|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Irina Safitri Zen (International Islamic University Malaysia [Kuala Lumpur]); Abul Quasem Al-Amin (University of Waterloo [Waterloo]); Md. Mahmudul Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Brent Doberstein (University of Waterloo [Waterloo]) |
| Abstract: | The carbon footprint of households is a significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 24% of total emissions. As a result, it is critical to quantify a household's carbon footprint in order to reduce it over time. One of the best ways to measure carbon emitted from various sectors of the economy, including household daily activities, is to calculate a country's carbon footprint (CF). This study statistically examined the magnitude of households' carbon footprints and their relationships with household daily activities and certain socio-economic demographic variables in Malaysia. Results revealed that the average household carbon footprint amounted to 11.76 t-CO2. The average also showed that the primary carbon footprint, 7.02 t-CO2 or 59.69% was higher compared to the secondary carbon footprint which was 4.73 t- CO2 or 40.22% and assessment revealed significant differences among household types. The largest carbon footprint was evident in a medium-high cost urban area, estimated at 20.14 t-CO2, while the carbon footprint found in a rural area was 9.58 t-CO2. In the latter, the primary carbon footprint was almost double the figure of 5.84 t-CO2 (61%) than the secondary carbon footprint of 3.73 t-CO2 (39%). The study reveals a higher carbon footprint in urban areas compared to rural ones depicting the effects of urbanisation and urban sprawl on household lifestyles and carbon footprints. Despite some limitations, the findings of this study will help policymakers design and implement stronger policies that enforce low-carbon activities and energy-saving goods and services in order to reduce urban Malaysia's carbon footprint dramatically. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Emissions,Lifestyle,Energy,Households,Carbon Footprint |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520198&r= |
| By: | Stephen J. DeCanio; Charles F. Manski; Alan H. Sanstad |
| Abstract: | Integrated assessment models have become the primary tools for comparing climate policies that seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Policy comparisons have often been performed by considering a planner who seeks to make optimal trade-offs between the costs of carbon abatement and the economic damages from climate change. The planning problem has been formalized as one of optimal control, the objective being to minimize the total costs of abatement and damages over a time horizon. Studying climate policy as a control problem presumes that a planner knows enough to make optimization feasible, but physical and economic uncertainties abound. Manski, Sanstad, and DeCanio (2021) proposed and studied use of the minimax-regret (MMR) decision criterion to account for deep uncertainty in climate modeling. Here we study choice of climate policy that minimizes maximum regret with deep uncertainty regarding both the correct climate model and the appropriate time discount rate to use in intergenerational assessment of policy consequences. The analysis specifies a range of discount rates to express both empirical and normative uncertainty about the appropriate rate. The findings regarding climate policy are novel and informative. The MMR analysis points to use of a relatively low discount rate of 0.02 for climate policy. The MMR decision rule keeps the maximum future temperature increase below 2°C above the 1900-10 level for most of the parameter values used to weight costs and damages. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29716&r= |
| By: | Kazeem Bello Ajide (University of Lagos, Nigeria); Ekundayo Peter Mesagan (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Environmental sustainability and climatic change mitigation seem central in the fight against global warming and continuous human sustenance in the 21st century. However, non-renewable and renewable consumption energies lie at the core of these pollution concerns, particularly among the G20 economies that are top pollution emitters in the world. Unlike other mediators in energy-pollution nexus, capital investment has been argued to ameliorate or amplify the relationship. To this end, the study specifically sets out to unravel the mediating role of capital investment in energy-pollution link together with other pollution confounders including trade openness, foreign direct investment and energy use for G20 economies over the period 1990-2017. Using the pooled mean group estimator, the study accounts for both cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity among the countries. They key findings show that renewable energy to negatively impact carbon emissions in both the short- and long-run, while non-renewable energy positively having a reverse impact. In addition, the results show that capital investment as lowering pollution in the short-run but increases it in the long-run. Lastly, on interacting capital investment with renewable energy, pollution is found to reduce to pollution in both short- and long-run, while its interaction with non-renewable energy expands pollution in both short- and long-run. On the policy front, since capital investment provides an important channel to reduce pollution in G20 nations, it is therefore recommended that if energy consumption is to work through the capital investment channel to lower pollution in the G20, the proportion of renewable energy must increase relative to non-renewable energy in their energy mix. |
| Keywords: | Capital Investment; Renewable Energy; Non-renewable Energy; Carbon Emissions |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q53 F23 O50 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/017&r= |
| By: | Kazeem Bello Ajide (University of Lagos, Nigeria); Ekundayo Peter Mesagan (University of Lagos, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Environmental sustainability and climatic change mitigation seem central in the fight against global warming and continuous human sustenance in the 21st century. However, non-renewable and renewable consumption energies lie at the core of these pollution concerns, particularly among the G20 economies that are top pollution emitters in the world. Unlike other mediators in energy-pollution nexus, capital investment has been argued to ameliorate or amplify the relationship. To this end, the study specifically sets out to unravel the mediating role of capital investment in energy-pollution link together with other pollution confounders including trade openness, foreign direct investment and energy use for G20 economies over the period 1990-2017. Using the pooled mean group estimator, the study accounts for both cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity among the countries. They key findings show that renewable energy to negatively impact carbon emissions in both the short- and long-run, while non-renewable energy positively having a reverse impact. In addition, the results show that capital investment as lowering pollution in the short-run but increases it in the long-run. Lastly, on interacting capital investment with renewable energy, pollution is found to reduce to pollution in both short- and long-run, while its interaction with non-renewable energy expands pollution in both short- and long-run. On the policy front, since capital investment provides an important channel to reduce pollution in G20 nations, it is therefore recommended that if energy consumption is to work through the capital investment channel to lower pollution in the G20, the proportion of renewable energy must increase relative to non-renewable energy in their energy mix. |
| Keywords: | Capital Investment; Renewable Energy; Non-renewable Energy; Carbon Emissions |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q53 F23 O50 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/017&r= |
| By: | Jiaxiong Yao; Mr. Yunhui Zhao |
| Abstract: | To reach the global net-zero goal, the level of carbon emissions has to fall substantially at speed rarely seen in history, highlighting the need to identify structural breaks in carbon emission patterns and understand forces that could bring about such breaks. In this paper, we identify and analyze structural breaks using machine learning methodologies. We find that downward trend shifts in carbon emissions since 1965 are rare, and most trend shifts are associated with non-climate structural factors (such as a change in the economic structure) rather than with climate policies. While we do not explicitly analyze the optimal mix between climate and non-climate policies, our findings highlight the importance of the nonclimate policies in reducing carbon emissions. On the methodology front, our paper contributes to the climate toolbox by identifying country-specific structural breaks in emissions for top 20 emitters based on a user-friendly machine-learning tool and interpreting the results using a decomposition of carbon emission ( Kaya Identity). |
| Keywords: | Climate Policies, Carbon Emissions, Machine Learning, Structural Break, Kaya Identity |
| Date: | 2022–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/009&r= |
| By: | Cui, Jingbo; Wang, Chunhua; Zhang, Junjie; Zheng, Yang |
| Abstract: | China has implemented an emission trading system (ETS) to reduce its ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining rapid economic growth. With low carbon prices and infrequent allowance trading, whether China’s ETS is an effective approach for climate mitigation has entered the center of the policy and research debate. Utilizing China’s regional ETS pilots as a quasi-natural experiment, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the effects of ETS on firm carbon emissions and economic outcomes by means of a matched difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The empirical analysis is based on a unique panel dataset of firm tax records in the manufacturing and public utility sectors during 2009 to 2015. We show unambiguous evidence that the regional ETS pilots are effective in reducing firm emissions, leading to a 16.7% reduction in total emissions and a 9.7% reduction in emission intensity. Regulated firms achieve emission abatement through conserving energy consumption and switching to low-carbon fuels. The economic consequences of the ETS are mixed. On one hand, the ETS has a negative impact on employment and capital input; on the other hand, the ETS incentivizes regulated firms to improve productivity. In the aggregate, the ETS does not exhibit statistically significant effects on output and export. We also find that the ETS displays notable heterogeneity across pilots. Mass-based allowance allocation rules, higher carbon prices, and active allowance trading contribute to more pronounced effects in emission abatement. |
| Keywords: | climate change; emission trading system; firm emissions; 72073055; 71773043; 71773062 |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113492&r= |
| By: | Tran, Nhuong; Chan, Chin Yee; Aung, Yee Mon; Bailey, Conner; Akester, Michael; Le Quyen, Cao; Tu, Trinh Quang; Van Cuong, Hoang; Sulser, Timothy B; Wiebe, Keith |
| Abstract: | The Vietnamese fisheries sector, including both marine fisheries and aquaculture, has made spectacular progress in recent years, becoming one of the top seafood producing and exporting countries in the world. Looking forward, development goals of this sector must address challenges associated with climate change, including changing distribution of commercially important marine species such as tuna and disruptions to land-based aquaculture production systems. This study investigates the likely impacts of climate change on Vietnam’s fisheries sector by exploring plausible future scenarios for four key commodities representing capture fisheries (tuna), freshwater aquaculture (pangasius catfish and tilapia), and brackish water aquaculture (shrimp). The extent of impact varies, but climate change represents a potentially significant threat to sustainable production in each production system. Producers, policy makers, and other stakeholders need to plan for and adapt to climate change to ensure the sustainable development of Vietnam’s fisheries sector. This study uses a foresight scenario analysis using a qualitative scenario approach as the starting point for additional modeling of climate change impacts. |
| Date: | 2022–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:72har&r= |
| By: | Debnath, R.; Bardhan, R.; Mohaddes, K.; Shah, D. U.; Ramage, M. H.; Alvarez, R. M. |
| Abstract: | There is a growing consensus among policymakers that we need a human-centric low-carbon transition. There are few studies on how to do it effectively, especially in the context of emissions reduction in the building sector. It is critical to investigate public sentiment and attitudes towards this aspect of climate action, as the building and construction sector accounts for 40% of global carbon emissions. Our methodology involves a multi-method approach, using a data-driven exploration of public sentiment using 256,717 tweets containing #emission and #building between 2009 - 2021. Using graph theory-led metrics, a network topology-based investigation of hashtag co-occurrences was used to extract highly influential hashtags. Our results show that public sentiment is reactive to global climate policy events. Between 2009-2012, #greenbuilding, #emissions were highly influential, shaping the public discourse towards climate action. In 2013-2016, #lowcarbon, #construction and #energyefficiency had high centrality scores, which were replaced by hashtags like #climatetec, #netzero, #climateaction, #circulareconomy, and #masstimber, #climatejustice in 2017-2021. Results suggest that the current building emission reduction context emphasises the social and environmental justice dimensions, which is pivotal to an effective people-centric policymaking. |
| Keywords: | Emission, climate change, building, computational social science, people-centric transition, Twitter |
| JEL: | C63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2201&r= |
| By: | Alkan, Ayla; Oğuş-Binatlı, Ayla |
| Abstract: | Turkey’s CO2 emissions have been steadily increasing since 1990. Determining influences of socioeconomic factors behind this increase can help identify which the sectors and what types of policies should be prioritized to go into action. This paper identifies the main contributors to CO2 emissions change within five-year intervals during 1990-2015 by adopting Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) method. The results show that CO2 emissions increase was driven by per capita expenditure and population factors, while emission coefficient factor had a reducing effect on emissions. As the production side factors fell pretty behind the consumption side factors, net emissions was positive and the actual determiner in CO2 emissions was found as consumption. The most contributing sectors were Electricity, Land Transportation and Mineral. Speeding up renewable energy investments and continuing energy efficiency measures, placing a carbon tax on electricity and oil consumption, promoting public transport and use of clean fuels and vehicles, slowing down construction and raising consumer awareness to change their consumption behavior, particularly to reduce demand for high emitting products and services should be the top priority policies. |
| Keywords: | Supply-Use Table; Structural Decomposition Analysis; CO2 emission; INDC; Turkey |
| JEL: | C67 D57 Q5 Q54 R15 |
| Date: | 2021–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111635&r= |
| By: | Ekundayo Peter Mesagan (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria.); Kazeem Bello Ajide (University of Lagos, Nigeria); Xuan Vinh Vo (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | This scientific enquiry examines the role of capital investment in the energy-pollution model in SANEM countries. The methodology is based on the Pooled Mean Group (PMG), which is appropriate for a heterogeneous panel. Findings reveal that energy use negatively impacts CO2 emissions in Algeria, South Africa, Morocco, and the panel, in the short-run; however, it positively impacts CO2pollution in Nigeria, Egypt, and the panel, in the long-run. Again, investment exerts a positive effect on CO2 in South Africa and Algeria, whereas it is negative in Nigeria, Egypt, and Morocco. Capital investment also expands short-run pollution in the panel, but it reduces long-run pollution. Lastly, the energy-investment interaction reduces the panel’s CO2pollution in the short-run and long-run, as well as, in Morocco, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa, except in Algeria. Thus, we conclude that capital investment is crucial in the energy-pollution nexus and suggest cooperation in attracting low-carbon emitting investments to the region. |
| Keywords: | Capital Investment; Carbon Emissions; Energy Use; Energy Policy; Africa |
| JEL: | Q32 Q48 Q53 F23 O55 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/101&r= |
