|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2021‒05‒03
forty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | François Facchini (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity is associated in the public debate with the disappearance of living species as emblematic as the white rhino or the African elephant. It was the subject of a law in 2011 and 2015 and was elevated to the rank of fight of the century1 in the same way as the climate by the Metz Charter of the G7 group in May 2019. According to the last presidential address, it would involve i) a plan against deforestation in the Amazon, ii) rules capable of reducing the use of phytosanitary products, iii) an increase in public aid to farmers who are committed to the environment (eco-subsidy) and iv) a ban on imports resulting from deforestation by 2030. The fight against deforestation would therefore require a right to interfere, public aid and therefore taxes and a ban. This article defends that the solutions are elsewhere. The solution lies in economic development and the implementation of appropriate property rights regimes. The first section explains why economic development is a necessary condition for the protection of ecosystems (natural habitat) and biodiversity (1). The second section shows the triple environmental dividend of implementing an appropriate property regime (2). The first environmental dividend of a good property regime is the advent of economic development. The second environmental dividend of good ownership is the implementation of institutional mechanisms that limit the overexploitation of natural resources (water, air, fauna, flora, landscape, etc.). The third environmental dividend of private property is the implementation of a rule of responsibility that limits pollution. |
| Abstract: | La biodiversité est associée dans le débat public à la disparition d'espèces vivantes aussi emblématique que le rhinocéros blanc ou l'éléphant d'Afrique. Elle a fait l'objet d'une loi en 2011 et 2015 et a été élevée au rang de combat du siècle1 au même titre que le climat par la Charte de Metz du groupe du G7 de mai 2019. Elle passerait selon la dernière allocution présidentielle par un plan contre la déforestation de l'Amazonie, des règles capables de réduire l'usage des produits phytosanitaires de moitié d'ici 2015 , la hausse des aides publiques aux agriculteurs qui s'engagent pour l'environnement (éco-subvention) et l'interdiction des importations issues de la déforestation d'ici 2030. La lutte contre la déforestation passerait donc par un droit d'ingérence, des aides publiques et donc l'impôt et l'interdiction. Cet article défend que les solutions sont ailleurs. La solution passe par le développement économique et la mise en œuvre de régimes de droit de propriété appropriés. La première section explique pourquoi le développement économique est une condition nécessaire de la protection des écosystèmes (habitat naturel) et de la biodiversité (1). La seconde section montre le triple dividende environnemental de la mise en œuvre d'un régime de propriété adéquat (2). Le premier dividende environnemental d'un bon régime de propriété est l'avènement du développement économique. Le second dividende environnemental d'un bon régime de propriété est la mise en œuvre de mécanismes institutionnels qui limitent la surexploitation des ressources naturelles (eau, air, faune, flore, paysage, etc.). Le troisième dividende environnemental de la propriété privée est la mise en place d'une règle de responsabilité qui limite la pollution. |
| Keywords: | biodiversité,environnement,droit de propriété,faune,flore,déforestation,pauvreté |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03195476&r= |
| By: | Emanuel Kohlscheen; Richhild Moessner; Előd Takáts |
| Abstract: | We use a comprehensive database of 121 countries over the 1971-2016 period to study how macroeconomic factors drive carbon (carbon-dioxide) emissions. For this purpose, dynamic panel regressions are estimated. Carbon emissions rise with economic development, manufacturing activity, urbanization and increasingly with economic growth. In electricity generation, the use of coal, and to a lesser degree of oil, is associated with higher carbon emissions, while renewable energy use is already associated with lower national emissions in advanced economies. We also uncover a non-linearity: economic overheating is particularly harmful when coal use is more intensive. The results suggest that mitigating economic cycles might also reduce carbon emissions. |
| Keywords: | carbon dioxide, climate change, coal, emissions, energy, environment, growth, pollution, urbanisation |
| JEL: | O40 O44 Q00 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:937&r= |
| By: | Hansjörg Blöchliger; Sigita Strumskyte |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an overview on Lithuania’s environment and environmental policy. Environmental performance has improved since the mid-2000s. Greenhouse gas emissions declined and decoupled from growth over the past decade, yet per capita emissions increased. Transport and energy are the main sources of emissions and pollution, followed by agriculture and industry. There was much improvement in waste management practices, with a significant reduction of landfills. Yet Lithuania has the highest mortality rate from exposure to air pollution in the OECD. Energy efficiency is a concern, particularly in the housing sector. Pricing of environmentally damaging activities is low. Lithuania sets no CO2 tax, has one of the lowest excise duties on motor fuel, petrol and diesel in the OECD, and has one of the largest ‘diesel differentials’, the gap in the price of diesel versus gasoline. It also provides among the highest subsidies to fossil fuels. In 2020, the country introduced a purchase tax for passenger vehicles which takes into account emissions. Against this background, the country has scope for increasing fossil fuel taxes and removing subsidies, to reach its ambitious environmental and climate management objectives and the net-zero carbon emission target by 2050. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, climate change, energy, environmental policy, greenhouse gas emissions, Lithuania, pollution, transport |
| JEL: | Q20 Q28 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1667-en&r= |
| By: | Lee Cartier; Svan Lembke |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to measure the benefits and costs of using biochar, a carbon sequestration technology, to reduce the B.C Wine Industry's carbon emissions. An economic model was developed to calculate the value-added for each of the three sectors that comprise the BC Wine industry. Results indicate that each sector of the wine value chain is potentially profitable, with 9,000 tonnes of CO2 sequestered each year. The study is unique in that it demonstrates that using biochar, produced from wine industry waste, to sequester atmospheric CO2 can be both profitable and environmentally sustainable. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.13330&r= |
| By: | CANFORA Paolo (European Commission - JRC); DRI Marco (European Commission - JRC); POLIDORI Olivier; SOLZBACHER Clara; ARRANZ PADILLA Maria |
