capabilities to export agricultural goods and the specialization of nations (e.g., comparative advantages) by altering farmers' capability to use available water. Our main contribution is methodological since we present the rst attempt to link precisely the micro-determinants of production to the macro-determinants governing the specialization of countries. We use a rich set of data both locally (at the crop level analyzing thousand elds that cover the Earth's surface) and at the global level (analyzing bilaterally the international trade of nations). At the local level, we estimate the elasticity of production to the thermal and hydrologic conditions (including blue and green water as well as groundwater storage) along with xed eects (at country-product and at the crop level) to control for omitted variables. At the global level, we use the predicted value of these elasticities to compute an indicator of the water capability to export agricultural goods, which is then used in a trade gravity equation to control for trade costs that also shape the specialization of countries. From these estimates, we nally build an indicator of comparative advantage in agricultural goods and analyze how these relative advantages are aected by climate change in 2050. We present unexpected results at rst sight, that are however in line with the Ricardian theory, such as cases where a deterioration of the local conditions to produce a good does not prevent an improvement in the comparative advantage to produce it (representing 32.51% of cases in our simulation), or the reverse, when the improvement of the local conditions happens simultaneously with a deterioration of the comparative advantages (representing 18.16% of cases in our simulation). |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03671521&r= |
| By: | Späti, Karin; Huber, Robert; Finger, Robert |
| Abstract: | Reducing nitrogen losses and the associated negative impact on the environment is a major challenge in agricultural production. Precision agricultural technologies are supposed to help solving this challenge. Since the adoption rate of such technologies in small-scale farming systems is still rather low, additional policy measures are needed to support their adoption. In this study, we investigate the efficiency of such measures using an agent-based modelling framework that combines cognitive and dispositional farmers’ characteristics with a bio-economic optimization model. We simulate the effect of different policies on the adoption decisions of farmers in a Swiss case study. We use census, choice experiment and survey data from Swiss crop farmers to calibrate the agent-based model. Our results help to better assess the impact of different policy measures on the adoption decisions regarding site-specific fertilization and to inform policy makers on the most efficient measures. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321215&r= |
| By: | Hal Hill; Donny Pasaribu |
| Abstract: | Natural resources – blessing or curse? Indonesia provides an excellent case study for an examination of this question. It is a major commodity exporter; the fourth most populous country in the world; and the world’s largest archipelagic state with huge mineral, forest and maritime resources. Indonesia also has three distinctive features that are particularly relevant for such a study. First, with the exception of the Asian financial and pandemic crises it has had at least moderately strong economic performance for the past half century. This distinguishes it from the majority of resource-rich developing countries, and therefore there are lessons to be learnt from its management of these boom and bust episodes, particularly the latter. Second, Indonesia has experienced two rather different resource booms: the first based mainly on oil and gas in the 1970s and the second based primarily on coal, palm oil and gas over the years 2005-11. The economic, social and environmental impacts of these two booms have differed significantly. Third, the country experienced major regime change in 1998-99, from the centralized, authoritarian Soeharto regime 1966-98, which presided over the first boom, to the subsequent democratic, decentralized regime during the second boom. The very different political and institutional arrangements had important implications for the management of the boom and its distributional impacts. We examine these issues in comparative context, employing as reference points two very large natural resource exporters, Brazil and Nigeria, and Malaysia, a smaller, more dynamic East Asian comparator. |
| Keywords: | Indonesia, resource curse, natural resources, political economy |
| JEL: | Q33 O11 N15 N55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2022-06&r= |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera; Zuchieri, Amanda Mitsue |
| Abstract: | O setor agrícola é o maior emissor de metano e óxido nitroso, e é uma fonte massiva de emissões de CO2 a partir do uso da terra na produção agrícola e mudanças no uso da terra, devido à devastação de sumidouros de CO2 (principalmente florestas) para o desenvolvimento de atividades agrícolas. As emissões diretas e indiretas da agricultura associadas com os usos da terra são contadas sob o setor de agricultura, florestamento, e outros usos da terra (AFOLU). OS esforços globais para conter as mudanças climáticas concentram-se em setores geradores de emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2). O CO2 é o maior contribuidor para o aquecimento global, porém o metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O), os gases de efeito estufa não-CO2 emitidos diretamente pelo setor agrícola através da produção agrícola e pecuária, são grandes contribuidores para o aumento das concentrações totais de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera e para as mudanças climáticas. Por possuir um setor agrícola pujante, o Brasil é um emissor de gases de efeito estufa da agricultura e, apesar de ter avançado em alguns aspectos legais e regulatórios, ainda tem um longo caminho a percorrer nas áreas de implementação e fiscalização para cumprir com as metas de emissões, diretrizes e recomendações da OCDE |
| Date: | 2021–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:55539&r= |
| By: | Pierre Magontier, Maximilian v. Ehrlich, Markus Schläpfer |
