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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Anna Lungarska (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raja Chakir (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Alain Jayet (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ancuta Isbasoiu (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Maxime Ollier (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Eva Gossiaux (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ines Chiadmi (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphane de Cara (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Salomé Kahindo (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Taking into account interactions in many ways between agricultural and animal production activities lead to proposing an agro-economic model of integration capable of restoring its complexity. Greenhouse gas emissions other than carbon dioxide, variability in livestock feed produced on farms or in industry, mineral and organic nitrogen inputs for crops are all examples of these interactions that the AROPAj model helps to assess and analyze in different economic and climatic contexts. This article provides a short and partial summary of what has been published, with an opening to current research. |
| Abstract: | La prise en compte des interactions à de nombreux titres entre activités de production agricole et animale conduisent à proposer un modèle agro-économique d'intégration capable d'en restituer la complexité. Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre autres que le dioxyde de carbone, la variabilité des aliments du bétail produits sur la ferme ou dans l'industrie, les apports d'azote minéral et organique pour les cultures sont autant d'exemple de ces interactions que le modèle AROPAj contribue à évaluer et analyser dans différents contextes économique et climatique. Cet article fait une synthèse courte et partielle de ce qui a été publié, avec une ouverture sur les recherches en cours. |
| Keywords: | Animal and plant interactions,Agro-economic modeling,Agriculture-environment relationship,Modélisation agro-économique,Relations agriculture- environnement,Interactions animales et végétales |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03161714&r= |
| By: | Balsalobre, Daniel; Sinha, Avik; Driha, Oana M.; Shujaat Mubarik, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | Given the rise in ageing population and rising globalization, the European nations are facing difficulties in encountering the climate action and ascertaining energy security. For diffusing the energy innovations and curtailing natural resource extraction, with an objective of reducing carbon emissions, the existing policy framework in these nations might need a reorientation, and there comes the role of the study. This study recommends a policy framework for exploring the effect of natural resource extraction and age dependence on carbon emissions in top-5 European countries (EU-5) for the period of 1990-2017. By applying the Second Generation Panel Modeling approach, the empirical results indicate that the associations of carbon emissions with natural resource extraction, globalization index, and economic growth and ageing population follow an inverted U-shaped relationship, in keeping with the framework of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Based on the findings of the study, a multipronged Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) framework has been designed, and through this framework, SDG 7, SDG 13, and thereafter SDG 8 have been evaluated. While these three SDGs are the central focus of the study, the SDG framework has also suggested a way to evaluate several tangential SDGs. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources; Globalization; Energy Innovation; Ageing; Carbon Emissions |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108159&r= |
| By: | Hambel, Christoph; Kraft, Holger; van der Ploeg, Frederick |
| Abstract: | Asset pricing and climate policy are analyzed in a global economy where consumption goods are produced by both a green and a carbon-intensive sector. We allow for endogenous growth and three types of damages from global warming. It is shown that, initially, the desire to diversify assets complements the attempt to mitigate economic damages from climate change. In the longer run, however, a trade-off between diversification and climate action emerges. We derive the optimal carbon price, the equilibrium risk-free rate, and risk premia. Climate disasters, which are more likely to occur sooner as temperature rises, significantly affect asset prices. |
| Keywords: | asset prices; carbon price; Climate finance; decarbonization; disaster risk; Diversification; green assets |
| JEL: | D81 G01 G12 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14863&r= |
| By: | Ferrazzi, Matteo; Kalantzis, Fotios; Zwart, Sanne |
| Abstract: | Assessing climate change risks at the country levelThe EIB Climate Change Risk Country Scoring Model provides a way to comprehensively assess the climate change risks faced by more than 180 countries. The two sets of scores for physical and transition risks aggregate exposures to various risk factors, taking into account the adaptation and mitigation capacity of each country. The scores confirm that climate risk is a relevant challenge for all countries. However, low-income economies are more vulnerable to physical risk - in particular to acute events, rising sea levels and excessive heat - and in parallel have lower ability to mitigate the challenges posed by the energy transition. High-income economies generally face higher risks from the transition to a low-carbon future. Countries more dependent on fossil fuel revenues are also among the most exposed to transition risk. This paper provides insights into the model as it is currently being developed. Understanding the relative climate risks faced by countries support the management of climate risks at the country level, as well as helping to understand the environmental and policy conditions faced by firms in each country. It can also help to identify mitigation and adaptation priorities and related financing needs. Taken together, a better understanding of the risks and the consequent adaptation and mitigation needs will help to ensure that opportunities to enhance climate resilience are not missed. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:eibwps:202103&r= |
| By: | Roshen Fernando; Weifeng Liu; Warwick J McKibbin |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the global economic consequences of climate-related risk in three broad areas: (1) the macroeconomic impacts of physical climate risk due to chronic climate change associated with global temperature increases and climate-related extreme shocks; (2) the macroeconomic effects of climate policies designed to transition to net zero emissions by 2050 (transition risk); and (3) the potential macroeconomic consequences of changes in risk premia in financial markets associated with increasing concern over climate events. We consider four widely used climate scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways, or RCP), and identify the physical damage functions due to chronic climate risks. The chronic climate risks include sea-level rise, crop yield changes, heat-induced impacts on labor, and increased incidence of diseases. We also estimate the future incidence of climate-related extreme events, including droughts, floods, heat waves, cold waves, storms and wildfires, based on climate variable projections under the climate scenarios. After translating physical climate shocks into economic shocks to labor force and sectoral productivity, we investigate the macroeconomic consequences under the climate scenarios using the G-Cubed model. The results demonstrate that physical climate risk is likely to cause large economic losses in all RCP scenarios, both through chronic climate change and extreme climate shocks. We then explore the impact of country-specific economy-wide carbon taxes as a representative policy action to drive the global economy to achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century. Transition risks vary according to the ambition and the design of policies to reduce emissions. The results demonstrate that there can be potentially significant costs associated with policies to reduce emissions, and the costs differ across sectors and across countries. We also address whether changes in climate risk perceptions can significantly impact the real economy through changes in risk premia in financial markets. We calculate shocks to financial risk premia based on relationships between historical climate shocks and changes in financial market risk premia. We apply these shocks to risk premia under the RCP scenarios and find that the cost of rising risk premia can be of a magnitude consistent with historical experience. The cost appears to be smaller than the economic costs of changes in physical climate risk and transition risk. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Extreme events, Climate shocks, Climate risk, Macroeconomics, DSGE, CGE, G-Cubed |
| JEL: | C51 C53 C54 C55 C68 F41 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-37&r= |
| By: | Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | This paper demonstrates how a central bank might operationalize an expanded role inclusive of managing risks from environmental pollution. The analysis introduces the green interest rate (rg) which depends on temporal changes in the pollution intensity of output. This policy instrument reallocates consumption from periods when output is pollution intensive to when output is cleaner. In economies on a cleaning-up path, rg exceeds r*. For those growing more polluted, rg is less than r*. In the U.S. economy from 1957 to 2016, rg exceeded r* by 50 basis points. Federal environmental policy reversed the orientation between rg and r*. |
| JEL: | E21 E43 E63 Q51 Q53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28891&r= |
| By: | Fanny Le Gloux; Marie Laporte; Sabine Duvaleix; Pierre Dupraz; Elodie Letort |
| Abstract: | Introducing fodder with high omega 3 content such as grass or linseed in the feed ration of dairy cows both improves the milk nutritional profile and reduces enteric methane emissions per litre. This lever is interesting to contribute to climate change mitigation but can also generate additional farm costs. Payment for Environmental Services, such as the Eco-Methane programme implemented by the association Bleu-Blanc-Coeur in France, can support a change of cows’ diet in dairy farms through the valorisation of methane emissions reduction. The effectiveness of such a scheme depends on (i) the definition of a precise indicator of enteric methane emissions capturing the feeding effect, (ii) a payment level that would be sufficiently attractive to compensate for the additional costs faced by farmers. This study compares two indicators of enteric methane emissions to show the effect of taking feeding into account. It also assesses the extra cost of milk production if the grassland areas in fodder crop rotation systems were to be increased in French dairy farms. The estimation of a variable cost function based on data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) suggests a significant increase of the marginal cost of milk production with additional hectares of grass in mountainous areas, and in plains farms for which maize silage represents less than 30% of the fodder crop rotation system. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:311369&r= |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Mishra, Shekhar; Sharif, Arshian; Yarovaya, Larisa |
| Abstract: | Striving to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), countries are increasingly embracing a sustainable financing mechanism via green bond financing. Green bonds have attracted the attention of the industrial sector and policymakers, however, the impact of green bond financing on environmental and social sustainability has not been yet been confirmed. There is no empirical evidence on how this financial product can contribute to achieving the goals set out in Agenda 2030. In this study, we empirically analyze the impact of green bond financing on environmental and social sustainability by considering the S&P 500 Global Green Bond Index and S&P 500 Environmental and Social Responsibility Index, from 1st October 2010 to 31st July 2020 using a combination of advanced quantile modelling approaches. Our results reveal that green financing mechanisms might have gradual negative transformational impacts on environmental and social responsibility. Furthermore, we attempt to design a policy framework to address the relevant SDG’s objectives. |
| Keywords: | green financing; green bonds; Agenda 2030; environmental and social responsibility, wavelet, quantile |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108150&r= |