| Abstract: | The European Union has introduced a new policy tool to clarify which investments are to be considered environmentally sustainable: a taxonomy of environmentally sustainable economic activities. Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council (the ‘Taxonomy Regulation’), defines the framework for the development of the EU taxonomy. It empowers the European Commission to define the taxonomy, i.e. the list of economic activities and associated technical screening criteria defining the required level of environmental performance. The European Commission will adopt the list of technical screening criteria in delegated acts. This report is an input to the work underlying the first delegated act under the Taxonomy Regulation, relating to activities making a substantial contribution to the first two objectives set out in the Regulation: climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation. This first delegated act should be adopted by the European Commission at the beginning of 2021. Building on the experience gained from working with the Technical Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (TEG) and on the set of recommendations the TEG provided to the European Commission, this report elaborates the concept of substantial contribution to an environmental objective and classifies the types of substantial contribution that an economic activity can make. It then illustrates which approaches can be used to define substantial contribution to climate change mitigation and elaborates on the conditions of applicability of each suggested approach. The requirements for technical screening criteria that are outlined in Article 19 of the Taxonomy Regulation are the basis for evaluating the suitability of each specific approach. This report also discusses the elements to be considered for setting the level of ambition of the technical screening criteria and how the technical screening criteria can result from combining the different elements analysed. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable finance, EU taxonomy, sustainable economy activities, substantial contribution, climate change mitigation |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc123355&r= |
| By: | Rolf Golombek; Mads Greaker; Snorre Kverndokk; Lin Ma |
| Abstract: | We model the value chain of Carbon Capture, transport and Storage (CCS) by focusing on the decisions taking by actors involved in either capture, transport or storage of CO2. Plants emitting CO2 are located along a Salop circle. If these invest in carbon capture facilities, the captured CO2 is transported to terminals, which again transport the received amount of CO2 to a storage site. We study different market structures, all suffering from market imperfections such as network effects, market power and economics of scale in addition to the environmental externality from emissions. Thus, to ensure socially optimal CCS investments, the government must use more than one policy instrument. A numerical specification of the model finds that the actually observed CCS investments are much lower than what is socially optimal simply because the price of CO2 emissions has been far too low. If the carbon tax is set equal to the social cost of carbon and is sufficiently high to justify CCS investments, but the government does not use other instruments to correct for the other market imperfections, CCS investments differ significantly between the alternative market structures. In particular, investment in terminals may be too high, while investment in capture facilities could still be too low. |
| Keywords: | carbon capture and storage, indirect network effects, Salop circle, carbon tax, market imperfections, tipping points |
| JEL: | H23 L13 L51 Q35 Q38 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9047&r= |
| By: | Saptorshee Kanto Chakraborty (Paris School of Economics); Massimiliano Mazzanti (University of Ferrara; SEEDS, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Theories of the association between environmental degradation and economic growth are not new and are very important under current global conditions to understand and tackle challenges like decarbonisation and the circular economy among others. Countries must balance growth with environmental degradation, and in the extensive literature that deals with this association, applied economists have largely used the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) setting, with different empirical methodologies in various data settings. However, under a panel data framework, researchers often assume that countries are similar when dealing with unobservable heterogeneity. The papers exploits one of the methodologies to unveil heterogeneity to determine groupings from the data. We consider the countries that account for nearly 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions and apply the EKC setting. Using a Classifier Lasso framework that applies latent group methodologies to address unobservable heterogeneity, we find for two distinct groups substantial heterogeneity in types of energy consumption (renewable and total) with both positive and negative effects observed in the data. The results provide a new perspective on potential impacts illustrated in the EKC literature that might be relevant to policy makers. |
| Keywords: | EKC, Group Lasso, Latent structure, Unobserved heterogeneity, decarbonisation |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0521&r= |
| By: | Cecilia Bellora (CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique); Lionel Fontagné (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | On March 10, 2021, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the border carbon adjustment mechanism that the European Commission committed to setting up. How would this adjustment work and what would be its consequences? By reducing the incentive to displace production of high-emitting products to countries with little or no carbon tax, the carbon adjustment mechanism would reduce "carbon leakage" but increase the price of carbon in the European Union (EU). Therefore, European industries that use as inputs goods subject either to the carbon tax or to the carbon adjustment are at risk of a loss of competitiveness. However, the main challenge in addressing climate change is the participation of the major emitting countries in the effort to abate greenhouse-gas emissions. While the European mechanism could help the EU in strengthening its emissionreduction targets, it is above all the compliance of the United States with the commitments made in the Paris Agreement that will make it possible to save one year's worth of global emissions by 2035, pending a more concrete commitment from China. |
| Date: | 2021–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03202524&r= |
| By: | Cecilia Bellora (CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique); Lionel Fontagné (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | On March 10, 2021, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the border carbon adjustment mechanism that the European Commission committed to setting up. How would this adjustment work and what would be its consequences? By reducing the incentive to displace production of high-emitting products to countries with little or no carbon tax, the carbon adjustment mechanism would reduce "carbon leakage" but increase the price of carbon in the European Union (EU). Therefore, European industries that use as inputs goods subject either to the carbon tax or to the carbon adjustment are at risk of a loss of competitiveness. However, the main challenge in addressing climate change is the participation of the major emitting countries in the effort to abate greenhouse-gas emissions. While the European mechanism could help the EU in strengthening its emissionreduction targets, it is above all the compliance of the United States with the commitments made in the Paris Agreement that will make it possible to save one year's worth of global emissions by 2035, pending a more concrete commitment from China. |
