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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of stochastic frontier analysis of the impact of climate and weather on economic output. |
| Keywords: | climate change, stochastic frontier analysis, weather, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2109&r= |
| By: | Bertram, Christine; Quaas, Martin; Reusch, Thorsten B.H.; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Wolff, Claudia; Rickels, Wilfried |
| Abstract: | Carbon sequestration and storage in mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass meadows is an essential coastal ‘blue carbon’ ecosystem service for climate change mitigation. Here we offer a comprehensive, global and spatially explicit economic assessment of carbon sequestration and storage in three coastal ecosystem types at the global and national levels. We propose a new approach based on the country-specific social cost of carbon that allows us to calculate each country’s contribution to, and redistribution of, global blue carbon wealth. Globally, coastal ecosystems contribute a mean ± s.e.m. of US$190.67 ± 30 bn yr−1 to blue carbon wealth. The three countries generating the largest positive net blue wealth contribution for other countries are Australia, Indonesia and Cuba, with Australia alone generating a positive net benefit of US$22.8 ± 3.8 bn yr−1 for the rest of the world through coastal ecosystem carbon sequestration and storage in its territory. |
| Keywords: | Climate-change mitigation,Economics,Marine biology |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:240209&r= |
| By: | Laté Lawson (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Roberto Martino (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Phu Nguyen-Van (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Existing studies disjointly addressed the environmental convergence and environmental Kuznets curve hypotheses, though these research lines are theoretically interconnected. This paper proposes a unified empirical methodology to simultaneously investigate both hypotheses, relying on a semiparametric dynamic panel data model that accounts for regressor endogeneity. The approach, when applied to CO2 emissions in 106 countries, suggests that there is no global level evidence supporting the environmental Kuznets hypothesis, while a convergence process is taking place. Our results imply that current international agreements have not been sufficiently binding to globally curb CO2 emissions, especially in high-income countries, as aimed by Sustainable Development Goals. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03098130&r= |
| By: | Dorian Carloni; Terry Dinan |
| Abstract: | Putting a price on emissions of carbon dioxide, either by taxing them or by establishing a cap- and-trade program, is one policy that lawmakers could consider to address climate change. Although such a policy could encourage cost-effective reductions in emissions throughout the economy, lawmakers have expressed concern about whether it would disproportionately affect lower-income households. Determining the distributional effects—that is, the effects on households at different income levels—of a policy that would price carbon emissions (referred to in |
| JEL: | H00 H20 H23 |
| Date: | 2021–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:wpaper:57399&r= |
| By: | Fanny Le Gloux; Marie Laporte; Sabine Duvaleix; Pierre Dupraz; Elodie Letort |
| Abstract: | Introducing fodder with high omega 3 content such as grass or linseed in the feed ration of dairy cows both improves the milk nutritional profile and reduces enteric methane emissions per liter. This lever is interesting to contribute to climate change mitigation but can also generate additional farm costs. Payment for Environmental Services, such as the Eco-Methane programme implemented by the association Bleu-Blanc-Coeur in France, can support a change of cows’ diet in dairy farms through the valorisation of methane emissions reduction. The effectiveness of such a scheme depends on (i) the definition of a precise indicator of enteric methane emissions capturing the feeding effect, (ii) a payment level that would be sufficiently attractive to compensate for the additional costs faced by farmers. This study compares two indicators of enteric methane emissions to show the effect of taking feeding into account. It also assesses the extra cost of milk production if the grassland areas in fodder crop rotation systems were to be increased in French dairy farms. The estimation of a variable cost function based on data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) suggests a significant increase of the marginal cost of milk production with additional hectares of grass in mountainous areas, and in plains farms for which maize silage represents less than 30% of the fodder crop rotation system. |
| Keywords: | payment for environmental services, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, milk production, marginal cost |
| JEL: | Q10 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202104&r= |
| By: | Chabé-Ferret, Sylvain; Voia, Anca |
| Abstract: | Grassland, especially when extensively managed and when replacing cropland, stores carbon in the ground. As a result, Grassland Conservation Programs, that pay farmers for maintaining grassland cover, might be an effective way to combat climate change, if they succeed in triggering an increase in grassland cover at the expense of cropland for a reasonable amount of money. In this paper, we use a natural experiment to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the French Grassland Conservation Program, the largest of such programs in the world. We exploit a change in the eligibility requirements for the program that generated a sizable increase in the proportion of participants in the areas most affected by the reform. We find that the expansion of the program lead to a small increase in grassland area, mainly at the expense of croplands, which implies that the program expansion increased carbon storage. We also find that the elasticity of grassland provision is low, and that, as a result, the program has large windfall gains. To compute the benefit-cost ratio of the program, we combine our results with similar estimates from the liter- ature using meta-analysis tools and we introduce the resulting parameter in a model of carbon storage in grassland. We find that, for a carbon price of 24 Euros/tCO2 eq, the climate benefits of the program are equal to 7±3% of its costs. When taking into account the other benefits brought about by grassland, we find the benefits of the program to be equal to 44±15% of its costs. We estimate that the program would break even for a carbon price of 194±122 Euros/tCO2 eq. |
| Keywords: | Payment for Ecosystem Services; Grassland; Natural Experiment; Treatment Effect |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 Q24 Q28 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:125928&r= |
| By: | Schwanitz, Valeria Jana |
| Abstract: | Integrated Assessment Models of Global Climate Change are an established tool to explore possible pathways of climate change mitigation and adaptation. The models are a quantitative backbone for IPCC reports. But can the models be trusted? This manuscript discusses how the models can be scrutinized and where limits to model validation exist. |
| Date: | 2021–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:63yd8&r= |
| By: | Németh-Durkó, Emilia |
| Abstract: | The present study explores the relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon emissions and urbanization in Hungary over the period of 1974-2014. We use three-step model for testing stationarity, cointegration and causality in VECM framework. First, we employ ARDL bounds testing methodology to investigate the long run relationship among the series in the presence of structural breaks. Secondly, to overcome the issue of different integrated order of variables, we applied Toda-Yamamoto procedure to test causality. Our results indicate the existence of long run relationships. The impact of electricity consumption and urbanization are positive on carbon emissions and statistically significant in the long run. The empirical results show that bidirectional causality is running from electricity consumption to economic growth. We further found evidence in the case of bidirectional causality between carbon emissions and economic growth. The causality analysis validates conservation hypothesis meaning that electricity consumption, economic growth and urbanization Granger cause carbon emissions. We conclude that increasing electricity consumption is an indicator of economy growth in Hungary therefore economic policy and energy policy interrelating coordination are vital for maintaining sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | energy, economic growth, Granger causality, Toda-Yamamoto approach, energy policy, ARDL, conservation hypothesis |
| JEL: | Q40 Q54 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2021–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cvh:coecwp:2021/05&r= |
| By: | Dipu, Sudhakar; Quaas, Johannes; Quaas, Martin; Rickels, Wilfried; Mülmenstädt, Johannes; Boucher, Olivier |
| Abstract: | Radiation management (RM) has been proposed as a conceivable climate engineering (CE) intervention to mitigate global warming. In this study, we used a coupled climate model (MPI-ESM) with a very idealized setup to investigate the efficacy and risks of CE at a local scale in space and time (regional radiation management, RRM) assuming that cloud modification is technically possible. RM is implemented in the climate model by the brightening of low-level clouds (solar radiation management, SRM) and thinning of cirrus (terrestrial radiation management, TRM). The region chosen is North America, and we simulated a period of 30 years. The implemented sustained RM resulted in a net local radiative forcing of −9.8 Wm−2 and a local cooling of −0.8 K. Surface temperature (SAT) extremes (90th and 10th percentiles) show negative anomalies in the target region. However, substantial climate impacts were also simulated outside the target area, with warming in the Arctic and pronounced precipitation change in the eastern Pacific. As a variant of RRM, a targeted intervention to suppress heat waves (HW) was investigated in further simulations by implementing intermittent cloud modification locally, prior to the simulated HW situations. In most cases, the intermittent RRM results in a successful reduction of temperatures locally, with substantially smaller impacts outside the target area compared to the sustained RRM. |
| Keywords: | regional radiation management,climate engineering,radiative forcing |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:240193&r= |
| By: | Hole, Dave; Collins, Pamela; Tesfaw, Anteneh; Barrera, Lina; Mascia, Michael B.; Turner, Will |
| Abstract: | Central to the premise of the Sustainable Development Goals is the concept that the environment underpins the economic and social dimensions of development, yet the language and structure of the SDG framework are largely blind to these environment-development relationships beyond the "nature" Goals (14 and 15). As a result, ecosystem health continues to decline, development milestones lag, and investments are suboptimally allocated. Here, we highlight and conceptually map nature's role across the entire framework and make suggestions for leveraging synergies and limiting undesired impacts. |
| Date: | 2021–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:593q7&r= |
| By: | Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We develop an integrated assessment model with endogenous population dynamics accouting for the impact of global climate change on mortality through five channels (heat, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, dengue, undernutrition). An age-dependent endogenous mortality rate, which depends linearly on global temperature increase, is introduced and calibrated. We consider three emission scenarios (business-as-usual, 3°C and 2°C scenarios) and find that the five risks induce deaths in the range from 160,000 per annum (in the near term) to almost 350,000 (at the end of the century) in the business-as-annual. We examine the number of life-years lost due to the five selected risks and find figures ranging from 5 to 10 millions annually. These numbers are too low to impact the aggregate dynamics and we do not find significant feedback effects of climate mortality to production, and thus emissions and temperature increase. But we do find interesting evolution patterns. The number of life-years lost is constant (business-as-usual) or decreases over time (3°C and 2°C). For the stabilisation scenarios, we find that the number of life-years lost is higher today than in 2100, due to improvements in generic mortality conditions, the bias of those improvements towards the young, and an ageing population. From that perspective, the present generation is found to bear the brunt of the considered climate change impacts. |
| Keywords: | Mortality risk,Integrated assessment model,Endogenous population,Impacts,Climate change |