| By: | Patrycja Klusak; Matthew Agarwala; Matt Burke; Moritz Kraemer; Kamiar Mohaddes |
| Abstract: | Enthusiasm for ‘greening the financial system’ is welcome, but a fundamental challenge remains: financial decision makers lack the necessary information. It is not enough to know that climate change is bad. Markets need credible, digestible information on how climate change translates into material risks. To bridge the gap between climate science and real-world financial indicators, we simulate the effect of climate change on sovereign credit ratings for 108 countries, creating the world’s first climate-adjusted sovereign credit rating. Under various warming scenarios, we find evidence of climate-induced sovereign downgrades as early as 2030, increasing in intensity and across more countries over the century. We find strong evidence that stringent climate policy consistent with limiting warming to below 2°C, honouring the Paris Climate Agreement, and following RCP 2.6 could nearly eliminate the effect of climate change on ratings. In contrast, under higher emissions scenarios (i.e., RCP 8.5), 63 sovereigns experience climate-induced downgrades by 2030, with an average reduction of 1.02 notches, rising to 80 sovereigns facing an average downgrade of 2.48 notches by 2100. We calculate the effect of climate-induced sovereign downgrades on the cost of corporate and sovereign debt. Across the sample, climate change could increase the annual interest payments on sovereign debt by US$ 22–33 billion under RCP 2.6, rising to US$ 137–205 billion under RCP 8.5. The additional cost to corporates is US$ 7.2–12.6 billion under RCP 2.6, and US$ 35.8–62.6 billion under RCP 8.5. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign credit rating, climate change, counterfactual analysis, climate-economy models, corporate debt, sovereign debt |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-34&r= |
| By: | Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Phoebe Koundouri; Xanthi Kartala; Nikolaos Englezos; Zeray Yihdego; Julie Gibson; Jonathan Lautze; Caroline van Bers; Geeske Scholz; Jan Sodoge |
| Abstract: | Despite being host to an extensive amount of natural resources, Africa is experiencing the acute impacts of a population explosion, rapid economic growth and climate change; all exacerbated by poor management. This has taken its toll on precious resources, water in particular, driving the need for innovative tools to support integrated WEF nexus management. This paper presents a framework for the integrated management of water resources, which brings together the socio-anthropological aspects of the WEF nexus under for separate models. The developed framework provides insight into the human element as part of the wider ecosystem; in terms of socio-cultural and economic activity, the laws and policies that govern these activities as well as the potential impacts and consequences of said activities. This paper outlines each individual model, before going on to present a conceptual framework for integrating the various models. The framework, which is grounded in systems thinking, adopts the principles of sustainable development as structural foci in order to position the various models and harmonize their inputs as well as outputs. |
| Date: | 2021–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2107&r= |
| By: | Gunnar S. Eskeland (Norwegian School of Economics); Shiyu Yan (Aarhus University) |
| Abstract: | In addition to a longstanding CO2 component in fuel taxes, Norway has used two main policy instruments to decarbonise its car fleet. A CO2-differentiated registration tax gives strong and continuous incentives to buy cars with lower registered CO2 intensity (or higher fuel efficiency). Moreover, generous tax incentives, including registration tax and VAT exemptions, are applied to zero-emission cars, and have given Norway the highest electric vehicle sales in the world. This paper analyses effects of the two instruments (the vehicle registration tax and tax exemption) using an excellent and detailed data set. |
| Keywords: | co-benefits, Cost-benefit analysis, Distributional effects, environmental externality, Greenhouse gas emission reduction, low-emission vehicles, policy instruments, vehicule registration tax |
| JEL: | L62 Q54 Q41 H23 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:178-en&r= |
| By: | Haitao CHENG; ISHIKAWA Jota |
| Abstract: | We develop a simple international duopoly model to analyze unilateral taxes on greenhouse-gas emissions and border tax adjustments (BTAs) where firms can abate emissions by adopting a clean technology. We specifically explore three policy regimes: i) carbon taxes alone (no BTAs); ii) carbon taxes accompanied by carbon-content tariffs (partial BTAs); and iii) carbon taxes coupled with emission-tax refunds for exports and carbon-content tariffs (full BTAs). We find that carbon taxes are not effective in decreasing global emissions in certain circumstances. Interestingly, an increase in the carbon tax rate can increase global emissions. High tax rates may discourage the adoption of a clean technology. When firm locations are fixed, full BTAs eliminate cross-border carbon leakage. However, partial BTAs can be more effective in reducing global emissions than full BTAs. When firm locations are endogenous, firms tend to produce in foreign countries to avoid the home carbon tax. BTAs discourage production in foreign countries. This effect is stronger with full BTAs than with partial BTAs. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:21030&r= |
| By: | J.M.D. Sandamali Wijayarathne (University of Waikato); Gazi M. Hassan (University of Waikato); Mark J. Holmes (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | The United Nations' seventh Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) ensures universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services for all by 2030. Modern or clean energy is perceived to be the golden thread that connects economic growth, human development, and environmental sustainability. However, one-third of the world's population still uses solid fuels for cooking, indicating the importance of switching from solid to clean fuels. This paper, therefore, analyses demographic, socioeconomic, and housing characteristics that affect household-level cooking energy choices in Sri Lanka. Further, it identifies the synergies between SDG 4, SDG 6, and SDG 7. The data is obtained from the Sri Lankan Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) for 2009 - 2016, covering about 58,000 households. The results of the random effects panel multinomial logit model identify that household income, household wealth, education of head, age and education of spouse, household size, number of children, housing characteristics (number of bedrooms, water facilities, type of wall, floor, and roof), and residential sector are vital in the selection of clean cooking fuel. More specifically, Advanced Sustainability Analysis (ASA) results show SDG 4 and SDG 6 have a strong synergetic effect on SDG 7. The findings suggest the importance of taking the determinants of energy choice and the synergetic gains of the SDGs into account in formulating a comprehensive national energy policy. |
| Keywords: | energy;clean fuel;solid fuel;cooking;Sustainable Development Goal; SDG;synergies |
| JEL: | C25 F24 O13 Q01 Q42 R20 |
| Date: | 2021–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:21/05&r= |
| By: | Francesco Giovanardi (University of Cologne, Center for Macroeconomic Research); Matthias Kaldorf (University of Cologne, Center for Macroeconomic Research. Sibille-Hartmann-Str. 2-8, 50969 Cologne, Germany); Lucas Radke (University of Cologne, Center for Macroeconomic Research); Florian Wicknig (University of Cologne, Center for Macroeconomic Research) |
| Abstract: | We study the preferential treatment of green bonds in the Central Bank collateral framework as an environmental policy instrument. We propose a macroeconomic model with environmental and financial frictions, in which green and conventional entrepreneurs issue defaultable bonds to banks that use them as collateral. Collateral policy solves a financial stability trade-off between increasing bond issuance and subsidizing entrepreneur default risk. In a calibration to the Euro Area, optimal collateral policy features substantial preferential treatment, implying a green-conventional bond spread of 73bp. This increases the green bond share by 0.69 percentage points, while the green capital share increases by 0.32 percentage points, which in turn reduces pollution. The limited response of green investment is caused by higher risk taking of green entrepreneurs. When optimal Pigouvian taxation is available, collateral policy does not feature preferential treatment, but still improves welfare by addressing adverse effects of taxation on financial stability. |
| Keywords: | Green Investment, Central Bank Policy, Collateral Framework, Corporate De-fault Risk, Environmental Policy |
| JEL: | E44 E58 E63 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:098&r= |
| By: | Rudik, Ivan (Cornell University); Lyn, Gary (Iowa State University); Tan, Weiliang; Ortiz-Bobea, Ariel |
| Abstract: | Climate change is expected to significantly affect the planet, but the ultimate economic impact depends on the structure of the economy and the extent to which markets can adapt to changes in local climatic conditions. Here we develop a dynamic-spatial multi-industry climate-economy model with several novel forms of heterogeneity. In our model, regions are linked through trade and factor markets, and daily temperature affects productivity growth and local amenities. We first demonstrate how to use equilibrium conditions of the model to estimate climate impacts on growth and amenities accounting for dynamic and spatial behavior. With a focus on the United States, we then simulate our model to quantify the value of adaptation through inter-state migration or by changing workers' industry of employment, which alter production patterns and trade. We find that market adaptation mitigates and even reverses the negative effects of climate change in the US. In total, market-based adaptation improves US welfare by 14 percentage points. Heterogeneity in industrial responses to climate change and within-year temperature variability play a central role in welfare and the benefits of adaptation. Heterogeneous industrial responses make climate change more beneficial by magnifying the benefits of trade and industry switching. Differences in temperature variability across space and time worsen welfare, and depress the value of adaptation through trade, migration, and industry switching. Our findings point to the importance of proper representation of industrial and climatic heterogeneity for quantifying the impacts of climate change and market-based adaptation. |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:usghb&r= |
| By: | L Reisch; Clive L. Spash; Sabine Bietz |
| Abstract: | How to change economic behaviour and achieve sustainable consumption? This paper reports on using television and internet communication as a means of engaging the least interested sections of society with respect to environmental problems and sustainability issues. The theory behind developing such communication is described and the importance of social psychological factors brought to the fore. Initial results indicating the success of the approach employed in actual broadcasts on television in Germany are then reported. Some concerns over use of the media and public engagement are also discussed. This is a paper from the Socio-Economics and Environment in Discussion working paper series edited by Clive L. Spash which ran from 2007 to 2009. This particular paper appeared in August 2008 and was later published as a book chapter: Reisch, L., C. L. Spash and S. Bietz. 2010. ‘The Socio-Psychology of Achieving Sustainable Consumption: An Example Using Mass Communication’. In R. F. Holt et al. (eds), Post Keynesian and Ecological Economics: Confronting Environmental Issues, pp.178-199. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. |
| Keywords: | Consumption, behaviour, choice, norms, consumer theory, environment |
| JEL: | A13 D11 D12 D46 D62 D64 D70 D40 Q01 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2021_04&r= |
| By: | Da Zhang; Qingyi Wang; Shaojie Song; Simiao Chen; Mingwei Li; Lu Shen; Siqi Zheng; Bofeng Cai; Shenhao Wang |