| Abstract: | Social interactions are crucial to a city's cohesion, and the high frequency of interaction reflects many benefits of density. However, adverse environmental conditions, such as pollution or pandemics, may critically affect these interactions as they shift preferences over meeting locations and partners. Some interactions may be shifted to the virtual space, while other non-planned interactions may disappear. We analyze spatial interaction networks in Singapore covering about half of the adult population at a fine-grained spatial resolution to understand the importance of population mixing and places' amenities for urban network resilience. We document that environmental shocks negatively affect total interactions. Still, conditional on meeting physically, the number and type of location options may crucially impact the intensity and type of social interactions. The interplay between preferences for meetings partners, locations, and mobility determines population mixing and the fragility of urban social networks. |
| Keywords: | Urban interactions, networks, mobility, environmental shocks |
| JEL: | R1 R2 L14 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rdv:wpaper:credresearchpaper38&r= |
| By: | Karaarslan, Can |
| Abstract: | The present essay discusses several channels of social policy on climate mitigation and utilizes the Universal Basic Income (UBI) scheme as an example for endowment increasing and inclusive social policy instruments. UBI comprises the payment of a fixed amount of money to every member of a society from birth to death and is not bounded to any precondition. It is expected to increase resilience of individuals against disruptive and unexpected processes, such as climate change, digitization, aging population and the changing world of work, rather than particular life-trajectories. UBI is found to be a social policy instrument whose effects can contribute to climate mitigation. This essay is far from being conclusive and rather aims to raise questions which require further analysis. |
| Keywords: | Climate mitigation,Social policy,Universal Basic Income |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ouwpmm:64&r= |
| By: | Bolte, Andreas; Kroiher, Franz; Rock, Joachim; Dieter, Matthias; Bösch, Matthias; Elsasser, Peter; Franz, Kristin; Regelmann, Cornelius; Rosenkranz, Lydia; Seintsch, Björn |
| Abstract: | The coalition agreement of the German government stipulates that logging in old, near-natural beech forests in public ownership should be stopped (SPD/Grüne/FDP 2021, line 1219-1220). In this Thünen Working Paper, possible definitions and their occurrence are presented for old, near-natural beech forests, central inventory key figures for these forests are presented, possible threats are described and economic evaluations are carried out. We propose the following definition to operationalise the term "old, near-natural beech forests": forests with (1) >75 % beech share of the basal area, (2) a minimum age of 140 years, (3) occurrence at sites currently suitable for beech (inclusive risk area) and (4) a minimum area of 1 ha. More detailed explanations of the criteria can be found in section 3.1. Without the minimum area criterion, the area of old, near-natural beech forests comprises 205,200 ha; if all four of the above criteria are considered, then a rough estimate of 168,300 ha with a minimum area of 1 ha remains Waldfläche [ha] (ohne Kleinstflächen <1ha) 83.200 (68.200) 54.600 (44.,800) 67.400 (55.300) Schutzgebiete ohne Nutzungseinschränkung [ha] 34.600 16.200 17.700 Nicht-Schutzgebiete ohne Nutzungseinschränkung [ha] 34.300 36.800 44.800 Risikofläche [ha] 25.000 19.400 22.400 Bestandesvorrat [Mio. m³, VFm] 59 101 66 Zuwachs [Mio. m³ a-1, VFm] 0,8 1,3 0,7 Nutzung [Mio. m³ a-1, EFm] 0,6 2,4 1,1 Kohlenstoffvorrat [Mt CO2-Äqu.] 69 130 84 Kohlenstoff-Einbindung [Mt CO2-Äqu. a-1] 1,1 1,6 0,8 Abtriebswert [Mio. €] 1.188 864 1.573 Deckungsbeitragverlust durch Nichtnutzung [Mio. € a-1] 26 18 28 Gesellschaftlicher Nutzen durch Holznutzungsverzicht [Mio. €]** (>130 J.) 1.500 *Staatswald zusammengefasst, weil wegen der geringen Flächen im Bundeswald keine abgesicherten getrennten Schätzungen möglich sind. ** Die verfügbaren Nutzenschätzungen können der Fläche der über 130-jährigen Bestände im öffentlichen Wald mit einem Buchenanteil von mindestens 50 % zugerechnet werden. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:322043&r= |
| By: | Laura Ch\'emali (ENS-PSL); Camille Souffron (ENS-PSL) |
| Abstract: | Despite the amount of savings available and the money supply managed by financial institutions, significant market failures and the failure of carbon pricing strategies prevent sufficient financing of the transition, notably through bank credit. Aware of the links between natural, monetary and productive aggregates, we propose the development of ''eco-systemic'' prudential policies by exposing the interdependence between macro, micro and environmental prudential measures. These would be based on a reorientation of corporate accounting standards towards the concept of socio-environmental solvency, notably the CARE-TDL model (integration of human and natural capital alongside financial capital on the liabilities side of the balance sheet). In an ecosystemic framework, this solvency of virtuous companies would compensate in accounting terms for the lack of financial solvency. The State would then be the guarantor in order to facilitate their access to financing, also reduced by Basel III and Solvency II. This policy develops a system of reallocation of financing capacities from non-virtuous companies to the most virtuous ones with public guarantees, aiming to reduce the debt ratio while increasing green investments, with monetary policies of rates but also of volumes and ratios differentiated according to the types of assets and the greening of bank balance sheets, and finally forms of public-private partnership. Facilitating the financing of green companies would green capital but increase it, partly neutralising the positive environmental impact. It is therefore necessary to limit the credit expansion of ''brown'' companies. This would reduce risky operations and favour less leveraged investments more connected to the real economy, reducing systemic financial risk. -- The Agenda 2030 Policy Briefs series (PoCFiN Kedge Business School - SDSN France - Institut Rousseau) mobilises economists and practitioners to identify an agenda of economic and financial reforms to achieve the 2030 Agenda, at territorial, national and supranational levels. These are published after peer review. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.06820&r= |
| By: | Martinsson, Elin; Storm, Hugo |