| Date: | 2020–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:halshs-03048602&r= |
| By: | Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We develop an integrated assessment model with endogenous population dynamics accouting for the impact of global climate change on mortality through five channels (heat, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, dengue, undernutrition). An age-dependent endogenous mortality rate, which depends linearly on global temperature increase, is introduced and calibrated. We consider three emission scenarios (business-as-usual, 3°C and 2°C scenarios) and find that the five risks induce deaths in the range from 160,000 per annum (in the near term) to almost 350,000 (at the end of the century) in the business-as-annual. We examine the number of life-years lost due to the five selected risks and find figures ranging from 5 to 10 millions annually. These numbers are too low to impact the aggregate dynamics and we do not find significant feedback effects of climate mortality to production, and thus emissions and temperature increase. But we do find interesting evolution patterns. The number of life-years lost is constant (business-as-usual) or decreases over time (3°C and 2°C). For the stabilisation scenarios, we find that the number of life-years lost is higher today than in 2100, due to improvements in generic mortality conditions, the bias of those improvements towards the young, and an ageing population. From that perspective, the present generation is found to bear the brunt of the considered climate change impacts. |
| Keywords: | Mortality risk,Integrated assessment model,Endogenous population,Impacts,Climate change |
| Date: | 2020–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03048602&r= |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier; Cécile Detang-Dessendre; Pierre Dupraz; Hervé Guyomard |
| Abstract: | This article provides an overview of French agricultural incomes over the decade 2010-2019, notably of their heterogeneity according to production types, size and location. It illustrates their dependency on CAP budgetary support. On this basis, it analyses the sensitivity of incomes to different scenarios that modify the repartition of CAP direct aids. The first type of measures aims specifically at modifying the distribution of direct aids and incomes. Four simulations are performed corresponding to a measure in favour of small farms, alternative payment modalities for coupled aids to beef and dairy cattle, the full internal convergence of the basic payment per hectare, and a reinforcement of the redistributive payment on the first hectares. The second measures pursue climatic and environmental objectives but have also redistributive impacts. The first scenario corresponds to a transfer of 15 % of the budgetary envelope of the first pillar to climate and environmental measures and support for organic farming in the second pillar. The second scenario implements an eco-scheme targeted on the maintenance of permanent grasslands and the reduction of pesticide use. |
| Keywords: | CAP, France, National Strategic Plans (NSP), income, direct aids, FADN |
| JEL: | Q12 Q18 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202103&r= |
| By: | Berger, Markus; Campos, Jazmin; Carolli, Mauro; Dantas, Ianna; Forin, Silvia; Kosatica, Ervin; Kramer, Annika; Mikosch, Natalia; Nouri, Hamideh; Schlattmann, Anna; Schmidt, Falk; Schomberg, Anna; Semmling, Elsa |
| Abstract: | The water footprint has developed into a widely-used concept to examine water use and resulting local impacts caused during agricultural and industrial production. Building on recent advancements in the water footprint concept, it can be an effective steering instrument to support, inter alia, achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) - SDG 6 in particular. Within the research program “Water as a Global Resource” (GRoW), an initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research, a number of research projects currently apply and enhance the water footprint concept in order to identify areas where water is being used inefficiently and implement practical optimization measures (see imprint for more information). With this paper, we aim to raise awareness on the potential of the water footprint concept to inform decision-making in the public and private sectors towards improved water management and achieving the SDGs. |
| Keywords: | water footprint,sustainable development goals |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:240208&r= |
| By: | Griesoph, Amelie; Hoffmann, Stefan; Merk, Christine; Rehdanz, Katrin; Schmidt, Ulrich |
| Abstract: | Social norms, also called social comparison nudges, have been shown to be particularly effective in promoting healthy food choices and environmentally friendly behaviors. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of these nudges for promoting sustainable and climate-friendly food choices and their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support the related SDGs. The paper reports a field experiment that tests the effectiveness of two social norms in a real-life setting based on revealed preferences. The study distinguishes between the widely researched descriptive norms and guessed norms, the latter being tested in this context for the first time. While descriptive norms communicate typical patterns of behavior (e.g., 50% of canteen visitors choose vegetarian meals), guessed norms are determined by the individual’s best guess about the norm in a specific context. The results confirm a remarkable nudging effect of guessed norms: The higher the presumed proportion of vegetarian dishes sold, the lower the probability of choosing a vegetarian dish. Surprisingly, this effect is independent of the respective norm specification (meat or vegetarian norm). The paper provides advice for policy makers about when and how to use guessed norms. |
| Keywords: | climate-friendly behavior,field experiment,guessed norm,nudging,social norms |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:240210&r= |
| By: | Kreil, Agnes S.; Stauffacher, Michael |
| Abstract: | Demand for air travel must be reduced to align the aviation sector with international climate agreements. In line with this necessity, as well as motivated by the notion that academia has a responsibility to foster sustainable development, some academic institutions have begun reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with their members’ air travel. Based on an online survey from early 2021, this article summarizes the practices of 35 academic institutions in Western Europe and the US that are committed to achieving such reductions. It aims to facilitate the exchange of knowledge between these institutions, thus creating a basis for informed development of future projects. A new classification of policy measures in this area is applied in this article, which reveals that policy activity focuses on low-coercive measures that encourage substituting air travel with virtual communication technology and ground-based transportation. The findings further indicate that the collection of data on air travel is an essential but challenging precursor to policy action. The discussion shows that these findings are consistent with country-specific analyses of academic institutions’ policy documents. The need for continued action to reduce emissions related to air travel, including ongoing investments in virtual communication, after the COVID-19 pandemic is emphasized. We also discuss potential acceptance of more coercive policy measures and suggest tackling the systemic effects of institutional internationalization strategies by including private travel needs engendered by international recruitment efforts in institutions’ calculations of travel emissions. |
| Date: | 2021–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bzrfq&r= |
| By: | Matthew Agarwala (Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge); Matt Burke (Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University); Patrycja Klusak (University of East Anglia); Kamiar Mohaddes (Judge Business School, University of Cambridge); Ulrich Volz (SOAS); Dimitri Zenghelis (Unviersity of Cambridge) |
| Keywords: | Sovereign debt, climate change, net zero, transition risk, productivity |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anj:wpaper:008&r= |
| By: | Zsolt Darvas; Guntram B. Wolff |
| Abstract: | This paper was prepared for the informal ECOFIN meeting in Ljubljana on 10/11 September 2021. The authors thank Klaas Lenaerts for his excellent research assistance and colleagues at Bruegel (Grégory Claeys, Maria Demertzis, André Sapir, Jean Pisani-Ferry and Simone Tagliapietra) for their feedback and suggestions. The additional public investment need required to meet the European Union’s climate goals is between 0.5 percent and 1 percent of GDP annually during this... |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:44540&r= |
| By: | Davide Bazzana (Università degli Studi di Brescia, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Francesco Menoncin (Università degli Studi di Brescia, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Sergio Vergalli (Università degli Studi di Brescia, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | The catastrophic events are characterized by “low frequency and high severity†. Nevertheless, during the last decades, both the frequency and the magnitude of these events have been significantly rising worldwide. In 2021, the European Commission adopted a new Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change aiming to reinforce the adaptive capacity and minimize vulnerability to the effects of climate change and natural catastrophes. In a continuous time framework over an infinite horizon, we solve in closed form the problem of a representative consumer who holds a production technology (firm) and who optimises with respect to both the intertemporal consumption and the mix between an insurance (adaptation) against the magnitude of the catastrophic losses, and an effort strategy (mitigation) aimed at reducing the frequency of such losses. The catastrophic events are modelled as a Poisson jump process. We then propose some numerical simulations calibrated to the country-specific data of the five main European economies (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Netherlands). Our model demonstrates that an optimal mix of mitigation/effort strategies allows to reduce the volatility of the economic growth rate, even if its level may be lowered due to the effort costs. Simulations allow us to also conclude that different countries must optimally react differently to catastrophes, which means that a one-for-all policy does not seem to be optimal. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty Modelling, Catastrophic Events, Mitigation, Adaptation, Optimal management |
| JEL: | C6 C61 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.22&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Elvis Dze Achuo (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to empirically verify the effects of natural resource rents on inclusive human development in developing countries. The results from the IV Tobit regression show that natural resource rents have a positive direct effect on inclusive human development in developing countries and that this relationship varies by regional groupings, income levels, level of development and export structure. Looking at the transmission mechanisms, when the interactive variables of governance and environmental quality is introduced, the modulating channel through governance exerts a robust negative synergy effect in the sample of developing countries and positive synergy effects for Africa and low-income countries. When the interactive variable of CO2 emissions is introduced for Africa, a negative net effect of natural resource rents on inclusive human development is obtained. This was up to a policy threshold of 25.4412 of CO2 emissions when the negative effect is nullified. For Asia and the Latin America and Caribbean, a positive net effect is obtained. This is up to a CO2 emissions threshold of 29.038 and 3.6752 respectively, when the positive effect is nullified. Besides, the high income and the upper-middle income countries produce a negative net effect of resource rents on inclusive human development through CO2 modulation, with up to positive CO2 emission thresholds of 37.9365 and 23.6257 respectively. Policy implications are highlighted. In summary, contingent on engaged specificities, where conditional effects are negative, negative thresholds for complementary policies have been provided and in scenarios where conditional impacts are positive, actionable positive thresholds have been provided. |
| Keywords: | Resource Rents, Inclusive Human Development, Institutional Quality, Environmental Quality. |
| JEL: | P48 O11 C23 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:21/025&r= |
| By: | Ã ngela Isabel Giraldo Suárez |