| Abstract: | Estimating health benefits of reducing fossil fuel use from improved air quality provides important rationales for carbon emissions abatement. Simulating pollution concentration is a crucial step of the estimation, but traditional approaches often rely on complicated chemical transport models that require extensive expertise and computational resources. In this study, we develop a novel and succinct machine learning framework that is able to provide precise and robust annual average fine particle (PM2.5) concentration estimations directly from a high-resolution fossil energy use data set. The accessibility and applicability of this framework show great potentials of machine learning approaches for integrated assessment studies. Applications of the framework with Chinese data reveal highly heterogeneous health benefits of reducing fossil fuel use in different sectors and regions in China with a mean of \$34/tCO2 and a standard deviation of \$84/tCO2. Reducing rural and residential coal use offers the highest co-benefits with a mean of \$360/tCO2. Our findings prompt careful policy designs to maximize cost-effectiveness in the transition towards a carbon-neutral energy system. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.14318&r= |
| By: | Robert J R Elliott; Ingmar Schumacher; Cees Withagen |
| Abstract: | In this article we draw upon early lessons from the 2020 Covid-19 crisis and discuss how these may relate to future research agenda in environmental economics. In particular, we describe how the events surrounding the Covid-19 crisis may inform environmental research related to globalization and cooperation, the green transition, pricing carbon externalities, as well as the role of uncertainty and timing of policy inventions. We also discuss the implications for future empirical research in this area. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, environmental economics, research agenda, green stimulus, cooperation, globalization, green transition |
| Date: | 2020–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2020-003&r= |
| By: | Christoph Boehringer (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics); Thomas Rutherford (University of Wisconsin); Jan Schneider (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the economic impacts of CO2 emissions pricing for Germany in the context of the Paris Agreement where we highlight the role of international market responses for the incidence across heterogeneous households. We consider three settings for international spillover eects: (i) a small-open-economy framework where international commodity prices remain constant, (ii) a multi-region-trade framework with endogenous terms of trade where only Germany undertakes emission pricing, and (iii) a multi-region-trade framework where all other regions also price CO2 emissions. In all three settings Germany complies to a given domestic CO2 emissions reduction target through economy-wide uniform CO2 emissions pricing. CO2 revenues are recycled lump-sum to households on an equal-per-household basis. We nd that the small-openeconomy setting in the case of Germany not only overstates overall economic adjustment costs to CO2 emissions pricing, but also understates the degree of progressiveness of CO2 revenue recycling. The reason is that in the multi-region-trade frameworks Germany is able to pass through part of its economic adjustment costs to trading partners via higher export prices. As a consequence, the CO2 prices required to achieve the domestic emissions reduction target are higher, yielding more CO2 revenues that are recycled to households. |
| Keywords: | computable general equilibrium; incidence; environmental taxes |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:435&r= |
| By: | Malgorzata Rutkowska; Adam Sulich |
| Abstract: | Green Management (GM) is now one of many methods proposed to achieve new, more ecological, and sustainable economic models. The paper is focused on the impact of the developing human population on the environment measured by researched variables. Anthropopressure can have both a positive and a negative dimension. This paper aims to present an econometric model of the Green Industrial Revolution (GIR) impact on the Labour Market. The GIR is similar to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIR) and takes place as the next stage in the development of humanity in the perception of both machines and devices and the natural environment. The processes of the GIR in the European Union can be identified based on selected indicators of Sustainable Development (SD), in particular with the use of indicators of the Green Economy (GE) using taxonomic methods and regression analysis. The GM strives to implement the idea of the SD in many areas, to transform the whole economy, and elements of this process are visible Green Labour Market (GLM). The adopted direction of economic development depends on the as-sumptions of strategic management, which can be defined, for example, with green management, which is mainly manifested in the creation of green jobs. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2106.00464&r= |
| By: | Gazi M Hassan |
| Abstract: | Remittances’ effect on a household’s health outcome (e.g. Infant mortality) is ambiguous, but the impact on health expenditure is positive and less equivocal in literature. This paper puts the relationship between health expenditure and remittances into a stress test to see whether it survives the adverse impact of climate change. Using a natural experiment of rainfall-driven remittances, I provide an experimental measure for remittances’ effect on the health expenditure among rural households in southern Bangladesh. Health expenditure and remittances are jointly related; therefore, I use the instrumental variable approach. The treatment of remittances is randomly assigned to households who suffered losses due to a natural shock from the cyclone-Roanu enabling the instrument, exogenous variation in rainfall interacted with cyclone affected migrant household’s distance to the local weather stations, to identify the average treatment effect for the treatment group (cyclone-affected remittances recipient households). I find that while remittances cause household health expenditures to increase, the marginal effect of remittances is heterogeneous and negative conditional on the household’s exposure to the level of vulnerability proxied by the household’s distance to cyclone shelter. In other words, the health expenditure-remittances nexus gets weaker with the adverse effect of climate change. Specifically, I find that an increase in remittances by a Taka increases health expenditure by 0.24 Taka (24 Paisa) in the absence of any climate hazard but reduces health expenditure by 0.10 Taka (or 10 Paisa) if the measure of climate vulnerability increases by one standard deviation from its mean value. For countries like Bangladesh, which is exceptionally vulnerable to natural hazards, climate vulnerabilities can render the financing of health care costs through remittances unsustainable even if households receive regular and sizable flows. |
| Keywords: | Health expenditure, remittances, climate vulnerability, climate change, endogeneity, natural experiment |
| JEL: | I1 I19 F24 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-47&r= |
| By: | Jean Bonnet (UNICAEN UFR SEGGAT - Université de Caen Normandie - UFR de Sciences Économiques, Gestion, Géographie et Aménagement des Territoires - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université, CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eva Coll-Martínez (LEREPS - Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville); Patricia Renou-Maissant (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations, sustainability has been a key priority for European governments. While previous studies have investigated the associations between indicators of sustainable development, few have directly considered a multidimensional approach to assess and compare the performance of regions in terms of sustainable development. As such, a comprehensive assessment of regional sustainable performance is thus still needed. In this paper, the concept of sustainability relies on the construction of six composite indices (environment and natural resources, energy transition, sustainable mobility, economic dynamism, social cohesion and solidarity, and governance and citizenship) with the aim to provide an evaluation framework for empirically comparing the performance of the 96 metropolitan French Departments. Each dimension is explored by spatial autocorrelation analysis and Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC) to classify French Departments providing five different regional profiles of sustainable development. The findings make it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the departments in the implementation of sustainable development. This approach provides the bases for a systematic monitoring of sustainable development policies at the regional scale. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development,composite index,cluster analysis,spatial autocorrelation analysis,France |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03147434&r= |
| By: | Mukashov, Askar; Henning, Christian H. C. A.; Robertson, Richard; Wiebelt, Manfred |
| Abstract: | With increasing evidence that rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) opt for deagrarianization as an adaptation strategy to climate change, it is becoming important to understand the role of Global Climate Change (GCC) in ongoing structural transformation processes in these countries. We use Senegal as a case study country and analyze how various GCC scenarios affect the country's economic sectors, households' welfare, and structural transformation patterns. Our simulation results suggest that GCC can increase the country's deagrarianization pace, with industrial and service sectors in the capital Dakar being the most important destinations of the former agricultural labor force. Although unplanned urbanization smoothes the overall negative impact of GCC and decreases spatial income disparities, uncontrolled deagrarianization is also associated with negative externalities. Previous growth-focused studies suggest that services partaking in Senegal's deagrarianization can hamper its long-term growth prospects, and our results suggest that productivity increase of services can redirect part of the former agricultural labor force towards industrial sectors. |
| Keywords: | CGE modeling,climate change,deagrarianization,urbanization |
| JEL: | D58 C68 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2187&r= |
| By: | F. Carbone (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]); S. Moroni (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]); W. Mattioli (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]); F. Mazzocchi (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]); M. Romagnoli (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]); L. Portoghesi (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]) |
| Abstract: | Context: European Union policies for sustainable development converge towards the enhancement of forest resources. Hypothesis: enlargement of the range of wood products and increase in timber products usage can only be achieved if these products are more competitive than conventional. Aims: With respect to conifer timber, chestnut timber has competitive characteristics. However, chestnut timber has had very few opportunities for market development in the last decades. As result of its competitiveness margins, the laminated chestnut beams process has recently developed.For this product, a conventional market or competitiveness space has been established as well as its extension in relation to non-market characteristics. Methods: Market space has been defined by determining - the producer's reserve price limits, using the cost approach criteria; - the consumer's upper limit, using the market comparison approach; - the expansion of the upper limit for the non-market characteristics, the environmentally friendly consumer price, determined through interviews with a sample of responsible consumers.R Results Limits are: - the producer's reserve price is 752.68 €/m3 - the consumer's reserve price is 918.77 €/m3 - in the main regional market (Rome district), the environmentally friendly consumer's price is 1164.08 €/m3. Conclusion: Knowledge of the various market limits of chestnut timber allows producers to assess its competitive margins. Conservation over time of these margins, however, requires dedicated governance, as well as the adoption of a forest strategy aimed at promoting the timber production quality and a marketing plan to promote the knowledge of the characteristics of chestnut wood (market and non-market characteristics) and increase the number of responsible consumers. |
| Keywords: | Opportunity cost,Market space,Producer’s reserve price,Consumer’s reserve price,Environmentally friendly reserve price,Production costs,Market prices |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03242316&r= |
| By: | Clive L. Spash |