| Date: | 2021–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03202524&r= |
| By: | Ivan Faiella (Bank of Italy); Luciano Lavecchia (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a novel methodology to estimate the demand and elasticity of electricity, heating, and private transport fuels by aligning the microdata of the Italian Household Budget Survey with several external sources. These estimates are used to evaluate the effects of a set of one-off carbon taxes on energy demand and expenditure. According to our simulations, the increase in energy prices prompted by carbon taxation would decrease energy demand for all uses considered. Our simulations suggest that the effects of carbon taxation are generally regressive: expenditure would increase more for poorer households while their energy demand is compressed. The carbon tax could achieve a significant decrease in GHG emissions and raise revenues, which could be recycled to compensate vulnerable households or reinvested to support the energy transition. |
| Keywords: | household energy demand, Italy, climate change, carbon tax, energy poverty |
| JEL: | Q41 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_614_21&r= |
| By: | Fu, Shihe; Viard, V. Brian |
| Abstract: | We review recent empirical economic studies on urban ambient air pollution from a mayor’s perspective. We discuss the sources of urban air pollution, the economic costs that it imposes, and the policy tools available to a mayor to alleviate it. For economic costs, we briefly summarize traditional estimates of health and mortality costs and focus on more recent evidence on mental and psychological health, labor productivity and supply, avoidance behavior, willingness to pay for clean air and long-term (multi-decade) impacts. The policy tools we evaluate include pollution information disclosure, auto license and driving restrictions, congestion tolls, public transit investments, emission standards and controls, and gasoline taxes. We also discuss challenges posed by transboundary pollution across cities and the extent to which mayors’ incentives encourage tackling air pollution under different political systems. We briefly discuss possible future research agendas. |
| Keywords: | urban air pollution; environmental costs and benefits; urban public policy, environmental policies; incentives |
| JEL: | H23 H75 O18 Q51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107434&r= |
| By: | Jerome Faure; Lauriane Mouysset; Sabrina Gaba |
| Abstract: | A polycentric approach to ecosystem service (ES) governance that combines individual incentives for interdependent ES providers with collective action is a promising lever to overcome the decline in ES and generate win-win solutions in agricultural landscapes. In this study, we explored the effectiveness of such an approach by focusing on incentives for managed pollination targeting either beekeepers or farmers who were either in communication with each other or not. We used a stylized bioeconomic model to simulate (i) the mutual interdependency through pollination in intensive agricultural landscapes and (ii) the economic and ecological impacts of introducing two beekeeping subsidies and one pesticide tax. The findings showed that incentives generated a spillover effect, affecting not only targeted stakeholders but non-targeted stakeholders as well as the landscape, and that this effect was amplified by communication. However, none of the simulated types of polycentric ES governance proved sustainable overall: subsidies showed excellent economic but low environmental performance, while the tax led to economic losses but was beneficial for the landscape. Based on these results, we identified three conditions for sustainable ES governance based on communication between stakeholders and incentives: (i) strong mutual interdependency (i.e. few alternatives exist for stakeholders), (ii) the benefits of communication outweigh the costs, and (iii) the incentivized ES drivers are not detrimental to other ES. Further research is needed to systematize which combination of individual payments and collaboration are sustainable in which conditions. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.12640&r= |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I highlight the benefit of the circular economy to banks and other financial institutions. The paper uses discourse analysis methodology to present an overview of the circular economy concept and the benefit of the circular economy to banks and other financial institutions. The findings show that some benefit of the circular economy to banks include: (i) greater loan diversification opportunities, (ii) promotes responsible and sustainable banking, (iii) increased lending to circular clients and the recycling sector which means more profit for banks, and (iv) correcting the bad perception about banks in society. Some benefit of the circular economy to other financial institutions include: (i) issuance of special insurance policies for reused products; (ii) greater sustainability-adjusted return on investment; (iii) greater funding to microfinance institutions; and (iv) more opportunities for collaborative funding to circular businesses. This study contributes to the scant literature that examine the role of the finance industry in the circular economy. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, linear economy, banks, financial institutions, criticism, sustainability, climate change, waste, insurance, sustainable finance, sustainable banking, hedge funds, microfinance institutions |
| JEL: | G02 G21 G22 G23 G24 G29 Q01 Q20 Q32 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107397&r= |
| By: | Saptorshee Kanto Chakraborty (Paris School of Economics); Massimiliano Mazzanti (University of Ferrara; SEEDS, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Renewable electricity is a pillar of the sustainability transition being pursued through climate and energy policy strategies, and the European Green Deal represents a potential investment plan for this new phase of development. Economic growth can be inƒfluenced by the expansion of renewable electricity consumption, but the nature of their relationship is ambiguous and depends on various economic and policy factors. Th‘is paper investigates the long-run relationship between renewable electricity consumption and economic growth in selected countries over the period 1971-2015 using econometric panel data techniques that specifi€cally address cross-country heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Our fi€ndings suggest that, on average, there is a signi€cant positive long-term relationship between renewable electricity consumption and economic growth, although Granger causality is not detected. Regarding causality, we do fi€nd per capita economic growth to be a causal factor for total electricity consumption. |
| Keywords: | Electricity Consumption, Economic Growth, Renewables, Cross-sectional Dependence, CS-ARDL Model, CS-DL Model |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0421&r= |