| Abstract: | In Norwegian dairy farming, the usage of automatic milking systems (AMS) has increased during the last decades. AMS is primarily a productivity increasing and labor reducing technology, but previous research shows that AMS can have other (secondary) effects that could impact the environmental performance of farms. Effects of AMS-adoption found, include increased total production, increased farm size, changes in grazing patterns and feed mix and changes in energy consumption. This paper aims to study the hypothesis that AMS-adoption, through these secondary effects, affect farm-level GHG-emissions. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we provide evidence of the presence of secondary effects and shows that AMS-adoption negatively affects farms’ eco-efficiency, particularly by increasing enteric fermentation. The causal effect is identified by considering adopting farms and non-adopting farms observed at two periods in time. Apart from providing this empirical result, the paper also presents a general procedure of how to go about evaluating farm-level effects of technology adoption. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321199&r= |
| By: | Schlütter, Sebastian; Fianu, Emmanuel Senyo; Gründl, Helmut |
| Abstract: | Socially responsible investing (SRI) continues to gain momentum in the financial market space for various reasons, starting with the looming effect of climate change and the drive toward a net-zero economy. Existing SRI approaches have included environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria as a further dimension to portfolio selection, but these approaches focus on classical investors and do not account for specific aspects of insurance companies. In this paper, we consider the stock selection problem of life insurance companies. In addition to stock risk, our model set-up includes other important market risk categories of insurers, namely interest rate risk and credit risk. In line with common standards in insurance solvency regulation, such as Solvency II, we measure risk using the solvency ratio, i.e. the ratio of the insurer's market-based equity capital to the Value-at-Risk of all modeled risk categories. As a consequence, we employ a modification of Markowitz's Portfolio Selection Theory by choosing the "solvency ratio" as a downside risk measure to obtain a feasible set of optimal portfolios in a three-dimensional (risk, return, and ESG) capital allocation plane. We find that for a given solvency ratio, stock portfolios with a moderate ESG level can lead to a higher expected return than those with a low ESG level. A highly ambitious ESG level, however, reduces the expected return. Because of the specific nature of a life insurer's business model, the impact of the ESG level on the expected return of life insurers can substantially differ from the corresponding impact for classical investors. |
| Keywords: | Socially responsible investments,Life insurance companies,Portfoliooptimization,Solvency regulation |
| JEL: | G11 G22 G32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:icirwp:4522&r= |
| By: | Laura Chémali; Camille Souffron (ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | Despite the amount of savings available and the money supply managed by financial institutions, significant market failures and the failure of carbon pricing strategies prevent sufficient financing of the transition, notably through bank credit. Aware of the links between natural, monetary and productive aggregates, we propose the development of "eco-systemic" prudential policies by exposing the interdependence between macro, micro and environmental prudential measures. These would be based on a reorientation of corporate accounting standards towards the concept of socio-environmental solvency, notably the CARE-TDL model (integration of human and natural capital alongside financial capital on the liabilities side of the balance sheet). In an ecosystemic framework, this solvency of virtuous companies would compensate in accounting terms for the lack of financial solvency. The State would then be the guarantor in order to facilitate their access to financing, also reduced by Basel III and Solvency II. This policy develops a system of reallocation of financing capacities from non-virtuous companies to the most virtuous ones with public guarantees, aiming to reduce the debt ratio while increasing green investments, with monetary policies of rates but also of volumes and ratios differentiated according to the types of assets and the greening of bank balance sheets, and finally forms of public-private partnership. Facilitating the financing of green companies would green capital but increase it, partly neutralising the positive environmental impact. It is therefore necessary to limit the credit expansion of "brown" companies. This would reduce risky operations and favour less leveraged investments more connected to the real economy, reducing systemic financial risk. --- The Agenda 2030 Policy Briefs series (PoCFiN Kedge Business School - SDSN France - Institut Rousseau) mobilises economists and practitioners to identify an agenda of economic and financial reforms to achieve the 2030 Agenda, at territorial, national and supranational levels. These are published after peer review. |
| Abstract: | Malgré la quantité d'épargne disponible et la masse monétaire gérée par les institutions financières, d'importantes défaillances de marché et l'échec des stratégies de pricing du carbone empêchent un financement suffisant de la transition, notamment par le canal du crédit bancaire. Conscients des liens entre agrégats naturels, monétaires et productifs, nous proposons le développement de politiques prudentielles "éco-systémiques" en exposant l'interdépendance entre des mesures prudentielles macro, micro-économiques et environnementales. Elles se fonderaient sur une réorientation des normes comptables des entreprises sur le concept de solvabilité socio-environnementale, notamment le modèle CARE-TDL (intégration des capitaux humains et naturels aux côtés du capital financier au passif du bilan). Dans un cadre écosystémique, cette solvabilité des entreprises vertueuses compenserait en terme comptable le manque de celle financière. L'Etat en serait alors garant pour leur faciliter l'accès au financement, réduit aussi par Bâle III et Solvabilité II. Cette politique élabore un système de réallocation des capacités de financement des entreprises non-vertueuses vers les plus vertueuses avec des garanties publiques, visant à réduire le ratio d'endettement tout en augmentant les investissements verts, avec des politiques monétaires de taux mais aussi de volumes et ratios différenciés selon les types d'actifs et le verdissement des bilans bancaires, et enfin des formes de partenariat public-privé. Faciliter le financement des entreprises vertueuses verdirait le capital mais l'augmenterait, neutralisant en partie l'impact environnemental positif. Il est donc nécessaire de limiter l'expansion du crédit des entreprises "brunes". Cela réduirait les opérations risquées et favoriserait des investissements à effet de levier plus faibles et plus connectés à l'économie réelle, diminuant le risque financier systémique. --- La série de Policy Briefs Agenda 2030 (PoCFiN - SDSN France - Institut Rousseau) mobilise économistes et praticiens pour identifier un agenda de réformes économiques et financières permettant d'atteindre l'Agenda 2030, aux échelons territoriaux, nationaux et supranationaux. Ces derniers sont publiés après peer review. |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03682216&r= |