| Abstract: | Ecological economics has developed as a modern movement with its roots in environmentalism and radical environmental economics. Divisions and conflicts within the field are explored to show why material claiming to fall under the title of ecological economics fails to be representative of progress or the vision which drove socio-economic specialists to interact with ecologists in the first place. The argument is then put forward that ecological economics, as a social science engaging with the natural sciences, is a heterodox school of modern political economy. This is a paper from the Socio-Economics and Environment in Discussion working paper series edited by Clive L. Spash which ran from 2007 to 2009. This particular paper appeared in June 2009 and a revised version was published as a journal article: Spash, C. L. 2011. ‘Social ecological economics: Understanding the past to see the future’. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 70 (2): 340-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2011 .00777.x. |
| Keywords: | ecological economics, methodology, ideology, politics, history |
| JEL: | B55 B4 B29 Q5 Q57 P48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2021_06&r= |
| By: | Christoph Boehringer (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics); Sonja Peterson (Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Germany); Thomas F. Rutherford (University of Wisconsin, USA); Jan Schneider; Malte Winkler (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Keywords: | Paris Agreement; emissions pricing and trading; revenue recycling |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:v4&r= |
| By: | Xiao-Shan Yap (Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland); Bernhard Truffer (Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Sustainability transitions research has increasingly adopted global perspectives on how to deal with sustainability challenges. However, “global” has so far been limited to Earth’s surface and atmosphere. We argue that transitions research should include developments that relate to the orbit and outer space (hereinafter also Space). The Space sector has grown substantially over the last decade in terms of the number of rocket launches, the diversity of actors involved or new essential services that depend on Space-based infrastructures. This entails fundamentally new opportunities to manifold industrial sectors, and enables developing countries to potentially leapfrog polluting industrial development pathways. At the same time, the expansion of the Space sector creates manifold sustainability pressures like atmospheric pollution, high energy consumption, or Space debris in the orbit. This led to recent surges in arguably “green” innovations such as reusable rockets, but also the development of new governance arrangements protecting outer space as a finite resource for humankind. This research note sketches major recent developments in the Space sector and points to promising avenues of research for innovation and transition studies, not only in terms of a new empirical application field but also as an inspiration for new theoretical insights and innovation policies. |
| Keywords: | Outer space; Sustainability transitions; Mission; Governance; Commons; Beyond national jurisdiction |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoe:wpaper:2102&r= |
| By: | Alhassan A. Karakara (University of Cape Coast, Ghana); Evans S. Osabuohien (CEPDeR, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This paper analyses the extent to which households are deprived (or otherwise) of clean energy sources in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – It engages the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data (GDHS VI). Three different energy deprivation indicators were estimated: cooking fuel deprivation, lighting deprivation and indoor air pollution. The empirical evidence is based on logit regressions that explain whether households are deprived or not. Findings – The results show that energy deprivation or access is contingent on the area of residence. Energy access and deprivation in Ghana show some regional disparities, even though across every region, the majority of households use three fuel types: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), charcoal and wood cut. Increases in wealth and education lead to reduction in the likelihood of being energy deprived. Thus, efforts should be geared towards policies that will ensure households having access to clean fuels to reduce the attendant deprivations and corresponding effects of using dangerous or dirty fuels. Originality/value – This study complements the extant literature by analysing the extent to which households are deprived (or otherwise) of clean energy sources in Ghana. |
| Keywords: | Energy deprivation, Ghana, Households, Sustainable development |
| JEL: | O13 P28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:21/023&r= |
| By: | Maoyong Fan (Department of Economics, Ball State University, Whitinger Business Building, Room 201, 2000 W. University Avenue, Muncie, IN 47306); Guojun He (Division of Social Science, Division of Environment and Sustainability, and Department of Economics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK, China); Maigeng Zhou (National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China) |
| Abstract: | China’s coal-fired winter heating systems generate large amounts of hazardous emissions that significantly deteriorate air quality. Exploiting regression discontinuity designs based on the exact starting dates of winter heating across different cities, we estimate the contemporaneous impact of winter heating on air pollution and health. We find that turning on the winter heating system increased the weekly Air Quality Index by 36% and caused 14% increase in mortality rate. This implies that a 10-point increase in the weekly Air Quality Index causes a 2.2% increase in overall mortality. People in poor and rural areas are particularly affected by the rapid deterioration in air quality; this implies that the health impact of air pollution may be mitigated by improved socio- economic conditions. Exploratory cost-benefit analysis suggests that replacing coal with natural gas for heating can improve social welfare. |
| Keywords: | Winter Heating Policy, Air Pollution, Mortality, Coal to Gas, Regression Discontinuity |
| JEL: | Q53 I18 Q48 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hku:wpaper:202071&r= |
| By: | Adam Sulich; Malgorzata Rutkowska; Agnieszka Krawczyk-Jezierska; Jaroslaw Jezierski; Tomasz Zema |
| Abstract: | Growing interdependencies between organizations lead them towards the creation of inter-organizational networks where cybersecurity and sustainable development have become one of the most important issues. The Environmental Goods and Services Sector (EGSS) is one of the fastest developing sectors of the economy fueled by the growing relationships between network entities based on ICT usage. In this sector, Green Cybersecurity is an emerging issue because it secures processes related directly and indirectly to environmental management and protection. In the future, the multidimensional development of the EGSS can help European Union to overcome the upcoming crises. At the same time, computer technologies and cybersecurity can contribute to the implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The development of environmental technologies along with their cybersecurity is one of the aims of the realization of sustainable production and domestic security concepts among the EU countries. Hence, the aim of this article is a theoretical discussion and research on the relationships between cybersecurity and sustainable development in inter-organizational networks. Therefore, the article is an attempt to give an answer to the question about the current state of the implementation of cybersecurity in relation to the EGSS part of the economy in different EU countries. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.13652&r= |
| By: | Surminski, Swenja; Rözer, Viktor |
| Abstract: | Despite improvements in the management of flood risk and the introduction of new regulations, losses from flooding remain high. An important driver is the continuation of new assets being built in flood prone locations. Over the last decade over 120,000 new homes in England and Wales have been built in flood prone areas. While the yearly rates of new homes in flood risk areas have increased only moderately on the national level, significant differences between and within regions as well as between different flood types exist. Using property level data on new homes built over the last decade and information on the socio-economic development of neighbourhoods, we analyse spatial clusters of disproportional increase in flood exposure from recently built homes and investigate how these patterns evolve under different future climate scenarios. We find that a disproportionately higher number of homes built in struggling or declining neighbourhoods between 2008 and 2018 is expected to end up in areas at a high risk of flooding over their lifetime as a result of climate change. Based on these findings, we discuss issues regarding future spending on flood defences, affordability of private level flood protection and insurance as well as the role of spatial planning for adaptation in the face of climate change. |
| Keywords: | flood resilience; exposure; spatial planning; forthcoming |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:108923&r= |
| By: | Somanathan, E.; Somanathan, Rohini; Sudarshan, Anant; Tewari, Meenu |
| Abstract: | Hotter years are associated with lower economic output in developing countries. We show that the effect of temperature on labor is an important part of the explanation. Using microdata from selected firms in India, we estimate reduced worker productivity and increased absenteeism on hot days. Climate control significantly mitigates productivity losses. In a national panel of Indian factories, annual plant output falls by about 2% per degree Celsius. This response appears to be driven by a reduction in the output elasticity of labor. Our estimates are large enough to explain previously observed output losses in cross-country panels. |
| Keywords: | Temperature,warming,labor productivity,labor supply |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 J22 J24 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:912&r= |
| By: | Anthony Ryan; Clive L. Spash; Thomas G Measham |
| Abstract: | Policy has traditionally focused on increasing water supply by investing in large scale and centralised projects. However, demand for water can be substantially decreased if households reuse greywater and/or install rainwater tanks. We investigate water use based on an internet survey of 354 households in the Australian Capital Territory and examine the relationship between socio-economic and psychological variables and the likelihood of the garden being irrigated with greywater and/or rainwater. Income, gender, age and education could not differentiate residents’ by such water use. Residents who used tank water on the garden had higher self reported understanding of water supply options. Female participants and lower income residents were more likely to use greywater on their garden. Concerns about water collection and reuse, which have lead to some large scale projects being politically unacceptable, were not found to predict the use of tank water or greywater on the garden. This is a paper from the Socio-Economics and Environment in Discussion working paper series edited by Clive L. Spash which ran from 2007 to 2009. This paper appeared in February 2009 and was later published as: Ryan, Spash and Measham. 2009. ‘Socio-economic and psychological predictors of domestic greywater and rainwater collection: Evidence from Australia’. Journal of Hydrology 379 (1-2): 164-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.1 0.002. |
| Keywords: | Water management, consumption behaviour, consumer theory, social psychology |
| JEL: | Q25 Q28 Q53 Q58 A13 D01 D11 D12 D13 D46 D62 D64 D70 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2021_05&r= |
| By: | Guojun He (Division of Social Science, Division of Environment and Sustainability, and Department of Economics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK, China); Yuhang Pan (Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong); Takanao Tanaka (Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.) |
| Abstract: | The rapid spread of COVID-19 is a global public health challenge. To prevent the escalation of its transmission, China locked down one-third of its cities and strictly restricted personal mobility and economic activities. Using timely and comprehensive air quality data in China, we show that these counter-COVID-19 measures led to a remarkable improvement in air quality. Within weeks, the Air Quality Index and PM2.5 concentrations were brought down by 25%. The effects are larger in colder, richer, and more industrialized cities. We estimate that such improvement would avert 24,000 to 36,000 premature deaths from air pollution on a monthly basis. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, coronavirus, PM2.5, lockdown, health |