| By: | Darshana Rajapaksa (University of Sri Jayewardenepura); Robert Gifford (UVIC - University of Victoria [Canada]); Benno Torgler (Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA) - Partenaires INRAE); María A. García-Valiñas (University of Oviedo - University of Oviedo); Wasantha Athukorala (University of Peradeniya); Shunsuke Managi (Kyushu Universitydisabled, Fukuoka, Japan); Clevo Wilson (Queensland University of Technologydisabled) |
| Abstract: | There is a wide array of empirical work on the use of monetary and non-monetary measures to manage residential water consumption. However, there has been little focus on exploring the ability to change human attitudes and behavior through offering consumers sustainable resource management. This research helps bridge this gap, through an experimental trial in Brisbane, Australia. Choices of different monetary and non-monetary incentives for managing water demand are offered to survey participants. A structural behavioral model is then developed to identify direct and indirect impacts of attitudes and behavior and which can be compared between separate groups drawn from the survey's participants. Our results suggest that both monetary and non-monetary incentives offered to households significantly reduce water consumption, which is especially so for those holding pro-environmental attitudes/behavior. Importantly, the impact is higher for non-monetary incentives. The results therefore provide valuable insight for the development of long-term sustainable resource management policies. |
| Keywords: | pro-environmental behavior,environmental attitudes,water consumption |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03191523&r= |
| By: | Manuela K. Fritz |
| Abstract: | Increasing ambient temperatures will severely affect human health in the decades to come and will exacerbate a variety of chronic health conditions. In this paper, I examine the temperature- morbidity relationship in the tropical climate environment of Indonesia with a focus on chronic, non-communicable diseases, namely diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Drawing on detailed individual level data from the Indonesian national health insurance scheme JKN and linking it with meteorological data on daily temperature realizations on a one spatial level, I estimate the e ect of high ambient temperatures on the daily number of primary health care visits. Exploiting the panel structure of the data and using a distributed lag model, I and that all-cause, diabetes and cardiovascular disease morbidity substantially increase at days with high mean temperatures. Specifically, on a day with a mean temperature above 29.5°C, the daily visits for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases increase by 29% and 19%, respectively, and these increases are permanent and not offset by visit displacement. Contrarily, I do not and any effects on respiratory disease morbidity. Heterogeneity analyses suggest that elderly and women suffer more severely from high temperatures. Back-of-the-envelope cost calculations indicate a substantial financial burden for the Indonesian health care system due to increasing temperatures. |
| Keywords: | Health, Non-Communicable Diseases, Temperature, Climate Change, Indonesia. |
| JEL: | I10 I13 I18 Q50 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bav:wpaper:206_fritz&r= |
| By: | Felipe Avilés-Lucero; Gabriel Peraita; Camilo Valladares |
| Abstract: | In the present paper, we estimate the carbon footprint of Chilean industries in terms of CO2 equivalent for a set of greenhouse gases, using an input-output approach that accounts for the different electricity generation technologies. The objective of this study is to provide a methodology to measure the carbon footprint and to contribute to the analysis of the reduction of emissions and the effect that different sectors make to this purpose. Our results show that, for the year 2017, the generation of electricity based on coal and the manufacturing industry are located as the largest direct emitters of CO2, while in terms of carbon footprint, the manufacturing industry and mining show the highest levels of incorporated CO2. Regarding final demand, exports have the highest share of the carbon footprint, mainly explained by the orientation towards the external market of mining and part of the manufacturing industry. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchee:135&r= |
| By: | Jaime de Melo (University of Geneva [Switzerland], FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Jean-Marc Solleder (University of Geneva [Switzerland]) |
| Abstract: | Ever since the creation of the WTO, attempts at bringing together the trade and climate regime have failed. This paper reviews attempts at reducing tariffs on products classified as Environmental Goods (EGs), causes of failure in past attempts, and suggests requirements for a meaningful agenda in future attempts. The start is the failure at the negotiations on the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) negotiations started in 2014 and abandoned in 2016. Discussion on prospects is around elements that would enter 'EGA-STyle' (EGAST) negotiations among a small group of countries. The paper starts with new descriptive data on the inclusion of provisions in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) across the world encouraging trade in EGs. However, the presence of these provisions in RTAs has not been reflected in increased bilateral trade in EGs among RTA members, confirming the relevance of continuing to revive momentum to reduce barriers to trade in EGs. Discussion of reasons for failure at the EGA (and earlier at the Doha Round) follow. An EGAST agenda should go beyond the elimination of ‘nuisance tariffs' to include high energy-efficiency EGs and high-tariff products. The EG list should also include Environmentally Preferable Products. As to the difficult-to-detect Non-tariff Barriers (e.g. non-tariff measures), among which some are protectionist in intent, they should be included in the agenda up for mutual recognition. The paper concludes that EGAST negotiations to reduce barriers to trade in EGs would still be a promising avenue for rapprochement between the trade and climate regimes. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Goods,WTO,Climate Change |
| Date: | 2021–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03201725&r= |
| By: | Kelly Fielding (University of Queensland [Brisbane]); Céline Nauges (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sarah Ann Wheeler (University of Adelaide) |
| Abstract: | The relationship between wealth and climate change concern has been a focus of several studies. In this article, we hypothesize that richer households (and countries) are less concerned about climate change because wealth provides a buffer against some of the related risks. This leads people in wealthier countries and households to perceive a greater sense of control over climate change impacts, which in turn results in lower levels of concern. We tested this hypothesis using a unique household survey encompassing 11 OECD countries and over 10,000 households and applying mixed multi-level regression models. Our results confirmed a statistically significant negative relationship between country and household wealth and individuals' perceptions of the seriousness of climate change. This study contributes to current literature by showing that this relationship is mediated through sense of control, measured at the country level by the country's readiness index and at the individual household level by the extent of adoption of energy efficiency improvements. These findings raise the question of how best to incentivize action on climate change amongst those with the ability—but not necessarily the motivation—to respond. |
