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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2021‒05‒17
sixty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Esther Turnhout (Wageningen University [The Netherlands]); Pamela Mcelwee (Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers University); Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jennifer Clapp (School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo); Cindy Isenhour (Department of Anthropology & Climate Change Institute, University of Maine); Eszter Kelemen (ESSRG ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH GROUP HUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture, Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Sociology, Budapest); Tim Jackson (Center for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity, University of Surrey); Daniel Miller (Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Graciela Rusch (NINA NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH TRONDHEIM NOR - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Joachim Spangenberg (Sustainable Europe Research Institute SERI Germany, Cologne); Anthony Waldron (Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Cambridge University, The Working Ant, Cambridge) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic, its impact on the global economy, and current delays in the negotiation of the post-2020 global biodiversity agenda of the Convention on Biological Diversity heighten the urgency to build back better for biodiversity, sustainability, and well-being. In 2019 the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) concluded that addressing biodiversity loss requires a transformative change of the global economic system. Drawing on the IPBES findings, this policy perspective discusses actions in four priority areas to inform the post-2020 agenda: (1) Increasing funding for conservation; (2) redirecting incentives for sustainability; (3) creating an enabling regulatory environment; and (4) reforming metrics to assess biodiversity impacts and progress toward sustainable and just goals. As the COVID-19 pandemic has made clear, and the negotiations for the post-2020 agenda have emphasized, governments are indispensable in guiding economic systems and must take an active role in transformations, along with businesses and civil society. These key actors must work together to implement actions that combine short-term impacts with structural change to shift economic systems away from a fixation with growth toward human and ecological well-being. The four priority areas discussed here provide opportunities for the post-2020 agenda to do so. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity conservation,Economic systems,Green finance,Incentives,Metrics,Policy,Regulation,Subsidies,Trade,Transformative change |
| Date: | 2021–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03216191&r= |
| By: | Julia Bahlmann (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)); Paul J.J. Welfens (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)) |
| Abstract: | There is a long debate about potential pollution haven effects existing in the global North and South in the context of rising environmental stringency. This contribution takes a fresh look at intra-OECD foreign direct investment and employs a modern FDI gravity modelling approach to shed more light on these issues. There is clear evidence in favor of the pollution haven hypothesis - countries with weaker environmental policy and regulation are able to attract relatively high FDI inflows so that new challenges for environmental policy and international cooperation in environmental policy have to be considered. As regards environmental policy, more political cooperation between the OECD countries seems to be required in order to prevent or mitigate "quasi-carbon leakage" effects from undermining the effectiveness of environmental and climate policy. The evidence obtained from this analysis of OECD countries suggests the benefit of extending this research in future to other country groups, to include countries in Asia or Latin America and Africa. |
| Keywords: | FDI, Pollution Haven Countries, OECD, Gravity Modelling, Environmental Policy |
| JEL: | F21 Q43 Q50 Q58 C23 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwu:eiiwdp:disbei294&r= |
| By: | M. A. Ehyaei (Islamic Azad University); Simin Baloochzadeh (University of Sunderland); A. Ahmadi (IUST - Iran University of Science and Technology [Tehran]); Stéphane Abanades (PROMES - Procédés, Matériaux et Energie Solaire - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | One of the necessities of human beings in this century is the potable water supply. This supply has more environmental benefits if the potable water is supplied by renewable energy resources. In this paper, a combination of combined cooling and power system (Goswami cycle), with the reverse osmosis and sodium hypochlorite plant powered by geothermal energy resources is proposed. The products of this system are electrical and cooling energy, potable water, hydrogen and salt. To investigate all of the system aspects, energy, exergy, economic, exergoenvironmental, and environmental analyses are performed. In environmental analysis, the social costs of air pollution are considered. It means that for the same amount of system electrical power produced by non-renewable energy resource power generation systems, the produced air pollution gases and their costs considering the social cost of air pollution are quantified. In this regard, four scenarios are defined. Results show this multi-generation system produces 1.751 GJ/year electrical energy, 1.04 GJ/year cooling energy, 18106.8 m 3 /year potable water, 7.396 Ton/year hydrogen, and 3.838 Ton/year salt throughout a year. The system energy and exergy efficiencies are equal to 12.25%, and 19.6%. The payback period time of this system is equal to 2.7 years. |
| Keywords: | Goswami Cycle,Reverse Osmosis,Salt,Exergy,Economic,Exergoenvironmental |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03221045&r= |
| By: | Antoniou, Fabio; Delis, Manthos; Ongena, Steven; Tsoumas, Chris |
| Abstract: | Effective environmental policy should consider how the financiers of polluting firms behave. In a theoretical model describing the periods before and after policy implementation, we show that loan spreads for firms participating in cap-and-trade programs are a function of the costs of compliance and the specific features of the permits markets. With higher permits storage and lower permit prices, firm financing costs fall. Our empirical analysis exploits the dichotomy created by phase III of the EU Emission Trading System, designed to increase and pass the cost of CO2 emissions to the polluters. In contrast with possible program intentions but in line with our theoretical predictions, loan spreads fall by 25% on average starting in 2013. We empirically identify permits storage before program implementation and its associated effect as key drivers of the fall in loan spreads for affected firms, and we show that this dynamic partly undermines the expected reduction in CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | Bond spreads; CO2 emissions; EU Emission Trading System; Loan spreads; Pollution permits |
| JEL: | G12 G21 Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15517&r= |
| By: | Lutz Sager (McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University) |
| Abstract: | I investigate the distributional effects of environmental trade measures. Distributional effects are assigned to two channels: ‘Use-side’ effects describe which consumers bear the burden of changing prices, while ‘source-side’ effects describe shifts in income between sectors, factors of production and different groups of workers. I present simple statistics to characterize the distributional tendencies of climate policies in each of these channels. I then apply these statistics to assess the distributional effects of two types of policy instruments: Border Carbon Adjustments and Green Industrial Policy. I conclude with a more detailed case study investigating the distributional effects of introducing Border Carbon Adjustments to complement an EU-wide carbon price. The analysis highlights the importance of modeling the effects of environmental trade policy at different scales, capturing shifts between countries, as well as shifts between sectors and income groups within them. Classification-Q56, Q58, F18 |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, International Trade, Redistributive Effects, Border Carbon Adjustment, Industrial Policy |
| Date: | 2021–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:geo:guwopa:gueconwpa~21-21-11&r= |
| By: | Antonio Bento; Noah S. Miller; Mehreen Mookerjee; Edson R. Severnini |
| Abstract: | In the absence of first-best climate policy, we demonstrate that existing government institutions and policy established for reasons unrelated to climate change may induce climate adaptation. We examine the impact of temperature on ambient ozone concentration in the United States from 1980-2013, and the role of institution-induced adaptation. Ozone is formed under warm temperatures, and regulated by the Clean Air Act institution. Adaptation in counties out of attainment with air quality standards is 107 percent larger than under attainment, implying substantial institution-induced adaptation. Furthermore, local beliefs about climate change appear to reinforce adap- tive behavior, suggesting a nontrivial role in second-best climate policy. |
| JEL: | D02 H23 K32 P48 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28783&r= |
| By: | Conte, Bruno; Desmet, Klaus; Nagy, Dávid Krisztián; Rossi-Hansberg, Esteban |
| Abstract: | This paper quantitatively assesses the world's changing economic geography and sectoral specialization due to global warming. It proposes a two-sector dynamic spatial growth model that incorporates the relation between economic activity, carbon emissions, and temperature. The model is taken to the data at the 1º by 1º resolution for the entire world. Over a 200-year horizon, rising temperatures consistent with emissions under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 push people and economic activity northwards to Siberia, Canada, and Scandinavia. Compared to a world without climate change, clusters of agricultural specialization shift from Central Africa, Brazil, and India's Ganges Valley, to Central Asia, parts of China and northern Canada. Equatorial latitudes that lose agriculture specialize more in non-agriculture but, due to their persistently low productivity, lose population. By the year 2200, predicted losses in real GDP and utility are 6% and 15%, respectively. Higher trade costs make adaptation through changes in sectoral specialization more costly, leading to less geographic concentration in agriculture and larger climate-induced migration. |
| Keywords: | Geography; Global Warming; growth; migration; sectoral specialization; Space; Trade |