| JEL: | Q53 Q52 I18 I15 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hku:wpaper:202072&r= |
| By: | Hanlon, William Walker; Hansen, Casper Worm; Kantor, Jake |
| Abstract: | Using weekly mortality data for London spanning 1866-1965, we analyze the changing relationship between temperature and mortality as the city developed. Our results show that both warm and cold weeks were associated with elevated mortality in the late 19th-century, but heat effects, due mainly to infant deaths from digestive diseases, largely disappeared after WWI. The resulting change in the temperature-mortality relationship meant that thousands of heat-related deathsâ??equal to 0.8-1.3 percent of all deathsâ??were averted. Our findings also indicate that a series of hot years in the 1890s substantially changed the timing of the infant mortality decline in London. |
| JEL: | I15 N3 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14851&r= |
| By: | Dimmelmeier, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Sustainable finance has received increasing attention over the last years. Nonetheless, the meaning of the term remains ambiguous. This article approaches this ambiguity by understanding sustainable finance as a contested concept, whose meaning has been subject to varying interpretations by different actors. To map these interpretations, the article offers an inductive analysis of the network of actors that concern themselves with sustainable finance. Inside of this network actors offer competing interpretations of sustainable finance which can be conceptualised as frames. Using network analysis and interviews I identify five frames that are present in three periods between 1998 and 2018. Distinct communities advance a Socially Responsible Investment frame, a risks and opportunities frame, a climate finance frame, a critical frame and an integrated frame that tries to bring the different actors together. Describing the emergence of these frames, their position in the network and their relations to each other can add to our understanding of sustainable finance as it complements existing authoritative classifications and histories of the topic. |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7jhgp&r= |
| By: | Joab D. Valdivia C.; Angélica C. Calle S.; Juan C. Carlo S.; Rolando E. Paz R. (Banco Central de Bolivia) |
| Abstract: | Bolivia siempre fue caracterizada como un país exportador de materias primas; esta particularidad se debe a la producción de gas natural y minerales. En la literatura, estos sectores se definen como extractivos no renovables. La presente investigación empleó un set de modelos para evidenciar la sostenibilidad de estos sectores en el crecimiento económico. En línea con Sachs y Warner (1995) y Ding y Field (2005), los resultados son laudables, es decir, existe un efecto negativo de las variables asociadas a recursos naturales extractivos. En la versión recursiva del modelo de Vectores Autorregresivos, se aprecia una mayor persistencia del efecto negativo de recursos naturales en el comportamiento del PIB desde 2012, año en el cual los términos de intercambio presentaron una desaceleración pronunciada. Finalmente, el sector industrial de Bolivia muestra efectos positivos en el comportamiento del crecimiento económico, siendo 0,10pp en 2010 como el máximo efecto y 0,04pp como el mínimo, a junio de 2019. |
| Keywords: | Renta minera, renta por gas natural, recursos naturales, control sintético, diferencias en diferencias, Vectores Autoregresivos (VAR) recursivos |
| JEL: | O13 P28 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:blv:doctra:02/2019&r= |
| By: | Augustyńska, Irena; Bębenista, Arkadiusz |
| Abstract: | The subsidies for legumes introduced in 2010 resulted in an increase in their cultivation area, including the area of sweet lupine and fodder pea. The cultivation of lupine is usually carried out on soils of the rye complex, similarly to winter rye, while the cultivation of peas – on soils of the wheat complex, like winter wheat. Due to similar soil requirements, legumes compete with cereals for the arable land. However, the cultivation of the former is not considered to be very profitable, even after including direct subsidies for cultivation. The purpose of the paper was to determine the production and economic results from the cultivation of the abovementioned legumes and cereals and to compare the profitability of cultivation of sweet lupine in relation to winter rye and fodder pea in relation to winter wheat on selected individual farms in Poland in the years 2015-2017. Profitability of cultivation of the plants was determined primarily using the profitability index of production, which is a percentage relation of the total value of production (excluding direct subsidies) to the total costs. The measure of profitability was also the income from activity without subsidies and income from activity after including subsidies. In the research, we used data from the AGROKOSZTY system, the Polish FADN system and the Central Statistical Office. Vertical and horizontal analysis of the results was used. It was shown that on average in the years 2015-2017, on farms participating in the study of considered plants, the profitability of lupine cultivation, expressed by profitability index, was lower than that of rye, and pea cultivation was slightly higher than that of wheat. In addition, the first income category, which is the gross margin (difference in total production value and direct costs), and one of the last – income from activity without subsidies (difference in total production value and total costs) proved to be in the case of lupine and peas cultivation relatively low compared to cereals competing with them for the same arable land. However, after taking into account the subsidies, cultivation of legumes was more profitable than cultivation of cereals. Therefore, the incentive for cultivation of legumes certainly provides a possibility for receiving subsidies for the area of their cultivation, and also a possibility for receiving subsidies for greening. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:311230&r= |
| By: | Edward J. Oughton |
| Abstract: | Space weather is a collective term for different solar or space phenomena that can detrimentally affect technology. However, current understanding of space weather hazards is still relatively embryonic in comparison to terrestrial natural hazards such as hurricanes or earthquakes. Indeed, certain types of space weather such as large Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are an archetypal example of a low probability, high severity hazard. Few major events, short time-series data and a lack of consensus regarding the potential impacts on critical infrastructure have hampered the economic impact assessment of space weather. Yet, space weather has the potential to disrupt a wide range of Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) systems including electricity transmission, satellite communications and positioning, aviation and rail transportation. Recently there has been growing interest in these potential economic and societal impacts. Estimates range from millions of dollars of equipment damage from the Quebec 1989 event, to some analysts reporting billions of lost dollars in the wider economy from potential future disaster scenarios. Hence, this provides motivation for this article which tracks the origin and development of the socio-economic evaluation of space weather, from 1989 to 2017, and articulates future research directions for the field. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2106.08945&r= |
| By: | Marion Davin (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mouez Fodha (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thomas Seegmuller (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We study whether fiscal policies, especially public debt, can help to curb the macroeconomic and health consequences of epidemics. Our approach is based on three main features: we introduce the dynamics of epidemics in an overlapping generations model to take into account that old people are more vulnerable; people are more easily infected when pollution is high; public spending and public debt can be used to tackle the effects of epidemics. We show that fiscal policies can promote the convergence to a stable steady state with no epidemics. When public policies are not able to permanently eradicate the epidemic, public debt and income transfers could reduce the number of infected people and increase capital and GDP per capita. As a prerequisite, pollution intensity should not be too high. Finally, we define a household subsidy policy which eliminates income and welfare inequalities between healthy and infected individuals. |
| Keywords: | overlapping generations,public debt,pollution,epidemics |
| Date: | 2021–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:halshs-03222251&r= |
| By: | Clive L. Spash; Tone Smith |
| Abstract: | The values of Nature are today ever more contested in attempts to reduce them to a narrow economics calculus and financial metrics. The crisis of modernity is evident is that the concept of Nature itself has been subject to post-modern deconstruction as archaic Romanticism while simultaneously being made into a modernist capital form by economists, bankers and financiers. In this paper we start by defining the meaning of Nature before moving to its values, the two being inseparable. Nature is seen as combining three aspect: (i) being ‘other’ than human, (ii) a biophysical structure and (iii) a quality which humans commonly and intuitively reference but struggle to specify. When turning to the values of Nature we describe the three major meta-ethical systems of Western philosophy—utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics. The contestation especially between utilitarian and rights-based approaches is explored. The role of intrinsic value in these systems is outlined. Modern mainstream economic valuation is then placed in context of the forgoing discussion and critically reviewed as a misguided but hegemonic approach to valuing Nature. The terrain of debate is laid out, briefly covering recent developments of rights to Nature and Nature’s contribution to people. That Nature cannot be dismissed as a concept (something attempted by some post-modernists and strong constructionists), but remains importantly contested in terms of its values, is central to understanding the on-going social-ecological conflicts created by modern economies. |
| Keywords: | environmental values, Nature, ethics, utilitarianism, rights, virtue, incommensurability, intrinsic value, economic valuation, moral considerability/standing, plural values |
| JEL: | A13 B55 D46 D63 Q5 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2021_03&r= |
| By: | Gildas Appéré (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage); Muriel Travers (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The 2020 Coronavirus COVID 19 pandemic has brutally confronted most national governments with a dilemma between fighting the pandemic and maintaining the economic activity. In a very short time, in the absence of effective vaccines and antivirals, they had to think about the implementation of a social distancing policy the least damaging for the economic activity by defining both its magnitude and its timeline. Depending on the priorities displayed by governments between preserving the economic activity and fighting the spread of the pandemic, social distancing policies can vary significantly. However, it was quickly observed that a social distancing policy has also had immediate positive environmental effects linked to the deep fall in the economic activity. This article models how the degree of environmental awareness in public decision-making acts on the optimal social distancing policy. The main conclusion is that higher consideration by the public authorities of the negative environmental effects generated by the economic activity can consolidate a social distancing policy against the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | Economic activity,Optimal control,Pandemic,Pollution,Social distancing policy |
| Date: | 2021–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03250686&r= |
| By: | Sconfienza, Umberto Mario |
| Abstract: | The paper takes a critical view of the narrative of sustainable development and argues that three different environmental narratives - ecomodernism, environmental authoritarianism, and degrowth - are now providing alternative problem-solving accounts of environmental governance. The paper analyses the three narratives according to a common set of categories. Furthermore, it argues that these three narratives are bringing again to scholarly attention debates - over the limits to growth, the limits to technological innovation, and the potential limits of democracy in guiding environmental politics - which, at the end of the last century, had been effectively defused by the hegemonic sustainable development narrative. Finally, the paper explores the significance of the resurgence of these debates for environmental politics. |