| Keywords: | climate change concern,wealth,control,country wealth,household wealth |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03197946&r= |
| By: | Asproudis, Elias; Filippiadis, Eleftherios |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a model based on the Nash bargaining for fishing quotas and wages between fishing communities and vessels, focusing on two cases: (a) the fishing communities are not environmentally conscious and ignore the external damages caused by the fishing industry emissions, and (b) the fishing communities are environmentally conscious, and the external damages caused by the fishing industry emissions affect their bargaining position in the fishing quotas market. Between other it is argued that, in developing economies, where normally the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) is relatively strict compared to the community's needs, the community's degree of environmental awareness has no effect on social welfare. In developed countries the social welfare is higher when the fishing community is environmentally conscious provided a slow decrease in consumption's marginal utility relative to the rate at which the marginal environmental damage increases. Finally, the community's utility and the vessel's profits depend on the strictness of the total allowable catch. |
| Keywords: | bargaining, fishing quotas, environmental protection, fishing community, vessels, social welfare. |
| JEL: | C7 Q13 Q22 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107409&r= |
| By: | Michal Brzezinski |
| Abstract: | We estimate the short- to medium term impact of six major past pandemic crises on the CO2 emissions and energy transition to renewable electricity. The results show that the previous pandemics led on average to a 3.4-3.7% fall in the CO2 emissions in the short-run (1-2 years since the start of the pandemic). The effect is present only in the rich countries, as well as in countries with the highest pandemic death toll (where it disappears only after 8 years) and in countries that were hit by the pandemic during economic recessions. We found that the past pandemics increased the share of electricity generated from renewable sources within the fiveyear horizon by 1.9-2.3 percentage points in the OECD countries and by 3.2-3.9 percentage points in countries experiencing economic recessions. We discuss the implications of our findings in the context of CO2 emissions and the transition to renewable energy in the post-COVID-19 era. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.14199&r= |
| By: | Poonam Ravindranath; Paolo Abarcar; Cullen Seaton; Candace Miller; Arif Mamun |
| Abstract: | The Mt. Coffee Support Activity, addresses environmental and social risks associated with the rehabilitation of Mt. Coffee Hydropower Plant and aims to increase productive uses of electricity. |
| Keywords: | Liberia, MCC, water, pipeline, LWSC, evaluation |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:395157c5d05e452b9b2cc83942349c0a&r= |
| By: | Jialin Huang; Jianwei Xing; Eric Zou |
| Abstract: | Many human activities can be strategically timed around forecastable natural hazards to mute their impacts. We study air pollution shock mitigation in a high-stakes healthcare setting: hospital surgery scheduling. Using newly available inpatient surgery records from a major city in China, we track post-surgery survival for over 1 million patients, and document a significant increase of hospital mortality among those who underwent surgeries on days with high particulate matter pollution. This effect has two special features. First, pollution on the surgery day, rather than exposure prior to hospitalization, before or after the surgery, is primarily explanatory of the excess mortality. Second, a small but high-risk group – elderly patients undergoing respiratory or cancer operations – bears a majority of pollution’s damages. Based on these empirical findings, we build and analyze a model of hospital surgery scheduling. For over a third of the high-risk surgeries, there exists an alternative, lower-pollution day within three days such that moving the surgery may lead to a Pareto improvement in survival. |
| JEL: | C44 I18 O13 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28708&r= |
| By: | Wietschel, Martin; Bekk, Anke; Breitschopf, Barbara; Boie, Inga; Edler, Jakob; Eichhammer, Wolfgang; Klobasa, Marian; Marscheider-Weidemann, Frank; Plötz, Patrick; Sensfuß, Frank; Thorpe, Daniel; Walz, Rainer |
| Abstract: | Opportunities and challenges when importing green hydrogen and synthesis products |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisipp:032020&r= |
| By: | Alhassan A. Karakara (University of Cape Coast, Ghana); Evans S. Osabuohien (CEPDeR, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This paper analyses the extent to which households are deprived (or otherwise) of clean energy sources in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – It engages the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data (GDHS VI). Three different energy deprivation indicators were estimated: cooking fuel deprivation, lighting deprivation and indoor air pollution. The empirical evidence is based on logit regressions that explain whether households are deprived or not. Findings – The results show that energy deprivation or access is contingent on the area of residence. Energy access and deprivation in Ghana show some regional disparities, even though across every region, the majority of households use three fuel types: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), charcoal and wood cut. Increases in wealth and education lead to reduction in the likelihood of being energy deprived. Thus, efforts should be geared towards policies that will ensure households having access to clean fuels to reduce the attendant deprivations and corresponding effects of using dangerous or dirty fuels. Originality/value – This study complements the extant literature by analysing the extent to which households are deprived (or otherwise) of clean energy sources in Ghana. |
| Keywords: | Energy deprivation, Ghana, Households, Sustainable development |
| JEL: | O13 P28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/023&r= |
| By: | Fabian Scheller; Isabel Doser; Emily Schulte; Simon Johanning; Russell McKenna; Thomas Bruckner |