| JEL: | F18 O13 O41 Q56 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15491&r= |
| By: | Vu, H. Trang; Nelson, Katherine; Samsuzzaman, Syed; Rahman, Saidur; Rashid, Mamunur; Salahuddin, Ahmad; Sander, Bjoern Ole |
| Abstract: | This article provides a comprehensive institutional analysis to better understand the key conditions and incentives relevant for the uptake of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) – a climate-smart irrigation practice in Bangladesh. Practicing AWD in rice production can reduce water consumption by 30% and mitigate methane emissions by 30-70% without yield penalty. Primary research was conducted in Rangpur, Rajshahi, Mymensingh, and Sherpur Divisions. The analysis depicts the dynamic among the stakeholders involved in outscaling AWD using the Net-Map tool, and demonstrates the influence of irrigation management systems in the selected catchment areas and the impacts of AWD in rice farming. Findings reveal that AWD-practicing farmers, pump owners, and the Upazila Irrigation Committee are the three most powerful influencers for outscaling AWD. The pre-paid irrigation system significantly improves water efficiency and cost-effectiveness when practising AWD. Additionally, AWD leads to a lower frequency of pumping resulting in reduced costs compared to the continuous-flooding practice. Finally, the results guide the formulation of recommendations to create favourable conditions for AWD outscaling, which contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing sustainable rice production in Bangladesh. |
| Date: | 2021–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:snq2u&r= |
| By: | Giuliano, Genevieve; Dessouky, Maged; Dexter, Sue; Fang, Jiawen; Hu, Shichun; Steimetz, Seiji; O'Brien, Thomas; Miller, Marshall; Fulton, Lewis |
| Abstract: | California is pursuing multiple policies to spur the transition to a cleaner heavy-duty vehicle fleet. Achieving these targets will require massive change in the heavy-duty short-haul industry, and many unanswered questions remain. How do battery-electric heavy-duty trucks compare to diesel in everyday short-haul operations? How much would it cost to transition to a zero-emission truck fleet, and who would pay? To begin to answer these questions, researchers at the National Center for Sustainable Transportation conducted a comprehensive analysis of the potential for zero-emission or near-zero-emission heavy-duty trucks to be used in short-haul drayage services. The researchers considered operational, economic, and environmental impacts through simulation modeling, interviews, case studies, stated preference surveys, and cost-effectiveness analyses. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Engineering, Law, Air quality management, Alternate fuels, Alternatives analysis, Benefit cost analysis, Case studies, Forecasting, Freight traffic, Heavy duty trucks, Market share, Recommendations, Short haul, Simulation, Surveys, Zero emission vehicles |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1221f4wx&r= |
| By: | Nicholas Gunby; Tom Coupé (University of Canterbury) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is causing weather-related natural disasters to become both more frequent and more severe. We contribute to the literature that estimates the economic impact of these disasters by using Australian data for the period 2009 to 2018 to estimate the impact of experiencing weather-related house damage on three measures of subjective wellbeing. While there is some evidence that poor people experience a sizeable and statistically significant decrease in subjective wellbeing following weather-related house damage, we find little evidence of a significant or sizable effect on average. In contrast, we find that, on average, both separation and job loss have a large and statistically significant impact on subjective wellbeing. |
| Keywords: | climate change; subjective wellbeing; weather; disasters |
| JEL: | Q54 I31 |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:21/06&r= |
| By: | Azar, José; Duro, Miguel; Kadach, Igor; Ormazabal, Gaizka |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of the "Big Three" (i.e., BlackRock, Vanguard, and State Street Global Advisors) on the reduction of corporate carbon emissions around the world. Using novel data on engagements of the Big Three with individual firms, we find evidence that the Big Three focus their engagement effort on large firms with high CO2 emissions in which these investors hold a significant stake. Consistent with this engagement influence being effective, we observe a strong and robust negative association between Big Three ownership and subsequent carbon emissions among MSCI index constituents, a pattern that becomes stronger in the later years of the sample period as the three institutions publicly commit to tackle ESG issues. |
| Keywords: | Big Three; Carbon Emissions; climate change; ESG; Institutional Ownership; Shareholder activism |
| JEL: | M41 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15522&r= |
| By: | Jackson, Emerson Abraham |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development concept has been associated with many things, as in this situation with “Payment for Environmental Services [PES]”; a modern invention craving attention across the world, and more so for the benefit of those in developing nations around Asia, Latin America and Africa. Financing of sustainable development schemes require scope for enhancing sustained maintenance of basic livelihoods for everyone [both in the present and future], but more so for those whose lives have been heavily dependent on renewable forest resources. The concept of PES has been exemplified in a simple way to enable readers [of all types, ranging from professionals, academics to non-professionals] to grasp basic concepts that bothers on economics and natural resource concepts, and their application in understanding the varied sources of funding sustainable means of livelihoods, while at the same time ensuring the environment is securely protected for the benefit of both present and future generations. To start with, an introduction to the concept of sustainable development is addressed in line with REDD/REDD+ schemes, followed by detailed background information about Sierra Leone as a nation [including the geography. Pre and Post-colonial management of forests, and political economy dimension]. Secondly, there is a focus on the concept of PES, and backed by ways of financing it, particularly in the context of Sierra Leone. Thirdly, there is discussion surrounding the case for PES, challenges and associated benefits. Lastly, the document concludes with an overview of the study and recommendations to address the situation in the context of Sierra Leone. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development, Alleviating Livelihoods, Financing, Sierra Leone |
| JEL: | D10 Q01 |
| Date: | 2021–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107685&r= |
| By: | Shihe Fu (Xiamen University); V. Brian Viard (Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business) |
| Abstract: | We review recent empirical economic studies on urban ambient air pollution from a mayor’s perspective. We discuss the sources of urban air pollution, the economic costs that it imposes, and the policy tools available to a mayor to alleviate it. For economic costs, we briefly summarize traditional estimates of health and mortality costs and focus on more recent evidence on mental and psychological health, labor productivity and supply, avoidance behavior, willingness to pay for clean air and long-term (multi-decade) impacts. The policy tools we evaluate include pollution information disclosure, auto license and driving restrictions, congestion tolls, public transit investments, emission standards and controls, and gasoline taxes. We also discuss challenges posed by transboundary pollution across cities and the extent to which mayors’ incentives encourage tackling air pollution under different political systems. We briefly discuss possible future research agendas. |
| Keywords: | urban air pollution, environmental costs and benefits, urban public policy, environmental policies, incentives |
| JEL: | H23 H75 O18 Q51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cth:wpaper:gru_2021_009&r= |
| By: | W. Saart, Patrick (Cardiff Business School); Kim, Namhyun (University of Exeter Business School); Bateman, Ian (University of Exeter Business School) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses various statistical and empirical challenges associated with modelling farmers' decision-making processes concerning agricultural land-use. These include (i) use of spatially high-resolution data so that idiosyncratic effects of physical environment drivers, e.g. soil textures, can be explicitly modelled; (ii) modelling land-use shares as censored responses, which enables consistent estimation of the unknown parameters; (iii) incorporating spatial error dependence and heterogeneity, which leads to accurate formulation of the variances for the parameter estimates and more effective statistical inferences; and (iv) reducing the computational burden and improving estimation accuracy by introducing an alternative GMM/QML hybrid estimation procedure. We also provide extensive evidence, which suggests that our approach can construct more accurate land-use predictions than existing methods in the literature. We then apply our method to empirically investigate how the climatic, economic, policy and physical determinants influence the land-use patterns in England over time and spatial space. We are also interested in examining whether environmental schemes and grants have assisted in freeing up land used for arable, rough grazing, temporary and permanent grasslands and converting it to bio-energy crops to help to achieve deep emission reductions and prepare for climate change. |
| Keywords: | Agro-environmental policy, land-use, multivariate Tobit, system of censored equation, spatial model, error component model. |
| JEL: | C13 C21 C23 C34 Q15 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2021/7&r= |
| By: | Herve Guyomard (Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Bretagne-Normandie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Luc Delaby (PEGASE - Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This conference-webinar (2 hours) was entitled "CAP, Green deal and livestock". This conference is an echo of the book "Quelle politique agricole commune demain?" published in June 2020 by Editions Quae. Coordinated by Cécile Détang-Dessendre and Hervé Guyomard, this book outlines the contours of an ambitious CAP, in terms of objectives and instruments, which would facilitate the necessary agro-ecological transition of European agricultural and agri-food systems. |