| Abstract: | Las interrelaciones entre los sistemas económico, ambiental y social pueden tener incidencia sobre la paz. Los agentes económicos afectan el entorno y este a su vez los modifica. Así, esta problemática requiere de enfoques que permitan comprender estos vínculos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar elementos teóricos que contribuyan a la consolidación de la paz con una perspectiva de sostenibilidad desde el rol económico. Para ello, se hace una revisión bibliográfica utilizando metabuscadores, seguimiento de tendencias en la discusión científica y revisión de autores seminales, a partir de lo cual se obtienen elementos teóricos a ser analizados a través del enfoque de casos contrarios. Se identifica que la cooperación, selección intergrupal y aislamiento de nichos en el marco de la teoría de la complejidad, teoría evolutiva y transición a la sostenibilidad pueden favorecer la emergencia de la paz en un contexto sostenible. *** The interrelationships between the economic, environmental and social systems should have an impact on peace. Economic agents affect the environment and this in turn modifies them. Therefore, this problem requires theoretical approaches that allow us to understand those links. This article aims to identify, theoretical elements that contribute to consolidation of peace in a sustainable perspective from the economic role. For this, a literature review was carried out through meta-search engines, trend monitoring on scientific discussion and review of seminal authors. Theoretical elements gathering were analyzed through the opposing case approach. It was identified that cooperation, intergroup selection and isolation of niches within the framework of complexity theory, evolutionary theory and transition to sustainability could favor the emergence of peace in a sustainable context. |
| Keywords: | economía de la complejidad, economía evolutiva, paz, sostenibilidad |
| JEL: | B59 Q59 |
| Date: | 2021–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000430:019552&r= |
| By: | Jean-Charles Hourcade; Dipak Dasgupta; F. Ghersi (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we examine how to trigger a wave of low-carbon investments compatible with the wellbelow 2°C target of the Paris Agreement in the current post-pandemic context of increasing private and public debt. We argue that one major obstacle to catalyzing global excess savings at sufficient scale and speed on climate mitigation, and to 'greening' economic recovery packages, lies in the upfront risks of low-carbon investment. We then explain why public guarantees should be the preferred risk-sharing instrument to overcome that obstacle. We outline the basic principles of a multilateral sovereign guarantee mechanism able to maximize the leverage effect of public funds and massively redirect global savings towards low-carbon investments, with the double benefit of bridging the infrastructure investment gap in developing countries and reducing tension between developed and developing countries around accelerated funding for low-carbon transitions. We carry out numerical simulations demonstrating how the use of guarantees from AAA-rated sovereigns, calibrated on an agreed-upon 'social value of carbon', is compatible with public-budget constraints of developed countries. In summary, the use of such guarantee mechanisms provides a new form of 'where flexibility', which could turn real-world heterogeneity into a source of reciprocal gains for both developed and developing countries, and contribute to meeting the USD 100 billion + pledge of the Paris Agreement. Key policy insights Catalyzing excess world savings through low-carbon investments (LCIs) would secure a safer and fairer economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis and avoid locking developing countries into carbon-intensive pathways. Public policy instruments focused on creation of public guarantees can reduce the up-front financial risks associated with LCIs, mobilize private money and increase the leverage of public finance. A multi-sovereign guarantee mechanism would yield financial support from developed to developing countries in cash grant equivalent and equity inflows two to four times higher than the 'USD 100 billion and more' commitment of the Paris Agreement, and provide greater confidence in meeting this commitment equitably and effectively with benefits for all. |
| Keywords: | Climate finance,Public guarantees,De-risking,Low-carbon investment,Post-COVID recovery,100 billion + pledge |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03336193&r= |
| By: | Martha Orellano (emlyon business school); Christine Lambey-Checchin (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Khaled Medini (LIMOS - Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Modélisation et d'Optimisation des Systèmes - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - INP Clermont Auvergne - Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Gilles Neubert |
| Abstract: | The notion of sustainable innovation (SI) emerged recently in the academic literature and evokes deep changes in organizations' products, processes, and practices to favour the creation of social and environmental value in addition to economic returns. The development of SI implies a collaborative process that requires the orchestration of several actors and streams of knowledge to be successful. Indeed, companies adopting the SI path need structured methodologies to guide the collaboration process with internal and external actors and support the decision process. Nevertheless, the literature has focused on the analysis of determinants and drivers of sustainable innovation development, while the process perspective has been discussed less. Through an in-depth case study in a large-sized company in France, this article proposes a methodological framework to guide the collaborative process in the early phases of sustainable innovation development. The framework relies on a combination of qualitative research and a multicriteria decision aiding method (AHP). The contributions of this work address two main aspects: (i) the conceptualization of sustainable innovation (SI) and (ii) the collaborative process between internal and external actors to develop SI. Firstly, our study leads to two additional dimensions to complete the concept of SI, traditionally based on the three pillars of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social), by adding the functional and relational dimensions. Secondly, concerning the collaborative process to develop SI, our framework proposes a structured methodology following five steps: definition of the project scope, setting actors' motivations, defining satisfaction criteria, proposing SI solutions, and performing a decision-aiding process to define the preference profiles of the key actors. |
| Keywords: | sustainable innovation,customer-driven innovation,collaboration,decision-aiding,case study research |
| Date: | 2021–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03328101&r= |
| By: | Julia Anna Bingler (CER–ETH – Center of Economic Research at ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Chiara Colesanti Senni (Council on Economic Policies); Pierre Monnin (Council on Economic Policies) |
| Abstract: | Climate risks are now fully recognized as financial risks by asset managers, investors, central banks, and financial supervisors. Against this background, a rapidly growing number of market participants and financial authorities are exploring which metrics to use to capture climate risks, as well as to what extent the use of different metrics delivers heterogeneous results. To shed a light on these questions, we analyse a sample of 69 transition risk metrics delivered by 9 different climate transition risk providers and covering the 1,500 firms of the MSCI World index. Our findings show that convergence between metrics is significantly higher for the firms most exposed to transition risk. We also show that metrics with similar scenarios (i.e. horizon, temperature target and transition paths) tend to deliver more coherent risk assessments. Turning to the variables that might drive the outcome of the risk assessment, we find evidence that variables on metric's assumptions and scenario's characteristics are associated with changes in the estimated firms' transition risk. Our findings bear important implications for policy making and research. First, climate transition risk metrics, if applied by the majority of financial market participants in their risk assessment, might translate into relatively coherent market pricing signals for least and most exposed firms. Second, it would help the correct interpretation of metrics in financial markets if supervisory authorities defined a joint baseline approach to ensure basic comparability of disclosed metrics, and asked for detailed assumption documentations alongside the metrics. Third, researchers should start to justify the use of the specific climate risk metrics and interpret their findings in the light of the metric assumptions. |
| Keywords: | financial climate risks, corporate finance, climate risk metrics, climate transition risk, spearman's rank correlation, hierarchical cluster analysis, Ward's minimum variance criterion, Lasso regression analysis |
| JEL: | C83 D53 D81 G12 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:21-363&r= |
| By: | Elena Georgarakis; Thomas Bauwens; Anne-Marie Pronk; Tarek AlSkaif |
| Abstract: | While the potential for peer-to-peer electricity trading, where households trade surplus electricity with peers in a local energy market, is rapidly growing, the drivers of participation in this trading scheme have been understudied so far. In particular, there is a dearth of research on the role of non-monetary incentives for trading surplus electricity, despite their potentially important role. This paper presents the first discrete choice experiment conducted with prosumers (i.e. proactive households actively managing their electricity production and consumption) in the Netherlands. Electricity trading preferences are analyzed regarding economic, environmental, social and technological parameters, based on survey data (N = 74). The dimensions most valued by prosumers are the environmental and, to a lesser extent, economic dimensions, highlighting the key motivating roles of environmental factors. Furthermore, a majority of prosumers stated they would provide surplus electricity for free or for non-monetary compensations, especially to energy-poor households. These observed trends were more pronounced among members of energy cooperatives. This suggests that peer-to-peer energy trading can advance a socially just energy transition. Regarding policy recommendations, these findings point to the need for communicating environmental and economic benefits when marketing P2P electricity trading platforms and for technical designs enabling effortless and customizable transactions |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.02452&r= |
| By: | Abdel Sater, Rita; Perona, Mathieu (CEPREMAP); huillery, elise; Chevallier, Coralie |
| Abstract: | While indoor air pollution is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, its sources and impacts are largely misunderstood by the public. In a randomized controlled trial including 281 households in France, we test two interventions aimed at raising households' awareness of indoor pollutants and ultimately improving indoor air quality. While both generic and personalised information increase awareness, only personalised information is successful in shifting behaviour and decreasing indoor air pollution - by 20% compared to the control group. Heterogeneous treatment effects show that this effect is concentrated on the most polluted households at baseline. |
| Date: | 2021–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:kw3tn&r= |
| By: | Boomsma, Mirthe (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:a0a27602-10ed-4ab1-87a5-550161936ae3&r= |
| By: | Meier, Felix D.; Quaas, Martin F. |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces endogenous technological change in a Hotelling-Herfindahl model of natural resource use to study the recent developments in the U.S. natural gas industry. We consider optimal forward-looking technology investments, and study implications for the order of extraction of conventional and shale gas, and a backstop technology, and characterize the development of gas prices. We find that technology investments increase during the extraction of conventional gas. Once production shifts towards shale gas, investments decline. Consistent with current trends, our theory explains how gas prices can follow a U-shaped path. The calibrated model suggests that U.S. shale gas production continues to grow and prices continue to decrease until 2050. We analytically and numerically show that the introduction of a carbon tax would reduce technology investments, and thus could drastically change the temporal patterns of U.S. shale gas extraction. The forward-looking behaviour of firms is crucial for such an effect, which does not occur in models that treat the improvement in extraction technology as an unanticipated shock to the industry. |