| By: | Aliénor Cameron (Climate Economics Chair, Université Paris-Nanterre & EconomiX-CNRS); Marc Baudry (Climate Economics Chair, Université Paris-Nanterre & EconomiX-CNRS) |
| Abstract: | On 14 July 2021, the European Commission formally adopted a proposal for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism to mitigate the risk of carbon leakage caused by its increasingly ambitious environmental policies. There is a gap between the ways in which this issue is discussed in political spheres and the evidence provided by economic literature on it. The aim of this paper is to bridge this gap by presenting the context and policy debate surrounding carbon leakage and CBAs in the EU, reviewing the state of the economic literature on this topic, and discussing further research that is necessary to answer remaining policy concerns and unresolved research questions. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon border adjustments, carbon leakage, , |
| JEL: | H23 L51 O33 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:ppaper:2022.01&r= |
| By: | Michael Gilraine; Angela Zheng |
| Abstract: | We combine satellite-based pollution data and test scores from over 10,000 U.S. school districts to estimate the relationship between air pollution and test scores. To deal with potential endogeneity we instrument for air quality using (i) year-to-year coal production variation and (ii) a shift-share instrument that interacts fuel shares used for nearby power production with national growth rates. We find that each one-unit increase in particulate pollution reduces test scores by 0.02 standard deviations. Our findings indicate that declines in particulate pollution exposure raised test scores and reduced the black-white test score gap by 0.06 and 0.01 standard deviations, respectively. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; education; coal |
| JEL: | Q53 I14 I24 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcm:deptwp:2022-02&r= |
| By: | Casey, Gregory (Williams College); Fried, Stephie (Arizona State University); Gibson, Matthew (Williams College) |
| Abstract: | Existing climate-economy models use aggregate damage functions to model the effects of climate change. This approach assumes climate change has equal impacts on the productivity of firms that produce consumption and investment goods or services. We show the split between damage to consumption and investment productivity matters for the dynamic consequences of climate change. Drawing on the structural transformation literature, we develop a framework that incorporates heterogeneous climate damages. When investment is more vulnerable to climate, we find short-run consumption losses will be smaller than leading models with aggregate damage functions suggest, but long-run consumption losses will be larger. We quantify these effects for the climate damage from heat stress and find that accounting for heterogeneous damages increases the welfare cost of climate change by approximately 4 to 24 percent, depending on the discount factor. |
| Keywords: | climate change, structural transformation, growth |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14974&r= |
| By: | Angelos Alamanos; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The broad economic notion of Ecosystem Services (ES) refers to the benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions. ES are directly related with Water Resources Management (WRM), as any catchment's degradation is in fact a degradation of ES, and the opposite. The concept initially had a pedagogical purpose, later it started being measured with economic methods, and has policy extensions, such as markets and payment schemes. ES's valuation is an essential process for achieving environmental, economic and sustainability goals, The Total Economic Value (TEV) of ecosystems includes market values (priced) and mainly non-market values (not explicit in any market), hence the different valuation methods for their explicit valuation. This process involves also human preferences regarding the perception of the nature's contribution to the economy, services, or production processes. ES concept and relevant policies have been criticised on the technical weaknesses of valuation methods, the description of the human behaviour, the interdisciplinary conflicts (e.g. ecological vs economic perception of value), and ethical aspects on the limits of the economic science, nature's commodification, and the purpose of the policy extents. Since valuation affects the policies (markets and payment schemes), it is important to understand the way that humans decide and develop preferences under uncertainty. Those preferences are changing, our behaviour is unpredictable under deep uncertainty (i.e. unknown policies, impacts, unknown probabilistic events, and under climate change) particularly over longer-term important WRM decisions. Behavioural Economics attempt to understand human behavior and psychology, and in a way model our valuation system, under uncertainty. The purpose and use of concept must be based on solid principles, aiming to the development of policies that will improve our ecosystems and lives, achieved by scientific and stakeholder collaboration. |
| Date: | 2022–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2211&r= |
| By: | Palizha AIREBULE; Haitao CHENG; ISHIKAWA Jota |
| Abstract: | We explore the carbon emissions of the world's five highest carbon emitters by applying the shared responsibility (SR) criterion, under which both producers and consumers share the responsibility for emissions. Using the SR method based on the value-added approach, we can investigate carbon emissions at both national and sectoral levels. Between 2002–2014, carbon emissions in China and India grew dramatically. SR increased by 157% in China and 116% in India. The main driving force of China's carbon emissions was the rapid growth of its exports, and the main driver of India's carbon emissions was its high carbon-intensive production technologies. Although carbon emissions had a declining trend in the USA and Japan, it could have resulted from cross-border carbon leakage. More than 40% of the five countries' national carbon emissions under SR were attributed to "electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply." This overwhelming share was attributable to their large amounts of production and high carbon emission intensity. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:21099&r= |
| By: | Chiara Falco; Raphael Corbi |
| Abstract: | Abstract: Do generations a˙ected by natural disasters during the critical years of adolescence and early adulthood form di˙erent preferences towards the environment than generations who are not? Consistent with the theories of social psychology, we show that an environmental shock experienced during the impressionable years (18-25 years old) help shape positive environmental preferences. Individuals tend not to change beliefs in response to natural disasters experienced in other age ranges. Using information from the General Social Survey and World Values Survey, we exploit yearly natural disasters variation both within the US and across countries to identify these effects. |
| Keywords: | beliefs formation, natural disasters, environmental policy, impressionable years |
| JEL: | P16 Q54 Z18 D90 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mod:recent:154&r= |
| By: | Mariagrazia D'Angeli (Department of Economics, Society and Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Italy); Giovanni Marin (Department of Economics, Society and Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Italy); Elena Paglialunga (Department of Economics, Society and Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Italy) |
| Abstract: | In recent years, there has been rapid development of the literature linking climate change and armed conflicts. Although no conclusionary evidence has been found of a direct link between climate change and armed conflicts, still climate change has been addressed as an important trigger, exacerbating underlying social, economic and institutional conditions and thus resulting in higher risk and magnitude of violent activities. In this context, while more research is needed to further disentangle how climatic changes combine with socio-economic and institutional elements to induce conflicts, an important pathway to be explored is the role that building resilience can play in preventing and/or breaking the negative relationship between climate change and violent activity. In this context, resilience refers to the capacity of a system to come back to its original conditions after a shock and relies on the combination of socioeconomic, institutional and technological dimensions. In our paper we provide empirical evidence on the role played by resilience-building investments in attenuating the emergence of armed conflicts as a consequence of climate-related anomalies and natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | Resilience, Armed Conflicts, Natural Disasters, Climate Change |
| JEL: | D74 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.04&r= |
| By: | Nguyen, Cuong Viet; Nguyen, Manh-Hung; Nguyen, Toan Truong |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of temperature extremes on mortality in Vietnam, using daily data on temperatures and monthly data on mortality during the 2000-2018 period. We find that both cold and heat waves cause higher mortality, particularly among older people. This effect on mortality tends to be smaller in provinces with higher rates of air-conditioning and emigration, and provinces with higher public spending on health. Finally, we estimate economic cost of cold and heat waves using a framework of willingness to pay to avoid deaths, then project the cost to the year 2100 under different Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios. |
| Keywords: | climate change,weather extremes,mortality,health,Vietnam |
| JEL: | I10 Q54 O15 R23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1034&r= |
| By: | Alias Nurul Ashikin (UKM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia); Mohd Idris Nor Diana (UKM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia); Chamhuri Siwar (UKM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia); Md. Mahmudul Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Muhamad Yasar (Universitas Syiah Kuala) |
| Abstract: | The east coast of Malaysia is frequently hit by monsoon floods every year that severely impact people, particularly those living close to the river bank, which is considered to be the most vulnerable and high-risk areas. We aim to determine the most vulnerable area and understand affected residents of this community who are living in the most sensitive areas caused by flooding events in districts of Temerloh, Pekan, and Kuantan, Pahang. This study involved collecting data for vulnerability index components. A field survey and face-to-face interviews with 602 respondents were conducted 6 months after the floods by using a questionnaire evaluation based on the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). The findings show that residents in the Temerloh district are at higher risk of flooding damage compared to those living in Pekan and Kuantan. Meanwhile, the contribution factor of LVI-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) showed that Kuantan is more exposed to the impact of climate change, followed by Temerloh and Pekan. Among all the principal components shown, food components were considered to be the most vulnerable. Meanwhile, water components were categorised as the most invulnerable. Preventive planning involves preserving human life, minimising damage to household products, preserving crops and animals, adequate supply of clean water and food, good health and ensuring financial sustainability as an indication of changing livelihoods, sustainable food-storing systems, and other protective steps to curb damage and injury caused by annual flood strikes. Information generated on LVI assessment and adaptation procedures will help policymakers reduce people's vulnerability in the face of floods and ensure proper plans are put in place in all relevant areas. |
| Keywords: | livelihood vulnerability indices,flood,flood adaptation,preventive planning,Pahang,Malaysia |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520176&r= |
| By: | Rakhmindyarto, Rakhmindyarto; Setyawan, Dhani |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is the 6th largest carbon emitter in the world. It is also one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with a population of 250 million people spread across thousands of islands and low-lying coastal areas. This paper investigates the political challenges to introduce a carbon tax as a climate policy option in Indonesia. It is based on the analysis of 29 in�depth elite interviews with key Indonesian stakeholders. It fnds that, while political elites seem, in principle, to be open to the idea of a carbon tax, they are also cognisant of the impact of corruption challenges in the Indonesia context. Meanwhile, the business community opposes a carbon tax and fears the introduction of additional costs that may infuence productivity and competitiveness. Non-government organisations, however, support its immediate introduction. Overall, this work makes an important contribution to the ever-growing academic debate on the introduction of carbon prices to assist carbon mitiga�tion eforts. It also has important ramifcations in terms of transparency, accountability and political pluralism in Indonesia. |
| Keywords: | Climate change · Climate policy · Carbon prices |
| JEL: | H2 H23 |
| Date: | 2020–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111586&r= |
| By: | Huang, Yin-Siang; Lu, You-Xun |
| Abstract: | In the context of sustainable development and “going global” strategies, Chinese firms are paying more attention to corporate environmental responsibility (CER). Using a sample of Chinese firms from 2010-2019, this study examines the impact of CER on corporate financial performance (CFP) and international bank loans. We find that the proactive disclosure of non-hazardous industrial waste (NHIW) emissions has no significant effect on the return on assets (ROA) but significantly increases the return on equity (ROE). In addition, our results show that international banks will offer lower loan spreads and longer loan maturities to firms with better environmental performance. |
| Keywords: | Non-hazardous industrial waste; corporate environmental responsibility; financial performance; international bank loans |
| JEL: | G32 G34 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111682&r= |
| By: | Mohaddes, K.; Ng, R. N. C.; Pesaran, M. H.; Raissi, M.; Yang, J-C. |
| Abstract: | We investigate the long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change across 48 U.S. states over the period 1963-2016 using a novel econometric strategy which links deviations of temperature and precipitation (weather) from their long-term moving-average historical norms (climate) to various state-specific economic performance indicators at the aggregate and sectoral levels. We show that climate change has a long-lasting adverse impact on real output in various states and economic sectors, and on labour productivity and employment in the United States. Moreover, in contrast to most cross-country results, our within U.S. estimates tend to be asymmetrical with respect to deviations of climate variables (including precipitation) from their historical norms. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, economic growth, adaptation, United States |
| JEL: | C33 O40 O44 O51 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2203&r= |
| By: | Diana Horvath; Francesca Borgonovi |
| Abstract: | Global warming and air pollution threaten human health, economic prosperity and human capital accumulation. The current review presents empirical findings on the effect of adverse environmental conditions on cognition, with a focus on pollution and high temperatures. The review takes a life-course perspective and quantifies both the direct and indirect effects of cumulative and transitory exposure to adverse conditions on cognition starting in-utero all the way to exposure in old age. The review makes clear that exposure to pollutants and high temperatures has economically meaningful costs for both individuals and societies, stemming from lower human capital accumulation. Furthermore, the evidence presented indicates that adverse environmental conditions have large distributional consequences, leading to widening disparities in educational opportunities both across countries and across socio-economic groups within-countries. The review discusses the mechanisms underpinning these effects and explores policies that have the potential to mitigate the negative impact of adverse conditions on cognition. |
| Date: | 2022–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:269-en&r= |