| Abstract: | Cette conférence –webinaire (2 heures) avait pour titre «PAC : pacte vert et élevage ». Cette conférence fait écho à l'ouvrage "Quelle politique agricole commune demain ?" publié en juin 2020 aux Editions Quae. Coordonné par Cécile Détang-Dessendre et Hervé Guyomard, cet ouvrage dessine les contours d'une PAC ambitieuse, en termes d'objectif et d'instruments, qui permettrait de faciliter la nécessaire transition agro-écologique des systèmes agricoles et agroalimentaires européens. |
| Keywords: | CAP,Green Deal,Livestock,Environment,Grasslands,EU,PAC,Pacte Vert,Elevage,Environnement,Prairies,UE |
| Date: | 2020–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03209367&r= |
| By: | Peñalba, Ericson H. |
| Abstract: | The vulnerability of the Philippines to climate change and variability has been highlighted by its exposure to severe weather-related conditions. Farmers are particularly vulnerable to such adverse effects given their limited adaptive capacity. In this regard, this study examines the local adaptation experiences and practices of farmers in a second-class farming municipality. It is then based on the assumption that a lay understanding of how farmers perceive and adapt to climate change can be used to provide implications for enhancing their adaptive capacity. Using a combination of qualitative data from key informant interviews and focus group discussion and secondary data from government agencies, this paper reveals that farmers perceive serious health and livelihood risks despite having limited knowledge of how climate change occurs. They recognize that changes in climate conditions have caused considerable effects to temperature and rainfall which, in turn, have posed serious challenge to water supply. Their farming activities are also at risk from interrelated impacts such as damage to crops, pest infestation, and decrease in rice yield. Hence, they consistently employ common adaptation measures as direct responses to climate variability such as the planting of new crop varieties, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, use of technology in farming, and diversification of household income. However, the lack of financial resources hinders them from utilizing new adaptation techniques and technologies, which they perceive to be more appropriate and beneficial. These results suggest a more conscious effort of transforming coping strategies to short-term climate variability into adaptation measures to long-term climate changes. |
| Date: | 2019–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:s8ahz&r= |
| By: | W. Saart, Patrick (Cardiff Business School); Kim, Namhyun (University of Exeter Business School); Bateman, Ian (University of Exeter Business School) |
| Abstract: | Today, one of the biggest challenges facing the UK is the new target set when the nation became first major economy to pass net zero emissions law, which requires the country to bring all greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. On the one hand, there are already a few ideas about how we should farm and use land in order to deliver such a target. On the other hand, the government has a new strategy which is to pay farmers for providing public goods, especially for climate change mitigation through the reduction and storage of greenhouse gas emissions. The most critical task is to find a solution to such a question as \How should public spending on farm public goods be allocated?" In this paper, we argue that formulating an effective subsidy scheme cannot focus on the public need alone, but should also take into consideration what farmers must endure and the opportunities they must forgo. This requires a good understanding about the generating process behind the spatial heterogeneity of agricultural land-use at a _ne spatial scale. We aim to provide government and its agents with decision support for policy making post-Brexit in two directions. Firstly, we employ detailed spatial resolution data and establish a new statistical tool that can help: (i) to effectively capture the spatial heterogeneity of agricultural land-use, (ii) to disentangle the contributions of terrain formulations, environmental characteristics, climatic conditions, policies, and other legacy and agglomeration effects in the generating process of the land-use patterns, and (iii) accurately gauge their relative importance across different regions of GB for more targeted subsidies schemes. Secondly, we employ our new method and provide policy advice and evaluation. |
| Keywords: | Agro-environmental policy, land-use, multivariate Tobit, system of censored equation, spatial model, error component model. |
| JEL: | C13 C21 C23 C34 Q15 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2021/8&r= |
| By: | Fritz, Manuela |
| Abstract: | Increasing ambient temperatures will severely affect human health in the decades to come and will exacerbate a variety of chronic health conditions. In this paper, I examine the temperaturemorbidity relationship in the tropical climate environment of Indonesia with a focus on chronic, non-communicable diseases, namely diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Drawing on detailed individual level data from the Indonesian national health insurance scheme JKN and linking it with meteorological data on daily temperature realizations on a fine spatial level, I estimate the effect of high ambient temperatures on the daily number of primary health care visits. Exploiting the panel structure of the data and using a distributed lag model, I find that all-cause, diabetes and cardiovascular disease morbidity substantially increase at days with high mean temperatures. Specifically, on a day with a mean temperature above 29.5êC, the daily visits for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases increase by 29% and 19%, respectively, and these increases are permanent and not offset by visit displacement. Contrarily, I do not find any effects on respiratory disease morbidity. Heterogeneity analyses suggest that elderly and women suffer more severely from high temperatures. Back-of-the-envelope cost calculations indicate a substantial financial burden for the Indonesian health care system due to increasing temperatures. |
| Keywords: | Health,Non-Communicable Diseases,Temperature,Climate Change,Indonesia |
| JEL: | I10 I13 I18 Q50 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:upadvr:v8421&r= |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2) |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses a problem for the economic system that fostered the polluting industrial revolutions of coal and oil. Today, the digital economy revolution offers significant hope for reducing pollution and promoting decarbonisation. However, the economic interest struggles of the powerful lobbies of the polluting sectors seem to reduce the potential for transformation of an economic system driven by the search for short-term profit. The major powers want to preserve their economic gains and are undertaking this revolution at a pace that suits them, which is not without conflict, given the urgency of action in the face of the harmful transformations undergone by eco-systems. Furthermore, the GAFAMs, the powerful providers of digital services and instruments, together with their Chinese competitors, have a considerable economic and strategic force that could undermine freedoms and human and citizens' rights. Finally, for the production of digital tools, rare earths are likely to pose new problems, those relating to the pollution involved in their production and their relative scarcity compared to the stocks known today. |
| Abstract: | Le changement climatique pose un problème au système économique qui a favorisé la mise en place des révolutions industrielles polluantes du charbon et du pétrole. Aujourd'hui, la révolution de l'économie numérique offre des espoirs non négligeables pour réduire les pollutions et favoriser la décarbonisation. Cependant, les luttes d'intérêt économiques des puissants lobbys des secteurs polluants semblent réduire le potentiel de transformation d'un système économique mû par la recherche du profit à court terme. Les grandes puissances veulent conserver leurs acquis économiques et elles engagent cette révolution au rythme qui leur convient, ce qui ne va pas sans conflit, au regard de l'urgence de l'action face aux transformations néfastes subis par les écosystèmes. En outre, les GAFAM, les puissants fournisseurs de services et instruments numériques, disposent, avec leurs concurrents chinois, d'une force économique et stratégique considérable susceptible de porter atteinte aux libertés, et aux droits de l'homme et des citoyens. Enfin, pour la production des instruments du numérique, les terres rares risquent de poser de nouveaux problèmes, ceux relatifs à la pollution qu'engage leur production et leur rareté relative au regard des stocks aujourd'hui connus. |
| Keywords: | digital economy,climate change,GAFAM,Rare Earths,économie numérique,changement climatique,Terres rares |
| Date: | 2021–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03213483&r= |
| By: | Hervé Guyomard (Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Bretagne-Normandie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Jean-Christophe Bureau (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Cécile Détang-Dessendre (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Florence Jacquet (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Xavier Reboud (Agroécologie [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vincent Réquillart (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Louis-Georges Soler (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Margot Tysebaert (AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | The June 2018 CAP proposals are only marginally consistent with the ambitions of the Green Deal. This is also the case of the regulation revisions being adopted by either the Council or the European Parliament in October 2020. Making EU agriculture consistent with the Green Deal but would require a whole food chain policy that encompasses more stringent instruments on the supply side and extensive changes in eating patterns. |
| Abstract: | Les propositions de la PAC de juin 2018 ne sont que marginalement cohérentes avec les ambitions du Green Deal. C'est également le cas des révisions du règlement qui seront adoptées soit par le Conseil, soit par le Parlement européen en octobre 2020. Rendre l'agriculture européenne cohérente avec le Green Deal nécessiterait une politique de l'ensemble de la chaîne alimentaire qui englobe des instruments plus stricts du côté de l'offre et des changements importants dans les habitudes alimentaires. |
| Keywords: | CAP,Green Deal,European agriculture,PAC,Agriculture européenne |
| Date: | 2020–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03219169&r= |