| By: | Jessica Harding; Betsy Keating; Jennifer Walzer; Fei Xing; Susan Zief; Jessica Gao |
| Abstract: | This study examined theoretically selected predictors of repeat teen pregnancy at the individual, relationship, family, and community or environmental levels. In addition, it examined whether these factors can accurately predict whether teen mothers will have a repeat pregnancy. |
| Keywords: | Teen pregnancy, machine learning, predictive analytics, teen parents, repeat pregnancy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:90be12655d4c4eec9f89730891e1a514&r= |
| By: | N. N. |
| Abstract: | Die Agenda 2030 der Vereinten Nationen strebt mit den darin formulierten 17 Zielen (Sustainable Development Goals – SDG) nach einer globalen nachhaltigen Entwicklung auf ökonomischer, sozialer sowie ökologischer Ebene. Eurostat misst und evaluiert in einem Monitoring jährlich die Zielerreichung anhand von Indikatoren. Aufbauend auf dem aktuellen Bericht von Eurostat untersucht dieser Research Brief die Entwicklung von SDG 8 für Österreich. Auf Basis der WIFO-Konjunkturprognose vom Juni 2022 und von neu entwickelten Nowcast-Modellen trifft dieser Beitrag eine erste Einschätzung der Zielerreichung für das Jahr 2022. Der überwiegende Teil der wirtschaftlichen Indikatoren in SDG 8 entwickelt sich, im Zuge der Erholung vom COVID-19-bedingten Einbruch, in Richtung Zielerreichung. Auch im Bereich des Rohstoffverbrauchs ist ein Fortschritt zu erwarten. Die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in der Nichterwerbstätigkeit durch familiäre Pflegeverpflichtungen werden sich jedoch 2022 weiter vom Ziel entfernen. |
| Date: | 2022–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:rbrief:y:2022:i:17&r= |
| By: | Rizos, Vasileios; Righetti, Edoardo |
| Abstract: | The term ‘strategic autonomy’ denotes the political goal of building a self-reliant EU economy with limited exposure to supply disruptions, like those stemming from the Covid-19 crisis. Securing access to the non-energy minerals required for building a new industrial ecosystem consistent with the EU’s decarbonisation objectives is important to achieving this goal. Rising demand for these materials has created an arena for geopolitical competition. Moreover, the war in Ukraine has brought forward the need to take a closer look at the external supply of minerals, including from Russia, and potential risks involved. This Policy Insight first provides a brief overview of EU import dependency on raw materials and Russia’s share among EU sources of key supplies for low-carbon technologies. It then looks at prospects for meeting future material demands though circularity for three technologies, namely lithium-ion batteries, wind turbines and fuel cell electric vehicles. The analysis is based on two scenarios with different levels of ambition. They aim to give an indication of the scale of potential benefits that can be achieved through circularity and recycling approaches for components and materials used in these technologies. The estimates suggest that establishing collection and recycling facilities in the EU, through the appropriate policy frameworks in place, can contribute to meeting future EU material demands for them and reduce import dependency. Still, recycling alone will not suffice to cover the increasing material requirements. Other options will therefore need to be considered, including developing strategic partnerships and joint projects with resource-rich countries (also in light of efforts to cut economic ties with Russia). The EU will further need to source from its own mining reserves, seek improvements in material efficiency and foster material substitution options where possible. |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:36180&r= |
| By: | Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech); Bénédicte Apouey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hazem Arab (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Simon Baeckelandt (Université de Lille); Philippe Begout (GIS DEMOCRATIE ET PARTICIPATION - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Nicolas Berghmans (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Nathalie Blanc (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-yves Boulin (Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, IRISSO - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sciences Sociales - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Eric Buge (Assemblée Nationale); Dimitri Courant (UNIL - Université de Lausanne); Amy Dahan (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adrien Fabre (ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]); Jean-Michel Fourniau (Université Gustave Eiffel); Maxime Gaborit (Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles); Laurence Granchamp (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Hélène Guillemot (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Laurent Jeanpierre (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Hélène Landemore (Yale University [New Haven]); Jean-François Laslier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antonin Macé (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claire Mellier; Sylvain Mounier (GIS DEMOCRATIE ET PARTICIPATION - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Théophile Pénigaud (ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Ana Povoas (ULB - Université libre de Bruxelles); Christiane Rafidinarivo (UR - Université de La Réunion); Bernard Reber (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Romane Rozencwajg (UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis); Philippe Stamenkovic (Université Ben Gourion du Néguev); Selma Tilikete (UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis); Solène Tournus (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Launched in 2019, the French Citizens' Convention for Climate (CCC) tasked 150 randomly-chosen citizens with proposing fair and effective measures to fight climate change. This was to be fulfilled through an "innovative co-construction procedure," involving some unspecified external input alongside that from the citizens. Did inputs from the steering bodies undermine the citizens' accountability for the output? Did co-construction help the output resonate with the general public, as is expected from a citizens' assembly? To answer these questions, we build on our unique experience in observing the CCC proceedings and documenting them with qualitative and quantitative data. We find that the steering bodies' input, albeit significant, did not impair the citizens' agency, creativity and freedom of choice. While succeeding in creating consensus among the citizens who were involved, this co-constructive approach however failed to generate significant support among the broader public. These results call for a strengthening of the commitment structure that determines how follow-up on the proposals from a citizens' assembly should be conducted. |