| Abstract: | Although there is a clear indication that stages of residential decision making are characterized by their own stakeholders, activities, and outcomes, many studies on residential low-carbon technology adoption only implicitly address stage-specific dynamics. This paper explores stakeholder influences on residential photovoltaic adoption from a procedural perspective, so-called stakeholder dynamics. The major objective is the understanding of underlying mechanisms to better exploit the potential for residential photovoltaic uptake. Four focus groups have been conducted in close collaboration with the independent institute for social science research SINUS Markt- und Sozialforschung in East Germany. By applying a qualitative content analysis, major influence dynamics within three decision stages are synthesized with the help of egocentric network maps from the perspective of residential decision-makers. Results indicate that actors closest in terms of emotional and spatial proximity such as members of the social network represent the major influence on residential PV decision-making throughout the stages. Furthermore, decision-makers with a higher level of knowledge are more likely to move on to the subsequent stage. A shift from passive exposure to proactive search takes place through the process, but this shift is less pronounced among risk-averse decision-makers who continuously request proactive influences. The discussions revealed largely unexploited potential regarding the stakeholders local utilities and local governments who are perceived as independent, trustworthy and credible stakeholders. Public stakeholders must fulfill their responsibility in achieving climate goals by advising, assisting, and financing services for low-carbon technology adoption at the local level. Supporting community initiatives through political frameworks appears to be another promising step. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.14240&r= |
| By: | Gert Bijnens (Economics and Research Department, NBB and KULeuven); John Hutchinson (European Central Bank); Jozef Konings (KULeuven, University of Liverpool and Nazarbayev University); Arthur Saint Guilhem (European Central Bank) |
| Abstract: | Increased investment in clean electricity generation or the introduction of a carbon tax will most likely lead to higher electricity prices. We examine the effect from changing electricity prices on manufacturing employment. Analyzing firm-level data, we find that rising electricity prices lead to a negative impact on labor demand and investment in sectors most reliant on electricity as an input factor. Since these sectors are unevenly spread across countries and regions, the labor impact will also be unevenly spread with the highest impact in Southern Germany and Northern Italy. We also identify an additional channel that leads to heterogeneous responses. When electricity prices rise, financially constrained firms reduce employment more than less constrained firms. This implies a potentially mitigating role for monetary policy. |
| Keywords: | environmental regulation, labor demand, employment, manufacturing industry, monetary policy |
| JEL: | E52 H23 J23 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202104-399&r= |
| By: | Da Mata, Daniel (São Paulo School of Economics-FGV); Emanuel, Lucas (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco); Pereira, Vitor (National School of Public Administration); Sampaio, Breno (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how in utero exposure to a large-scale climate adaptation program affects birth outcomes. The program built around one million cisterns in Brazil's poorest and driest region to promote small-scale decentralized rainfall harvesting. Access to cisterns during early pregnancy increased birth weight, particularly for more educated women. Data suggest that more educated women complied more with the program's water disinfection training, highlighting that even simple, low-cost technologies require final users' compliance ("the last mile") to be effective. In the context of growing water scarcity, adaptation policies can foster neonatal health and thus have positive long-run implications. |
| Keywords: | climate, adaptation, birth outcomes, cisterns, water |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 Q25 I15 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14295&r= |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | In this report, CBO identifies the primary channels by which climate change affects the federal budget. The report also outlines how policies intended to mitigate climate change or adapt to its effects could affect the budget. CBO currently has no basis for estimating the extent to which the up-front costs of such policies might lead to future budgetary savings, because many of the linkages between climate change and the federal budget require additional information and analysis. |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:57019&r= |
| By: | Wietschel, Martin; Bekk, Anke; Breitschopf, Barbara; Boie, Inga; Edler, Jakob; Eichhammer, Wolfgang; Klobasa, Marian; Marscheider-Weidemann, Frank; Plötz, Patrick; Sensfuß, Frank; Thorpe, Daniel; Walz, Rainer |
| Abstract: | In der nationalen sowie der europäischen Wasserstoffstrategie werden grüner Wasserstoff und seine Syntheseprodukte als wichtige Bausteine der Energie- und Klimawende angesehen. Der Import dieser Produkte wird dabei als ein wichtiger Strategiebaustein eingestuft. Neben vielen Aspekten, die nach heutigem Wissensstand als relativ gesichert eingestuft werden können, gibt es noch eine Reihe an offenen Fragen, die im vorliegenden Policy Brief behandelt werden und zu folgenden Schlussfolgerungen führen. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisipp:032020de&r= |
| By: | Franz Tödtling (Vienna University of Economics and Business); Michaela Trippl (University of Vienna); Veronika Desch (University of Vienna) |
| Abstract: | The regional innovation system (RIS) approach has become a widely used framework for examining the dynamics of innovation across space as well as for crafting policies aimed at promoting the innovation capacity of regions. The dominant focus of RIS studies and regional innovation policies has been on technological innovation that drives competitiveness and economic growth. In light of persistent environmental and social challenges such as climate change, health problems, and growing inequalities, this narrow understanding of innovation appears to be obsolete. This article claims that the RIS approach requires critical rethinking and reassessment to provide a solid basis for informing the next generation of regional innovation policies. We explore how RIS scholarship and policies could benefit from engaging more deeply with an alternative understanding of innovation. Inspired by recent work on responsible innovation, mission-oriented and transformative innovation policies, we develop the notion of ‘challenge-oriented RIS’ (CORIS). In contrast to conventional understandings of RIS, this approach embraces a broader and more critical understanding of innovation, captures the directionality of change, opens up to new innovation actors and novel coordination mechanisms between various stakeholders and territorial scales, and pays more attention to the application side and upscaling of innovation within the region and beyond. Acknowledging that regions vary in their capacity to fashion transformative change and challenge-oriented innovation, the paper outlines new directions for place-based innovation policies. |
| Keywords: | regional innovation systems, grand societal challenges, sustainability transitions, challenge-oriented regional innovation policy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoe:wpaper:2101&r= |
| By: | Thielmann, Axel; Wietschel, Martin; Funke, Simon; Grimm, Anna; Hettesheimer, Tim; Langkau, Sabine; Loibl, Antonia; Moll, Cornelius; Neef, Christoph; Plötz, Patrick; Sievers, Luisa; Tercero Espinoza, Luis; Edler, Jakob |