| By: | Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Various tradable instruments have been implemented for climate change mitigation: emission trading systems, tradable energy-efficiency obligations, and tradable renewable energy quotas. Their track record has been disappointing so far: almost every emission trading has suffered from over-allocation which has undermined its effectiveness; tradable energy-efficiency obligations seem to have mostly co-financed investments that would have taken place anyway; tradable renewable energy quotas suffer from several shortcomings compared to alternative support systems, i.e., feed-in tariffs and premiums. I discuss the reasons for these failures (especially too superficial a reading of the work of researchers by policy makers) and ways to improve the situation (including encouraging systematic syntheses of academic work). |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03495904&r= |
| By: | Katrin Millock (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Cees Withagen (VU - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam]) |
| Abstract: | We review some of the recent estimates of the effect of weather and climate on migration, and articles examining the historical evidence of such links. We identify four issues that have received less attention in previous reviews on the topic. The first one is general equilibrium effects of climate change and migration. The second one concerns accounting for thresholds in the climate-migration relationship. Some of the articles that we review incorporate non-linear effects, but only in the relation between income and migration, and in the relation between weather, climate and migration. Other thresholds are not yet incorporated into the literature. A third issue where much work remains to be done relates to climate change and conflict, and their influence on migration. Finally, we conclude with some reflections on the implications of the results for economic development. |
| Date: | 2021–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03513161&r= |
| By: | André Loris; Grept AliceLaut Nadia; Plantier GabrielSapey-Triomphe Zako; Weber Pierre-François |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the exposure to climate risk of ABS, an asset class frequently pledged as collateral in the European Central Bank (ECB) refinancing operations. This paper focuses on ABS backed by auto loans or loans granted to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and explores ways to measure their climate risk based on the characteristics of the underlying loans, using existing loan-level data requirements. The ultimate goal was to come up with an alignment metric, i.e. to judge whether ABS related emissions would meet the Paris Agreements objectives, a task hindered by the lack of data available. Despite these limits, we were able to come up with relevant indicators related to ABS carbon impact, enabling the computation of ABS climate related risk proxies. Without necessarily being able to measure a concrete impact, we carved a series of indicators to serve as a reference. However, we conclude that an improved and harmonized framework for the provision of non-financial information seems essential to achieve an accurate analysis and monitoring of the financial sector's exposure to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Collateral Framework, Asset-Backed Securities (ABS), Securitisation, Climate Change |
| JEL: | D81 E51 E52 E58 G21 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:858&r= |
| By: | Richard A. Rosen |
| Abstract: | Several major papers have been published over the last ten years claiming to have detected the impact of either annual variations in weather or climate change on the GDPs of most countries in the world using panel data-based statistical methodologies. These papers rely on various multivariate regression equations which include the annual average temperatures for most countries in the world as one or more of the independent variables, where the usual dependent variable is the change in annual GDP for each country from one year to the next year over 30-50 year time periods. Unfortunately, the quantitative estimates derived in these papers are misleading because the equations from which they are calculated are wrong. The major reason the resulting regression equations are wrong is because they do not include any of the appropriate and usual economic factors or variables which are likely to be able to explain changes in GDP/economic growth whether or not climate change has already impacted each country`s economy. These equations, in short, exhibit suffer from "omitted variable bias", to use statistical terminology. |
| Keywords: | climate change and economic growth, regression analysis, panel data methodologies, normal weather fluctuations vs. climate change, reforming peer review, omitted variable bias |
| JEL: | A14 C1 C30 C33 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:thk:wpaper:inetwp171&r= |
| By: | Isis Durrmeyer (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | I quantify the welfare and environmental gains and losses from a policy establishing an environmental tax/subsidy for new cars in France in 2008. I estimate a structural model of demand and supply that features heterogeneity in consumer preferences to go beyond the average policy effects and analyse distributional aspects. The policy reduces average carbon emissions by 1.6% at the cost of additional emissions of local pollutants. The regulation favours middle-income individuals but has redistributive effects when combined with a tax that is proportional to income. Moreover, local pollutant emissions increase least in poor and rural areas, suggesting another redistribution channel. |
| Date: | 2021–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03514846&r= |
| By: | Delgado, Luciana; Nakasone, Eduardo; Torero, Maximo |
| Abstract: | Globally, policy initiatives have addressed food insecurity and the increasing pressure on available land that has followed from growing populations and changing diets. These policies, however, have been aimed mainly at increasing agricultural yields and productivity and are often cost- and time-intensive. They have not focused on reducing food losses, nor considered food loss reduction as a tool that can help meet growing food demand. Any interventions in food value chains will have three impacts: (1) improvements in food security and nutrition through increasing food availability (which addresses Sustainable Development Goal [SDG] 2: Zero hunger); (2) improvements in productivity and economic growth, as farmers will be able sell more produce in the markets (SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth); and (3) emissions reductions (SDG 13: Climate action) and improved efficiency in natural resource use, especially use of water and land (SDG 14: Life below water; SDG 15: Life on land). |
| Keywords: | GUATEMALA; LATIN AMERICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; HONDURAS; food security; farmers; seeds; incentives; intervention; food losses; markets |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:1293759975&r= |
| By: | Pauline Castaing (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | In Burkina Faso, the joint liability system underlies the relations between cotton producers gathered in cooperatives. However, this risk-pooling mechanism develops at the expense of individual efforts to adapt to climate change. |
| Abstract: | Entraves de la caution solidaire à l'adaptation au changement climatique Au Burkina-Faso, le système de caution solidaire organise les relations entre producteurs de coton rassemblés au sein de coopératives. Cette gestion collective du risque se fait au détriment de l' effort individuel face au changement climatique. Une grande variété de risques, parmi lesquels ceux relatifs au climat, menace le secteur agricole africain. Dans cette région, l'agriculture dépend fortement du niveau des précipitations dont la variabilité s'est accrue au cours des dernières décennies (Cook & Vizy, 2006). Cette tendance, qui est amenée à se |
| Keywords: | Ressources naturelles,Microeconomie,Agriculture |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03514075&r= |
| By: | Massfeller, Anna; Meraner, Manuela; Hüttel, Silke; Uehleke, Reinhard |
| Abstract: | To overcome adoption barriers of EU agri-environmental schemes (AES) related to the organizational burden from complying with the schemes’ inflexible land management prescriptions, the EU has introduced result-based AES. Farms receive compensation once a contracted environmental result is verified. However, desired large-scale adoption of these result-based schemes is threatened since participating farmers risk losing the premium if they cannot reach the environmental target. This study aims at investigating acceptance of a hypothetically result-based AES for arable farmers in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany, and elicit the role of behavioral factors and a social nudge for acceptance. The hypothetical scheme targets at increasing biodiversity of pollinator and bird species by supporting weed-species richness in intensive arable production. We used a split-treatment design to investigate the influence of a social nudge on scheme participation and area enrolled in the scheme (intensity). We rely on a convenience sample of 63 farmers and find an average willingness to participate of about 60%. Results indicate no influence of the social nudge on participation and intensity. Cognitive factors determine the willingness to participate while social and dispositional factors determine the intensity decision. This study sheds light on farmers’ decision-making and delivers a pilot-scheme for follow-up studies. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi21:317066&r= |
| By: | Mathilde Maurel (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thomas Pernet |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the efficiency of a set of environmental measures introduced by the 11th Five Years Plan (FYP) in China in 2006, using a rich and unique dataset borrowed from the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) and the State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA). By exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in regulatory stringency generated by the targets' system in China across provinces in 2006, we find evidence that pollution-intensive cities substantially decreased the emission of SO2, whereas cities where the presence of SOEs (State Owned Enterprises) is large did not. We interpret these results as pointing to the evidence of a still ongoing SBC (Soft Budget Constraints) surrounding Chinese SOEs. The findings are robust to the inclusion of different specifications of fixed effects, and other key determinants of firm pollution. Moreover, we investigate what are the main factors behind the no-compliance to the regulations: the overlapping (or not) with TCZ (SPZ, Coastal) cities where the environmental (growth) policies are prioritized, * The authors are grateful to William F. Shughart II and two anonymous reviewers, whose comments improved the manuscript considerably. We are also very greatful to Zhao Ruili and Zhou Ling for their precious help in collecting the data from the China Environment Statistics Yearbook. |
| Keywords: | Differencein-Difference estimation Q53,Soft Budget Constraint,Kornai,China,Environmental regulation |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03511874&r= |
| By: | HIGASHIDA Keisaku; ISHIKAWA Jota; TARUI Nori |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of carbon pricing of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international transport, production, and consumption of traded goods by modeling the international transport sector explicitly. Endogenous international transport explains the novel mechanism of carbon leakage across borders and sectors. The effectiveness of carbon pricing depends on whether the backhaul problem (i.e., the imbalance of shipping volume in outgoing and incoming routes) is present. If the backhaul problem is absent, any carbon pricing is effective because the global GHG emissions are necessarily reduced. With the backhaul problem, carbon pricing in goods consumption remains effective, whereas carbon pricing in goods production results in cross-border carbon leakage. However, endogenous transport costs mitigate this leakage. The opportunity of foreign direct investment also affects carbon pricing effectiveness. In particular, carbon pricing in the transport sector may not affect GHG emissions at all. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:21102&r= |
| By: | Mr. Adil Mohommad; Evgenia Pugacheva |
| Abstract: | This paper inquires into how individual attitudes to climate issues and support for climate policies have evolved in the context of the pandemic. Using data from a unique survey of 14,500 individuals across 16 major economies, this study shows that the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic increased concern for climate change and public support for green recovery policies. This suggests that the global health crisis has opened up more space for policy makers in key large economies to implement bolder climate policies. The study also finds that support for climate policies decreases when a person has experienced income and/or job loss during the pandemic. Protecting incomes and livelihoods in the near-term is thus important also from a climate policy perspective. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, climate policy, public opinion, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2022–02–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/023&r= |
| By: | Lou-Lyne Leconte (REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Abstract: | Through a literature review, this communication presents relationships between consumers, sustainable development and ecodesign. This synthesis reveals definitional difficulties and limits inherent to sustainable development and ecodesign and thus raise the need to rethink these notions. The consumer's expectations and his involvement in collaborative economy approaches illustrate his growing concern for sustainable development. However, the role of the consumer in the appropriate use of ecodesigned products and services does not seem to benefit from the needed consideration during the design phase, thereby generating rebound effects that may annihilate potential environmental gains achieved. |
| Abstract: | Par le biais d'une revue de la littérature, cette communication présente les relations entre consommateurs, développement durable et écoconception. Cette synthèse fait apparaître les difficultés de définition et limites inhérentes au développement durable et à l'écoconception et soulève ainsi la nécessité de repenser ces notions. Les attentes du consommateur et son implication dans des démarches telles que l'économie collaborative illustrent son intérêt croissant pour le développement durable. Pour autant, le rôle du consommateur dans l'utilisation appropriée de produits et services écoconçus ne semble pas bénéficier de la considération requise au cours de la phase de conception, engendrant de ce fait des effets rebonds qui peuvent anéantir les éventuels gains environnementaux réalisés. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development,ecodesign,collaborative economy,rebound effects,consumers,consommateurs,développement durable,écoconception,économie collaborative,effets rebonds |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03519797&r= |
| By: | Nissan, Hannah; Simmons, Will; Downs, Shauna M. |
| Abstract: | The food system and climate are closely interconnected. Although most research has focused on the need to adopt a plant-based diet to help mitigate climate change, there is also an urgent need to examine the effects of climate change on food systems to adapt to climate change. A systems approach can help identify the pathways through which climate influences food systems, thereby ensuring that programmes combating malnutrition take climate into account. Although little is known about how climate considerations are currently incorporated into nutrition programming, climate information services have the potential to help target the delivery of interventions for at-risk populations and reduce climate-related disruption during their implementation. To ensure climate services provide timely information relevant to nutrition programmes, it is important to fill gaps in our knowledge about the influence of climate variability on food supply chains. A proposed roadmap for developing climate-sensitive nutrition programmes recommends: (i) research aimed at achieving a better understanding of the pathways through which climate influences diet and nutrition, including any time lags; (ii) the identification of entry points for climate information into the decision-making process for nutrition programme delivery; and (iii) capacity-building and training programmes to better equip public health practitioners with the knowledge, confidence and motivation to incorporate climate resilience into nutrition programmes. With sustained investment in capacity-building, data collection and analysis, climate information services can be developed to provide the data, analyses and forecasts needed to ensure nutrition programmes target their interventions where and when they are most needed. |