| Keywords: | Citizens’ assemblies,climate assemblies,deliberative democracy,co-construction,carbon tax,referendum |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03119539&r= |
| By: | Arlan Brucal (University of Exeter Business School, Exeter); Shilpita Mathews (London School of Economics and Political Science, London) |
| Abstract: | By combining plant-level data from the Indonesian Manufacturing Survey and localised disaster data from the Emergency Events Database for the period 1990–2015, we were able to exploit both temporal and spatial variation to investigate the global market entry, survival, and exit of plants in the aftermath of a major flood event at the kabupaten (regency) level. Results from the combined propensity score matching and difference-in-difference approach suggest no strong evidence of instantaneous and persistent detrimental effects of initial experience of flooding on overall and female employment, but with delayed effect on output and output per worker. Plants that are connected and foreign-owned experienced a persistent decline in output per worker relative to their domestic counterparts in the aftermath of a flooding event. On average, flooding was not found to have a significant impact on plant entry. The results highlight that international trade has unintended consequences for firm resilience to flooding. Trade-offs and complementarities between globalisation and other SDGs, such as gender equality and poverty reduction, are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Development; Flooding; Globalisation; Indonesia; Resilience; Sustainable development; Trade |
| JEL: | F18 F23 Q56 O19 |
| Date: | 2021–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-44&r= |
| By: | Corti, Francesco; Alcidi, Cinzia; Gros, Daniel; Liscai, Alessandro; Shamsfakhr, Farzaneh |
| Abstract: | The call for a European fiscal framework overhaul, already outlined by the EU’s Economic Governance review, has been strengthened by the economic and social impact of the pandemic. Building on the EU objective to achieve a green and just transition, we operationalise and compare two options for a qualified treatment of green and social public investment: exemption (the ‘Golden Rule’) and amortisation. As a first step, we provide a detailed classification of the eligible expenditures based on desired (green and social) outcomes, disentangle between capital and current government spending, and assess the existing green and proposed social taxonomy. As a second step, we provide quantitative estimates, according to a set of alternative scenarios, of the two types of qualified treatment (exemption and amortisation) for social spending and determine their legal feasibility with and without amendments to the Treaties. We conclude that a proper effort to categorise green and social public investment is still lacking, as well as the capacity to quantify the budgetary impact of these investments. Moreover, we raise concerns about the technical possibility of including human capital expenditures within the label of public investment and the need for a case-by-case identification of investments. Finally, we state that an amortisation rule on the entire capital stock would be more restrictive for social investment, whereas a golden rule applied to net investments would possibly have a broader scope. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:36574&r= |
| By: | Alessio Ciullo; Eric Strobl; Simona Meiler; Olivia Martius; David N. Bresch |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events can have severe impacts on national economies, leading the recovery of low- to middle-income countries to become reliant on foreign financial aid. Foreign aid, however, is slow and uncertain. Therefore, the Sendai Framework and the Paris Agreement advocate for more resilient financial instruments like sovereign catastrophe risk pools. Existing pools, however, might not fully exploit financial resilience potentials because they were not designed with the goal of maximizing risk diversification and they pool risk only regionally. To address this, we introduce a method that forms pools maximizing risk diversification and which selects countries with low bilateral correlations or low shares in the pool risk. We apply the method to explore the benefits of global pooling with respect to regional pooling. We find that global pooling increases risk diversification, it lowers countries shares in the pool risk and it increases the number of countries profiting from risk pooling. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.13895&r= |
| By: | Nkonya, Ephraim M.; Magalhaes, Marilia; Kato, Edward; Diaby, Mahamadou; Kalifa, Traore |
| Abstract: | Irrigation is increasingly promoted in Africa south of the Sahara, but the benefit streams of small-scale irrigation in Mali remain largely unknown. This study collected detailed quantitative data of irrigators and non-irrigators in two regions of Mali: Mopti, which is in the Sahelian zone, and Sikasso, the southernmost region of the country, which receives more rainfall. Econometric results show that the irrigation suitability, female household headship, proximity to markets and market participation increase the propensity to irrigate. The results suggest that small-scale irrigation investments have the potential to benefit women farmers directly. We used Two-Stage Weighted treatment effects multivariate regression to identify the impact of irrigation on selected outcomes. The impact assessment results show that crop income and diversification, market participation, employment, and dietary quality were substantially higher in irrigated farms compared to non-irrigated farms. Likewise, irrigating households had higher food security and higher dietary diversity. The results show that irrigation is a key entry point for combatting climate variability and change. However, the low adoption levels of improved water-lifting technologies are a major challenge. Limited promotion of solar and motorized pumps has contributed to the low adoption of these improved water-lifting technologies. A less profitable option, lifting water with a rope-and-bucket system, remains the most common water-lifting technology in the study areas. We find that investing in effective advisory services that target agricultural water management could increase uptake of more profitable irrigation technologies. |