| Keywords: | shale gas,endogenous technological change,optimal order of extraction,natural gas prices,extraction costs,renewable backstop,optimal transition,carbon tax |
| JEL: | D25 Q30 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:240207&r= |
| By: | Appel, Franziska; Loewe, Axel |
| Abstract: | Research software has become a major asset in academic research. It often is the backbone of existing research methods, enables new research methods, implements and embeds research knowledge, and constitutes an essential research product in itself. Research software must be sustainable in order to understand, replicate, reproduce, and build upon existing research or conduct new research effectively. A change is needed in the way research software development and maintenance are incentivized, funded, structurally and infrastructurally supported, and legally treated. Failing to do so will threaten the quality and validity of research. In this context, more than 50 scientists from various institutions gathered at the Robert Koch Institute in November 2019 for a DFG roundtable discussion on sustainability aspects of research software and to draw attention to the need for funding instruments for the sustainable development and provision of research software. The subsequently published position paper (Anzt et al., 2021) seeks to increase the awareness of political and academic decision-makers on the importance and needs of sustainable research software practices. In particular, it recommends strategies and measures to create an environment for sustainable research software. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iamopb:42e&r= |
| By: | Jun Yoshida; Shinsuke Uchida; Katsuhito Nohara; Akira Hibiki |
| Abstract: | Recently, natural disasters and extreme weather events have been occurring more frequently. This study examines how large floods affect the value of manufacturing product shipments and the number of facilities in the long run using municipality-level data in Japan. We considered the impacts of flooding depending on the size of the facilities and past flood experiences (leading to flood preparedness in advance). We found "build back better" dynamics, in which the value of manufacturing product shipments grew in cities affected by floods. We also found that large facilities increased, while small and mid-sized facilities decreased following floods. These results suggest two important mechanisms characterizing the damage and recovery processes of floods. First, large facilities were more resilient to flooding, while small and mid-sized facilities were more vulnerable to flooding. Economies of scale resulting from small facilities exit, and an increase in large facilities may increase the number of shipments of manufactured goods per facility. Experience with past floods did not affect the activities of large facilities. In frequently flooded cities, the activity levels of small and mid-sized facilities recovered to predisaster trends. In rarely flooded cities, a long-term decline was observed in the business activities of small and mid-sized facilities because they likely needed to revise their supply chains due to unexpected events. In addition, unexpected flooding had devastating effects on employment. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:7&r= |
| By: | Jhorland Ayala-García; Sandy Dall’Erba |
| Abstract: | Extreme rainfall events are expected to become more frequent and more intense in the future. Because their mitigation is a challenge and their cost to human life is large, this paper studies the impact of preemptive investment against natural disasters on the future occurrence of landslides and the losses associated with it. Based on a panel of 746 Colombian municipalities with medium and high risk of landslides and an instrumental variable approach, we find that preemptive public investment can reduce the number of landslides, the number of people who die, are injured, or disappear after a landslide, as well as the number of people affected. However, we do not find any effect on the number of houses destroyed. The results reveal that local governments focus their preventive measures on saving the lives and the physical integrity of their citizens, but they pay less attention to the direct market losses of natural disasters. These results are relevant in the presence of imperfect private insurance markets and increased informal settlements. **** RESUMEN: Se espera que los eventos de lluvias extremas sean más frecuentes e intensos en el futuro. Debido a que su mitigación es un desafío y su costo para la vida humana es alto, este documento estudia el impacto de la inversión en prevención contra desastres naturales en la ocurrencia futura de deslizamientos de tierra y las pérdidas asociadas a los mismos. Con base en un panel de 746 municipios colombianos con riesgo medio y alto de deslizamientos de tierra y un enfoque de variable instrumental, encontramos que la inversión pública en prevención puede reducir la frecuencia de los deslizamientos de tierra, la cantidad de personas que mueren, resultan heridas o desaparecen después de un deslizamiento de tierra, así como el número de personas afectadas. Sin embargo, no encontramos ningún efecto sobre el número de viviendas destruidas. Los resultados revelan que los gobiernos locales enfocan sus medidas preventivas en salvar la vida y la integridad física de sus ciudadanos, pero prestan menos atención a las pérdidas de activos como consecuencia de los desastres naturales. Estos resultados son relevantes en presencia de mercados de seguros privados imperfectos y un aumento de asentamientos informales. |
| Keywords: | Landslides, preemptive investment, disaster risk reduction, natural disasters, deslizamientos de tierra, inversión en prevención, reducción del riesgo de desastres naturales, desastres naturales |
| JEL: | H1 H4 H5 C26 D6 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:region:301&r= |
| By: | Clémence Christin (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-Philippe Nicolaï (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jérôme Pouyet (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université, ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines, under imperfect competition, the effect of a cap-and-trade system on industry profits and the interaction between cap-and-trade system and the evolution of the market structure, both depending on the type of abatement technologies used by firms. Two extreme types are considered: end-of-pipe abatement technology-meaning, filtration and other mechanisms that are largely independent of production decisionsand process-integrated technology, which entails integrating cleaner or more energy-efficient methods into production. This paper prescribes that the distribution of free allocation should depend on the kind of abatement technologies. Finally, a reserve of pollution permits for new entrants is justified when the industry uses a process-integrated abatement technology, while a system with a preemption right may be justified in the case of end-of-pipe abatement technology. |
| Keywords: | cap-and-trade system,imperfect competition,end-of-pipe abatement,process-integrated abatement,reserve for entrants |
| Date: | 2021–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03328947&r= |
| By: | Carter, Andrew; Malcom, Jacob (Defenders of Wildlife); Harl, Heather |
| Abstract: | Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, non-federal parties may be permitted to “take,” or harm, listed threatened and endangered species provided they develop an appropriate “habitat conservation plan” that details how the applicant will minimize and mitigate the impacts of their activities on the species at issue. Despite widespread use of such plans, with more than 700 approved to date, there have been few systematic analyses to determine their effectiveness in protecting imperiled wildlife. This has been driven by a lack of a centralized repository of essential habitat conservation plan documents, from the plans themselves to required monitoring reports. Here we present a new data resource of 6,290 documents related to 601 separate HCPs, assembled through a United States Freedom of Information Act request to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, supplemented by web scraping of available HCP documents online. We describe the completeness of responses, characterize the scope of documents, and identify data and research gaps. |
| Date: | 2021–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xvahr&r= |
| By: | Miguel Riviere (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sylvain Caurla (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Forest sector models encompass a set of models used for forest-related policy analysis. As representations of a complex human-environment system, they incorporate multiple facts from their target, the forest sector, which is usually understood as comprising forests, forestry and forest industries. Even though they pursue similar goals and display similarities, forest sector models show divergences in their representation of the forest sector. In this paper, we question and discuss the determinants behind the representation of facts in forest sector models, and try to highlight the reasons behind modelling practices. The forest sector's boundaries are often unclear, and it comprises facts of different natures for which dynamics take place on different time and spatial scales. As a result, modelling practices vary, and both empirical data and theory play varying roles in representing facts. Early models were developed in the 1970s and find their roots in traditional forest economics, the economics of natural resources, econometrics, but also transportation problems and system dynamics. Because they developed within a small but well-connected field, early efforts were influential in shaping current practices. Numerical simulation and scenario analysis are used as means of enquiry into model worlds: in that, forest sector models are a classical example of model use in economics, and they constitute a good example of how simulation models have been developed for decision-support purposes. Forest sector modelling is heavily influenced by its applied uses, and policy contexts shape both questions asked and how facts are introduced in scenario storylines. Understanding the determinants of modelling choices is necessary to ensure sound modelling practices. Forest sector models are now used to address issues wider than timber production. Practices turn to integration into multi-model frameworks to expand the boundaries of the system studied, but also towards the use of qualitative methods as new ways of representing facts, in particular deep changes that quantitative models may not be able to capture. |
| Abstract: | Les modèles de secteur forestier sont des outils utilisés dans le cadre d'exercices de prospective portant sur la filière forêt-bois. En tant que représentations de systèmes complexes, ces derniers incorporent de multiples faits issus de leur cible dans le monde réel, et qui peuvent être de différentes natures : dynamiques naturelles, procédés industriels, comportements économiques. Bien que poursuivant des objectifs semblables, ces modèles divergent dans le choix des faits représentés ainsi que dans celui des méthodes utilisées pour les représenter. Dans cet article, nous mettons en lumière les déterminants derrière les représentations du secteur forestier dans les modèles de filière, et remettons ainsi en perspective les pratiques de modélisation, notamment vis-à-vis de leur ancrage historique et méthodologique. Le secteur forestier constitue a priori un ensemble bien défini, mais ses limites exactes sont souvent floues. Elles varient selon la région du monde ou l'échelle spatiale considérée, et comprennent des dynamiques intervenant sur des échelles temporelles souvent disjointes. En résultent des choix de modélisation variés, utilisant à divers degrés théorie et données empiriques. Les premiers modèles furent développés dans les années 1970 et trouvent leur inspiration dans l'économie forestière et celle des ressources naturelles, mais aussi dans la dynamique des systèmes et les problèmes de transport optimal. Héritières d'une recherche au sein d'un champ restreint, les pratiques de modélisation du secteur forestier se sont fortement influencées entre elles, et l'empreinte des premiers modèles se retrouve encore aujourd'hui. La recherche repose sur des simulations numériques permettant d'explorer les futurs possibles par analyse de scénario, et le modélisateur observe le modèle afin d'en tirer des conclusions à propos du système représenté. En cela, les modèles de secteur forestier constituent un exemple archétypal de l'émergence de la simulation en économie comme procédé d'appui à la décision. En retour, le contexte dans lequel un modèle est développé a une forte influence sur les pratiques de modélisation, qu'il guide. Les modèles de secteur forestier sont aujourd'hui utilisés pour traiter de thématiques environnementales, et les pratiques se tournent vers une intégration de plus en plus forte avec d'autres modèles, permettant de repousser les limites du système représenté, mais aussi vers le recours à des méthodes qualitatives comme une nouvelle manière de représenter les faits difficiles à prendre en compte à l'aide de modèles quantitatifs. |