| Keywords: | ES/R009708/1 |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113561&r= |
| By: | Albers, H. J.; Preonas, L.; Capitán, T.; Robinson, Elizabeth; Madrigal-Ballestero, R. |
| Abstract: | The design of protected areas, whether marine or terrestrial, rarely considers how people respond to the imposition of no-take sites with complete or incomplete enforcement. Consequently, these protected areas may fail to achieve their intended goal. We present and solve a spatial bio-economic model in which a manager chooses the optimal location, size, and enforcement level of a marine protected area (MPA). This manager acts as a Stackelberg leader, and her choices consider villagers’ best response to the MPA in a spatial Nash equilibrium of fishing site and effort decisions. Relevant to lower income country settings but general to other settings, we incorporate limited enforcement budgets, distance costs of traveling to fishing sites, and labor allocation to onshore wage opportunities. The optimal MPA varies markedly across alternative manager goals and budget sizes, but always induce changes in villagers’ decisions as a function of distance, dispersal, and wage. We consider MPA managers with ecological conservation goals and with economic goals, and identify the shortcomings of several common manager decision rules, including those focused on: (1) fishery outcomes rather than broader economic goals, (2) fish stocks at MPA sites rather than across the full marinescape, (3) absolute levels rather than additional values, and (4) costless enforcement. Our results demonstrate that such naïve or overly narrow decision rules can lead to inefficient MPA designs that miss economic and conservation opportunities. |
| Keywords: | additionality; bio-economic model; enforcement; leakage; marine spatial planning; Nash equilibrium; no-take reserves; park effectiveness; reserve site selection; spatial prioritization; systematic conservation planning |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2020–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113552&r= |
| By: | Treich, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | As is customary in economics, the Dasgupta Review on the economics of biodiversity adopts an anthropocentric approach: that is, among the millions of species on Earth, the Review accords a moral value to only one species; ours. Building on the literature in ethics, I explain why it is morally problematic to assume that other species – at least, sentient animals – only have an instrumental value for humans. The Review defends its approach, but I advance counter arguments. I highlight that preserving the diversity of life in ecosystems is not the same as taking care of the wellbeing of sentient species living in those ecosystems. Some biodiversity policies, such as protecting the blue whale or reducing meat consumption, largely satisfy both nthropocentric and non‐anthropocentric objectives. Other policies, such as the reintroduction of wolves or the eradication of invasive species, induce conflicts between these objectives. I finally discuss why the anthropocentric view remains prevalent in the research on biodiversity and present some potential non‐anthropocentric research directions |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity; environmental economics; anthropocentrism; animal welfare;; sentience; conservation. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q20 Q18 I30 Z00 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:126575&r= |
| By: | Jia Meng (Ma Yinchu School of Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China); ZhongXiang Zhang (China Academy of Energy, Environmental and Industrial Economics, China) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at analyzing the impact of corporate environmenral information disclosure from the perspective of investors. To that end, we have collected environmental information disclosure data of all Chinese listed companies from 2004 to 2020 and controlled the impacts of annual reports on investor response. We apply the Fama-French five-factor model to calculate the accumulative abnormal returns of stocks during the event window period. Our results suggest that environmental information disclosure can have a significant negative response among investors when we take the impacts of annual reports into consideration. Moreover, we find that heavy-polluting companies and companies with high institutional shareholding are more likely to have negative reactions from investors. Notably, the negative response is found significant after the Ambient Air Quality Standard was revised in 2012. Furthermore, high environmental expenditure and strict environmental regulation will result in negative investor responses, while the political connection can alleviate the negative impacts of environmental information disclosure. The results remain robust in different ways. The findings suggest that listed companies may lack the incentive to engage in environmental management and are reluctant to disclose environmental information. Consequently, the government should formulate a mandatory disclosure policy and provide administrative support to environmentalfriendly companies. Besides, companies should improve innovation technology to cut down environmental costs. Meanwhile, investors should be aware of the importance of corporate environmental behaviors and realize the long-term benefits of environmental management of listed companies. |
| Keywords: | Environmental information disclosure, Investor response, Corporate annual reports, Fama-french five factor model, China's capital market |
| JEL: | L24 O3 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.03&r= |
| By: | Bednar-Friedl, Birgit; Knittel, Nina; Raich, Joachim; Adams, Kevin M. |
| Abstract: | There is growing recognition that international trade can transmit climate risks across borders, requiring new forms of and approaches to adaptation. This advanced review synthesizes knowledge on how, by whom and where adaptation actions can be taken in the agriculture and industrial sectors to reduce these transboundary climate risks (TCRs). We find a material difference in the literature on TCRs in agriculture as compared with industrial sectors. Operational and market risks, in particular reductions in food availability, dominate in agriculture, while supply chain and trade-related risks are highlighted for industry. While the origin of the risk (source) is the primary target of adaptation to agricultural TCRs, the general governance structure, such as UNFCCC and WTO deliberations, are important targets in both sectors. Adaptation at the country of destination and along the trade network is of minor importance in both sectors. Regarding the type of adaptation option, agriculture heavily relies on trade policy, agricultural adaptation, and adaptation planning and coordination, while in industry knowledge creation, research and development, and risk management are seen as essential. Governments and the international community are identified as key actors, complemented by businesses and research as critical players in industry. Some measures, such as protectionist trade policies and irrigation, are controversial as they shift risks across countries and sectors, rather than reduce them. While more research is needed, this review shows that a critical mass of evidence on adaptation to TCRs is beginning to emerge, particularly underscoring the importance of international coordination mechanisms. This article is categorized under:. Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance. |
| Keywords: | adaption; agriculture; industry; trade; transboundary climate risk; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program; Grant number: 776479 (project COACCH). Funding information |
| JEL: | L81 |
| Date: | 2022–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113693&r= |
| By: | Guo, Shu; Zhang, ZhongXiang |
| Abstract: | With the appearance of “wellbeing stagnation”, the Chinese government has gradually realized the negative impact of increasingly severe environmental problem on people’s wellbeing, and has then has formulated a series of environmental policies. Based on the balanced panel data from2014 to 2018 from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS)and by means of the fixed effects model, we analyze the relationships between heterogeneous environmental regulations (ERs) and subjective wellbeing (SWB) from the perspective of diligent governance. Our results show that command-control environmental regulation (CER) and voluntary environmental regulation (VER)have positive effects on SWB, but there existthe heterogeneity effects in the links between ERs and SWB. Vulnerable populations, including those with rural hukou, less educated, have paidmore attention to VER, whereas the view of other groups is the opposite. Similarly, the people with low incomes or living in economically underdeveloped areas or western region, are sensitive to VER, while the others only pay attention to CER.The SWB of those with better health can be enhanced by CER, and the SWB of those with poor health are unaffected by CER and VER.Further channel analysis illustrates that CER can improve SWB by increasing people’s evaluation of the government, while VER cannot. Our results imply that the people would place more weight on environmental governance as their income rises, and can help the government institute more flexible environmental policies to improve people’s wellbeing. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:317125&r= |
| By: | Pierre Triboulet (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gaël Plumecocq (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, LEREPS - Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this article is to explore how value chains adapt quality standards governance to account for societal issues such as sustainable development. It aims to better understand how public and private standards coexist or hybridize within sectors by focusing on two kinds of quality: 'intrinsic' product quality and environmental quality. It offers a new analytical grid combining the literature on innovation economics with that on value chain governance. A case study on the French durum wheat sector for couscous and pasta production is offered to test this grid. To this end, we conducted interviews with the main representatives of the French chain. The results show that there is international competition on product standards and that environmental standards are struggling to emerge in France. These results are discussed in terms of public/private design, homogenization/differentiation processes, vertical/horizontal relationships and links between social values and economic interests. We emphasize that broadening the range of quality attributes impacts the ways in which a value chain organizes itself. |
| Keywords: | Quality Standardization Durum wheat Innovation Environment Value-chain |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03507225&r= |
| By: | Folwarczny, Michal (Reykjavik University) |
| Abstract: | In the recent decade, marketing literature has acknowledged the advantages of applying an evolutionary lens to understand consumer behavior in different domains. Food choice context is one such domain, having implications for societal well-being, especially for public health and addressing environmental issues. In this thesis, I investigate how mechanisms that have emerged as adaptations to food scarcity—frequent throughout human history—affect modern consumers’ food preferences, potentially leading to maladaptive outcomes. In Paper I, we highlight that selection pressures adjusted humans to forage in ancestral, hostile environments when they were wandering between periods of food scarcity and food sufficiency. Consequently, consumers often fail to choose foods appropriate to their current needs in contemporary retail contexts. Rather than attempting to override these hardwired and evolutionarily outdated food preferences, we recommend policymakers leverage them in such a way that facilitates healthier food choices. A series of studies reported in Paper II show that exposing people to climate change-induced food scarcity distant in time and space shifts their current food preferences. Specifically, people exposed to such video content exhibit a stronger preference toward energy-dense (vs. low-calorie) foods than their peers exposed to a control video. In Paper III, we aimed to account for potential confounds stemming from the control video used in studies reported in Paper II. Additionally, we strived to conceptually replicate these earlier findings by exposing participants to subtle cues to food scarcity—a winter forest walk. Although not all studies yielded significant results at conventional levels, this empirical package—when taken together—corroborated the earlier findings. Despite that studies described in Papers II–III provided a shred of empirical evidence showing a potency of food scarcity cues in increasing preferences toward energy-dense (vs. low-calorie) products, it was still unclear what drove such a shift in food liking. Thus, in Paper IV, we have developed and psychometrically validated the Anticipated Food Scarcity Scale (AFSS), measuring the degree to which people perceive food resources as becoming less available in the future. Aside from being a candidate mechanism partially explaining findings reported in Papers II–III, anticipated food scarcity (AFS) is also related to some aspects of prosociality. Studies presented in this thesis suggest that when environmental cues to food scarcity are present, people show a stronger preference toward energy-dense (vs. low-calorie) foods than their peers unexposed to such cues. Policymakers should consider these results when designing climate change and other similar campaigns, as such communication often depicts food scarcity. Additional research may explore the possibility that exposure to food scarcity cues affects food choices. Considering that we found AFS correlated with certain prosocial attitudes, it is a new psychological construct that warrants future investigation through multidisciplinary research. |
| Date: | 2021–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:mgqhu&r= |
| By: | Most Asikha Aktar (Comilla University); Md Mahmudul Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Date: | 2021–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520087&r= |
| By: | Hendrik Hakenes; Eva Schliephake |
| Abstract: | To reduce a negative externality, socially responsible households can invest respon- sibly (SRI), consume responsibly (SRC), or do both. Which is better? In a closed microeconomic model with intertwined product and capital markets, we analyze how responsible households should use SRI and SRC to maximize their impact. Both strategies reduce the externality as long as investors are risk-averse and the products have no perfect substitutes. Responsible households gain the highest impact when using SRC in equal proportion to SRI. A mere focus on SRC is never efficient. SRI plays a role in any green strategy. The financial performance of green investments is determined by the responsible households' mix between SRI and SRC. |
| Keywords: | Socially responsible investment (SRI), ethical investment, socially responsible consumption (SRC), sustainable investment, sustainable consumption, green investment, divestment, ESG, SPI |
| JEL: | D16 G30 G23 D62 D64 M14 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2022_330&r= |
| By: | Delgado, Luciana; Schuster, Monica; Torero, Maximo |
| Abstract: | Tackling food loss and waste can help address hunger and malnutrition without adding to environmental stress. Reductions to food loss and waste also hold important implications for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and transforming agrifood systems to make them more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable. However, the lack of country-level data and of an agrifood system-based approach has prevented countries from translating commitment into action to tackle the issue. This brief examines existing knowledge on food loss and waste in the context of agrifood systems. It concludes that food loss and waste pose multiple challenges, which can only be addressed through interdisciplinary research that considers all the elements of agrifood systems. |
| Keywords: | food losses; food wastes; agrifood systems; nutrition |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:1293759995&r= |
| By: | Xinqing Lu (Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs); Erpu Zhu (Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs); Loyle Campbell (Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs); Manfred Hafner (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs, The John Hopkins University – School of Advanced International Studies); Michel Noussan (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs, Decisio); Pier Paolo Raimondi (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Istituto Affari Internazionali) |