| By: | Eberle, Ulrich J.; Rohner, Dominic; Thoenig, Mathias |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of climate shocks on violence between herders and farmers by using geolocalized data on conflict events for all African countries over the 1997-2014 period. We find that a +1°C increase in temperature leads to a +54% increase in conflict probability in mixed areas populated by both farmers and herders, compared to +17% increase in non-mixed areas. This result is robust to controlling for the interaction between temperature and ethnic polarization, alternative estimation techniques, disaggregation levels, and coding options of the climatic/conflict/ethnic variables. We then quantify the impact on conflicts of projected climate change in 2040. We find that, in absence of mixed areas, global warming would increase total annual conflicts by about a quarter in whole Africa; when factoring in the magnifying effect of mixed settlements, total annual conflicts are predicted to rise by as much as a third. We also provide two pieces of evidence that resource competition is a major driver of farmer-herder violence. Firstly, conflicts are much more prevalent at the fringe between rangeland and farmland --a geographic buffer of mixed usage that is suitable for both cattle herding and farming but is particularly vulnerable to climate shocks. Secondly, information on groups' mobility reveals that temperature spikes in the ethnic homeland of a nomadic group tend to diffuse its fighting operations outside its homeland, with a magnified spatial spread in the case of conflicts over resources. Finally, we show that violence is substantially reduced in the presence of policies that empower local communities, foster participatory democracy, enforce property rights and regulate land dispute resolution. |
| Keywords: | Africa; climate change; farmer-herder conflict; nomadic; resource competition; Sahel; Temperature; Violence |
| JEL: | D74 N47 O13 Q34 Z13 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15542&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Elvis Dze Achuo (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to empirically verify the effects of natural resource rents on inclusive human development in developing countries. The results from the IV Tobit regression show that natural resource rents have a positive direct effect on inclusive human development in developing countries and that this relationship varies by regional groupings, income levels, level of development and export structure. Looking at the transmission mechanisms, when the interactive variables of governance and environmental quality is introduced, the modulating channel through governance exerts a robust negative synergy effect in the sample of developing countries and positive synergy effects for Africa and low-income countries. When the interactive variable of CO2 emissions is introduced for Africa, a negative net effect of natural resource rents on inclusive human development is obtained. This was up to a policy threshold of 25.4412 of CO2 emissions when the negative effect is nullified. For Asia and the Latin America and Caribbean, a positive net effect is obtained. This is up to a CO2 emissions threshold of 29.038 and 3.6752 respectively, when the positive effect is nullified. Besides, the high income and the upper-middle income countries produce a negative net effect of resource rents on inclusive human development through CO2 modulation, with up to positive CO2 emission thresholds of 37.9365 and 23.6257 respectively. Policy implications are highlighted. In summary, contingent on engaged specificities, where conditional effects are negative, negative thresholds for complementary policies have been provided and in scenarios where conditional impacts are positive, actionable positive thresholds have been provided. |
| Keywords: | Resource Rents, Inclusive Human Development, Institutional Quality, Environmental Quality. |
| JEL: | P48 O11 C23 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/025&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon;); Elvis Dze Achuo (University of Dschang, Cameroon;); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to empirically verify the effects of natural resource rents on inclusive human development in developing countries. The results from the IV Tobit regression show that natural resource rents have a positive direct effect on inclusive human development in developing countries and that this relationship varies by regional groupings, income levels, level of development and export structure. Looking at the transmission mechanisms, when the interactive variables of governance and environmental quality is introduced, the modulating channel through governance exerts a robust negative synergy effect in the sample of developing countries and positive synergy effects for Africa and low-income countries. When the interactive variable of CO2 emissions is introduced for Africa, a negative net effect of natural resource rents on inclusive human development is obtained. This was up to a policy threshold of 25.4412 of CO2 emissions when the negative effect is nullified. For Asia and the Latin America and Caribbean, a positive net effect is obtained. This is up to a CO2 emissions threshold of 29.038 and 3.6752 respectively, when the positive effect is nullified. Besides, the high income and the upper-middle income countries produce a negative net effect of resource rents on inclusive human development through CO2 modulation, with up to positive CO2 emission thresholds of 37.9365 and 23.6257 respectively. Policy implications are highlighted. In summary, contingent on engaged specificities, where conditional effects are negative, negative thresholds for complementary policies have been provided and in scenarios where conditional impacts are positive, actionable positive thresholds have been provided. |
| Keywords: | Resource Rents, Inclusive Human Development, Institutional Quality, Environmental Quality |
| JEL: | P48 O11 C23 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/025&r= |
| By: | Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | Some claim that as knowledge about climate change accumulates, the social cost of carbon increases. A meta-analysis of published estimates shows that this is not the case. Correcting for inflation and emission year and controlling for the discount rate, kernel density decomposition reveals a stationary distribution. Actual carbon prices are almost everywhere below the estimated social cost of carbon. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.03656&r= |
| By: | Nessa Winston (University College Dublin) |
| Abstract: | The concepts of sustainable development (SD) and sustainable communities (SC) are firmly on policy agendas. Conceptual clarity is essential for the selection of high quality indicators to monitor progress in these important areas. However, there are mixed views about the nature of social sustainability (SS) and definitions of SC are limited. This paper addresses these deficiencies by presenting a new conceptualization of SS central to which is addressing basic human needs so that the criterion of sufficiency is met. Ensuring 'sufficiency' is crucial to ensure the provision of welfare within planetary boundaries, thereby firmly integrating the social and environmental in conceptualising and operationalising SS. The paper also presents a new definition and conceptualisation of SC in which social and environmental integration is critical. The paper proceeds with an illustration of how regeneration programmes targeting housing deprivation could simultaneously address many social and environmental problems and progress the implementation of the 'UNSDGs. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, social sustainability, sustainable communities, housing regeneration, UNSDGs |
| Date: | 2021–03–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucd:wpaper:202106&r= |
| By: | Ferentinos, Konstantinos (Lancaster University); Gibberd, Alex (Lancaster University); Guin, Benjamin (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | Public policies aimed at mitigating climate change can come with the transition risk of sudden adjustments of asset prices. We study the consequences of a policy intervention addressing greenhouse gas emissions in the housing market. Leveraging a unique data set of the population of all house transactions in England and Wales, we document novel evidence of transition risk. Prices of carbon-intensive properties affected by this policy decreased by about £5,000 to £9,000 relative to unaffected ones. We interpret this result as evidence in favour of semi-strong market efficiency in the housing market. We infer moderate implications for financial stability and for the wealth distribution among homeowners. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy; transition risk; house prices; financial stability; wealth inequality |
| JEL: | C54 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:0918&r= |
| By: | Markus Schlott; Omar El Sayed; Mariia Bilousova; Fabian Hofmann; Alexander Kies; Horst St\"ocker |
| Abstract: | Global warming is one of the main threats to the future of humanity and extensive emissions of greenhouse gases are found to be the main cause of global temperature rise as well as climate change. During the last decades international attention has focused on this issue, as well as on searching for viable solutions to mitigate global warming. In this context, the pricing of greenhouse gas emissions turned out to be the most prominent mechanism: First, to lower the emissions, and second, to capture their external costs. By now, various carbon dioxide taxes have been adopted by several countries in Europe and around the world; moreover, the list of these countries is growing. However, there is no standardized approach and the price for carbon varies significantly from one country to another. Regionally diversified carbon prices in turn lead to carbon leakage, which will offset the climate protection goals. In this paper, a simplified European power system with flexible carbon prices regarding the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is investigated. A distribution parameter that quantifies carbon leakage is defined and varied together with the base carbon price, where the combination of both parameters describes the spatially resolved price distribution, i.e. the effective carbon pricing among the European regions. It is shown that inhomogeneous carbon prices will indeed lead to significant carbon leakage across the continent, and that coal-fired electricity generation will remain a cheap and therefore major source of power in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe - representing a potential risk for the long term decarbonization targets within the European Union. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.05669&r= |
| By: | Saparya Suresh (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode) |