| Keywords: | Forest economics,Mathematical model,Simulation model,Prospective,Economie forestière,Modèle mathématique,Modèle de simulation |
| Date: | 2020–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03088084&r= |
| By: | PEMBANGUNAN, GOVERNANCE: JURNAL POLITIK LOKAL DAN |
| Abstract: | This research represent research qualitative with descriptive approach and its research object is to entangle Body elements Service Of Inwrought Permit One Door Sub-Province of Deli Serdang, Body Operation Of Environmental Impact of Area and District Of Sunggal Sub-Province of Deli Serdang. Target of this research is How Impact Giving Of Permit Found Building to Environment in District Of Sunggal Sub-Province of Deli Serdang. used Data represent data of sekunder obtained to through research of bibliography (research library) that is law and regulation, regulation of government, by law, reference books, handing out and documents related to this research. Technique data collecting use interview, documentation and observation. Data analysis in research of in conducted by qualitative as research procedure having the character of descriptive through method think (inductive and deductive logika). Result of research indicate that Impact Giving Of Permit Found Building (IMB) to Environment represent a[n decision of local government in the effort to prevent and overcome problems of environment and protect environment function as according to plan management of environment monitoring plan and environment. |
| Date: | 2021–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bnc9z&r= |
| By: | Onil Banerjee (IDB); Martín Cicowiez (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP) |
| Abstract: | En este trabajo, se describe el procedimiento que, utilizando los cuadros de oferta y utilización recientemente publicados por el INDEC, seguimos para la construcción de una Matriz de Contabilidad Social (MCS) para Argentina para el año 2018. La MCS resultante identifica 107 actividades, 223 productos, 11 factores de producción – incluyendo tres categorías de trabajo --y 6 hogares representativos. La MCS se construyó para ser utilizada como insumo para la calibración de IEEM (Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling Platform), un modelo de equilibrio general computable extendido para considerar las interacciones, de ida y vuelta, entre la economía y el medio ambiente. |
| JEL: | E16 C68 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0287&r= |
| By: | Maxime Delabarre (Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Through a review of the different forms of interdependence between states and economies, this essay argues that an international response resulting from further global cooperation is the way forward. As interdependence is now weaponized to serve countries' interests, coordination is needed across global players. Specifically, trade and economic negotiations have to take place. However, one needs also to consider deep modifications to the current international framework, strongly unbalanced. International taxation, global public goods, climate change, and global value chain are among the subjects needed to be reconsidered. |
| Date: | 2021–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03334550&r= |
| By: | Mostafa Abdelrashied; Dikshita Bhattacharya |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an overview of the status of the electricity market in the region, indicating the nexus between electricity consumption with population growth and GDP. It also analyzes the policy portfolio in different countries, indicating some of the in-action policies' effectiveness and recommended alternatives. World Bank datasets were used for the analysis between 2000 and 2014. We found that the MENA region is at an early stage for renewable energy with a high potential for solar energy, making it attractive for investors. However, the high dependency on oil for consumption and exporting might not provide a prosperous environment for renewable technologies to grow. Therefore, a greater focus on decoupling economic growth from energy consumption will have a long-lasting impact on fiscal revenues for net-oil exporting countries. Moreover, the consequences of the decoupling will allow more renewables penetration in the current energy mix enabling many countries to reach their Paris Agreement goals. For short-term energy policy actions, starting a subsidy reform towards the final repeal of subsidies is a must as these measures relate to all end-use sectors and impact fiscal stability in many countries. With its 1.65GW Benban Solar Park in Aswan, Egypt has shown an example of shifting from subsidizing fossil fuel products to commissioning renewable projects to get closer to its Paris Agreement targets. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.02129&r= |
| By: | Ines Fachbach (Department of Operations and Information Systems, University of Graz); Gernot Lechner (Department of Operations and Information Systems, University of Graz); Marc Reimann (Department of Operations and Information Systems, University of Graz; Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne) |
| Abstract: | Repair is a central component of a circular economy to extend the operational phase of products. Yet, the number of repair service providers as well as demand for repair have declined over the last decades, while more products than ever before were sold. Thus, for a successful transition from a linear to a circular economy the demand for repair services must be boosted to promote repair business. A starting point to achieve this goal is to increase knowledge about the decision-making process of consumers related to repair. This is the aim of this study: we investigate consumers' intention (1) to make use of repair service providers, (2) to self-repair broken items, and (3) to use repair service providers incorporated in a repair network. An extensive literature research revealed a comprehensive set of influencing factors concerning repair decisions covering environmental, social, and economic aspects. Based on these insights, a quantitative online survey was designed, and distributed in Styria, Austria. By means of a structural equation model the acquired data of 900 respondents was analysed. The results emphasise the trade-off between acting environmentally friendly and economic aspects like repair cost and time, but also highlight the effect of government intervention–in the form of setting up a network and financial support for repair–on shaping this trade-off. Furthermore, past behaviour is found to strongly drive repair intention. Finally, disparities between urban and rural areas, as well as in the maximum accepted prices and times for repair of different product types were identified. As a result our research not only contributes to scientific literature by shedding light on the role of repair networks for repair decisions, and the trade-off between environmental, social and economic aspects. It is also relevant for supporting repair companies' decision making, as well as public authorities interested in promoting repair. |
| Date: | 2021–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpsses:2021-05&r= |
| By: | Nguyen, Minh-Hoang |
| Abstract: | The resource curse, also known as the paradox of plenty or the poverty paradox, is the phenomenon of countries with an abundance of natural resources (such as fossil fuels and certain minerals) having less economic growth, less democracy, or worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources.[1] There are many theories and much academic debate about the reasons for, and exceptions to, these adverse outcomes. Most experts believe the resource curse is not universal or inevitable, but affects certain types of countries or regions under certain conditions.[2][3] ***** For archiving purpose only ***** |
| Date: | 2021–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:36uyb&r= |
| By: | Baptiste Hautdidier (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yves Schaeffer (UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); M. Tivadar (UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | , l'objectif du chapitre est double : (i) comparer deux approches originales pour mesurer ces inégalités environnementales d'exposition aux risques, et (ii) fournir des éléments de réponses – à défaut d'une réponse définitive – à la question posée plus haut pour la métropole d'Aix-Marseille-Provence. La première approche empirique considérée est celle suggérée récemment par Schaeffer et Tivadar (2019). Elle s'inspire de la littérature sur la mesure de la ségrégation socio-spatiale et repose sur le calcul d'un indice de centralisation environnementale. La seconde approche mobilise des outils de la statistique du point, les fonctions empiriques de Ripley (1976). Initialement développées pour l'analyse spatiale en écologie et en épidémiologie, elles n'ont été que marginalement appliquées à l'analyse des inégalités environnementales (Fisher et al. 2006). La section qui suit présente notre cas d'étude, les données disponibles, ainsi que nos questions et approches empiriques. Les troisième et quatrième sections présentent en détail nos méthodes et nos résultats. La dernière section discute les résultats obtenus, avant de conclure. |
| Date: | 2021–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03337002&r= |
| By: | Pamela E. Ofori (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy); Daryna Grechyna (University of Granada, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Despite the established link between oil rent fluctuations and remittances received, its plausible joint effect on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains unexplored. To fill this gap, first, we determine whether natural resource rent (composed of oil rent, forest rent and natural gas rent) reduces economic growth in SSA. Second, we examine whether positive macroeconomic signals such as remittances mitigate the negative effect of oil rents on economic growth in a sample of 43 SSA countries spanning 1990-2017. We employ the pooled ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects, and generalized method of moments. The resulting empirical evidence established are; (1) there is a positive impact of forest rent on economic growth whilst oil rent and natural gas rent have a negative impact on economic growth (2) there is a positive marginal and net effect on economic growth from the interaction between remittances and oil rent. Also, the unconditional effect of remittances on growth is positive. We further perform a threshold analysis to establish a critical ground that could also influence economic growth positively. This threshold is crucial because below these critical mass remittance inflows mitigate the negative incidence of oil rent on economic growth and above the threshold, negative oil rent on growth is completely nullified. This is relevant for policy implications because policymakers are provided with actionable levels of remittances which are easily attainable in sampled countries. |
| Keywords: | Remittances, Natural resource rent, oil rent, Economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/056&r= |
| By: | Hobbie, Hannes; Mehlem, Jonas; Wolff, Christina; Weber, Lukas; Flachsbarth, Franziska; Möst, Dominik; Moser, Albert |
| Abstract: | Integrating increasing shares of weather-dependent renewable energies into energy systems while maintaining high levels of security of supply constitutes a challenge for network utilities. Obtaining the goal of large shares of renewable-based generation sources on electricity supply requires an effective operation of electricity grids and efficient coordination among grid operators. Therefore, detailed modelling of grid operation has increasingly become important in recent years. Methods for modelling the operation of (extra) high-voltage grids are undergoing persistent enhancements in academia and energy industries. Existing approaches vary in data granularity and computational methods. Moreover, assumptions on technical details in grid models vary. Differences in input data and modelling methods likely have an impact on simulation results. This paper aims to identify the most relevant differences present in grid simulation models and methods for studying congestion management in a European context. Differences are studied based on a comparison of grid simulation models from eight German energy modelling institutions. The effects of model parameterization and formulation on congestion management results are further investigated with three different case studies focusing on outage simulation, line-constraint relaxation and the modelling of cross-border measures applying selected grid simulation models. Results indicate that data parametrization can have large impacts on model results about congestion management volumes and geographic distribution of necessary measures. Model key parameters must be calibrated thoroughly. The findings of this research will assist future grid modelers and power system planners in efficiently simulating congestion management and increases the validity and explorative power of grid simulation models. |