| Keywords: | degrowth,environmental authoritarianism,ecomodernism,sustainable development,geoengineering |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:khkgcr:27&r= |
| By: | Julien Chevallier |
| Abstract: | In the Dynamic Conditional Correlation with Mixed Data Sampling (DCC-MIDAS) framework, we scrutinize the correlations between the macro-financial environment and CO2 emissions in the aftermath of the Covid-19 diffusion. The main original idea is that the economy?s lock-down will alleviate part of the greenhouse gases? burden that human activity induces on the environment. We capture the time-varying correlations between U.S. Covid-19 confirmed cases, deaths, and recovered cases that were recorded by the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Center, on the one hand; U.S. Total Industrial Production Index and Total Fossil Fuels CO2 emissions from the U.S. Energy Information Administration on the other hand. High-frequency data for U.S. stock markets are included with five-minute realized volatility from the Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance. The DCC-MIDAS approach indicates that Covid-19 confirmed cases and deaths negatively influence the macro-financial variables and CO2 emissions. We quantify the time-varying correlations of CO2 emissions with either Covid-19 confirmed cases or Covid-19 deaths to sharply decrease by ?15% to ?30%. The main takeaway is that we track correlations and reveal a recessionary outlook against the background of the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19; CO2 emissions; time-varying correlations; macroeconomy; stock markets; DCC MIDAS |
| JEL: | G01 F30 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2021-004&r= |
| By: | Michael Lüken (International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University (ISET), Tbilisi, Georgia); Zurab Abramishvili (International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University (ISET), Tbilisi, Georgia); Norberto Pignatti (International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University (ISET), Tbilisi; IZA) |
| Abstract: | Tackling human-made Climate Change is among the main global challenges today and in the coming decades. Due to the interdisciplinary structure of the topic, the integration of Climate Change into the relevant higher education programs still lags behind. Online teaching resources such as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) might contribute significantly to overcoming this deficiency. In this paper, we describe the design of a class in “Climate Change Economics†and how we implemented it in a BA program at the International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University (ISET) in Tbilisi (Georgia). Our main focus is the integration of a MOOC on Climate Change and further online material as main teaching resources. Our main conclusion is that the MOOC, supplemented with videos on special topics, is a suitable tool to facilitate an interdisciplinary introduction into Climate Change within an academic class in, e.g., Economics. The results of our evaluation show that online resources are highly motivational for students and encourage an efficient studying process. Based on our experiences, we offer recommendations for further strengthening Climate Change as a topic in higher education. We provide suggestions on how online resources such as MOOCs might contribute to that aim. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tbs:wpaper:21-004&r= |
| By: | Agata Rzekęć (IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de L'équitation); C. Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Les équidés, de par leur nature et leur place au sein de la société, ont un rôle à jouer dans le contexte de prise de conscience écologique actuel. Ils sont présentés dans ce projet comme acteurs multifonctionnels, rendant des services environnementaux. Ces derniers sont nommés « atouts verts ». Afin de centraliser les données disponibles à ce sujet au sein des différents pays Européens, l'outil ODEFI (Outil de collecte de Données Environnementales des Filières équines Internationales) a été développé. Il donne lieu à une base de données permettant d'améliorer notre connaissance sur les atouts verts des filières équines européennes. En 2020-2021, huit pays ont été enquêtés (France, Belgique, Suède, Croatie, Pologne, Slovénie, Roumanie et Allemagne) au travers de 58 indicateurs. Une grande hétérogénéité entre pays apparait concernant la disponibilité des données. Néanmoins, une première typologie peut être dessinée avec trois groupes de pays : (1) le cheval, outil agricole en élevage extensif ; (2) le cheval sportif ou de loisir, associé à un regain d'intérêt pour sa force motrice ; (3) un intermédiaire entre les deux situations précédentes. La collecte se poursuit auprès d'autres pays afin d'affiner les résultats et de dresser un panorama des atouts verts européens le plus complet possible. |
| Keywords: | banque de données,environnement,Europe,politique agricole |
| Date: | 2021–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03238335&r= |
| By: | Jaller, Miguel; Rodier, Caroline; Zhang, Michael; Lin, Huachao; Lewis, Kathryn |
| Abstract: | There is a need to optimally allocate curb space-one of the scarcest resources in urban areas-to the different and growing needs of passenger and freight transport. Although there are plenty of linear miles of curbside space in every city, the growing adoption of ride-hailing services and the rise of e-commerce with its residential deliveries, and the increased number of micro-mobility services, have increased pressure on the already saturated transportation system. Traditional curbside planning strategies have relied on land-use based demand estimates to allocate access priority to the curb (e.g., pedestrian and transit for residential areas, commercial vehicles for commercial and industrial zones). In some locales, new guidelines provide ideas on flexible curbside management, but lack the systems to gather and analyze the data, and optimally and dynamically allocate the space to the different users and needs. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review on several topics related to curb space management, discussing various users (e.g., pedestrians, bicycles, transit, taxis, and commercial freight vehicles), summarizing different experiences, and focusing the discussion on Complete Street strategies. Moreover, the authors reviewed the academic literature on curbside and parking data collection, and simulation and optimization techniques. Considering a case study around the downtown area in San Francisco, the authors evaluated the performance of the system with respect to a number of parking behavior scenarios. In doing so, the authors developed a parking simulation in SUMO following a set of parking behaviors (e.g., parking search, parking with off-street parking information availability, double-parking). These scenarios were tested in three different (land use-based) sub-study areas representing residential, commercial and mixed-use. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Parking, curbside management, simulation, congestion, emissions, travel distances |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3jn371hw&r= |
| By: | Nurry Widya Hesty; Dian Galuh Cendrawati; Rabindra Nepal; Muhammad Indra al Irsyad |
| Abstract: | Indonesia has a target of achieving 23% of renewable energy share in total energy mix in 2025. However, as commonly observed across developing economies, Indonesia also does not have accurate and comprehensive database of renewable energy potentials, especially wind energy. Therefore, this article aims to assess the theoretical potential of wind speed and to visualize the wind speed by province based on wind map using GIS for the entire Indonesia. Our assessment integrates advanced analytical techniques, i.e., Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, method geographic information system (GIS), Newtonian relaxation assimilation technique, and Variational Analysis Method (VAM). The robustness of our analysis is confirmed by using high resolution data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) database and Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) Reanalysis satellite data. Wind resource measurement data in Jayapura, Bantaeng and Sukabumi sites are used to validate the modelling results. The biases of the modelled data are 0.324, 0.368, and 0.324 in Jayapura, Bantaeng and Sukabumi respectively. This conclusion has two global implications. First, this study shows the WRF method is a feasible option to estimate wind speed data in developing countries commonly lacking meteorological stations to measure the wind energy resources. Second, the yearly wind mapping by province level produces mean wind speed map that is a useful information to indicate the profile of wind energy resource as the input for the wind energy system planning. We then match the wind energy potentials with other factors influencing wind warm feasibility, e.g., renewable energy tariffs, and parameters of power system flexibility. |
| Keywords: | Wind energy, Indonesia, Renewable Resources, Weather Research and Forecasting |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-31&r= |
| By: | Dimitri Dubois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stefano Farolfi (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Phu Nguyen-Van (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UL - Université de Lorraine - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Juliette Rouchier (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper experimentally investigates the impact of different information sharing mechanisms in a common-pool resource game, with a view to finding a mechanism that is both efficient and inexpensive for the managing agency. More precisely, we compare the observed extraction levels produced as a result of three mechanisms: a mandatory information sharing mechanism and two voluntary information sharing mechanisms that differ in the degree of freedom given to the players. Our main result is that a voluntary information sharing mechanism could help in reaching a lower average extraction level than that observed with the mandatory mechanism. |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03024197&r= |
| By: | Adam Sulich; Malgorzata Rutkowska; Uma Shankar Singh |
| Abstract: | The graduates careers are the most spectacular and visible outcome of excellent university education. This is also important for the university performance assessment when its graduates can easily find jobs in the labor market. The information about graduates matching their qualifications and fields of studies versus undertaken employment, creates an important set of data for future students and employers to be analyzed. Additionally, there is business environment pressure to transform workplaces and whole organizations towards a more green and sustainable form. Green Jobs (GJ) are the elements of the whole economic transformation. This change is based on the green qualifications and green careers which translate theoretical assumptions into business language. Therefore, the choice of future career path is based on specified criteria, which were examined by surveys performed among graduates by the career office at Wroclaw University of Technology (WUT) in Poland. The aim of this article was to address the question about the most significant criteria of green career paths among graduates of WUT in 2019. Special attention was paid to the GJ understood as green careers. In this article, the multi-criteria Bellinger method was explained, presented, and then used to analyze chosen factors of choice graduates career paths and then compared with Gale-Shapley algorithm results in a comparative analysis. Future research can develop a graduate profile willing to be employed in GJ. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2106.00465&r= |
| By: | Gildas Appéré (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage); Muriel Travers (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Many empirical studies underline that the main reasons for purchasing organic foods are the protection of health and environment and that the organic price premium is one of the major barriers to their consumption. These studies also show that there is a strong heterogeneity of these organic premiums as well as the Willingness To Pay (WTP) an organic premium. However, it is clear from these studies that there is no consensus concerning the determinants of these WTP. This article focuses on the question of the formation of these WTP an organic premium when the consumer decides to commit himself in a long-lasting consumption of organic foods to protect his health and environment. Using a dynamic analysis framework, we show that there is not one but several WTP and their determinants are a synthesis combining the consumer's characteristics but also his fears on the environmental impact of conventional agriculture as well as his fears about how a regular consumption of conventional food directly affects his life expectancy. We also show that the price barrier should be analyzed dynamically: for a consumer, the same price of organic foods may initially dissuade him from consuming organic foods but not necessarily throughout his life. |