| Abstract: | This paper compares the different multi-level climate and energy governance in China, the European Union and the United States. While many comparisons across these three economies exist, they concentrate on comparing the climate and energy “policy instruments” and their results. This paper puts a focus on the importance of institutionalized multi-level governance processes, i.e., the “politics” - the actors and interaction processes inherent in a mode of governance, and the “polities” - the institutional setting. How are priorities and targets decided from both bottom-up and top-down processes? How do the central governments exert control over local authorities and ensure the implementation of their policies? How do the central governments enforce and evaluate the results of the policies? And finally, how do citizens play a role in the multi-level governance in these three blocs? Analysis of multilevel governance highlights the importance of target setting and cadre evaluation in China whereas legislation is the dominant process in the EU and the US. |
| Keywords: | Multi-level Governance, Climate Policy, Energy Policy, Energy Transition, China, the European Union, the United States |
| JEL: | N50 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.34&r= |
| By: | Sarracino, Francesco; O'Connor, Kelsey J. (STATEC Research – National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) |
| Abstract: | A series of crises, culminating with COVID-19, shows that going "Beyond GDP" is urgently necessary. Social and environmental degradation are consequences of emphasizing GDP as a measure of progress. This degradation created the conditions for the COVID-19 pandemic and limited the efficacy of counter- measures. Additionally, rich countries did not fare much better during the pandemic than poor ones. COVID-19 thrived on inequalities and lack of cooperation. In this article, we leverage on defensive growth theory to explain the relationships between these factors, and we put forward the idea of neo-humanism, a cultural movement grounded on evidence from quality-of-life studies. The movement proposes a new culture leading towards a socially and environmentally sustainable future. Specifically, neo-humanism suggests that prioritizing well-being by, for instance promoting social relations, would benefit the environment, and enable collective action to address public issues. This, in turn, would positively affect productivity and health -- among other behavioral outcomes -- and thereby instill a virtuous cycle. Such a society would have been better endowed to cope with COVID-19, and possibly even prevented the pandemic. Neo-humanism proposes a world in which the well-being of people comes before the well- being of markets, in which promoting cooperation and social relations represents the starting point for better lives, and a peaceful and respectful coexistence with other species on Earth. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, neo-humanism, subjective well-being, economic growth, sustainability, social capital, beyond GDP, quality of life, defensive growth, environmental degradation |
| JEL: | I31 I10 P00 O10 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14980&r= |
| By: | Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Minot, Nicholas; Vos, Rob; Warner, James M.; Wassie, Solomon B.; Yang, Shijie |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a quantitative impact assessment of the community-based integrated natural resources management project (CBINReMP) in the Lake Tana region in Ethiopia during 2011-2019. By promoting greater community participation, the CBINReMP provided support to watershed communities for the restoration of degraded soils and water sources, rehabilitation of forests, as well as in obtaining access to secure land titles and practices for climate change adaptation. The project further provided support towards diversification of incomes in off-farm activities and incentives for women’s empowerment and youth employment. This way the project aimed to support rural livelihoods through improvements in household incomes, dietary diversity, agricultural productivity, and resilience to climatic shocks, among other livelihood objectives. To assess the project’s impacts, the study had to deal with numerous methodological complications owing to as the project’s nature and design. The lack of a proper baseline survey, incomplete information about targeted watershed communities and often lack of clear distinction lines between the project’s interventions and support provided to communities through other mechanisms made it hard to identify the true impact of the CBINReMP. Four additional challenges had to be faced: possible selection biases because of non-random placement (targeting) of the project; self-selection of beneficiaries into receiving the project; possible spatial spill-over effects of project benefits to non-treatment communities, and the project’s phased rollout. A propensity-score matching procedure was adopted to assess the CBINReMP’s impacts by comparing treatment (beneficiary) and control groups outcomes related to the livelihood indicators listed above. This paper discusses how the mentioned complications were addressed to provide a sound assessments of the project’s true impacts. While certain limitations remain, the key finding that can be drawn with confidence is that the CBINReMP had only very limited, quantitatively verifiable impact on rural livelihoods. It seems to have contributed to higher household incomes and some greater dietary diversity, but only where the project managed greater community participation. However, even for those beneficiaries, livelihood conditions had not become significantly more productive, diversified, resilient, or sustainable than those of the comparison group. The paper ends with recommendations on how to avoid methodological obstacles through better design of the M&E framework for multi-intervention, community-based projects. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; evaluation; impact assessment; development projects; natural resources management; monitoring and evaluation; watershed management; CBINReMP; Lake Tana Watersheds (LTWs) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2069&r= |
| By: | Ragasa, Catherine; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia |
| Abstract: | Low-cost and sustainable agricultural management practices are being promoted in many countries but continue to face low adoption among farmers. We tracked the awareness and adoption among farmers of a number of practices―soil cover, minimum tillage, crop rotation, intercropping, crop diversification, crop residue incorporation, pit planting, water harvesting, and organic fertilizer―in two rounds of a nationally representative rural household survey in Malawi. Survey data and focus group discussions are used to understand the factors explaining the variations in farmers’ awareness and adoption of these practices. Results show a strong positive effect of extension services receipt on farmers’ awareness of these practices but no effect on farmers’ adoption of most of the practices being promoted, except for crop residue incorporation and organic fertilizer use. Receipt of input subsidy does not influence the adoption of these practices. Both survey data and focus group discussions highlight the need for intensive and iterative engagement between service providers and farmers to fully communicate, learn, and adapt to these management practices. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; technology; agricultural extension; sustainable land management; rural areas; surveys; households; models; farmers; crop rotation; diversification; minimum tillage; intercropping; water harvesting; organic fertilizers; extension services; agricultural management practices; empirical model; technology adoption; soil coverage; crop residue incorporation; pit planting |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2068&r= |
| By: | Asare-Nuamah, Peter; Amoah, Anthony; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | This study complements the extant literature by assessing the role of governance dynamics in food security in Ghana for the period 1980-2019. The empirical evidence is based on the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) technique and governance is categorized into: political (entailing political stability and voice & accountability), economic (consisting of regulatory quality and government effectiveness) and institutional (entailing corruption-control and the rule of law) governance dynamics. The study finds that the engaged governance dynamics improve food security in Ghana. Policy implications are discussed with specific emphasis on the sustainable development goals. |
| Keywords: | Governance; Vulnerability; Food security; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | I38 O20 O55 Q12 R20 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111760&r= |
| By: | David Ardia; Keven Bluteau; Thien Duy Tran |
| Abstract: | We explore the realized alpha-performance heterogeneity in green and brown stocks' universes using the peer performance ratios of Ardia and Boudt (2018). Focusing on S&P 500 index firms over 2014-2020 and defining peer groups in terms of firms' greenhouse gas emission levels, we find that, on average, about 20% of the stocks differentiate themselves from their peers in terms of future performance. We see a much higher time-variation in this opportunity set within brown stocks. Furthermore, the performance heterogeneity has decreased over time, especially for green stocks, implying that it is now more difficult for investment managers to deploy their skills when choosing among low-GHG intensity stocks. |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2201.05709&r= |
| By: | Hayato Kato; Toshihiro Okubo |
| Abstract: | When do multinationals show resilience during natural disasters? To answer this, we develop a simple model in which foreign multinationals and local firms in the host country are interacted through input-output linkages. When natural disasters seriously hit local firms and thus increase the cost of sourcing local intermediate inputs, most multinationals may leave the host country. However, they are likely to stay if they are tightly linked with local suppliers and face low trade costs of importing foreign intermediates. We further provide a number of extensions of the basic model to incorporate, for example, multinationals with heterogeneous productivity and disaster reconstruction. |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2201.06197&r= |
| By: | Daniele Crotti (University of Insubria); Elena Maggi (University of Insubria); Evangelia Pantelaki (University of Insubria) |
| Abstract: | In the last years, sustainable travels have included bike tourists visiting cities to enjoy cultural and urban environments. Yet, when considering cycling tourists’ intra-destination trips by motorized vehicles, the extent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could reduce the sustainability of those tourism experiences. In this paper we study the bike tourists’ choice of visiting urban places and of using greener transport means, such as public transportation. By using 858 observations from an on-line survey on bike tourism in 2020 in Italy, we develop a bivariate probit model, considering socio-demographics, bike-related factors, travel characteristics, and the evaluation of cycling and accommodation features at destination. The odds of visiting cities are positively affected by travel features, e.g., picking foreign countries, travel groups, the length of stays, the availability of commercial and bike recovery services, but also negatively by road traffic. Notably, using public transportation is more likely for longer daily trips by bike, for low-cost tourists lodging in B&Bs, and for those having a higher sensitivity to bike-related services. Since we statistically found a linkage between the two choices, from a destination management perspective, our results support the sustainability claim for policies affecting them simultaneously. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable travels, Cycling holidays, Urban tourism, Public transportation, Bivariate probit |
| JEL: | C25 L92 O18 Q56 R41 Z32 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.01&r= |
| By: | Talevi, Marta; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K.; Das, Ipsita; Lewis, Jessica J.; Singha, Ashok K. |
| Abstract: | Biogas has the potential to satisfy the clean energy needs of millions of households in under-served and energy-poor rural areas, while reducing both private and social costs linked to (i) fuels for household cooking, (ii) fertilizers, (iii) pressure on forests, and (iv) emissions (e.g., PM 2.5 and methane) that damage both household health and global climate. While the literature has focused on identifying these costs, less attention has been paid to household preferences for biogas systems — specifically what attributes are popular with which types of households. We conduct a discrete choice experiment with 503 households in rural Odisha, India, to better characterize preferences for different attributes (smoke reduction, fuel efficiency, and maintenance) and for different cooking technologies (biogas and an improved biomass cookstove). We find that on average households value smoke reduction and fuel efficiency. Willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for the improved biomass cookstove is low, while willingness to pay a premium for biogas is high. Nonetheless, WTP varies by the type of previous experience with biogas (e.g., good or bad experience) and with time and risk preferences of households. While risk-averse and impatient respondents have lower WTP for the improved cookstoves, previous experience with biogas attenuates this gap. These findings suggest that biogas uptake and diffusion could be improved by complementing existing subsidies with technology trials, good quality products, maintenance, and customer services to reduce uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | energy poverty; Biogas; improved cookstoves; air pollution; firewood; discrete choice experiment; Odisha; ES/J500070/1; UKRI block grant |
| JEL: | I30 Q20 Q40 |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113454&r= |
| By: | Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Filippo Arfini (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Federico Antonioli (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Antonio Bodini (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Michael Boehm (ECOZEPT, Montpellier, France); Ružica Brečić (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Sara Chiussi (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Peter Csillag (Corvinus University of Budapest); Michele Donati (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Liesbeth Dries (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Marion Drut (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Matthieu Duboys de Labarre (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hugo Ferrer (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Jelena Filipović (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Lisa Gauvrit (ECOZEPT, Montpellier, France); José Gil (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Matthew Gorton (Newcastle University [Newcastle]); Viet Hoàng (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Mohamed Hilal (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Kamilla Knutsen Steinnes (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University); Apichaya Lilavanichakul (KU - Kasetsart University); Agata Malak-Rawlikowska (SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Edward Majewski (SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Sylvette Monier-Dilhan (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Paul Muller (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Orachos Napasintuwong (KU - Kasetsart University); Kalliroi Nikolaou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Mai Nguyen (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); an Nguyễn Quỳnh (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Ioannis Papadopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Jack Peerlings (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Aron Török (Corvinus University of Budapest); Thomas Poméon (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bojan Ristic (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Burkhard Schaer (ECOZEPT, Montpellier, France); Zaklina Stojanovic (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Barbara Tocco (Newcastle University [Newcastle]); Marina Tomic Maksan (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Mario Veneziani (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Gunnar Vitterso (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University) |