| Abstract: | India has aimed for a 30% electric vehicle adoption by 2030. As a part of the electric vehicle adaptation, the government is moving towards coming up with a policy framework for electric vehicles and related sectors like raw material sourcing, battery manufacturing, charging stations, etc. This paper is intended to draw a comparative analysis between the ICE vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles on operational aspects as well as its environmental implications. The paper stands out in highlighting certain important factors which are needed to be considered while devising a policy framework towards electric vehicle adoption. Based on the conclusion, few policy suggestions are made for a better sustainable policy framework for the effective adaptation of electric vehicles for the future in an Indian context. |
| Keywords: | Electric Vehicles, Environmental Impact, Policy Framework, Lithium Batteries |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iik:wpaper:409&r= |
| By: | Spash, Clive L. |
| Abstract: | Today, environmental economics is the response of the neoclassical economic school to the ecological crisis, but at one time its leading contributors regarded it as a revolutionary development that would change the conduct and content of economics as a discipline. Understanding and addressing environmental pollution was core to that potential paradigm shift. In tracing the history of conceptualising pollution as an externality and market failure this paper covers the development of ideas by Marshall, Pigou, Pareto, Coase, Stigler, Samuelson, Ciciacy-Wantrup and Kapp. Pollution externality theory is shown to have incorporated an elitist ethics and liberal market ideology. As a market failure pollution was deemed a minor correctible error of the price system. Monetary valuation of social and environmental harm became the means of justifying optimal levels of pollution. Neoliberal theories of spreading property rights further watered down potential interventionist aspects. Bio-physical realism, in the work of Kneese, Ayres and d’Arge, and social realism in Kapp’s theory of cost shifting were lost once environmental economics adopted a deductivist mathematical formalism. Kapp’s alternative theory is based on a classic institutionalists economic understanding of cost shifting and power relations. It advocates a public policy response in the form of objective social minima achieved via regulation and planning. This theory has until now been successfully supressed to prevent a potential revolutionary paradigm shift in economic price theory. |
| Keywords: | externalities; market failure, cost shifting; price theory; pollution; Pigou; Coase; Kapp; paradigm shift; environmental economics, neoclassical economics; institutional economics, neoliberal |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:8108&r= |
| By: | Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) |
| Abstract: | Key Messages; (i) The spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the resulting reduction in demand for products and services will likely cut total annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but this will be temporary. While public health and economic rescue packages dominate the headlines, climate action is in danger of suffering a setback.(ii) Low oil prices could make clean energy sources, such as renewables, less competitive and disincentivise the transition to clean energy. (iii) Ongoing behavioural changes, such as working from home, could alter energy consumption patterns after the pandemic and facilitate a low-carbon future. (iv) Energy prices should be made affordable during the faltering economic recovery, as they affect industrial competitiveness.(v) The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) should seize new investment opportunities with stimulus packages for enhancing regional energy security, resilience, and climate change objectives (e.g. expanding the electricity network and increasing oil stockpiling). |
| Date: | 2020–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:pb-2020-02&r= |
| By: | Mathithibane, Mpho Steve |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of climate risk coping strategies of smallholders in a South African perspective. A quantitative research approach was followed using surveys to collect primary data from participants in key maize producing provinces of South Africa. The results analysed employing multinomial regression, show that reduction of crop production in times of uncertainly is the most preferred coping mechanism. The study further revealed that farmers who use crop insurance have the highest level of preparedness to manage weather risk. The findings contribute to advancing knowledge, guiding policymakers and increasing efficiencies of risk mitigation efforts especially climate risk solutions in the context of climate change and persistent drought affecting South African farmers. |
| Keywords: | Risk management, risk coping, risk mitigation, smallholder farmers |
| JEL: | Q14 |
| Date: | 2021–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107677&r= |
| By: | Denitsa Angelova (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari; Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)); Francesco Bosello (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari; Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)); Andrea Bigano (Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC); RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (EIEE)); Silvio Giove (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari) |
| Abstract: | We review the sovereign credit rating methodologies of three credit rating agencies (Moody’s, S&P and Fitch) and analyze how they currently accommodate climate change risk and ESG considerations. We elaborate on the differences between the three rating methodologies and critically evaluate their suitability and limitations. We propose lines of improvement with respect to the indicator selection, normalization, aggregation and weighting procedures as well as the use of the sovereign rating indicator in connection with climate change scenarios. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk, sovereign risk, sovereign credit, rating agency |
| JEL: | G24 H63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:15&r= |
| By: | Fabra, Natalia |
| Abstract: | Addressing climate change requires full decarbonization of our economies. Whether this objective is achieved at least cost for society hinges on good policy design. In turn, this calls for a thorough understanding of firms' and consumers' incentives in the presence of asymmetric information, the determinants of strategic interaction, and the impact of market design and market structure on the intensity of competition. Industrial Economics thus has much to contribute towards a successful Energy Transition, while benefiting from the exciting research opportunities it brings. In this paper, I survey some of the recent developments in this area. My focus is on the power sector, and in particular, on the regulatory and market design challenges triggered by the expansion of intermittent renewables with almost zero marginal costs. I conclude with some questions that merit further research. |
| Keywords: | auctions; Carbon Emissions; Competition; Dynamic pricing; Energy; invecstment; market design; market power; Storage |
| JEL: | L22 L94 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15705&r= |
| By: | Torben K. Mideksa |
| Abstract: | This paper examines leadership in relation to supplying a global public good. Both the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement encourage the developed countries to take a lead in reducing emissions. Does a country benefit from taking a lead? When does leadership improve global welfare? The answer depends on how transparent the leader’s abatement technology is for the followers. When there is no transparency and the leader has to abate to signal the abatement cost, leadership reduces global welfare unless the crowding-out effect is weak. If there is transparency and the follower can benefit from technology spillover effects, leadership reduces global welfare unless the spillover effect is sufficiently large. I find that transparency reduces global welfare unless the spillover effect is sufficiently large and the difference in abatement cost is small. This theory can rationalize the European Union’s stance on climate policy while also explaining the perceived failure of the Kyoto Protocol. |
| Keywords: | global public goods, international relations, leadership |
| JEL: | C72 D81 F50 H21 Q38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9054&r= |
| By: | Andrea La Nauze; Edson R. Severnini |
| Abstract: | We exploit novel data from brain-training games to examine the impacts of air pollution on a comprehensive set of cognitive skills of adults. We find that exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) impairs adult cognitive function, and that these effects are largest for those in prime working age. These results confirm a hypothesized mechanism for the impacts of air pollution on productivity. We also find that the cognitive effects are largest for new tasks and for those with low ability, suggesting that air pollution increases inequality in workforce productivity. |
| JEL: | I14 I24 J24 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28785&r= |
| By: | Spawn-Lee, Seth A.; Lark, Tyler J.; Gibbs, Holly; Houghton, Richard A.; Kucharik, Christopher J; Malins, Chris; Pelton, Rylie; Robertson, G. Philip |
| Abstract: | Scully et al [1] in their recent contribution review and revise past life cycle assessments (LCAs) of corn-grain ethanol’s carbon (C) intensity to suggest that a current ‘central best estimate’ is considerably less than all prior estimates. Their conclusion emerges from selection and recombination of sector-specific greenhouse gas emission predictions from disparate studies in a way that disproportionately favors small values and optimistic assumptions without rigorous justification nor empirical support. Their revisions most profoundly reduce predicted land use change (LUC) emissions, for which they propose a central estimate that is roughly half the smallest comparable value they review (Figure 1). Their LUC estimate represents the midpoint of (i) values retained after filtering the predictions of past studies based on a set of unfounded criteria; and (ii) a new estimate they generate for domestic (i.e. U.S.) LUC emissions. The filter the authors apply endorses a singular means of LUC assessment which they assert as the ‘best practice’ despite a recent unacknowledged review [2] that shows this method almost certainly underestimates LUC. Moreover, their domestic C intensity estimate surprisingly suggests that cropland expansion newly sequesters soil C, counter to ecological theory and empirical evidence. These issues, among others, prove to grossly underestimate the C intensity of corn-grain ethanol and mischaracterize the state of our science at the risk of affecting perverse policy outcomes. |
| Date: | 2021–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:cxhz5&r= |
| By: | Sam, Abdoul G.; Abidoye, Babatunde; Mashaba, Sihle |