| Keywords: | Organic food,Health risks,Optimal control,Environment,Willingness To Pay |
| Date: | 2021–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03250688&r= |
| By: | HASHIMOTO Yuki; TAKAHASHI Kohei |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of the Business Sustainable Subsidy (BSS) on small enterprises' productivity. The BSS aims productivity improvement and sustainable development of small enterprises by aiding a part of expenses for their business activities. We use rich firm data which contains the attributes and the accounting information of both applied and non-applied firms and examine the effects of receiving and applying for the subsidies. We employ sharp regression discontinuity design for the effects of reception and difference in differences design for that of application. Our empirical results show that significant differences in small enterprises' performance improvement were not evident between receiving the subsidies and not. On the other hand, we found that applicant small enterprises perform higher productivity and sales growth than not-applicant firms. We also robustly obtain the positive results of application impacts by difference in differences model with propensity score matching, controlling for preintervention levels and trends in the outcome. Our findings imply that application in itself promotes firms' voluntarily activities to their own business issues through external support, and leads to improve their productivity. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:21039&r= |
| By: | Hellwig, Christian |
| Abstract: | I analyze dynamic Mirrlees taxation with preferences that are non-separable between con- sumption, leisure and type, which determines both ability and consumption needs. I show how to account for non-separable preferences through a simple change in probability measures. I ge- neralize the existing Inverse Euler Equation and optimal static labor tax formulae and provide a unied intuition based on a set of perturbations around the optimal allocations that preserve expected utility and incentive compatibility. Non-separability in preferences gives rise to a new tradeo between current and future redistribution that is internalized by the planner's solution but not by private savings decisions. This leads to a novel rationale to subsidize (tax) savings and make labor taxes more (less) persistent, when more productive agents also have higher (lower) consumption needs. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:125745&r= |
| By: | Stefano Carattini; Sam Fankhauser; Jianjian Gao; Caterina Gennaioli; Pietro Panzarasa |
| Abstract: | Over the past 70 years, the number of international environmental agreements (IEAs) has increased substantially, highlighting their prominent role in environmental governance. This paper applies the toolkit of network analysis to identify the network properties of international environmental cooperation based on 546 IEAs signed between 1948 and 2015. We identify four stylised facts that offer topological corroboration for some key themes in the IEA literature. First, we find that a statistically significant cooperation network did not emerge until early 1970, but since then the network has grown continuously in strength, resulting in higher connectivity and intensity of cooperation between signatory countries. Second, over time the network has become closer, denser and more cohesive, allowing more effective policy coordination and knowledge diffusion. Third, the network, while global, has a noticeable European imprint: initially the United Kingdom and more recently France and Germany have been the most strategic players to broker environmental cooperation. Fourth, international environmental coordination started with the management of fisheries and the sea, but is now most intense on waste and hazardous substances. The network of air and atmosphere treaties is weaker on a number of metrics and lacks the hierarchical structure found in other networks. It is the only network whose topological properties are shaped significantly by UN-sponsored treaties. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2106.08883&r= |
| By: | Chakraborty, Debapriya; Buch, Koral; Tal, Gil |
| Abstract: | Total cost of ownership (TCO) studies are generally used as a tool to understand how and when plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) technology will reach cost parity with conventional fuel vehicles. Post cost-parity, the PEV market should be able to sustain without government intervention. The researchers present here a detailed analysis of vehicle manufacturing costs and market-level TCO accounting for technology uncertainties, behavioral heterogeneity, and key decision parameters of automakers. Using the estimates of the vehicle manufacturing costs, they estimate the cost of electrification of California’s LDV fleet to achieve the state’s net-zero emission goal by 2045. The results suggest that PEVs may not be cost competitive even in 2030 without stronger policy support and automakers initiative. Moreover, TCO is not a single number, and the cost of electrification will vary across the population based on the cost of vehicles available in the market, their charging capabilities at home and public, and energy costs. The TCO estimates and the cost of fleet electrification analysis not only has important implications for policymakers but can also offer a foundation for understanding the effect of market dynamics on the cost-competitiveness of the PEV technology. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Total cost of ownership, zero emission vehicles, teardown analysis, market segments |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt48c2z787&r= |
| By: | Carlos, Ann M.; Feir, Donna; Redish, Angela |
| Abstract: | Abundant land and strong property rights are conventionally viewed as key factors underpinning US economic development success. This view relies on the "Pristine Myth" of an empty undeveloped land. But the abundant land of North America was already made productive and was the recognized territory of sovereign Indigenous Nations. We demonstrate that the development of strong property rights for European/American settlers was mirrored by the attenuation and increasing disregard of Indigenous property rights and that the dearth of discussion of the dispossession of Indigenous nations results in a misunderstanding of some of the core themes of US economic history. |
| Keywords: | indigenous peoples,development of the American economy,Institutions |
| JEL: | N40 N41 N50 N51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qucehw:201204&r= |
| By: | Spencer, Nekeisha.; Urquhart, Mikhail-Ann. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995126293202676&r= |
| By: | Paul Muller (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UL - Université de Lorraine - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement); Michael Böhm (Ecozept - Partenaires INRAE); Péter Csillag (Corvinus University of Budapest - Corvinus University of Budapest); Michele Donati (University of Parma); Marion Drut (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement); Hugo Ferrer-Pérez (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Lisa Gauvrit (Ecozept - Partenaires INRAE); Jose Gil (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Viet Hoang (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Agata Malak-Rawlikowska (Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] - UW - University of Warsaw); Konstadinos Mattas (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Orachos Napasintuwong (Kasetsart University - KU (THAILAND) - KU - Kasetsart University); An Nguyen (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Ioannis Papadopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Bojan Ristic (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Zaklina Stojanovic (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Áron Török (Corvinus University of Budapest); Efthimia Tsakiridou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Mario Veneziani (University of Parma); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Food quality schemes (FQS: organic and geographical indication products) are often supposed to be more sustainable by their political advocates. We explore the social sustainability advantage of FQS through the lens of supply chains' bargaining power (BP) distribution. We propose an indicator synthesizing different sources underlying BP (competition-based, transactional, institutional) and counting two dimensions (fair BP distribution and adaptation capacity), that we apply to 18 FQS supply chains and corresponding reference. FQS perform better than their reference products on both dimensions. This better performance is due to a combination of sources. |
| Keywords: | bargaining power,market power,transaction costs,institutions,social sustainability indicator,Bargaining power |
| Date: | 2021–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03247010&r= |
| By: | Peter Fisker; David Malmgren-Hansen; Thomas Pave Sohnesen |
| Abstract: | Cyclone Idai, the most devastating cyclone ever recorded in Southern Africa, caused havoc in large parts of central Mozambique, especially the port city of Beira, upon its landfall in March 2019. This study reviews and compares measurements of the impact, using various sources of remote sensing data. |
| Keywords: | Remote sensing, Natural disasters, Urban |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2021-89&r= |
| By: | John Y. Campbell; Ian Martin |
| Abstract: | We view sustainability as a requirement that welfare should not be expected to decline over time. We impose this requirement as a prior constraint on the consumption-savings-investment problem, and study its implications for saving, risky investment, and the social discount rate. The constraint does not distort portfolio choice, but it imposes an upper bound on the sustainable time preference rate and on the sustainable consumption-wealth ratio, which we show must lie between the riskless rate and the expected return on optimally invested wealth. |
| JEL: | G11 Q01 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28899&r= |
| By: | Veronica Giwashi Maigida (Department of Banking and Finance, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, and Financial Analyist Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Mikhail Miklyaev (Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Glenn P. Jenkins (Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia is attributed to the widespread use of traditional methods for honey production, faulty equipment and training. This situation results in low productivity and quality of table honey, and only a little is prepared for the export. Due to low productivity and low agricultural income, this project seeks to improve farmers' livelihoods. This analysis describes the primary risk factors posed by beekeepers, and it calculates the net economic gains to the different project stakeholders. A deterministic cost-benefit model was used to determine three choices for intervention: the provision of three new beehives / per beekeeper, the provision of three new beehives with equipment / per beekeeper, and the provision of three modern beehives with modern beehives / per beekeeper equipment and training to improve the honey production capacity of the honey value chain in Ethiopia. |
| Keywords: | traditional beehives, modern beehives, honey production, honey value chain, sustainable development, Ethiopia. |
| JEL: | D13 D31 D61 D62 |
| Date: | 2021–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4576&r= |
| By: | Blanco, Hilda |