| Keywords: | Transmission grid,Sustainable development,Renewable energies,Model comparison,Congestion management,Optimal power flow |
| JEL: | Q40 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:240928&r= |
| By: | Pamela E. Ofori (Department of Economics, University of Insubria); Daryna Grechyna (University of Granada, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Despite the established link between oil rent fluctuations and remittances received, its plausible joint effect on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains unexplored. To fill this gap, first we determine whether natural resource rent (composed of oil rent, forest rent and natural gas rent) reduces economic growth in SSA. Second, we examine whether positive macroeconomic signals such as remittances mitigate the negative effect of oil rents on economic growth in a sample of 43 SSA countries spanning 1990-2017. We employ the pooled ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects, and generalized method of moments. The resulting empirical evidence established are; (1) There is a positive impact of forest rent on economic growth whilst oil rent and natural gas rent have a negative impact on economic growth. (2) There is a positive marginal and net effect on economic growth from the interaction between remittances and oil rent. Also, the unconditional effect of remittances on growth is positive. We further perform a threshold analysis to establish a critical ground that could also influence economic growth positively. This threshold is crucial because above these critical mass remittance inflows mitigate the negative incidence of oil rent on economic growth and below the threshold negative oil rent on growth is completely nullified. This is relevant for policy implications because policy makers are provided with actionable levels of remittances which are easily attainable in sampled countries. |
| Keywords: | Remittances, Natural resource rent, oil rent, Economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/056&r= |
| By: | Längle, Katharina; Xu, Ankai; Tian, Ruijie |
| Abstract: | This paper uses Chinese firm level data to detect the international propagation of adverse shocks triggered by the US hurricane season in 2005. We provide evidence that Chinese processing manufacturers with tight trade linkages to the United States reduced their intermediate imports from the United States between July and October 2005. We further show that the direct exposure to US supply shocks led to a temporary decline of firm exports between September and November 2005, although we do not find consistent evidence of international propagation of supply shocks along global value chains. Moreover, the paper finds that firms with more diversified suppliers tend to be less affected by the US hurricane disaster, pointing to firm sourcing diversification as a way to increase resilience to adverse shocks. |
| Keywords: | production networks,resilience,diversification,shock transmission,supply chains,natural disasters |
| JEL: | F12 F14 F15 F61 L14 E23 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:ersd202113&r= |
| By: | Simshauser, P.; Billimoria, F.; Rogers, C. |
| Abstract: | Australia’s National Electricity Market experienced significant growth in variable renewable energy (VRE) investment commitments over the period 2016-2021. A subset of projects experienced material entry frictions which stemmed from inadequate network hosting capacity. In this article we examine the development of non-regulated Renewable Energy Zones (REZ) as a means by which to help guide forward market commitments and produce greater coordination between generation and transmission plant investments. Using an optimisation model comprising 1500MW of transmission network infrastructure, we explore various definitions of a ‘fully subscribed REZ’ given the portfolio benefits associated with complementary wind and solar plant in Southern Queensland. We also examine the conditions by which various proponents would sponsor a non-regulated REZ. When maximising output forms the objective function, full subscription is achieved by developing ~3400MW of solar and wind in roughly equal proportions, accepting that some level of curtailment is an economic result. Conversely, full subscription in which the combined cost of the REZ and VRE plant is minimised is achieved at ~1800MW of VRE. If maximising net cashflows forms the objective function, VRE plant development is complicated by the dynamic nature of spot prices. Specifically, in early stages of VRE development solar is preferred but as its market share rises and value of output falls, wind investments dominate holding technology costs constant. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy Zones, renewable generation, transmission investment |
| JEL: | D25 D80 G32 L51 Q41 |
| Date: | 2021–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2164&r= |
| By: | Dorosh, Paul A.; Thurlow, James; Pradesha, Angga; Raihan, Selim |
| Abstract: | Bangladesh has successfully improved national food security over the last two decades, primarily by increasing rice production and consumption. However, the country’s food system remains vulnerable to periodic floods and droughts that seriously affect agricultural production and prices. While food imports can cushion the effects of these short-term climate shocks, there is always uncertainty about whether shortages in global commodity markets will coincide with domestic production shortfalls, leading to particularly adverse outcomes, especially for poor farmers and net consumers. This is one of the reasons why Bangladesh’s government has maintained a long-standing public grain procurement and storage system, as well as a large social protection program that distributes subsidized rice and wheat to poor households. These programs, together with investments in farm productivity, have enhanced the resilience of Bangladesh’s food system to climate and world market shocks. Heightened climate variability in recent years has also led the government to increase stocks and make substantial new investments to expand public grain storage capacity. |
| Keywords: | BANGLADESH, SOUTH ASIA, ASIA, food policies, policies, costs, agriculture, investment, infrastructure, targeting |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprpp:9&r= |
| By: | Acharya, Tri D.; Jenn, Alan T.; Miller, Marshall R.; Fulton, Lew M. |
| Abstract: | Researchers at UC Davis developed “Spatial Transportation Infrastructure, Energy, Vehicles, and Emissions (STIEVE),” an optimization model for hydrogen refueling stations in California. The model uses inputs from the California Statewide Travel Demand Model (CSTDM) and other sources to determine heavy-duty vehicle travel demand across the state, and the corresponding, localized energy demand. The model then determines which of the transportation analysis zones (areas based on census geography used to replicate areas of trip origins and destinations) delineated by the CSTDM are optimal areas for refueling stations and the number of stations needed in each zone to meet demand while minimizing costs. The final step is a suitability analysis that identifies each station’s specific location within a designated transportation analysis zone, based on a determined footprint for the refueling station. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2qw8464c&r= |
| By: | Alexandre Berthe (LIRIS - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en innovations sociétales - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes); Jacqueline Candau (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sylvie Ferrari (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Baptiste Hautdidier (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vanessa Kuentz-Simonet (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Charlotte Scordia (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Frédéric Zahm (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | L'idée de ce chapitre vise à resituer ces principes de justice dans le champ de l'action publique relative à la protection de la qualité des ressources en eau. Il s'agit d'identifier les principes de justice implicites ou explicites des dispositifs de cette politique publique – donc une politique publique constituée – sans pouvoir affirmer qu'elle ait été explicitement fondée sur ces principes faute d'avoir eu accès aux témoignages des personnes l'ayant élaborée. Dans un premier temps, l'identification a été menée en analysant les textes législatifs européens et nationaux qui en définissent les principaux dispositifs (directive Nitrates et MAE). Elle montre que les principes de justice justifiant l'effort demandé aux agriculteurs varient en fonction de la façon dont le problème de la qualité de l'eau est défini. La traduction de ces principes sur deux territoires (le gave en amont de Pau dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques et le Thouarsais au nordest des Deux-Sèvres) révèle, dans un deuxième temps, leur ambiguïté notamment lorsqu'ils sont mis en œuvre par les dispositifs de protection des captages dits prioritaires (tel que la zone soumise à contraintes environnementales – ZSCE). À partir d'une lecture en termes d'équité, nous étudions enfin les effets de tels dispositifs publics sur les agriculteurs et les usagers en questionnant notamment la répartition entre les agriculteurs de cet effort demandé et les populations qui en bénéficient. In fine, l'ambiguïté des principes de justice et l'inaccessible équité de leur mise en application amènent à interroger la base constitutive des communautés de justice désignées (agriculteurs, bénéficiaires, producteurs) comme focale heuristique de réflexion sur l'équité et l'efficacité d'une politique publique. |
| Date: | 2021–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03337042&r= |
| By: | Rihn, Alicia L.; Fulcher, Amy; Khachatryan, Hayk |
| Abstract: | The green industry is a vibrant part of Tennessee’s agricultural economy, directly contributing $965 million annually to the state’s economy, $23.5 million in annual state and local taxes, and over 13,000 jobs (Jensen et al., 2020). In recent years, labor shortages have become more pronounced nationally and within the state of Tennessee (Velandia et al., 2021). Tennessee growers report that hiring locally and retaining locally hired employees is challenging, and that labor-related challenges are on the increase. In 2018, nearly 80 percent of nurseries indicated that labor is their greatest hurdle, and over 50 percent stated the lack of qualified labor limited their ability to hire additional employees (McClellan, 2018). Alongside the issue of an uncertain and inadequate labor force is the increasing demand for nursery and landscape products and services. Nationally, the industry demonstrated a 0.6 percent annual growth from 2015 to 2019, which is expected to increase 1.8 percent annually through 2025 (Daly, 2021). Just prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, members of the Tennessee green industry anticipated expanding production by 16.5 percent over the next five years (Jensen et al., 2020). With the development of the COVID-19 pandemic that led to dramatically increased interest in home gardening, the green industry experienced an increase in national sales, with 47 percent of participating nurseries and 87 percent of garden centers reporting an increase in sales in 2020 relative to 2019 (Daly, 2021; Nursery Management, 2020). Southeastern U.S. households reported an increase in plant purchases of 3.4 percent and landscaping purchases by 4.6 percent from 2019 to 2020 (Campbell, Rihn, and Campbell, 2021). Given the increase in demand, green industry firms will likely increase production, which will require more labor. In an effort to help the green industry better understand employment issues, related trends and to better position their businesses for the future, a two-part series titled “A Ten-Year Review of the Southeast U.S Green Industry” was developed. In “Part I: Labor and Firm Characteristics” annual sales, product types and workforce demographics are covered for three sub-samples, including: national, a select geographical area in the southeast U.S. (hereafter termed “five-state region” which includes Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee), and the state of Tennessee. In the companion publication, “A Ten-Year Review of the Southeast U.S. Green Industry, Part 2: Addressing Labor Shortages and Internal and External Factors Affecting Businesses Strategies,” we discuss specific strategies that businesses are using to address the labor shortage. In Part 2, we also discuss the importance of other factors and issues that are also weighing on business decisions that affect the future sustainability of the green industry. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaeer:313531&r= |
| By: | Tom Krebs (Universitaet Mannheim); Janek Steitz (Agora Energiewende) |