| Abstract: | The fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and several studies suggest that climate change is expected to increase food insecurity and poverty in many parts of the world. In this paper, we adopt a microeconometric approach to empirically estimate the impact of climate change-induced hikes in cereal prices on household welfare in Swaziland (also Kingdom of Eswatini). We do so first by econometrically estimating expenditure and price elasticities of five food groups consumed by households in Swaziland using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), based on data from the 2009/2010 Swaziland Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Second, we use the estimated expenditure and compensated elasticities from the AIDS model, food shares from the household survey, and food price projections developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) to estimate the proportionate increase in income required to maintain the level of household utility that would have prevailed absent an increase in food prices. Our results show increases in cereal prices due to climate change are expected to double extreme poverty in urban areas and increase poverty in rural areas of the country to staggering levels - between 71 and 75%, compared to 63% before the price changes. Income transfers of between 17.5 and 25.4% of pre-change expenditures are needed to avoid the welfare losses. |
| Keywords: | climate change; welfare; extreme poverty; demand system; Swaziland |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 O13 O15 C34 D12 |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:106700&r= |
| By: | Katharina Gruber; Tobias Gauster; Peter Regner; Gregor Laaha; Johannes Schmidt |
| Abstract: | We deliver the first analysis of the 2021 cold spell in Texas which combines temperature dependent load estimates with temperature dependent estimates of power plant outages to understand the frequency of loss of load events, using a 71 year long time series of climate data. The expected revenue from full winterization is 11.74bn$ over a 30 years investment period. We find that large-scale winterization, in particular of gas infrastructure and gas power plants, would be profitable, as related costs for winterization are substantially lower. At the same moment, the associated investment risks are high due to the low-frequency of events - the 2021 event was the largest and we observe only 8 other similar ones for the simulated 71 years. As risks to investors are considerable, regulatory measures may be necessary to enforce winterization. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.05148&r= |
| By: | Bannor, Frank; Dikgang, Johane; Gelo, Dambala |
| Abstract: | It is expected that production in the agricultural sector will be significantly affected by climate change. Therefore, it is projected that countries with extreme climatic conditions will suffer a long-term decline in agricultural productivity beyond the short-term loss of production. Given the gross domestic product (GDP) value of agriculture in many sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, the effects of climate change on agriculture are likely to permeate their economies. The long- and short-run effects of climate variability on agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) growth in 14 SSA countries are examined using panel data from 1995 to 2016. We employ a twofold approach. First, we use the Data Envelopment Approach (DEA) to calculate the Malmquist Index of Maize Productivity growth. Second, we apply a fully modified ordinary least square estimator and the Granger causality test in heterogeneous mixed panels to evaluate the long- and short-run impacts of climate variability on agricultural TFP development. The empirical results from the long-run analysis show that maize agricultural TFP is negatively associated with climate variability for only five countries. In the short run, our empirical estimation indicates no evidence of causality effect. To mitigate the negative long-run effects – and given that spending on R&D is found to produce negative effects in some of those five countries – policymakers should take immediate action to provide farmers with adequate and expeditious irrigation facilities, including the construction of dams to harvest and store rainfall water for future use. |
| Keywords: | total factor productivity; climate variability; data envelope approach; fully modified ordinary least square; heterogeneous mixed panel. |
| JEL: | Q1 Q16 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107590&r= |
| By: | Axbard, Sebastian; Deng, Zichen |
| Abstract: | Government regulations are often imperfectly enforced by public officials. In this study, we investigate if real-time monitoring of policy outcomes can improve enforcement of existing regulations by exploring the introduction of air pollution monitors in China. Exploiting assignment criteria established by the central government and new geo-referenced data on local enforcement activities, we show that monitoring: 1) increases enforcement against local firms, 2) improves the targeting of enforcement, and 3) reduces aggregate pollution. These effects are driven by officials facing performance incentives and are stronger when there is limited scope for data manipulation, suggesting that real-time monitoring improves top-down accountability. |
| Keywords: | accountability; China; pollution; Regulatory Enforcement |
| JEL: | O13 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15622&r= |
| By: | Pullinger, Martin; Berliner, Niklas; Goddard, Nigel; Shipworth, David |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we describe patterns of residential heating based on data from 255 homes in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, spanning August 2016 to June 2018. We describe: (i) the room temperatures achieved, (ii) the diurnal durations of heating use, and (iii) common diurnal patterns of heating behaviour. We investigate how these factors vary between weekdays and weekends, over the course of the year, by external temperature, and by room type. We compare these empirical findings with the simplifying assumptions about heating patterns found in the UK's Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP), a widely-used building energy performance model. There are areas of concurrence and others of substantial difference with these model assumptions. Indoor achieved temperatures are substantially lower than SAP assumptions. The duration and timings of heating use varies substantially between homes and along lines of season and outdoor temperature, whereas the SAP model assumes no such variation. Little variation is found along the lines of weekday vs. weekend, whereas the SAP model assumes differences, or between living space and other rooms, consistent with the SAP. The results are relevant for those interested in how SAP assumptions regarding household heating behaviours and achieved indoor temperatures concur with empirical data. |
| Date: | 2021–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jdtx6&r= |
| By: | Pascaris1, Alexis S.; Schelly, Chelsea; Rouleau, Mark; Pearce, Joshua M. (Michigan Technological University) |
| Abstract: | Agrivoltaic systems allow for the simultaneous production of solar-generated electricity and agriculture. As the climate change related impacts of conventional energy and food production intensify, finding strategies to increase the deployment of solar photovoltaic systems, preserve agricultural land, and minimize competing land uses is urgent. Given the proven technical, economic, and environmental advantages provided by agrivoltaic systems, increased proliferation is anticipated, which necessitates accounting for the nuances of community resistance to solar development on farmland. Minimizing siting conflict and addressing agricultural communities’ concerns will be key in promoting public support for agrivoltaics, as localized acceptance of solar is a critical determinant of project success. This survey study assessed if public support for solar development increases when energy and agricultural production are combined in an agrivoltaic system. Results show that 81.8% of respondents would be more likely to support solar development in their community if it combined the production of both energy and agriculture. This increase in support for solar given the agrivoltaic approach highlights a development strategy that can improve local social acceptance and the deployment rate of solar photovoltaics. Survey respondents prefer agrivoltaic projects that a) are designed to provide economic opportunities for farmers and the local community b) are located on private property or existing agricultural land c) do not threaten local interests and d) ensure fair distribution of economic benefits. Proactively identifying what the public perceives as opportunities and concerns related to agrivoltaic development can help improve the design, business model, and siting of systems in the U.S. |
| Date: | 2021–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:efasx&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Early 2021, Vietnam's Ministry of Industry and Trade released for public discussion the draft Power Development Plan VIII describing how the country will produce its electricity for the next ten years. Focused on developing gas-fired power, the draft reuses a renewable energy development strategy elaborated six years ago. That strategy was ambitious then but is now outdated by an ongoing solar and wind boom. Obsolete before publication, the draft fails to plan the ongoing energy transition which is all about PV, wind, storage, transport electrification, and increasing climate policy goals. To remain relevant in the energy transition era, quinquennial planning has to become more agile. |
| Keywords: | Planning,Energy Transition,Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03197064&r= |
| By: | Anatoliy Kostruba (Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University) |
| Abstract: | Individual and corporate responsibility is the basis for sustainable development of society and the world. Environmental responsibility of business entities is a prerequisite for the survival of people, which is why it is an important aspect of corporate responsibility. The purpose of the paper is to determine the content of corporate and social responsibility of business entities in the field of environmental protection in terms of its interaction with the state on the basis of public-private partnership. The general scientific method of comparison made it possible to compare the Ukrainian legislative base on environmental protection with the legal framework of regulation and practice in foreign countries. Through the structural and functional analysis, it was possible to consider the features of the interaction between the state and business structures and between other institutions the activities of which are related to environmental protection. The analysis revealed the necessity to consider and include elements of environmental and social responsibility of business in the mechanisms of public-private partnership. The study shows that public-private partnership is an imperative element in the composition of social responsibility. The author proposes a definition of environmental responsibility that encompasses three factors: legal, economic and social. In the future, this research area will be of interest as a comparison of the legislative support of the types of responsibility for foreign and international standards in the context of implementing the relevant standards in the Ukrainian legislative framework and their implementation on practice. |