| Abstract: | The dataset Sustainability performance of certified and non-certified food (https://www.doi.org/10.15454/OP51SJ) contains 25 indicators of economic, environmental, sustainability performance and social performance, estimated for 27 certified food value chains and their 27 conventional reference products. The indicators are estimated at different levels of the value chain: farm level, processing level, and retail level. It also contains the raw data based on which the indicators are estimated, its source, and the completed spreadsheet calculators for the following indicators: carbon footprint and food miles. This article describes the common method and indicators used to collect data for the twenty-seven certified products and their conventional counterparts. It presents the assumptions and choices, the process of data collection, and the indicator estimation methods designed to assess the three sustainability dimensions within a reasonable time constraint. That is: three person-months for each food quality scheme and its noncertified reference product. Several prioritisations were set regarding data collection (indicator, variable, value chain level) together with a level of representativeness specific to each variable and product type (country and sector). Technical details on how relatively common variables (e.g., number of animals per hectare) are combined into indicators (e.g., carbon footprint) are provided in the full documentation of the dataset. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. |
| Keywords: | Protected designation of origin,Certified food,Social performance,Environmental performance,Economic performance,Sustainability performance,Protected geographical indication,Organic farming |
| Date: | 2021–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03526645&r= |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio; Molina, José Alberto |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates greenhouse gas emissions convergence among twenty Latin American countries, for the period 1970 to 2015. To that end, we use the Phillips-Sul methodology to examine whether these countries have followed an absolute convergence process or, whether there has been a club convergence process. Our results offer important insights into the greenhouse gas emissions catch-up exhibited by several countries, and do not support the hypothesis that all countries of the Latin American region, taken together, converge to a single equilibrium state in greenhouse gas emissions intensity. We find strong evidence of subgroups that converge to different steady states. An iterative testing procedure reveals the existence of different patterns of behavior and shows that such emissions are not uniform across these countries. We also identify the forces underlying the creation of clubs and the likelihood that any given country will be a member of any convergence club. Estimates from an ordered logit model reveal that economic structure, the unemployment rate, population density, and per-capita income play a crucial role in determining the formation of convergence clubs. |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse gas emissions,Convergence analysis,global climate policy,Latin America |
| JEL: | Q50 Q01 O54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1037&r= |
| By: | Donatella Gatti (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Date: | 2022–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03534136&r= |
| By: | Zhu, Erpu; Campbell, Loyle; Hafner, Manfred; Lu, Xinqing; Noussan, Michel; Raimondi, Pier Paolo |
| Abstract: | This paper compares different just transition pathways in China, the European Union and the United States of America by comparing the current state of the coal sector and just transition policies away from coal. How can social justice in the energy transition be achieved under different models of energy governance? Since these three blocs have only made some progress on just transition policies and legislations for workers and communities impacted by the coal phase down or phase out in recent years, there have not been many studies comparing them to each other. The analysis in this paper shows that while all three blocs work towards ensuring the integration of coal workers and coal communities into the clean economy in the process of coal reduction, their approaches to achieving a just transition differ in terms of policy frameworks, financing resources, specific measures and public participation. This paper is part of a series of FEEM working papers of comparison studies of China, the EU and the US in the field of climate and energy. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:317747&r= |
| By: | Jones, Kelly W. |
| Abstract: | Payments for watershed services (PWS) programs are becoming a popular governance approach in the western United States (US) to fund forest management aimed at source water protection. In this paper we conduct a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of one of the first collaboratively funded PWS programs in the US, located in the municipal watersheds servicing Denver, Colorado. We combine wildfire modeling, sediment modeling, and primary and secondary data on economic values to quantify the impact of the program on protecting multiple values at risk. Our results show that while the program has led to diverse societal benefits, it is only economically efficient (benefit-cost ratio greater than one) when all co-benefits beyond source water protection are considered and fuels treatments are assumed to encounter wildfire. When the probability of wildfire is accounted for, economic benefits would need to be triple what was estimated in our analysis to achieve economic efficiency. Our findings suggest that improving spatial prioritization of interventions would increase economic benefits and better data on treatment placement and costs would help facilitate future CBA of PWS programs focused on wildfire mitigation. |
| Date: | 2021–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:z9skm&r= |
| By: | Lu, Xinqing; Zhu, Erpu; Campbell, Loyle; Hafner, Manfred; Noussan, Michel; Raimondi, Pier Paolo |
| Abstract: | This paper compares the different multi-level climate and energy governance in China, the European Union and the United States. While many comparisons across these three economies exist, they concentrate on comparing the climate and energy “policy instruments” and their results. This paper puts a focus on the importance of institutionalized multi-level governance processes, i.e., the “politics” - the actors and interaction processes inherent in a mode of governance, and the “polities” - the institutional setting. How are priorities and targets decided from both bottom-up and top-down processes? How do the central governments exert control over local authorities and ensure the implementation of their policies? How do the central governments enforce and evaluate the results of the policies? And finally, how do citizens play a role in the multi-level governance in these three blocs? Analysis of multilevel governance highlights the importance of target setting and cadre evaluation in China whereas legislation is the dominant process in the EU and the US. |
| Keywords: | Political Economy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:317745&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | D. Policy discussion; priority investment list; spending Needs; secondary education; development spending needs; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); Infrastructure; Renewable energy; Asia and Pacific |
| Date: | 2022–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/015&r= |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin |
| Abstract: | The issue of understanding, analyzing and assessing the governance of ecosystem services in general, agro-ecosystem services in particular, is among the most topical academic and practical (policies and business forwarded) tasks. Despite of the growing importance and interest in that new area, in Bulgaria, like in many other countries, there are few studies on the meaning, content, measurement and assessment of the specific governance of agro-ecosystem services. This paper tries to give answers to the following academic and practical (policies and business forwarded) questions: what is governance of agro-ecosystem services, which are components of the governance system of that important area, how to assess the governance of ecosystem services, and how to improve the governance. It incorporates the interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics framework and gives new insights on understanding, scope, and assessment of the system of governance of ecosystem services as well as outline the result of a large scale study on mechanisms, modes and impacts of governance in Bulgarian farms. First, it suggests a holistic definition of the governance encompassing (1) the governing agents, and (2) the available rules, mechanisms and modes for agents, and (3) the process of governing, and (4) the outcome (specific order and efficiency) of governance. Secondly, we present a framework for identification, measurement and assessment of the mechanisms and modes of governance, and associated factors, costs and benefits for related agents. Third, it identifies the type, amount, and importance of various ecosystem services maintained and “produced” by the Bulgarian farms. Forth, it identifies and assesses the mechanisms, modes, efficiency and factors of governance of ecosystem services in Bulgarian agriculture. The study has found out that muluple private, market, and public forms and mechanisms are used to govern agro-ecosystem services in Bulgaria. The country’s farms provide a great number of essential ecosystem services among which provisioning food and feed, and conservation of elements of the natural environment prevail. A great variety of private, market, collective, public and hybrid modes of governance of farm activity related to agro-ecosystem services are applied. There is significant differentiation of employed managerial forms depending on the type of ecosystem services and the specialization of holdings. Furthermore, management of agro-ecosystem services is associated with a considerable increase in production and transaction costs of participating farms as well as big socio-economic and environmental effects for farms and other parties. |
| Keywords: | ecosystems, services, governance, efficiency, agriculture, farms, Bulgaria |
| JEL: | Q1 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q18 Q2 Q3 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111693&r= |
| By: | Hinkel, Niklas (Cologne Graduate School in Management, Economics and Social Sciences) |
| Abstract: | In face of increased efforts to mitigate climate change, biofuels may be included in reduction plans for greenhouse gas emissions. Feedstock for first generation biofuels and food crops both use arable land and may compete for it. Also, fuel is an input for the production and transport of food. The purpose of this paper is to quantify with empirical data how these two aspects affect market outcomes and to introduce a counterfactual setting where the latter aspect dominates the former. The setting allows an expansion of biofuel production to increase food production by lowering costs of production and transport. Namely, lower costs increase market access, allowing a higher utilization of idle production capacities for food crops. For this quantification, I develop an open market, welfare maximizing, partial equilibrium model for three interdependent goods fuel, fuel feedstock, and food (these goods are represented by diesel/biodiesel, palm oil, and cassava/maize respectively). The model is calibrated to Zambia, which exhibits the necessary underlying conditions of underutilized agricultural capacity, high transport costs, and low exports of food. Compared to a baseline, model results show the counterfactual switch from fossil diesel to biodiesel to reduce the diesel price by 51%. This increases food supply (cassava and maize combined) by 0.4% and decreases related prices by 3%. Overall welfare increases by 9.9%. If additionally, a higher world market price of maize renders exports just profitable, overall welfare continues to gain 9.9%, domestic food supply rises by 0.3%, and related prices drop by 2%, but food supply including exports grows by 32%. Furthermore, the introduction of a palm oil based biodiesel sector eliminates import dependency on fossil diesel and palm oil. |
| Keywords: | Biofuel; Land Use; Energy Economics; Partial Equilibrium Model; Zambia |
| JEL: | C61 O13 O55 Q16 Q18 |
| Date: | 2022–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2022_002&r= |
| By: | Jarvis, Stephen |
| Abstract: | Large infrastructure projects can have important social benefits, but also prompt strong local opposition. This is often attributed to NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) attitudes. I study the economic costs of NIMBYism and local planning restrictions by looking at renewable energy projects. Using hedonic methods I find that wind projects can impose significant external local costs, while solar projects do not. I then show that planning officials are particularly sensitive to local costs in their area. The resulting misallocation of investment may have increased wind power deployment costs by 10-29%. I conclude by examining compensation payments as a policy solution. |
| JEL: | Q42 R11 Q51 Q31 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113653&r= |
| By: | Jellason, Nugun P.; Robinson, Elizabeth J.Z.; Chapman, Abbie S.A.; Neina, Dora; Devenish, Adam J.M.; Po, June Y.T.; Adolph, Barbara |
| Abstract: | Understanding the dynamics of agricultural expansion, their drivers, and interactions is critical for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem‐services provision, and the future sustainability of agricultural development in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is limited understanding of the drivers of agricultural expansion. A systematic review of the drivers of agricultural expansion was conducted from 1970 to 2020 using Web of Science, Elsevier Scopus and Google Scholar. Two researchers reviewed the papers separately based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fifteen papers were included in the final systematic review. The paper proposed expansion pathways in a conceptual framework and identified proximate and underlying drivers. Population dynamics and gov-ernment policies were found to be key underlying drivers of agricultural expansion. The proximate drivers include economic opportunities such as agriculture mechanisation and cash crops produc-tion, and more troubling trends such as soil fertility decline and climate change and variability. This paper further explores the constraints that have been found to slow down agricultural expansion, including strong land institutions and good governance. |
| Keywords: | agricultural expansion; conservation; constraints; drivers; Sub‐Saharan Africa; APC funding |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113547&r= |
| By: | Segal, Katie; Elkind, Ethan; Lamm, Ted |
| Abstract: | Flexibility in California Transportation Funding Programs and Implications for More Climate-Aligned Spending examines key features of the legislative authority for transportation planning and finance in California, including local option sales taxes for transportation, and assesses the amount of flexibility that current laws and practices allow for reprioritizing projects as problems and priorities change. |
| Keywords: | Law |
| Date: | 2021–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5wz0z0jz&r= |
| By: | J. Simoes (Unknown); D. Moran (Unknown); S. Edwards (Unknown); Céline Bonnet (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); A. Lopez-Sebastian (Unknown); P. Chemineau (Unknown) |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03521475&r= |
| By: | Ding, Yihong; Balcombe, Kelvin; Robinson, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | This paper studies Chinese grape growers’ time discounting and its implications for the adoption of technology that can reduce the negative effects of increasing precipitation. Using primary data collected in Xinjiang Province, we undertook a contingent valuation of rain covers that protect fruit from rain and estimated a discounted utility model using these data. Using a hierarchical Bayesian approach, we find that local grape growers discount the future very heavily, with a discount rate of 0.17 per year, which is almost four times higher than the Chinese market interest rate. Farmers also tend to underestimate the benefits of adopting covers, with their purchase decisions appearing to largely depend on their past actual losses rather than future anticipated losses. These findings have broader implications for policies promoting proactive adaptation in response to likely increased rainfall in the region. Targeting farmers who give lower weight to events far off in the future and understanding that many farmers may tend only to make adoption decisions that have strong short-term benefits could improve the efficacy of climate policies that target agricultural technologies. |
| Keywords: | China; contingent valuation; grape; hierarchical Bayesian approach; increased rainfall; technology adoption; time discounting |
| JEL: | C11 O13 Q12 Q16 |