| Abstract: | Die vorliegende Studie schaetzt den oeffentlichen Finanzbedarf fuer Klimainvestitionen, die zum Erreichen des 2030-Klimaziels der Bundesregierung im Zeitraum 2021-2030 verwirklicht werden muessen. Die Analyse orientiert sich – wo moeglich – am Technologiepfad des Szenarios KN2045 von Prognos et al (2021) und verwendet einen Bottom-up-Ansatz, der basierend auf existierenden Studienergebnissen die oeffentlichen Finanzbedarfe zur Modernisierung des Kapitalstocks fuer die einzelnen Sektoren und Investitionsarten ermittelt. Der Finanzbedarf fuer Bundesinvestitionen (z.B. Deutsche Bahn) betraegt 90 Milliarden Euro und der Finanzbedarf fuer kommunale Klimainvestitionen (z.B. ÖPNV) wird auf 170 Milliarden Euro geschaetzt. Der Finanzbedarf fuer oeffentliche Klimainvestitionen von Bund, Laendern und Kommunen belaeuft sich somit insgesamt auf 260 Milliarden Euro (26 Milliarden Euro jaehrlich). Darueber hinaus besteht ein oeffentlicher Finanzbedarf zur Foerderung privater Investitionen (z.B. energetische Sanierung) von rund 200 Milliarden Euro (20 Milliarden Euro jaehrlich), wenn als Foerdersaetze die aktuellen Werte (teils sinkend) laufender Foerderprogramme angesetzt werden. Der oeffentliche Finanzbedarf fuer alle drei Komponenten der Klimainvestitionen (Bundesinvestitionen, kommunale Investitionen, Foerderung privater Investitionen) belaeuft sich im Zeitraum 2021- 2030 auf insgesamt etwa 460 Milliarden Euro (46 Milliarden Euro jaehrlich) und ist damit groeßer als in existierenden Studien angenommen. Der Bedarf entspricht rund 6,3 Prozent der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Bruttoinvestitionen oder 1,3 Prozent des Bruttoinlandsproduktes im Jahr 2019 und erscheint der Groeße der Herausforderung angemessen. Aus Bundessicht belaeuft sich der Finanzbedarf fuer Klimainvestitionen im Zeitraum 2021-2030 auf insgesamt 290 Milliarden Euro unter der Praemisse, dass die Finanzierung der Bundesinvestitionen und die Foerderung privater Investitionen im Wesentlichen eine Bundesaufgabe, die Finanzierung kommunaler Investitionen hingegen hauptsaechlich eine Aufgabe der Laender und Kommunen ist. Die Bundesregierung hat mit dem Klimaschutzprogramm, dem Konjunkturprogramm und dem Klimaschutz-Sofortprogramm (letzteres ist bisher nur eine Ankuendigung) bereits Finanzmittel fuer Klimainvestitionen im Zeitraum 2021-2025 bereitgestellt, die sich – zusammen mit relevanten europaeischen Mitteln – auf rund 80 Milliarden Euro belaufen. |
| Keywords: | Klima, Klimaneutralitaet, oeffentliche Investitionen, oeffentlicher Finanzbedarf |
| JEL: | H23 H54 L52 L95 L98 Q41 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agz:wpaper:2103&r= |
| By: | Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Waithaka, Lilian; Eyase, Jean; Chegeh, Joseph; Kivuva, Benjamin; Cecchi, Francesco |
| Abstract: | Climate change has exacerbated the frequency and severity of extreme weather events affecting the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers across Sub-Saharan Africa. Risks such as increased droughts, pests, floods, and heatwaves are projected to increase significantly in future years. The formal seed sector is an important entry point to help farmers better manage these risks, as it provides access to high-quality certified seeds of improved stress-tolerant varieties, selected and bred to maximize productivity in good years, whilst reducing the impact of climate change risks in bad years. The challenge, however, is that the formal market is not always inclusive and is more accessible to middle- or largescale (and often male) farmers. Smaller farmers (often female) are more likely to obtain seeds from informal sources (friends or peers) or collect their own seeds from the crops they grow. This creates social inequities in distribution channels for quality seeds; and in qualitative research, farmers informed us that the COVID-19 pandemic has further restricted their access to inputs. |
| Keywords: | KENYA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; models; modelling; inclusion; seeds; farmers; entrepreneurship; seed delivery |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:1265314309&r= |
| By: | Hongzhen Ni; Jing Zhao; Xiujian Peng; Glyn Wittwer; Genfa Chena |
| Abstract: | This paper uses SinoTERM, a dynamic multi-regional computable general equilibrium model (CGE) of the Chinese economy, to analyze the economic impact of large hydropower development projects. The model features regional labor market dynamics and an electricity subdivision module with substitutability between various types of electricity generation. The results suggest that hydropower development will boost economic growth in the project region. Most sectors in the project region will benefit from the hydropower development while some sectors will suffer a loss in output because of the substantial increase in real wages. Neighboring regions also benefit as a result of increased electricity supply in the operational phase of the proposed hydropower station. The impact of the hydropower development project on the national GDP as a whole is relatively small although positive. However, because of the long lag between the construction and operational phases, the hydropower development project will result in a national welfare loss measured by real household consumption and net foreign liability. Therefore, the project could only be justified if net environmental benefits outweigh this loss. |
| Keywords: | dynamic CGE model, hydropower development, multiple regions, economic impacts, electricity subdivision module, China |
| JEL: | C68 O13 R58 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-320&r= |
| By: | Marianne Lefebvre (UA - Université d'Angers); Jesus Barreiro-Hurlé (Joint Research center - European Commission); Ciaran Blanchflower (UA - Université d'Angers); Liesbeth Colen (University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen); Laure Kuhfuss (The James Hutton Institute); Jens Rommel (SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Tanja Šumrada (University of Ljubljana); Fabian Thomas (OS UAS - Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences - Hochschule Osnabrück); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In order to keep pace with the evolution of the objectives and means of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, evaluation tools also need to adapt. A set of tools that have proved highly effective in other policy fields is economic xperiments. These allow the testing of a new policy before its implementation, provide evidence of its specific effects, and identify behavioural dimensions that can influence policy outcomes. We argue that agricultural policy should be subject to economic experiments, providing examples to illustrate how they can inform CAP design. We identify the additional efforts needed to establish further proof-of- concept, by running more –and more robust –experiments related to the CAP. This can happen only by integrating experimental evaluation results within the policy cycle and addressing ethical and practical challenges seriously. To do so, researchers would benefit from a concerted European effort to promote the methodology across the EU; organise the replication in time and across Europ of experiments relevant for the CAP; and build a multi-national panel of farmers willing to participate in experiments. Steps are being taken in this direction by the Research Network of Economics Experiments for CAP evaluation (REECAP). |
| Abstract: | Face à l'évolution des objectifs et des moyens de la politique agricole commune de l'Union européenne, les outils d'évaluation doivent également s'adapter. Les expérimentations économiques sont un ensemble d'outils qui se sont avérés très efficaces dans d'autres domaine d'action des pouvoirs publics. Elles permettent de tester une nouvelle politique avant sa mise en oeuvre, fournissent des informations sur les effets spécifiques de cette politique et identifient les dimensions comportementales qui peuvent influencer ses résultats. Nous soutenons que la politique agricole devrait être l'objet d'expérimentations économiques et fournissons des exemples pour illustrer comment celles-ci peuvent éclairer la formulation de la PAC. Nous identifions les efforts supplémentaires nécessaires pour établir d'autres preuves de concept, en menant des expérimentations liées à la PAC plus nombreuses -et plus robustes. Cela ne peut se faire qu'en intégrant les résultats des évaluations expérimentales dans le cycle de la politique et en s'attaquant sérieusement aux défis éthiques et pratiques. Pour ce faire, les chercheurs bénéficieraient d'un effort européen concerté pour promouvoir la méthodologie à travers l'Union européenne ; organiser la réplication dans le temps et à travers l'Europe d'expérimentations pertinentes pour la PAC ; et constituer un panel multinational d'agriculteurs désireux de participer à ces expérimentations. Des mesures sont prises dans ce sens par le Réseau de recherche sur les expérimentations économiques pour l'évaluation de la PAC (REECAP). |
| Keywords: | Experimental economics,Common Agricultural Policy,Evaluation tools |
| Date: | 2021–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03329617&r= |
| By: | Belleflamme, Paul (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/CORE, Belgium); Ha, Huan (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/CORE, Belgium) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the strategic interaction between competing firms that source their inputs from either primary or recycled material. Because the manufacturers’ primary production today serves as input for the recyclers’ production tomorrow, manufacturers can limit the recyclers’ scale of operation by reducing their output. Improving the recycling process generates then two opposite effects: it reduces primary production tomorrow by exposing manufacturers to stronger competition from recyclers, but it also lowers the manufacturers’ incentives to reduce their primary production today. Making the recycling process too efficient might then be counterproductive for the environment. This intuition equally applies to remanufacturing. |
| Keywords: | Recycling, remanufacturing, circular economy, strategic entry accommodation |
| JEL: | L13 L72 O13 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cor:louvco:2021009&r= |
| By: | Robert Spizzichino; Gilles Maréchal (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UA - Université d'Angers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université); Jean-Claude Devèze |
| Abstract: | S'inspirant de la pensée anti-utilitariste de Marcel Mauss, les « convivialistes » 1-des économistes, sociologues, anthropologues, philosophes, ingénieurs, etc.-réfléchissent à de nouvelles voies pour sortir des impasses du paradigme néo-libéral et agro-industriel. Divers sujets leur permettent d'envisager un avenir commun en cherchant des alternatives. L'article traite de la table, lieu qui rassemble, par l'alimentation et la façon de la produire qui sont de puissants leviers de changement. |
| Date: | 2021–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03331514&r= |
| By: | David Groves (Rand Corporation); Michelle Miro (Rand Corporation); James Syme (Rand Corporation); Alejandro Becerra-Ornelas (Rand Corporation); Edmundo Molina-Perez (Rand Corporation); Valentina Saavedra Gómez; Adrien Vogt-Schilb (Banco Interamericano de Desarollo) |
| Abstract: | Los administradores del agua enfrentan desafíos cada vez mayores para satisfacer la demanda de agua, que depende de condiciones socioeconómicas y climáticas. La evolución de estas condiciones en las próximas décadas es profundamente incierta e impredecible. El presente estudio demuestra la utilidad del enfoque de Toma de Decisiones Robustas (RDM por sus siglas en ingles), un método de toma de decisión bajo incertidumbre profunda, para evaluar la vulnerabilidad y las oportunidades de adaptación de la gestión de los recursos hídricos en Mendoza, Argentina. El análisis confirma que el sistema actual de agua de Mendoza es vulnerable a los cambios en el uso de suelo y a los impactos del cambio climático. En casi 900 futuros analizados, la demanda insatisfecha crece significativamente durante los períodos de sequía, un problema que empeora con el tiempo. La mayoría de la demanda insatisfecha se produce en el sector agrícola, con carencias que superan el 35 por ciento en algunos años y futuros. Se analizó la vulnerabilidad de las cuencas de Tulumaya y Costa de Araujo en particular, dos áreas de riego aguas abajo que exhiben una alta demanda insatisfecha en muchos futuros, y del sector agrícola en su conjunto. Tres tipos de futuros conducirían a una alta demanda insatisfecha: 1. Crecimiento económico rápido, excepto si las precipitaciones aumentan mucho; 2. Urbanización tendencial bajo condiciones climáticas medianas o secas; o 3. Urbanización acelerada bajo condiciones secas y un aumento de la temperatura pronunciado. Se evaluaron diferentes estrategias para reducir estas vulnerabilidades: i) construcción de pocos reservorios grandes; ii) de una serie de reservorios más pequeños; iii) e inversiones en riego presurizado. Este es el primer ejercicio de comparación de estas tres opciones bajo incertidumbres climáticas y de uso del suelo. Los resultados demuestran que el aumento del almacenamiento, a través de uno o unos pocos reservorios grandes o una red de reservorios pequeños, no mitigaría significativamente estas vulnerabilidades y sería extremadamente costoso. Las inversiones en riego presurizado podrían reducir las vulnerabilidades de manera más significativa. Este análisis podría ser fortalecido mediante iteraciones adicionales del enfoque RDM, que incorpore las demandas de agua urbana de manera más representativa, así como un mejor reflejo de la temporalidad de regulación de los reservorios, y una mejor representatividad de escenarios climáticos extremos. |