| Abstract: | When looking at the main questions along the entire battery value chain, it becomes clear that there are no insurmountable obstacles that could prevent the widespread market diffusion of battery-electric passenger cars, particularly during the decisive ramp-up phase between 2020 and 2030+. However, numerous technological, economic, ecological, regulatory and societal challenges still need to be tackled in the coming decade. The most important findings are summarized below, followed by a more detailed description in the individual chapters. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisipp:012020&r= |
| By: | Koffi Serge William Yao (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Emmanuelle Lavaine (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marc Willinger (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Masuda et al. (2014) showed that the minimum approval mechanism (AM) implements the effcient level of public good theoretically and experimentally in a linear public good game. We extent this result to a two-players common pool resource (CPR) game. The AM adds a second stage into the extraction game. In the fi rst stage, each group member proposes his level of extraction. In the second stage, the proposed extractions and associated payoffs are displayed and each player is asked to approve or to disapprove both proposed extractions. If both players approve, the proposals are implemented. Otherwise, a uniform level of extraction, the disapproval benchmark (DB), is imposed onto each player. We consider three different DBs: the minimum proposal (MIN), the maximum proposal (MAX) and the Nash extraction level (NASH). We derive theoretical predictions for each DB following backward elimination of weakly dominated strategies (BEWDS). We fi rst underline the strength of the AM, by showing that the MIN implements the optimum theoretically and experimentally. The sub-games predicted under the NASH are Pareto improving with respect to the Nash equilibrium. The MAX leads, either to Pareto improving outcomes with respect to the free access extractions, or to a Pareto degradation. Our experimental results show that the MAX and the NASH reduce the level of over-extraction of the CPR. The MAX leads above all to larger reductions of (proposed and realized) extractions than the NASH. |
| Date: | 2021–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03201696&r= |
| By: | Koffi Serge William Yao (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Emmanuelle Lavaine (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marc Willinger (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Masuda et al. (2014) showed that the minimum approval mechanism (AM) implements the effcient level of public good theoretically and experimentally in a linear public good game. We extent this result to a two-players common pool resource (CPR) game. The AM adds a second stage into the extraction game. In the fi rst stage, each group member proposes his level of extraction. In the second stage, the proposed extractions and associated payoffs are displayed and each player is asked to approve or to disapprove both proposed extractions. If both players approve, the proposals are implemented. Otherwise, a uniform level of extraction, the disapproval benchmark (DB), is imposed onto each player. We consider three different DBs: the minimum proposal (MIN), the maximum proposal (MAX) and the Nash extraction level (NASH). We derive theoretical predictions for each DB following backward elimination of weakly dominated strategies (BEWDS). We fi rst underline the strength of the AM, by showing that the MIN implements the optimum theoretically and experimentally. The sub-games predicted under the NASH are Pareto improving with respect to the Nash equilibrium. The MAX leads, either to Pareto improving outcomes with respect to the free access extractions, or to a Pareto degradation. Our experimental results show that the MAX and the NASH reduce the level of over-extraction of the CPR. The MAX leads above all to larger reductions of (proposed and realized) extractions than the NASH. |
| Date: | 2021–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03201696&r= |
| By: | Xuebing Yao (China University of Petroleum); Xu Tang (China University of Petroleum); Arash Farnoosh (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School); Cuiyang Feng (BNU - Beijing Normal University) |
| Abstract: | Water scarcity problem has become a major constraint in energy development. In this paper, we calculated virtual water flows and virtual water scarcity risk transfers driven by interprovincial energy consumption in China by using multi-regional input-output analysis. The results of virtual water scarcity risk transfers show that major virtual water scarcity risk importers will be the "victims" suffering the consequences of increasing virtual water scarcity risks in national energy system. For major virtual water scarcity risk exporters, they will transfer virtual water scarcity risks to downstream provinces along energy supply chains, threatening the stability of national energy system. The promotion of energy policies and the energy consumption of developed regions make the water-deficient northwest regionsexport a large amount of water resources to the east and south regions.Therefore, it is necessary to fully consider local water scarcity and evaluate the impact on water environment before construction of energy bases. Our findings can be used to provide reference value for policymakers to develop new energy strategies and manage water resources sustainably. |
| Keywords: | virtual water scarcity risk,water footprint,energy consumption,multi-regional input-output analysis |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03206609&r= |
| By: | Szymon Zaleski; Rafal Michalski |
| Abstract: | Management of successful IT projects in a sustainable manner is influenced by numerous factors. Organizational awareness of the necessity of engaging all project stakeholders is an important issue that helps in meeting project sustainable development goals. While there are many studies on the success factors of IT software projects, there is still little coherent research on the success factors of IT service projects. The purpose of this article is to contribute in filling this gap by attempting to identify success factors of the IT services project involving both traditional and agile approaches and considering sustainable development, specifically in terms of the stakeholders’ role in project management. We conducted questionnaire-based research involving 155 IT service project managers. The results of the study were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. As a result, we presented and thoroughly formally examined the factorial model of success components in the IT service industry. We distinguished four factors: (1) agile techniques and change management, (2) organization and people, (3) stakeholders and risk analysis, and (4) work environment. The results were compared with analogous studies found in the literature. The research showed that both traditional and agile management approaches coexist, meet sustainable development goals, and are significant for the successful management in IT service projects where all stakeholders play an important role. |
| Keywords: | success factors; IT services; project management; sustainable development; project stakeholders |
| JEL: | D20 D29 L00 L11 L15 L8 L86 M15 O22 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahh:wpaper:worms2110&r= |