| Keywords: | Corporations,Corporation law,viešojo ir privataus sektoriaus partnerystė,aplinkosaugos įstatymai,public-private partnership Raktažodžiai: socialinė atsakomybė,environmental legislation,social responsibility |
| Date: | 2021–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03214257&r= |
| By: | Dario Bertocchi (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Nicola Camatti (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Luca Salmasi (Catholic University, Department of Economics and Finance, Roma, Italy); Jan van der Borg (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari) |
| Abstract: | Sustainability in the tourism sector has become a principal goal for destination management and for the strengthening of the competitiveness and attractiveness of destinations (Bell & Morse, 2012). There is, however, no absolute scale of spatial analysis for sustainability. In this paper, we propose regions as a unit of analysis. Our empirical approach aims to assign regional variability to an already existing and commonly used national indicator, making it possible to achieve a good compromise between data availability and the need to have access to universally comparable data while embracing the value of scaling down the monitoring process to consider detail at a more local level. The advantage of such an approach is that it combines the rich set of information from existing indicators with the wide availability of quantitative regional indicators freely obtainable from official statistical sources, such as Eurostat or ESPON (European Spatial Planning European Network). Our paper develops an application using the Tourism & Travel Competitiveness Index framework as a starting point, creating regional sustainability indicators for the 281 NUTS-2 regions (territorial units for statistics) in Europe. The first contribution of this approach is the regionalisation of a national indicator that allows monitoring of not only the individual level of sustainability of a destination, but also its standing among every other European region. The second is the creation of a practical tool that is able to continuously monitor and benchmark the sustainable development of EU regions, thereby supporting stakeholders in their decision-making processes |
| Keywords: | Tourism Sustainability Indicators, Regional Sustainability, Environmental Indicators, Regionalisation, NUTS-2 |
| JEL: | L83 Q01 Q56 R11 R58 Z32 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:17&r= |
| By: | Yoo, Sunbin; Kawabata, Yuta; Kumagai, Junya; Keeley, Alexander; Managi, Shunsuke |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of life and health insurance spending on subjective well-being. Taking advantage of insurance spending and subjective well-being data on more than 700,000 individuals in Japan, we examine whether insurance spending can buffer declines in subjective well-being due to exposure to mass disaster. We find that insurance spending can buffer drops in subjective well-being by approximately 3-6% among those who experienced the mass disaster of the great East Japan earthquake. Subjective health increases the most, followed by life satisfaction and happiness. On the other hand, insurance spending decreases the subjective well-being of those who did not experience the earthquake by approximately 3-7%. We conclude by monetizing the subjective well-being loss and calculating the extent to which insurance spending can compensate for it. The monetary value of subjective well-being buffered through insurance spending is approximately 33,128 USD for happiness, 33,287 USD for life satisfaction, and 19,597 USD for subjective health for a person in one year. Therefore, we confirm that life/health insurance serves as an ideal option for disaster adaptation. Our findings indicate the importance of considering subjective well-being, which is often neglected when assessing disaster losses. |
| Keywords: | Risk; Insurance; Great East Japan Earthquake; Subjective Well-being; |
| JEL: | H0 I13 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107632&r= |
| By: | Maria del Pilar López-Uribe; David Castells-Quintana; Thomas K.J. McDermott |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the effect of displacement of population into cities on urban conflict in developing countries. To do so, we construct a novel measure of exposure to floods, using data on more than 3,300 flood events worldwide, as an exogenous source of population displacement. We combine this with city level observations of more than 9,000 urban social disorder events. Exposure to floods is found to be associated with higher likelihood and frequency of urban social disorder. Our evidence suggests that the effects of floods on urban disorder occur mainly through the displacement of population into large cities. Exploring the information on urban disorder events in more detail, we find that the association between city growth and urban disorder is strongest for events related to public service provision, wages and food prices. |
| Keywords: | climate change; floods; displacement; urbanization; conflict; social disorder |
| JEL: | O18 Q34 Q54 Q56 R23 |
| Date: | 2021–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:019243&r= |
| By: | Marta Domínguez-Jiménez; Alexander Lehmann |
| Abstract: | The authors are grateful for very helpful comments from Moritz Krämer, Patrice Cochelin and Paul Munday in the context of a related project, undertaken with Stavros Zenios. International debt investors increasingly demand assets that are aligned with environmental, social and governance objectives. Sovereign debt is being belatedly swept up in this change. This huge asset class represents a uniquely long-term claim and funds a wide range of public expenditure, both... |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:42526&r= |
| By: | Singh, Tejendra Pratap; Visaria, Sujata |
| Abstract: | Recent work from developed parts of the world has documented a positive association between air pollution and criminal activity. We use high-frequency complaints and air pollution data to estimate air pollution’s causal effects on crime in a developing country. In order to establish causality, we exploit plausibly exogenous local variation in wind direction in an instrumental variable setup. We find that a lower number of complaints are received on the days of high air pollution levels. This effect is more pronounced for property crimes than for violent crimes. Our results are robust to a host of robustness checks and falsification checks. Exploring the potential mechanisms, we find that the decline in criminal activity might result from increased costs of indulging in criminal activity. |
| Date: | 2021–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:hs4xj&r= |
| By: | Giglio, Stefano W; Kelly, Bryan; Ströbel, Johannes |
| Abstract: | We review the literature studying interactions between climate change and financial markets. We first discuss various approaches to incorporating climate risk in macro-finance models. We then review the empirical literature that explores the pricing of climate risks across a large number of asset classes including real estate, equities, and fixed income securities. In this context, we also discuss how investors can use these assets to construct portfolios that hedge against climate risk. We conclude by proposing several promising directions for future research in climate finance. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15557&r= |
| By: | Ekta Srivastava (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode) |
| Abstract: | This exploratory research studies the relationship between social taboos and sustainability (particularly sustainable health and hygiene), and evaluate the role of social media. It uses social contagion effect and theory of reasoned action to explain the adoption of sustainable health and hygiene product related to taboo subject and promoted through social media. Mixed method approach is suggested with in-depth interviews, netnography and experimental research.Length: 3 pages |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iik:wpaper:454&r= |
| By: | Groom, Ben; Turk, Zachary |
| Abstract: | The Dasgupta Review provides a rich overview of the economics of biodiversity, paints a bleak picture of the current state of biodiversity, and is a call to arms for action in anticipation of the CBD COP 15. The Review takes a global perspective aimed at the high level of international and national policy on biodiversity, while elucidating the very local nature of biodiversity threats and values. The approach is orthodox in its diagnosis via the language of externalities, natural capital, shadow pricing, asset returns, and the suite of remedial policies that follow. Yet, at its centre is an ‘unorthodox’ perspective: the economy is embedded in the environment and growth is limited. We offer reflections on this framing in light of its objectives for biodiversity. The limits to growth message will be criticised and applauded in equal measure by different economists. The central place of valuation and the aggregated concept of biodiversity will draw criticism from outside the discipline. Yet the Review provides a foundation for biodiversity economics, and its largely orthodox framing may invoke the intended step change in the mainstream approach to economic growth. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity; Dasgupta Review; economic growth; limits to growth; Natural capital |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110356&r= |
| By: | Collier, Stephen J.; Elliott, Rebecca; Lehtonen, Turo-kimmo |
| Abstract: | This special collection examines insurance as an increasingly central mechanism in shaping how the effects of climate change are transforming local economies and ways of life. The papers study a range of exemplary cases, ranging from agricultural micro-insurance in development policy and regional sovereign risk facilities in the Caribbean to public and private insurance in the United States. This framing essay situates these papers in a longer tradition of scholarship on the government of risk and security. It also describes three themes that run through the papers: the economization of climate change; the moral economy of risk and responsibility; and the plasticity of insurance as an abstract technology that may be taken up in various governmental assemblages, in the name of various political projects. |