| Date: | 2021–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113546&r= |
| By: | Delgado, Luciana; Schuster, Monica; Torero, Maximo |
| Abstract: | The importance of reducing food loss and food waste has captured the public imagination since it became one of the targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The urgency of this issue and the awareness of its significance to the development community has been growing steadily. Even so, policies to address food insecurity or the increasing pressure on the world’s available land that is being caused by growing populations and changing diets have aimed mainly at increasing agricultural yields and productivity. These efforts are often cost- and time-intensive and do not consider food loss and waste reduction as a tool to help meet growing food demand; nor do they consider food loss reduction as a means to ease pressure on land. Food loss also entails unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions and excessive use of scarce resources including land (FAO 2019); thus, policies to reduce food loss will also benefit the environment. Finally, cutting food loss can help disadvantaged segments of the population, as the loss of marketable food can reduce producers’ incomes and increase consumers’ expenses. Most of the literature uses the terms postharvest losses (PHL), food loss (FL), food waste (FW), and food loss and waste (FLW) interchangeably, but they rarely refer consistently to the same concept. Recent publications (FAO 2014, 2019; HLPE 2014; Lipinski et al. 2013) have tried to clarify this by defining FL as unintentional reductions in food quantity or quality before consumption, that is, from the producer to the wholesale market, inclusive. These losses usually occur in the earlier stages of the food value chain—between production and distribution. This definition, however, does not include crops that are lost before harvesting or are left in the field; nor does it include crops that are lost due to poor harvesting techniques or sharp price drops; nor crops that are not produced because of a lack of adequate agricultural inputs, such as fertilizer, or because of a shortage of available labor. In 2019, the FAO developed the Food Loss Index (FLI), following the definition of food loss mentioned above. According to the FLI, an estimated 14 percent of food produced is lost every year. The major losses are in Central Asia and Southern Asia (20.7 percent), as compared to sub-Saharan Africa, which experiences a 14 percent food loss (FAO 2019), and Latin American and the Caribbean where 11.6 percent is lost. When examining losses in terms of food groups, the highest level of loss is reported in roots, tubers, and oil-bearing crops, followed by fruits and vegetables. It is not surprising that fruits and vegetables incur high levels of loss (more than 20 percent) given their highly perishable nature. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals; food losses; value chains; food wastes; postharvest losses |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:1290143986&r= |
| By: | Angarita, Erika; Nürnberger, Fabian; Dauber, Jens; Sanders, Jürn |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. Several studies concluded that minor changes within the current framework conditions would not be enough to solve the problem, a societal transformation is needed (IPBES, 2019). Transformation means fundamental changes in structural, functional, relational, and cognitive aspects of socio-technical-ecological systems that lead to new patterns of interactions and outcomes (Patterson et al., 2017). several projects, initiatives, and innovative research strategies are being developed to transform agriculture systems, however, how to monitor (for reporting) and analyse (for learning) transformative performance of these initiatives is still unclear. The aim of this document is to present a concept to analyse and monitor the level of transformative change on Agriculture within Landscape Laboratories oriented to enhance insect biodiversity in Germany. The concept “ATP-AgriLandLab” (Analysis of Transformation Processes within Agriculture Landscape Laboratories) is based on theoretical frameworks of transformation and transdisciplinary research combined with cases studies, used to identify, and summarize key elements of transformative change. ATP-AgriLandLab is based on the three dimensions of transformative change: changes in the way of thinking, acting, and organizing, where a set of components are linked to each dimension and are used to describe, monitor, and evaluate the performance of transformation processes. Components as technological and social innovations, social values, knowledge, social inclusion, and natural resources management are proposed to monitoring outputs and outcomes of process of change, meanwhile, components as dynamic, flexibility, timing, transparency, and communication allows to monitor the behaviour of the process on-going. This concept seeks to provide a methodology to facilitate the understanding and evaluation of complexity of transformation processes accessible to researchers, practitioners, and advisory agents, working within a Landscape Laboratories in agricultural sector. |
| Keywords: | Community / Rural / Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi21:317088&r= |
| By: | Antman, Francisca M. (University of Colorado, Boulder) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the impact of water quality on mortality by exploiting a natural experiment. the rise of tea consumption in 18th century England. This resulted in an unintentional increase in consumption of boiled water, thereby reducing mortality rates. The methodology uses two identication strategies tying areas with lower initial water quality to larger declines in mortality rates after tea drinking became widespread and following larger volumes of tea imports. Results are robust to the inclusion of controls for income and access to trade. The hypothesis is further bolstered by suggestive evidence from cause-specific deaths and early childhood mortality. |
| Keywords: | tea, water quality, mortality, Industrial Revolution |
| JEL: | N33 I15 Q25 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15016&r= |
| By: | McNamara, James; Robinson, Elizabeth J.Z.; Abernethy, Katharine; Midoko Iponga, Donald; Sackey, Hannah N.K.; Wright, Juliet H.; Milner-Gulland, Ej |
| Abstract: | Wild animals play an integral and complex role in the economies and ecologies of many countries across the globe, including those of West and Central Africa, the focus of this policy perspective. The trade in wild meat, and its role in diets, have been brought into focus as a consequence of discussions over the origins of COVID-19. As a result, there have been calls for the closure of China’s “wet markets”; greater scrutiny of the wildlife trade in general; and a spotlight has been placed on the potential risks posed by growing human populations and shrinking natural habitats for animal to human transmission of zoonotic diseases. However, to date there has been little attention given to what the consequences of the COVID-19 economic shock may be for the wildlife trade; the people who rely on it for their livelihoods; and the wildlife that is exploited. In this policy perspective, we argue that the links between the COVID-19 pandemic, rural livelihoods and wildlife are likely to be more complex, more nuanced, and more far-reaching, than is represented in the literature to date. We develop a causal model that tracks the likely implications for the wild meat trade of the systemic crisis triggered by COVID-19. We focus on the resulting economic shockwave, as manifested in the collapse in global demand for commodities such as oil, and international tourism services, and what this may mean for local African economies and livelihoods. We trace the shockwave through to the consequences for the use of, and demand for, wild meats as households respond to these changes. We suggest that understanding and predicting the complex dynamics of wild meat use requires increased collaboration between environmental and resource economics and the ecological and conservation sciences. |
| Keywords: | bushmeat; Covid-19; policy; sub-Saharan Africa; systemic crisis; wild meat; coronavirus; PhD studentship; AfOx Fellowship; e BBSRC Doctoral Training Programme |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2020–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113551&r= |
| By: | Kristjanson, Patricia |
| Abstract: | Gender relations influence people’s access to, use and management of land and other natural resources. They also influence, and are influenced by, ownership, tenure and user rights to land and forests. Policies and interventions aimed at improving the governance of natural resources and landscapes need to benefit women as well as men. A failure to address differing needs, roles and responsibilities of women and men, and underlying gender relations and how they are changing, reduces their effectiveness and will risk perpetuating gender inequality. This study synthesizes the contribution of the CGIAR Program on Policy, Institutions and Markets (PIM) flagship on Governance of Natural Resources to knowledge regarding gender and its influence on tenure security and landscape governance. It discusses the scientific contributions to the broader wealth of related literature by analyzing and summarizing key lessons about gender from these studies, where possible, with respect to outcomes and impacts in natural resource management, food security, and poverty alleviation. This information will help researchers better communicate the salience of the Flagship’s research for current and prospective donors and other partners, in order to influence strategies and interventions aimed at addressing challenges related to these three arenas. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; gender; governance; tenure security; women; land rights; forest land; landscape conservation; natural resources; natural resources management; women's land rights; forest tenure |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2084&r= |
| By: | Phormkhunathon, Kacharat |
| Abstract: | Definitely the fact, is an undeniable impact of habitat change and fragmentation in the urban ecosystem take effect to species loss causes population decline into local extinction. The results that emerged from habitat selection in ecology in this case study may suggest possible opportunistic of population turnover are caused by behaviour adaptive in the life-history of predators. And provides functional responses proportion aim for response to available exploit habitat. Though data imperfectly create approach sufficient of N assumes initial of each predator for testing and experiment theory empirical [y = 2.4444, Pr (>F) = 0.002466]. Moreover, consequences interspecific competition were determine nonhierarchical pattern by supposing Golden Jackal (species B) is dominant species in the community, show when encounter 1) Leopard Cat (species A) have dNAj/dt = 1.821292 [Pr (>F) = 0.2261] and competitive coefficient = 0.96797 [Pr (>F) = 0.3961] and 2) Common Palm Civet (species A) have dNAj/dt = 4.777457 [Pr (>F) = 0.2261] and competitive coefficient = 0.93647 [Pr (>F) = 0.3961]. That demonstrates plausible Golden Jackal discriminated occasion predominant obviously from the functional responses the robust. However, these results expect the one essence for estimating the population growth rate, especially from individual metabolic rate causes behaviour adaptive in template phase of spatial-temporal dynamics and predict carrying capacity free-bias improving. Effort understanding to mechanism complex before into broadly practical aims enhance the wildlife management and conservation probabilities. |
| Date: | 2021–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:fhu46&r= |
| By: | Legge, Hugo; Fedele, Shahana; Preusser, Florian; Stys, Patrycja; Muzuri, Papy; Schuberth, Moritz; Dreibelbis, Robert |
| Abstract: | Increasing the availability and reliability of community water sources is a primary pathway through which many water supply interventions aim to achieve health gains in communities with limited access to water. While previous studies in rural settings have shown that greater access to water is associated both with increased overall consumption of water and use of water for hygiene related activities, there is limited evidence from urban environments. Using data collected from 1253 households during the evaluation of a community water supply governance and hygiene promotion intervention in the cities of Goma and Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo, we conducted a secondary analysis to determine the impact of these interventions on household water collection and use habits. Using multiple and logistic regression models we compared differences in outcomes of interest between households in quartiers with and without the intervention. Outcomes of interest included litres per capita day (lpcd) of water brought to the household, lpcd used at the household, and lpcd used for hygiene-related activities. Results demonstrated that intervention households were more likely to use community tapstands than households located in comparison quartiers and collected on average 16.3 lpcd of water, compared with 13.5 lpcd among comparison households (adj. coef: 3.2, 95 CI: 0.84 to 5.53, p = 0.008). However, reported usage of water in the household for domestic purposes was lower among intervention households (8.2 lpcd) when compared with comparison households (9.4 lpcd) (adj. coef: −1.11, 95 CI: −2.29 to 0.07), p = 0.066) and there was no difference between study groups in the amount of water allocated to hygiene activities. These results show that in this setting, implementation of a water supply governance and hygiene promotion intervention was associated with a modest increase in the amount of water being bought to the household, but that this did not translate into an increase in either overall per capita consumption of water or the per capita amount of water being allocated to hygiene related activities. |
| Keywords: | behaviour; hygiene; urban; water supply; water use |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113562&r= |
| By: | Eduard Alonso-Pauli (Universitat de les Illes Balears); Pau Balart (Universitat de les Illes Balears); Lara Ezquerra (Universitat de les Illes Balears); Iñigo Hernandez-Arenaz (Universidad Publica de Navarra) |
| Abstract: | aking advantage of a card-scanning system that records individual, real-time data on the use of bio-waste sorting bins, we run a randomized field experiment to analyze the effectiveness of soft commitments in promoting participation in waste sorting. Being given the offer to sign a soft commitment increased participation in waste sorting by 7-8 percentage points (0.22 s.d.). This represents a 23-28% increase relative to the control group of households that participated in the study but were not given the opportunity to sign a soft commitment. This positive effect of the soft commitment operates exclusively through the extensive margin (households start to sort their waste); it does not affect the intensive margin (household adherence to waste sorting). This implies that soft commitments can improve the effectiveness of environmental campaigns in cities or areas where a large part of the population has never participated in waste sorting, while they would have little impact in places where a majority of households have already participated in recycling. We also show that the positive effect of the soft commitment remains constant 35 weeks after being offered. The effect also persists after 36-47 weeks, although its size is reduced by one half. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nav:ecupna:2201&r= |
| By: | Estephania Delgadillo (InSyTE - Interdisciplinary research on Society-Technology-Environment - UTT - Université de Technologie de Troyes); Tatiana Reyes (InSyTE - Interdisciplinary research on Society-Technology-Environment - UTT - Université de Technologie de Troyes); Rupert Baumgartner (Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz) |
| Abstract: | While many models for sustainable product-service systems (PSS) integrate the multi-actor perspective, few provide insights on how the territory in which actors implement the system influences its sustainability. This paper explores the implementation of a territorial PSS at a city or regional scale as a means to structuring value networks and enhancing its sustainability potential. The research combines a multidisciplinary literature review with two exploratory sustainable PSS cases in packaging and cloth baby diapers. The paper proposes a framework explaining how sustainable PSS providers develop territorial networks that consider a diversity of actors from civil, industrial, and public spheres to mobilize resources for value creation at organizational, network, and territorial levels. It identifies contextual factors, such as proximity, social embeddedness of relations, and the visions that influence the consolidation and sustainability of the territorial PSS networks. The empirical cases show the development of territorial networks enhances embed social relations among actors and enables the sustainable PSS concept to adapt to locally articulated sustainability principles and priorities. The paper discusses the implications of this approach for PSS for sustainability managers and designers. The study fills a gap by showing the importance of integrating a diversity of territorial actors as a precondition for PSS to contribute to the sustainability transitions and resilience of territories. Future research may validate the proposed framework and focus on identifying opportunities and barriers for the territorial PSS approach in different contexts such as industries and company sizes. |