| Abstract: | California, like most of the country, was facing a transformation in retail before the COVID-19 epidemic. Increasing Internet shopping have ushered the closing of anchor stores, such as Macy's, Sears, as well as the closure of many regional shopping malls, which have sizable footprints, ranging from 40-100+ acres. The epidemic has accelerated these trends. This offers opportunities for the redevelopment of failing malls to address pressing needs in California, the need for housing, and for efficient transit provision for such redevelopments. This research is focused on how mall conversions can be planned and implemented in a sustainable way. The research uses a national commercial database, and available literature, to first identify a set of distressed shopping malls (10) in the four largest metropolitan areas in the state as potential sites for redevelopment, some with current plans for redevelopment and others without such plans. It then develops profiles of the 10 malls that include: size, land uses permitted, history; relevant characteristics of the city (e.g., percentage of owner-occupied housing; median income, affordable housing needs), as well as brief descriptions of the mall owner, transit access, and environmental vulnerabilities. From a review of the relevant literature on sustainable redevelopment, and taking into account the California context, the project developed sustainability criteria for assessing shopping mall redevelopment plans in the state, and applied the criteria to four cases with active redevelopment plans. A major finding is the potential that mall redevelopment plans have to meet the major social sustainability criterion—the construction of affordable housing. Comparing the affordable housing target for the city to the number of housing units planned, the study estimates the percentage of the city’s affordable housing target the city can reach with different mixes of affordable vs. market-rate housing units in the project. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Shopping mall redevelopment, mixed-use housing centers, transit-oriented development, sustainable redevelopment, affordable housing |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4jd481mt&r= |
| By: | Guglielmo Maria Caporale; Luis A. Gil-Alana; Alex Plastun; Inna Makarenko |
| Abstract: | This paper uses R/S analysis and fractional integration techniques to examine the persistence of two sets of 12 ESG and conventional stock price indices from the MSCI database over the period 2007-2020 for a large number of both developed and emerging markets. Both sets of results imply that there are no significant differences between the two types of indices in terms of the degree of persistence and its dynamic behaviour. However, higher persistence is found for the emerging markets examined (especially the BRICS), which suggests that they are less efficient and thus offer more opportunities for profitable trading strategies. Possible explanations for these findings include different type of companies’ ‘camouflage’ and ‘washing’ (green, blue, pink, social, and SDG) in the presence of rather lax regulations for ESG reporting. |
| Keywords: | stock market, ESG, persistence, long memory, R/S analysis, fractional integration |
| JEL: | C22 G12 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9098&r= |
| By: | Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm |
| Abstract: | Meeting on the second anniversary of the Paris Agreement signing in 2017, the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat founded the Climate Chain Coalition (CCC). Backed by a number of multi-stakeholder groups like the Blockchain for Climate Foundation, the Ottawa-based CCC promotes the 'blockchainization' of the Paris Agreement. What kind of 'cooler' world do blockchain-based climate governance projects conjure? This paper scrutinizes the shared visions materializing across climate finance experiments, locating them largely within existing individualistic imaginaries rather than more collectivistic alternatives. It finds the imaginaries of 'cool' technological experimentation to fall short in materializing broader input and more effective output required to overcome the legitimacy crisis facing market-led climate governance. |
| Keywords: | Blockchain,Technology,Finance,Governance,Legitimacy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:khkgcr:28&r= |
| By: | Jakub Soko³owski; Jan Frankowski; Joanna Mazurkiewicz |
| Abstract: | As a result of decarbonisation, the number of jobs in coal mining and mining-relatedindustries will drop. However, the risk of increased unemployment related to this process can be minimised. To that end, in order to mitigate the consequences of the transition away from coal, it is necessary to halt the inflow of new workers, to allow older employees to work until they reach retirement eligibility, and to provide support in advance for younger workers in mining and mining-relatedindustries so that they can take up jobs outside of the sector. To achieve that, we suggest three instruments: (1) relocating workers to coking coal mines, (2) retraining, and (3) support in starting up and running a business. With these instruments, it is possible to help accelerate decarbonisation while retaining a well-qualified workforce in the regional labour market |
| Keywords: | energy and climate, labour market |
| JEL: | J21 L71 Q43 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:ppaper:pp022021&r= |
| By: | Tong Koecklin, Manuel; Longoria, Genaro; Fitiwi, Desta; DeCarolis, Joseph; Curtis, John |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:rb202105&r= |
| By: | Isil Erol (University of Reading); Umut Unal (University of Marburg); Yener Coskun (Capital Market Board of Turkey Ankara) |
| Abstract: | Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing in the corporate real estate industry has notably increased since the mid-2000s. Utilizing PVAR-Granger causality model and a fixed-effects panel data model with a rich dataset comprising 234 ESG-rated REITs across five developed economies from 2003 to 2019, this study investigates both the causal relationship and the sign of the association between corporate social and financial performance for the REIT industry. The results suggest that stock market investors pay attention to individual E/S/G metrics and price each component of ESG investing differently, with environmental (E-investing) and social (S-investing) practices being the significant social performance factors influencing the financial performance of REITs. This study is the first attempt to test the social impact hypothesis of the stakeholder theory of the corporation and the neoclassic trade-off argument to explore corporate social responsibility and the market valuation of REITs. We find strong support for the trade-off hypothesis in our full-sample analysis and argue that REITs’ environmental policies and activities involve high financial costs that may drain off capital and other company resources and lead to decreasing market returns. We also find that investors have attached a higher value to REITs’ social investing performance in the post-GFC period, from 2011 to 2019. A positive premium for S-investing supports the social impact hypothesis, indicating that companies that reduce or ignore socially responsible actions to lower their implicit costs incur higher explicit costs, giving rise to competitive disadvantage. |
| Keywords: | Corporate social performance, ESG investing, REITs, financial performance, panel data, fixed effects regression, PVAR Granger causality test, social impact hypothesis, trade-off hypothesis. |
| JEL: | G11 G15 G32 M14 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202123&r= |
| By: | C. Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); B. Leroy (BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Rodolphe Gozlan (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UM - Université de Montpellier - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); A.-C. Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); C. Assailly (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); L. Nuninger (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); David Roiz (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frédéric Jourdain (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); I. Jarić (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS - Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences - CAS - Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague]); F. Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biological invasions are responsible for tremendous impacts globally, including huge economic losses and management expenditures. Efficiently mitigating this major driver of global change requires the improvement of public awareness and policy regarding its substantial impacts on our socio-ecosystems. One option to contribute to this overall objective is to inform people on the economic costs linked to these impacts; however, until now, a reliable synthesis of invasion costs has never been produced at a global scale. Here, we introduce InvaCost as the most up-to-date, comprehensive, harmonised and robust compilation and description of economic cost estimates associated with biological invasions worldwide. We have developed a systematic, standardised methodology to collect information from peer-reviewed articles and grey literature, while ensuring data validity and method repeatability for further transparent inputs. Our manuscript presents the methodology and tools used to build and populate this living and publicly available database. InvaCost provides an essential basis (2419 cost estimates currently compiled) for worldwide research, management efforts and, ultimately, for data-driven and evidence-based policymaking. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03085161&r= |
| By: | Matus, Kira; Veale, Michael |
| Abstract: | Forthcoming (open access) in Regulation and Governance Abstract—The increasing deployment of machine learning systems has raised many concerns about its varied negative societal impacts. Notable among policy proposals to mitigate these issues is the notion that (some) machine learning systems should be certified. In this paper, we illustrate how recent approaches to certifying machine learning may be building upon the wrong foundations and examine what better foundations may look like. While prominent approaches to date have centered on networking standards initiatives led by organizations including the IEEE or ISO, we argue that machine learning certification may be better grounded in the very different institutional structures found in the sustainability domain. We first illustrate how policy challenges of machine learning and sustainability have significant structural similarities. Like many commodities, machine learning is characterized by difficult or impossible to observe credence properties, such as the characteristics of data collection, or carbon emissions from model training, as well as value chain issues, such as emerging core-periphery inequalities, networks of labor, and fragmented and modular value creation. We examine how focusing on networking standards, as is currently done, is likely to fail as a method to govern the credence properties of machine learning. While networking standards typically draw their adoption and enforcement from a functional need to conform in order to participate in a network, salient policy issues in machine learning issues benefit from no such dynamic. Finally, we apply existing research on certification systems for sustainability to the qualities and challenges of machine learning to generate lessons across the two, aiming to inform design considerations for emerging regimes. |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:pm3wy&r= |
| By: | Zieliński, Marek; Sobierajewska, Jolanta |
| Abstract: | The study shows a comparative analysis of areas (communes) with a varying level of saturation with high nature value utilised agricultural area (HNV UAA) and assessed the functioning of farms from these areas in Poland. Firstly, three groups of communes differing in terms of the share of HNV UAA in the total area were identified. The first group were communes with the share of HNV UAA in the total area amounting to less than 10% (1st group communes), the second – communes with the share of HNV UAA equal to or higher than 10% and lower than 40% (2nd group communes), and the third – communes with the share of HNV UAA of at least 40% (3rd group communes). In these communes, the assessment covered the average number of farms along with their average UAA, percentage (%) of communes with farms having the average UAA equal to or higher than the Polish average, as well as the change in % in the population and the share in % in the communes where the population decreased by at least 5% in 2004-2017 and their average agricultural production area valorisation index (APAV). Then, the assessment of functioning covered 2878 farms with crop, livestock and mixed (crop and livestock) production from those communes which have continuously kept accounts for the Polish FADN system in 2014- -2016. This assessment took account of their production potential, production organisation, land and labour productivity and income per 1 FWU. The study used the data from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARiMR), the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Institute (IUNG-PIB), data from farms keeping accounts for the Polish FADN in 2014-2016 as well as literature data. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:311223&r= |