| Keywords: | MALI; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; irrigation; nutrition; resilience; living standards; smallholders; households; extension |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2129&r= |
| By: | Bonaldo, Cinzia; Fontini, Fulvio; Moretto, Michele |
| Abstract: | Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms (CRM) can be used in power markets to overtake market failures, reaching security of supply. However, investment in capacity is a dynamic process, that depends on the evolution of prices and costs overtime. In our paper we study the capacity remuneration value through a CRM depending on three possible different technologies that participate to the market: a Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) source; a thermal efficient plant (i.e. Combine Cycle Gas Turbine) and a brown plant (i.e. coal). We shall see that these three types of capacities can be framed by means of a common theoretical framework, those level of complexity increases as the uncertainty rises, moving from the simplest scheme (VRE technology) to the most complex one (coal power plant). For these different technological provisions, we consider how to evaluate them focusing on their investment value by adopting a stochastic approach; we first provide a theoretical framework and then sensitivity analysis and calibration results. We show that for all three technology considered the effect of the CRM is to cap the firm revenues and as consequence it decreases their value. |
| Keywords: | Financial Economics, Production Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:321985&r= |
| By: | Cinzia Bonaldo (Department of Management Engineering, University of Padua); Fulvio Fontini (Department of Economics and Management and Interdepartmental Centre "Giorgio Levi Cases" for Energy Economics and Technology, University of Padua); Michele Moretto (Department of Economics and Management, Interdepartmental Centre "Giorgio Levi Cases" for Energy Economics and Technology, University of Padua and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM)) |
| Abstract: | Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms (CRM) can be used in power markets to overtake market failures, reaching security of supply. However, investment in capacity is a dynamic process, that depends on the evolution of prices and costs overtime. In our paper we study the capacity remuneration value through a CRM depending on three possible different technologies that participate to the market: a Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) source; a thermal efficient plant (i.e. Combine Cycle Gas Turbine) and a brown plant (i.e. coal). We shall see that these three types of capacities can be framed by means of a common theoretical framework, whose level of complexity increases as the uncertainty rises, moving from the simplest scheme (VRE technology) to the most complex one (coal power plant). For these different technological provisions, we consider how to evaluate them focusing on their investment value by adopting a stochastic approach; we first provide a theoretical framework and then sensitivity analysis and calibration results. We show that for all three technology considered the effect of the CRM is to cap the firm revenues and as consequence it decreases their value. |
| Keywords: | energy transition, capacity remuneration mechanism, price cap, renewable energies, investment value |
| JEL: | Q40 C60 D80 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.16&r= |
| By: | Mattila, Juri; Seppälä, Timo; Bützow, Alexander; Hynönen, Kalle; Puittinen, Mika |
| Abstract: | Abstract In this brief, we analyze the implications of the new European Commission’s data act from the perspective of both industry agreements and the digital green transition. In addition, we ask whether the new regulation of data will contribute to the emergence of data sharing practices and the digital green transition. It is worth noting that the new data regulation in its current form does not consider the specificities of the industry. |
| Keywords: | Data act, Data, Industrial data, Contacts, Data sharing, Digitalization, Digital green transition |
| JEL: | K1 K12 K2 L89 |
| Date: | 2022–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:110&r= |
| By: | Mattila, Juri; Seppälä, Timo; Bützow, Alexander; Hynönen, Kalle; Puittinen, Mika |
| Abstract: | Abstract In this brief, we analyze the implications of the new European Commission’s data act from the perspective of both industry agreements and the digital green transition. In addition, we ask whether the new regulation of data will contribute to the emergence of data sharing practices and the digital green transition. It is worth noting that the new data regulation in its current form does not consider the specificities of the industry. |
| Keywords: | Data Act, Data, Industrial data, Contacts, Data sharing, Digitalization, Digital green transition |
| JEL: | K1 K12 K2 L89 |
| Date: | 2022–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:111&r= |
| By: | Paul Hindsley; O. Ashton Morgan; John C. Whitehead |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates recreational divers’ preferences for artificial reef diving and willingness to pay (WTP) for large ship, artificial reef site attributes in the Florida Keys. We investigate diver demand for existing decommissioned ships that have been sunk off the Florida Keys as well as demand for four new vessels that are available for disposal from the U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration inventory. Using survey data from divers, we compare revealed preference (RP) site choices, stated preference (SP) choices from a discrete choice experiment, and joint RP/SP choices. Our analysis also incorporates stated attribute nonattendance (ANA) at the choice-task level. Our results indicate that the joint RP/SP models with stated ANA are preferred, leading to decreases in marginal WTP as well as decreases in the variability of marginal WTP estimates in the 95% confidence intervals. Results provide a framework for directing more efficient future decision making regarding sinkings at locations that will enhance welfare for divers. Key Words: discrete choice experiment; artificial reefs; diving demand; willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:22-05&r= |