| Abstract: | Los administradores del agua enfrentan desafíos cada vez mayores para satisfacer la demanda de agua, que depende de condiciones socioeconómicas y climáticas. La evolución de estas condiciones en las próximas décadas es profundamente incierta e impredecible. El presente estudio demuestra la utilidad del enfoque de Toma de Decisiones Robustas (RDM por sus siglas en ingles), un método de toma de decisión bajo incertidumbre profunda, para evaluar la vulnerabilidad y las oportunidades de adaptación de la gestión de los recursos hídricos en Mendoza, Argentina. El análisis confirma que el sistema actual de agua de Mendoza es vulnerable a los cambios en el uso de suelo y a los impactos del cambio climático. En casi 900 futuros analizados, la demanda insatisfecha crece significativamente durante los períodos de sequía, un problema que empeora con el tiempo. La mayoría de la demanda insatisfecha se produce en el sector agrícola, con carencias que superan el 35 por ciento en algunos años y futuros. Se analizó la vulnerabilidad de las cuencas de Tulumaya y Costa de Araujo en particular, dos áreas de riego aguas abajo que exhiben una alta demanda insatisfecha en muchos futuros, y del sector agrícola en su conjunto. Tres tipos de futuros conducirían a una alta demanda insatisfecha: 1. Crecimiento económico rápido, excepto si las precipitaciones aumentan mucho; 2. Urbanización tendencial bajo condiciones climáticas medianas o secas; o 3. Urbanización acelerada bajo condiciones secas y un aumento de la temperatura pronunciado. Se evaluaron diferentes estrategias para reducir estas vulnerabilidades: i) construcción de pocos reservorios grandes; ii) de una serie de reservorios más pequeños; iii) e inversiones en riego presurizado. Este es el primer ejercicio de comparación de estas tres opciones bajo incertidumbres climáticas y de uso del suelo. Los resultados demuestran que el aumento del almacenamiento, a través de uno o unos pocos reservorios grandes o una red de reservorios pequeños, no mitigaría significativamente estas vulnerabilidades y sería extremadamente costoso. Las inversiones en riego presurizado podrían reducir las vulnerabilidades de manera más significativa. Este análisis podría ser fortalecido mediante iteraciones adicionales del enfoque RDM, que incorpore las demandas de agua urbana de manera más representativa, así como un mejor reflejo de la temporalidad de regulación de los reservorios, y una mejor representatividad de escenarios climáticos extremos. |
| Date: | 2021–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03318141&r= |
| By: | David Martimort (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales); Jérôme Pouyet (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université, ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School); Thomas Trégouët (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université) |
| Abstract: | An incumbent seller contracts with a buyer and faces the threat of entry. The contract stipulates a price and a penalty for breach if the buyer later switches to the entrant. Sellers are heterogenous in terms of the gross surplus they provide to the buyer. The buyer is privately informed on her valuation for the incumbent's service. Asymmetric information makes the incumbent favor entry as it helps screening buyers. When the entrant has some bargaining power vis-à-vis the buyer and keeps a share of the gains from entry, the incumbent instead wants to reduce entry. The compounding effect of these two forces may lead to either excessive entry or foreclosure, and possibly to a fixed rebate for exclusivity given to all buyers. |
| Keywords: | foreclosure,excessive entry,exclusionary behavior,incomplete information |
| Date: | 2021–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03328387&r= |
| By: | Sabrine Acosta Schnell (UCR - Universidad de Costa Rica) |
| Abstract: | Mini-cities are negotiated and advertised as new real estate products that contribute to various changes for adapting local realities and to the challenges imposed by metropolises. This article deals with how the real estate market uses the historical Costa Rican green exceptionalism and the architectural theory of New Urbanism (NU) to inspire the design of mixed-use projects called mini-cities, in Costa Rica and, thus justify the sale and promotion of alleged "new" urban products. The methodological strategy includes a brief historical analysis of concepts that concatenate in a discussion about advertising discourse and landscaping techniques, since this is a window for understanding the "discursive mechanisms" of various actors. The selected case study is the oldest Costa Rican mini-city: Avenida Escazú. The contribution of the article is a reflection on the symbolic advertising discourse, from the perspective of urban geography and semiotics, to identify how the private sector uses green exceptionalism to justify the "novelties" in the dynamics of consumption in mini-cities. It offers to go beyond a classic binary conclusion and, in this way, questions and highlights the complexity of the NU in Costa Rica. It is concluded that the private sector participates in the mutation of spaces, practices and exchanges in various urban forms, providing what the public sector has not been able to satisfy: the feeling of security, cleanliness, fashion, tranquility and comfort related to traditional urban forms. |
| Abstract: | Las miniciudades son negociadas y publicitadas como nuevos productos inmobiliarios que contribuyen a diversos cambios para adaptarse a las realidades locales y a los retos que imponen las metrópolis. Este artículo trata sobre cómo el mercado inmobiliario utiliza el excepcionalismo verde costarricense y la teoría arquitectural del Nuevo Urbanismo (NU) para inspirar el diseño de los proyectos de uso mixto llamados miniciudades en Costa Rica, y así justificar la venta y promoción de supuestos "nuevos" productos urbanos. La estrategia metodológica incluye un breve análisis histórico de conceptos que concatenan en una discusión sobre el discurso publicitario y las técnicas de paisajismo ya que esta es una ventana para la comprensión de los "mecanismos discursivos" de diversos actores. El caso de estudio seleccionado es la miniciudad costarricense más antigua: Avenida Escazú. La contribución del artículo es una reflexión sobre del discurso simbólico publicitario, desde la perspectiva de la geografía urbana y la semiótica, para identificar cómo el sector privado utiliza el excepcionalismo verde para justificar las "novedades" en las dinámicas de consumo en las miniciudades. Se va más allá de una clásica conclusión binaria y, de esta forma, se cuestiona y resalta la complejidad del NU en Costa Rica. Se concluye que, el sector privado participa de la mutación de espacios, prácticas e intercambios en diversas formas urbanas, brindando lo que el sector público no ha podido satisfacer: el sentimiento de seguridad, de limpieza, de moda, de tranquilidad y de comodidad asociadas a las formas urbanas tradicionales. |
| Keywords: | mini-cities,New Urbanism,Advertising discourses – pragmatics - persuasion - strategy– dialogism,green excepcionalism,Semiotic analysis,Miniciudades,Nuevo Urbanismo,discurso publicitario,excepcionalismo verde,análisis semióticos |
| Date: | 2021–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03330467&r= |
| By: | Hwang, ShinYoung |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb21:238030&r= |
| By: | Pauline Pedehour (Université de Nantes); Lionel Richefort (Université de Nantes) |
| Abstract: | This study develops a model of water extraction with endogenous social norms. Many users are connected by a unique shared resource that can become scarce in case of over-exploitation. Preferences of individuals are guided by their extraction values and their taste for conformity to social norms which provide incentives to follow others. As the main result of this study, the uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium is established under a sufficient condition. Afterward, some comparative statics analysis shows the effects of change in individual heterogeneous parameters, conformism, and density of the network on the global quantity extracted. Welfare and social optimum properties are established to avoid the tragedy of the commons and sub-optimal consumptions of water. Lastly, this theoretical framework is completed by extensions to highlight levers of water preservation, including the calibration of social norm incentives. |
| Keywords: | Comparative statics, Conformism, Nash equilibrium, Network, Social norms, Water extraction |
| JEL: | D04 D80 Q01 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.20&r= |
| By: | Luisa Fernanda Tovar Cortés |
| Abstract: | Bogota is a referent in social inclusion of waste pickers. In 2016, waste pickers organizations became part of the cleaning public service as providers, and they start receiving a payment. Even though the amount of collected and valorised waste has increased, the waste buried in Doña Juana’s landfill continues to grow. The paper problematizes waste valorisation in Bogota through the waste/value dialectic (Gidwani, 2012; Gidwani & Maringanti, 2016) (Gidwani, 2012; Gidwani & Maringanti, 2016). A social waste valorisation approach has been included to rethink the concept of waste beyond a resource to be reinserted into the market and rather consider it as a booster for building community networks. The methodology is based on a literature review and qualitative and quantitative research strategy involving the analysis of the official information, interviews with waste pickers, visits and field observations in Bogota accomplished since 2015. The analytical framework is developed to understand and discuss the value of waste as essential to define its management, to identify who benefits, and to support processes of a social transformation through the waste. *** Bogotá es un referente en inclusión social de recicladores. En 2016, las organizaciones de recicladores se convirtieron en prestadores del servicio público de aseo y su labor es reconocida mediante una tarifa. Aunque la cantidad de residuos recogidos y aprovechados ha aumentado, los residuos enterrados en el relleno de Doña Juana también siguen creciendo. El artículo problematiza el aprovechamiento de los residuos en Bogotá a través de la dialéctica residuos / valor. Se introduce un enfoque de valorización social para repensar el concepto de los residuos más allá de un recurso que se reintegra en el mercado y más bien considerarlo como un impulsor para la construcción de redes comunitarias. La metodología se basa en una revisión de la literatura y una estrategia de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa que involucra el análisis de la información oficial, entrevistas con recicladores, visitas y observaciones de campo en Bogotá realizadas desde 2015. El marco analítico desarrollado busca comprender y discutir el valor de los residuos como elemento esencial para definir su gestión, identificar quiénes se benefician y apoyar procesos de transformación social a través de su gestión. |
| Keywords: | waste management, valorisation, social inclusion, waste pickers, Bogota |
| JEL: | A13 B59 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000430:019567&r= |
| By: | Karin GALLANDAT (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine),; Pierre-Yves DURAND (Agence française de développement),; Thierry VANDEVELDE (Fondation Veolia),; Jaime SAIDI (ministère de la Santé, République démocratique du Congo) |
| Abstract: | Around 2.4 billion cases of diarrhoeal disease were recorded globally in 2015, causing approximately 500,000 deaths among children under five. Over 60% of these deaths were attributed to poor access to water and sani-tation. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease which, if left untreated, can lead to death within hours. Each year, 1.3 to 4 million cases and 95,000 deaths - half of them affecting children under the age of five - are estimated to be due to cholera. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of all chol-era cases occur in “hotspots” accounting for less than 4% of the total population. The Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) strategy targets these hotspots. |
| Keywords: | République démocratique du Congo |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2021–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en12768&r= |