| Keywords: | climate change; risk society; insurance; Taylor & Francis deal |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2021–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110452&r= |
| By: | Paul J.J. Welfens (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)) |
| Abstract: | Der durch das Pariser Klimaabkommen und die Fridays for Future-Initiativen verstärkte Druck auf Politik und Wirtschaft in vielen Ländern der Welt, beschleunigte Maßnahmen für die globale CO2-Minderung zu entwickeln, lenkt den Fokus auf wichtige entwicklungsfähige Handlungsfelder im Kontext von klimaförderlichen Lebensstilen; etwa im Bereich der Krankenversicherungen. Ein entsprechender Fokus ergibt sich auch vor dem Hintergrund der Agenda 2030 bzw. die SDGs 3 und 13. Da Gesundheitsförderung und individuelle CO2-Minderungsaktivitäten zum Teil komplementär sind und weil Menschen langfristigen Gesundheitsaspekten einen hohen Wert beimessen, ist es möglich, durch gezielte Krankenkasseninitiativen mit Blick auf individuelle Mitglieder und mit Fokus auf Gesunde Lebenswelten - als Gesundheitsförderung-Ansatz bei Betrieben - wesentliche Klimafortschrittsbeiträge zu realisieren; viele große Unternehmen haben sich zu Gesunde-Lebenswelten-Ansätzen mit führenden Krankenversicherungen verbunden. Durch klimaorientierte neue, sinnvoll fokussierte Gesundheitsförderprogramme kommt es u.a. beim repräsentativen Krankenkassenmitglied zu einer Gewichtsminderung - das bedeutet auch CO2-Minderung pro Kopf im Kontext verminderter Aufnahme von Ernährungsmengen -, zu klimafreundlicherem Mobilitätsverhalten und zu verstärkter klimarelevanter freizeitbezogener Wissensbildung in Netzwerken: Die erreichbare CO2-Minderung durch klimafreundlichere Lebensstile und dynamische Wettbewerbsprozesse im Krankenversicherungsmarkt kann szenariomäßig mit Blick auf einen sinnvollen Maßnahmen-Mix ermittelt werden. Sofern WHO und Weltbank sowie die EBRD die vorgeschlagenen innovativen Ansätze als Multiplikatoren aufnehmen, kommt es zu einem global relevanten CO2-Minderungseffekt auf lange Sicht. |
| Keywords: | Klimafortschritt, Gesundheitsförderung, Krankenversicherung, SDG, Innovation, Soziale Innovation |
| JEL: | I1 I13 Q01 Q50 Q52 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwu:eiiwdp:disbei297&r= |
| By: | Sebastián Scheimberg |
| Abstract: | El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la viabilidad y conveniencia económica de promover un Programa de sustitución de combustibles líquidos en el sector de transporte pesado, tanto desde el punto de vista de un inversor privado como desde una perspectiva social. Con ese fin se define un conjunto de precios eficientes de distintos energéticos, a partir de un modelo simple de planificación energética que vincula los precios de mercado con los costos mínimos de producción local. Este modelo, a su vez, toma en cuenta la meta de reducción de emisiones globales de GEI. Luego se define el conjunto de impuestos eficientes, considerando los niveles de emisión de CO2 de cada recurso. Ello conduce a la identificación de los precios sombra de la energía y su ordenamiento en función de los costos económicos. La definición del conjunto de precios sombra resulta un insumo para identificar y ordenar las opciones de fuentes energéticas como reemplazo del gasoil en el transporte de carga y pasajeros. Para eso se realiza un cálculo de Valor Presente Descontado que toma en cuenta los valores de mercado de los distintos vehículos, en función del combustible que utilizan, y sus costos operativos (definidos en el ejercicio de planificación) para identificar las opciones más convenientes desde un punto de vista social. |
| JEL: | D4 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aep:anales:4408&r= |
| By: | Rafols, Ismael; Noyons, Ed; Confraria, Hugo; Ciarli, Tommaso |
| Abstract: | Analysts are rapidly developing methods to map publications to SDGs in the face of policy demands. However, as reported by Armitage et al. (2020), a high degree of inconsistency is found when comparing the bibliometric corpora obtained with different approaches. These inconsistencies are not due to minor technical issues, but instead they represent different interpretations of SDGs. Given the variety of understandings regarding the relationship between research and SDGs, we propose that bibliometrics analysts should not assume that there is one single, preferred or consensus way of mapping SDGs to publications. We propose instead that, since different stakeholders have contrasting views about the relationships between science and SDGs, the contribution of bibliometrics should be to provide a plural landscape for stakeholders to explore their own views. We describe here the beta-version of an interactive platform that allows stakeholders to scrutinise in a global map of science the clusters potentially related to SDGs. |
| Date: | 2021–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:yfqbd&r= |
| By: | Uwe Böwer |
| Abstract: | Just when Egypt had achieved a hard-earned economic stabilisation and was on track towards more sustainable growth, COVID-19 threw the country back into stabilisation mode. Building on the economy’s strengthened fundamentals, swift government intervention helped mitigate the pandemic’s economic fallout, seeing the economy through the storm with resilience. However, Egypt’s growth performance has increasingly relied on extractive industries and a large role of the state in the economy. Compared to emerging market peers, Egypt might not yet be fully exploiting its catching-up growth potential. Strong population growth amid low participation rates calls for a redoubling of efforts to make Egypt’s post-COVID growth path more inclusive and sustainable, with the non-oil private sector at its core. Unleashing the private sector’s potential for growth and job creation will require a more enabling environment for trade and investment by removing non-tariff barriers and creating a level playing field for investors, including vis-à-vis public and state-connected firms. Fast-tracking the twin transition towards a digital and greener economy would capitalise on the digitalisation push ushered in by the pandemic and help Egypt to reap its large opportunities for a green and sustainable recovery. |
| Keywords: | Uwe Böwer, Economic analysis of Egypt’s growth drivers and medium-term growth prospects, Egypt, growth, private sector, state-owned enterprises, trade, investment, competition, digital transition, green growth. |
| JEL: | F13 L32 O53 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:ecobri:066&r= |
| By: | Marion Davin (CEE-M, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France.); Mouez Fodha (University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and Paris School of Economics, Paris, France.); Thomas Seegmuller (Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.) |
| Abstract: | We study whether fiscal policies, especially public debt, can help to curb the macroeconomic and health consequences of epidemics. Our approach is based on three main features: we introduce the dynamics of epidemics in an overlapping generations model to take into account that old people are more vulnerable; people are more easily infected when pollution is high; public spending and public debt can be used to tackle the effects of epidemics. We show that fiscal policies can promote the convergence to a stable steady state with no epidemics. When public policies are not able to permanently eradicate the epidemic, public debt and income transfers could reduce the number of infected people and increase capital and GDP per capita. As a prerequisite, pollution intensity should not be too high. Finally, we define a household subsidy policy which eliminates income and welfare inequalities between healthy and infected individuals. |
| Keywords: | epidemics, pollution, overlapping generations, public debt |
| JEL: | E6 I18 Q59 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2128&r= |
| By: | Véronique Bellon-Maurel (Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Keywords: | numérique,Agriculture numérique,Développement durable,Performance,Chaine de valeur,innovation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03204611&r= |
| By: | Fernando Antonio Ignacio González; Maria Emma Santos; Silvia London |
| Abstract: | Los desastres naturales representan una seria amenaza a nivel mundial. Este trabajo avanza en la estimación del impacto que generan los desastres naturales sobre el crecimiento económico. En particular, se analiza el caso de los distritos argentinos para el período 1992-2013. Debido a la falta de datos desagregados de PBI, se utilizan mapas de luminosidad nocturna -como proxy de la actividad económica y el crecimiento- según lo informado por la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica (NOAA). La información sobre desastres proviene de los registros del Sistema de Inventario de Desastres (DesInventar). Se implementa un análisis de regresión considerando un panel de distritos y vinculando luminosidad y desastres. Se encuentra que, un desastre natural ponderado adicional está asociado con una reducción en el crecimiento económico de 0.53% en el año de su ocurrencia. Los desastres geofísicos e hidrológicos son los que generan mayores efectos negativos. Este resultado es especialmente relevante considerando que se espera un aumento en la frecuencia e intensidad de los desastres en el futuro como resultado del cambio climático, y que los países en desarrollo son más vulnerables ante desastres. |
| Keywords: | desastres naturales, crecimiento económico, luminosidad nocturna, Argentina |
| JEL: | O1 O4 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aep:anales:4352&r= |
| By: | Roberto P. Ferreira da Cunha (Berkeley Research Group, LLC); Antoine Missemer (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Harold Hotelling's 1931 contribution is known for providing a basic principle—the Hotelling rule—to the economics of non‐renewable resources. Nearly 90 years later, empirical tests conclude the rule lacks empirical validity, requiring strong amendments to describe the long‐term, aggregate behaviour of its target object. On the basis of Hotelling's unpublished archival material, this paper revisits the place given to the Hotelling rule in non‐renewable resource economics. Our reconstruction shows that Hotelling's 1931 paper has been misinterpreted: from the outset, the Hotelling rule was not valid for mineral resources. In contrast, the consideration of two inherent geological constraints, alongside exhaustibility, offered the opportunity for an alternative basic framework, capable to generate bell‐shaped and U‐shaped equilibrium trajectories for supplies and prices, respectively. Inspired by this unknown aspect of Hotelling's work brought to light by our archival investigation, we sketch this alternative basic model, enabling non‐renewable resource economics to circumvent the empirical shortfalls of the Hotelling rule. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03216483&r= |