| By: | Carola Ruth Tito Velarde (Fundación ARU); Natalie Alejandra Echenique (Fundación ARU); Froilán Claudio Valdez Beltrán (Fundación ARU) |
| Abstract: | El estudio tiene el objetivo de evaluar la dependencia espacial de los municipios (si existe); con el fin de reforzar el crecimiento conjunto de los municipios mediante la planificación turística efectiva que permita su coevolución. El análisis propuesto es cuantitativo, y aplica técnicas de econometría espacial, aprovechando la información a nivel municipal de la Red de Soluciones para el Desarrollo Sostenible de Bolivia (SDSN-Bolivia). A través del indicador de concentración de empleo turístico se aproxima la actividad turística del municipio para evaluar la dependencia espacial global y local entre municipios vecinos. Asimismo, a partir del índice de desarrollo municipal de SDSN-Bolivia se analiza el nivel de significancia de dependencia espacial global y local. |
| Keywords: | Bolivia, Tourism, Development, Tourism Economics |
| JEL: | L83 Z30 Z32 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:sdsnwp:0320&r= |
| By: | Mathias Mier; Jacqueline Adelowo; Valeriya Azarova |
| Abstract: | Decarbonization requires the transformation of power markets towards renewable energies and investment costs are decisive for the deployed technologies. Exogenous cost assumptions cannot fully reflect the underlying dynamics of technological change. We implement divergent learning-by-doing specifications in a multi-region power market model by means of mixed-integer programming to approximate non-linear investment costs. We consider European learning, regional learning, and three different ways to depreciate experience stocks within the European learning metric: perfect recall, continuous forgetting, and lifetime forgetting. Learning generally yields earlier investments. European learning fosters the deployment of solar PV and wind onshore, whereas regional learning leads to more wind offshore deployment in regions with high wind offshore quality. Perfect recall fosters solar PV and wind onshore expansion, whereas lifetime forgetting fosters wind offshore usage. Results for continuous forgetting are in between those of perfect recall and lifetime forgetting. Generally, learning leads to the earlier deployment of learning technologies but regional patterns are different across learning specifications and also deviate significantly from this general pattern of preponing investments. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous technological change, learning-by-doing, forgetting, renewable energies, power market model, decarbonization |
| JEL: | C61 H21 H23 H43 L94 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_373&r= |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera; Silva, Gustavo Jorge |
| Abstract: | O presente artigo trata dos instrumentos normativos adotados pelo Brasil na gestão dos recursos hídricos e saneamento, bem como no combate à poluição atmosférica, seja no âmbito doméstico, seja no internacional. Abordam-se também os indicadores sobre esses temas elaborados pela OCDE que contenham dados sobre o Brasil, no contexto do processo de acessão do país à Organização. |
| Date: | 2021–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:55640&r= |
| By: | Erica Maria Brincat; Michaela Ghigo |
| Abstract: | The advertised house price index published by the Central Bank of Malta has a long time series – annual data starts from 1980 and quarterly data from 2000 – and is derived from listings of properties in Malta and Gozo as advertised on print media. Over time, however, the number of listings collected from the print media monitored by the Bank have declined considerably, reflecting the increasing use of social media and other online platforms. As a result, the Bank launched a project to collect advertised listings from online sources, with data collection commencing from the first quarter of 2019. This study compares the characteristics of the properties in the new dataset with those advertised on print media. Statistical techniques are used to detect outliers, which are removed using the interquartile range (IQR). Both indices exhibit similar dynamics, though there are some divergences in certain quarters, particularly towards the second half of 2021. The paper concludes with some methodological changes for the new index based on online sources to minimize the revisions with the previous series based on print media, which will be discontinued. |
| JEL: | C10 O18 R3 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mlt:ppaper:0422&r= |
| By: | Alfonso Malky (Conservation Strategy Fund); Carla Mendizábal (Conservation Strategy Fund); Sergio Bobka (Conservation Strategy Fund) |
| Abstract: | Bolivia es uno de los países con mayor riqueza natural del planeta, incluso uno de sus Parques Nacionales fue declarado el área protegida más biodiversa del planeta (New York Times, 2018) (Larrea & Quintanilla, s.f.). Esta riqueza se ve concentrada en sus áreas protegidas1 . Algunas de estas áreas, como la Reserva Natural de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa o el Parque Nacional Madidi, atraen a turistas de todo el mundo, los cuales, una vez en Bolivia, descubren su vasta oferta turística2 . El turismo en áreas protegidas se basa principalmente en la promoción de actividades de ecoturismo, turismo comunitario y actividades de aventura o deportes extremos, entre otros (Ministerio de Culturas y Turismo, 2015). Si bien las áreas protegidas que tienen mayor vocación turística presentan atractivos completamente distintos, el común denominador tiene que ver con la riqueza natural de estas áreas, como elemento fundamental para la promoción y el desarrollo de la actividad turística. Esa belleza natural y su valor en términos de la biodiversidad y las funciones ecosistémicas que ofrecen son ampliamente reconocidas, sin embargo, aún queda pendiente conocer su valor económico. |
| Keywords: | Bolivia, Tourism, Development, Tourism Economics |
| JEL: | L83 Z30 Z32 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:sdsnwp:0420&r= |
| By: | Corey Duncan (FEMTO-ST - Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) - UTBM - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - ENSMM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Robin Roche (FEMTO-ST - Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) - UTBM - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - ENSMM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Samir Jemei (FEMTO-ST - Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) - UTBM - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - ENSMM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Marie-Cécile Péra (FEMTO-ST - Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) - UTBM - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - ENSMM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]) |