| Keywords: | Product-service systems,Sustainability,Actor networks,Territory,Network resources,Circular economy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03520232&r= |
| By: | Richter, Barbara; Hanf, Jon H. |
| Abstract: | In Europa haben Genossenschaften eine lange Tradition und sind im landwirtschaftlichen Sektor weit verbreitet. Im Weinsektor haben Genossenschaften in einigen EU-Ländern sogar einen Marktanteil von mehr als 50 %. Trotz des Rückgangs der Zahl der Genossenschaften, der Mitglieder und der genossenschaftlich bewirtschafteten Rebfläche machen die Winzergenossenschaften immer noch rund ein Viertel der deutschen Rebfläche aus. Aufgrund der Entwicklungen im Bereich der Nachhaltigkeit stehen die Genossenschaften zunehmend unter Druck. Eine Studie zu den Reaktionen der Winzergenossenschaften auf die hohe Wettbewerbsintensität im deutschen Weinmarkt aus dem Jahr 2019 zeigt, dass das Thema Nachhaltigkeit in der strategischen Ausrichtung der Genossenschaften bisher kaum Beachtung findet. Die Umsetzung nachhaltiger Maßnahmen (auf ökologischer, ökonomischer und sozialer Ebene) wurde bisher nicht explizit für Winzergenossenschaften analysiert. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, einen ersten Einblick zu geben wie die Geschäftsführung von Winzergenossenschaften das Konstrukt Nachhaltigkeit wahrnimmt und welche Maßnahmen Winzergenossenschaften in Bezug auf die ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Nachhaltigkeit anwenden. Für die empirische Erhebung wurde aufgrund fehlenden Literatur zu diesem Thema ein qualitativer Ansatz gewählt, welcher Experteninterviews mit dem Management von Winzergenossenschaften (n=13) sowie mit anderen Experten aus dem Genossenschaftswesen (n=4) umfasst. Die Daten wurden inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse beschreiben den aktuellen Stand in Bezug auf nachhaltiges Wirtschaften in Winzergenossenschaften. Auch wenn das allgemeine Verständnis von Nachhaltigkeit bei den Befragten recht ähnlich ist, unterscheidet sich die Operationalisierung in den Genossenschaften stark. Weitere Möglichkeiten für zukünftige Forschung und die Limitationen der Studie werden aufgezeigt. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Marketing, Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi21:317079&r= |
| By: | Douadia Bougherara (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Celine Nauges (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | La France, comme beaucoup de pays pratiquant une agriculture moderne, est une grande consommatrice de produits phytosanitaires. Depuis plusieurs années, des programmes, tels que le plan Ecophyto, ont été mis en place pour inciter les agriculteurs à réduire leur utilisation d'intrants chimiques. L'intervention publique est justifiée par le fait que l'utilisation de produits phytosanitaires engendre des externalités négatives sur la santé et sur l'environnement, externalités qui imposent un coût à la société. Cependant, la question du choix de l'instrument pour inciter les agriculteurs à diminuer leur utilisation de produits phytosanitaires est difficile à trancher. A partir d'un modèle de simulations calibré sur des données de production de blé en France, on montre que fournir une couverture assurantielle complète aux agriculteurs ne permettrait pas une réduction significative de la quantité de pesticides utilisée. |
| Keywords: | Pesticide,Externalités,Incitation |
| Date: | 2022–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03545800&r= |
| By: | Philippe Delacote (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gwenolé Le Velly (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Montpellier Supagro |
| Abstract: | Parmi les quelques avancées de la COP26 fin 2021, on trouve l'engagement, signé par plus de 140 pays, de faire cesser la déforestation tropicale d'ici à 2030. |
| Date: | 2022–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03546755&r= |
| By: | Laschewski, Lutz; Eberbach, Lisa; Tietz, Andreas |
| Abstract: | In den letzten Jahrzehnten erfahren neue landwirtschaftliche Organisationsformen international eine wachsende Aufmerksamkeit, in denen einzelne landwirtschaftliche Unternehmen vertikal oder horizontal in größeren Unternehmensverbünden (Holdings) integriert sind. Trotz der wachsenden Evidenz der Entstehung solcher Organisationsmodelle befinden sich Forschung und theoretische Reflexion dieser Dynamiken zumindest in Deutschland noch sehr am Anfang. Vor diesem Hintergrund befasst sich der Beitrag mit „Agriholdings“ als neuem organisatorischem Muster, das vor allem in den ostdeutschen Bundesländern an Bedeutung gewinnt. Zur Erklärung des Phänomens greifen wir den Ansatz des neuen (soziologischen) Institutionalismus auf, der die Entstehung neuer Organisationsformen als einen kulturellen Wandel begreift. Die Wahl der Organisationsform wird demnach nicht, wie die meisten Theorien des agrarstrukturellen Wandels unterstellen, durch deren relative Wettbewerbsfähigkeit bestimmt, sondern durch das Bedürfnis nach Legitimation, welche die Organisationen aus ihrer Umwelt (dem Organisationsfeld) beziehen. Sie greifen dabei auf Organisationsmuster zurück, die in ihrer Umwelt als rational und damit als „legitim“ gelten können. Die theoretischen Annahmen des neuen (soziologischen) Institutionalismus werden in Unternehmensfallstudien, die in drei Regionen Ostdeutschlands durchgeführt wurden, weitgehend bestätigt. Dieser theoretische Zugang und die darauf aufbauenden soziologischen Feldtheorien erscheinen daher als vielversprechender Weg zur Analyse der aktuellen agrarstrukturellen Entwicklungen. Die Analyse der neuen landwirtschaftlichen Organisationsformen legt zudem nahe, dass es wichtig ist, die in der Debatte dominierende Dichotomie von Familien- und industrieller Landwirtschaft empirisch zu hinterfragen. Die Vielfalt der neu aufkommenden, oft hybriden Organisationsformen in der Landwirtschaft muss differenzierter betrachtet werden. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi21:317064&r= |
| By: | Kei Kajisa; Trang Thu Vu |
| Abstract: | There remains an unsettled question regarding the achievement of the African rice Green Revolution (GR): Must a region start from the adoption of basic farm management practices (e.g., seed selection, nursery bed set-up, field leveling, bund construction, and transplanting), many of which were already common in Asia at the time of its GR? This study evaluated a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of training in such basic practices in remote rainfed lowland areas of Mozambique. The training employed two approaches: implementing farmer field schools in demonstration plots and promoting farmer-to-farmer social learning. The intention-to-treat (ITT) effect on the yield was 447?546 kg/ha (29%?36% of the control group average yield), with statistical significance at 7%?8%, regardless of the irregular rainfall conditions. The results indicate that the adoption of basic practices alone can improve rice yield even without modern inputs such as modern varieties and inorganic fertilizer, which are not easily available in local markets in remote areas or accessible to cash-constrained farmers. We also found complementarity among the basic practices, indicating that they must be adopted as a package for effective yield improvement. |
| Keywords: | Management training, extension systems, technology adoption, rice, Green Revolution |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:226&r= |
| By: | Mustafa Hakan Eratalay; Ariana Paola Cortés à ngel |
| Abstract: | There are diverging results in the literature on whether engaging in ESG related activities increases or decreases the financial and systemic risks of firms. In this paper we explore whether maintaining higher ESG ratings would reduce the systemic risks of firms in a stock market context. For this purpose we analyse the systemic risk indicators of the constituent stocks of S&P Europe 350 for the period of January 2016 - September 2020, which also partly covers the Covid-19 period. We apply a VAR-MGARCH model to extract the volatilities and correlations of the return shocks of these stocks. Then we obtain the systemic risk indicators by applying a principle components approach to the estimated volatilities and correlations. Our focus is on the impact of ESG ratings on systemic risk indicators, while we consider network centralities, volatilities and financial performance ratios as control variables. We use fixed effects and OLS methods for our regressions. Our results indicate that (1) the volatility of a stock’s returns and its centrality measures in the stock network are the main sources contributing to the systemic risk measure (2) firms with higher ESG ratings face up to 7.3% less systemic risk contribution and exposure compared to firms with lower ESG ratings, (3) Covid-19 augmented the partial effects of volatility, centrality measures and some financial performance ratios. When considering only the Covid-19 period, we found that social and governance factors have statistically significant impacts on systemic risk. |
| Keywords: | systemic risk, network centrality, sustainable, ESG, volatility, principal components, Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtk:febawb:139&r= |
| By: | Umar Ahmed (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Most Aktar (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Md Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | This is a pre-publication copy. The published article is copyrighted by the publisher. Racial Discrimination and Poverty Reduction for Sustainable Development Definition The concept of racial discrimination is gaining a lot of recognition and acceptance in the drive to explain and reduce high levels of poverty among various social groups. Racial discrimination has many guises throughout the world as it affects individuals and communities. Racial discrimination can be seen as any form of unequal treatment against certain individuals or groups as a result of certain features attributed to such as skin color, ethnic origin or race (Felice 2002). In this case, individuals can experience discrimination such as denied employment opportunities, business engagements, being made a social or political outcast, and not having equitable access to available resources that other groups share. There is no doubt that discrimination based on race, gender or skin color at the individual level or within institutional formations promotes poverty and related situations (Hardaway and McLoyd 2009). This makes the challenge more important in order to help people escape from poverty. Accordingly, the issues discussed here will help researchers and policymakers end poverty in such a way that the strategies are sustainable. |
| Date: | 2021–11–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520071&r= |
| By: | Nelson Sobrinho; Matteo Ruzzante |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the dynamic impact of natural resource discoveries on government debt sustainability. We use a ‘natural experiment’ framework in which the timing of discoveries is treated as an exogenous source of within-country variation. We combine data on government debt, fiscal stress and debt distress episodes on a large panel of countries over 1970-2012, with a global repository of giant oil, gas, and mineral discoveries. We find strong and robust evidence of a ‘fiscal presource curse’, i.e., natural resources can jeopardize fiscal sustainability even before ‘the first drop of oil is pumped’. Specifically, we find that giant discoveries, mostly of oil and gas, lead to permanently higher government debt and, eventually, debt distress episodes, specially in countries with weaker political institutions and governance. This evidence suggest that the curse can be mitigated and even prevented by pursuing prudent fiscal policies and borrowing strategies, strengthening fiscal governance, and implementing transparent and robust fiscal frameworks for resource management. |
| Keywords: | Natural resources; Resource curse; Oil; Mines; Debt sustainability; Fiscal policy; Political institutions |
| Date: | 2022–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/010&r= |
| By: | Jonatan A. Lassa; Gisela Emanuela Nappoe; Susilo Budhi Sulistyo |
| Abstract: | Humanitarian and disaster management actors have increasingly adopted cash transfer to reduce the sufferings and vulnerability of the survivors. Case transfers have also been used as a critical instrument in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, academic work on humanitarian and disaster-cash transfer related issues remains limited. This article explores how NGOs and governments implement humanitarian cash transfer in a post-disaster setting using an exploratory research strategy. It asks What are institutional constraints and opportunities faced by humanitarian emergency responders in ensuring an effective humanitarian cash transfer and how humanitarian actors address such institutional conditions. We introduced a new conceptual framework, namely humanitarian and disaster management ecosystem for cash transfer. This framework allows non-governmental actors to restore complex relations between the state, disaster survivors or citizen, local market economy and civil society. Mixed methods and multistage research strategy were used to collect and analyze primary and secondary data. The findings suggest that implementing cash transfers in the context of post tsunamigenic earthquakes and liquefaction hazards, NGOs must co-create an ecosystem of response that not only aimed at restoring peoples access to cash and basic needs but first they must restore relations between the states and their citizen while linking the at-risk communities with the private sectors to jump-starting local livelihoods and market economy. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2202.04811&r= |
| By: | Siegfried, Patrick; Zhang, John Jiyuan |
| Abstract: | In relation to the fast development of e-commerce and rapid increasing of parcels, urban logistic sector is facing the challenge of sustainability. Especially, last-mile delivery as the last step of goods transport, it connects to customers’ satisfaction, cost efficiency of logistic companies, and more and more public expectations to sustainability of urban logistics. To handle with the complexity of urban logistics conditions, governments and logistics companies should develop a co-operating strategy for sustainability of urban last-mile delivery. This paper is based on data collection from the long-term empirical research and a survey to the e-commerce users in Germany and China to develop a sustainable concept for the urban last-mile delivery. The key to the development of concept is to create a balance among the requirements of customers, the competition abilities of logistics companies and the public interest. |
| Keywords: | Last-Mile Delivery, Urban Logistic, Sustainability, Sustainable Delivery, E-Commerce, Parcel Delivery, Logistic Solution |
| JEL: | L91 P25 Q01 Q5 R4 |
| Date: | 2021–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111404&r= |
| By: | CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) |
| Keywords: | WORLD; nutrition; health; agriculture; diet; food systems; healthier diet |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:annrep:2021a4nh_flagship1_highlight2&r= |
| By: | Karel Janda; Ladislav Kristoufek; Binyi Zhang |
| Abstract: | Objective of this paper is to empirically investigate the dynamic connectedness between oil prices and stock returns of clean energy related and technology companies in China and U.S. financial markets. Three different multivariate Generalised Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity (VAR-MGARCH) model specifications are used to investigate the return and volatility spillovers among series. By comparing these three models, we find that the VAR(1)-DCC(1,1) model with the skewed Student t distribution fits the data the best. The results of DCC estimation reveal that, on average, a $1 long position in Chinese clean energy companies in the Chinese financial market can be hedged for 18 cents with a short position in clean energy index in the U.S market. Our empirical findings provide investors and policymakers with the systematic understanding of spillover effects between China and U.S. clean energy stock markets. |
| Keywords: | Clean energy, Oil, Technology, Stock prices, VAR-MGARCH |
| JEL: | G11 Q20 |
| Date: | 2021–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prg:jnlwps:v:4:y:2022:id:4.001&r= |