| Abstract: | Decarbonization of the European energy networks is critical to meet Commission targets in the coming decades. The presented study aims to contribute to this by analysing one of the proposed solutions: power-to-gas. A technoeconomic model is created for the purposes of evaluating specific projects on their feasibility in terms of local constraints and opportunities, using a current project as a template for model generation and analysing different possible configurations in 8 operational scenarios. Five metrics were used for scenario analysis: levelized cost of methane, minimum selling price, operational hours, hydrogen tank size and capital cost. The results from the analysis indicate that, in terms of the stated project, synthetic natural gas production and grid injection along with on-site mobility applications provide the best economical result. However, selling prices of synthetic natural gas obtained are one magnitude higher than current natural gas prices, indicating government support is required for further development. Future projections of electrolyser efficiency and equipment capital costs will greatly reduce production costs, giving promise for feasible business cases in the coming years. |
| Keywords: | Power-to-gas,System modelling,Techno-economical analysis,Synthetic natural gas |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03692975&r= |
| By: | Carlos David Hidalgo Bastidas |
| Abstract: | Este estudio evalúa el impacto en los precios de bolsa del mercado de energía eléctrica en Colombia producido por la incorporación de los proyectos de generación de energía renovable adjudicados en la subasta de largo plazo, efectuada por el Gobierno nacional en octubre de 2019. La evaluación se realiza de manera retrospectiva para el periodo 2007-2019, utilizando la metodología de reconstrucción de curva de oferta. Adicionalmente, se propone una metodología que permite hacer una evaluación prospectiva para el periodo 2020-2030, la cual combina un análisis inferencial para proyectar el precio de bolsa y el uso de redes neuronales para predecir el impacto futuro. Los resultados evidencian una disminución en el precio de bolsa de aproximadamente 5 % para el periodo 2007-2019 y 3,1 % para el periodo 2020-2030. Escenarios de mayor penetración de renovables muestran que una mayor incorporación de estos recursos produce un mayor impacto en el precio de bolsa. ***** This work explores the impact produced by the Non-conventional energy sources projects awarded in the long-term auction carried out by the National Government on the spot electricity prices in Colombia. To reach that goal, we use two different methodologies. The first methodology, the Spot Market Supply Curve Reconstruction, is used to perform a retrospective analysis for the 2007-2019 period. The methodology allows us to reconstruct the hourly spot prices based on the Merit Order Dispatch. We use the second methodology to perform a prospective analysis for the 2020-2030 period. For that, we propose a novel model that combines an inferential analysis to forecast the spot electricity price, and a neural network to predict the impact of the renewable resources. The results indicate a decrease of approximately 5% in spot electricity prices for the 2007-2019 period, and a decrease of 3.1% for the 2020-2030 prospective period of study. Additional scenarios with higher penetration of renewable resources produce a greater impact on the spot electricity prices. |
| Keywords: | fuentes de energía alternativa, energía eléctrica, reconstrucción de curva deoferta, subasta de contratación a largo plazo, obligatoriedad de compra de energía renovable |
| Date: | 2020–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000547:020148&r= |
| By: | Faye, Amy |
| Abstract: | The sustainability of agricultural production systems is of growing concern. Agro-ecology has received considerable interest as an alternative to conventional farming. Clarity of both concepts is a precondition for any assessments. Large-scale adoption of agro-ecology could yield profound changes in rural Africa and on economic development of African countries due to the interlinkages between agriculture and the other sectors of an economy. Therefore, its promotion should be cautiously investigated and guided not only by its environmental effects but also by its ability to contribute to food systems sustainability, the development of rural economies, and economies as a whole. Consequently, the analysis of agro-ecology should be connected to the objectives of agricultural transformation as part of a process of structural transformation. Based on a meta-narrative review approach using multiple references from selected online reference databases, the concepts of agricultural transformation and agro-ecology are assessed, and a conceptual framework to guide future empirical analyzes of the role of agro-ecology on agricultural transformation as part of a process of structural transformation is proposed. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321227&r= |
| By: | Läpple, Doris; Osawe, Osayanmon Wellington |
| Abstract: | Animal welfare provision by dairy farmers has implications that go well beyond the individual dairy farm. In this study, we assess dairy farmers' willingness to pay to support a policy aimed at improving calf welfare and link this to altruism. We conceptualise the farmer's decision into private reasons, and motivations to improve animal welfare on their own farm or eliminate bad practices elsewhere. Our data comes from a survey with over 400 Irish dairy farmers that included an experimental component. Specifically, we used a contingent valuation referendum method to elicit farmers' willingness to pay. We measured altruism with a financially incentivised social value orientation scale. Our findings indicate that most farmers are supportive of a policy scheme to improve animal welfare, and altruism is positively associated with higher willingness to pay. Specifically, our findings suggest that altruists are willing to pay €429 per annum, while individualistically minded farmers are willing to pay €220 per annum to support the new initiative. Our findings have important policy implications as we show that the majority of farmers are willing to financially support the implementation of a policy that can help to prevent public bads. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321212&r= |