| By: | Jan Fagerberg (Center for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the role of demand-oriented innovation policies in supporting the global green shift. Three specific cases, all from Europe, in which change has been very quick indeed, are considered: Wind energy in Denmark, the German Energiewende and electrical cars in Norway. The emphasis is particularly on the nature of the policies that were adopted, how they came about, and their impacts on a national as well as global scale. It is shown that demand-oriented innovation policies played a decisive role in all three cases and contributed to encourage (green) innovation, create new jobs and significantly speed up the transition. Moreover, these policies had very important global repercussions. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20210422&r= |
| By: | Thielmann, Axel; Wietschel, Martin; Funke, Simon; Grimm, Anna; Hettesheimer, Tim; Langkau, Sabine; Loibl, Antonia; Moll, Cornelius; Neef, Christoph; Plötz, Patrick; Sievers, Luisa; Tercero Espinoza, Luis; Edler, Jakob |
| Abstract: | Betrachtet man die zentralen Fragen entlang der gesamten Batterie-Wertschöpfungskette, so zeigt sich: Der breiten Marktdiffusion batterieelektrischer Pkw (E-Pkw), welche insbesondere im Zeitraum 2020-2030+ in der entscheidenden Hochlaufphase sein wird, steht nichts Unüberwindbares im Wege. Jedoch gilt es noch etliche technologische, ökonomische, ökologische, regulative und gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen im kommenden Jahrzehnt anzugehen. Im nachfolgenden Teil werden die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse zusammengefasst, in den späteren Einzelkapiteln folgt eine ausführliche Darstellung. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisipp:012020de&r= |
| By: | Maxime Schenkery (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School); Jacques Millery (IFP School) |
| Abstract: | Dans notre Point de Vue publié au printemps 2020 (« Certificats : marier reprise économique et transition écologique »), nous nous étions attachés à montrer tout l'intérêt du mécanisme de certificats. Depuis, les travaux sur la forme que devra prendre la 5ème période de CEE ont continué, suscitant bien des débats, et aboutissant à une première série de propositions rendue publique début février 2021. Cette première série de propositions est l'occasion pour nous de continuer notre analyse, en regardant notamment si l'esprit de celle-ci va ou non dans le sens de la logique « couplage reprise / transition » qui nous paraissait intéressante au printemps dernier. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03206649&r= |
| By: | Wimmers, Alexander (RWTH Aachen University); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | Because electricity is a homogeneous commodity, the origin of a specific MWh of delivered green electricity cannot be determined. Thus, Guarantees of Origin (GoO) were introduced in order to enhance transparency on the origin of production of green electricity in Europe. The separation of electricity and GoO trade has resulted in a prosperous GoO market that is, however, characterized by non-transparency and speculative behavior. Historic price development occurs seemingly arbitrarily and can therefore not be used to forecast future GoO prices. Bearing this in mind, this paper firstly provides an overview of the European GoO market and an analysis of the historic price development; secondly, it proposes a model for determining future price developments of European GoOs for different renewable energy technologies in different countries up to 2040. Four different scenarios are considered. It was found that prices for GoOs will increase on average in the next years, with prices ranging from 1.77 to 3.36 €/MWh in 2040. Coupled with rising demand for green electricity and further standardization of issuance procedures as well as the projected price developments, GoOs might well become a useful tool for the promotion of green electricity production in the EU. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy; green electricity; policy; willingness to pay; power purchase agreement; Europe; guarantees of origin |
| JEL: | O33 O52 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2020_017&r= |
| By: | Landry Kuate (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa); Roland Pongou (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON); Nicholas Rivers (Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, Institute of the Environment, University of Ottawa) |
| Abstract: | This paper offers new causal evidence on how the timing of prenatal temperature shocks affects fetal health, sex ratio at birth, and early-age human capital. Analyzing data on nearly 2 million live births from sub-Saharan African countries and exploiting exogenous spatial and temporal variation in monthly temperature, we uncover three findings. First, we find that a cold temperature shock decreases the likelihood of a male birth. This effect is non-linear, being larger in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. It is also highly heterogeneous, being larger for older women, higher parity births, and rural areas. Second, combining our empirical estimates with a climate model, we find that the number of fetal deaths caused by climate change will rise from 200 to 400 per 100,000 live births by 2050 throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Third, in contrast to their differential effect on fetal mortality, prenatal temperature shocks increase infant mortality more for females than for males, suggesting that only healthier male fetuses survive to adverse in utero conditions. Our analysis implies that the design of policies to avert the negative impacts of climate change on children should account for stages of fetal development. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Timing of Prenatal Temperature Shocks; Impact Heterogeneity; Fetal Mortality; Sex Ratio; Infant Mortality; Human Capital; Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ott:wpaper:2102e&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Biorefineries present an alternative to fossil-based production, and can create employment, wealth and the ecosystem needed to make them function. Thailand is establishing a bioeconomy with widespread biorefining as a strategy for future economic growth. There is political will to establish in Thailand, if feasible, small, decentralised biorefineries to which farmers can locally deliver biomass as feedstock, which can then be processed into bio-based products. This would help to relieve rural poverty, which is still a problem in some areas of Thailand despite progress. Developing a biorefining roadmap will help to assess the feasibility of such an initiative. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy, Biomass, Biorefinery, Biotechnology, Innovation, Manufacturing, Research, Roadmap, Thailand |
| Date: | 2021–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:110-en&r= |
| By: | Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | Many empirical studies have shown that government quality is a key determinant of vulnerability to natural disasters. Protection against natural disasters can be a public good -- flood protection, for example -- or a natural monopoly -- early warning systems, for instance. Recovery from natural disasters is easier when the financial system is well-developed, particularly insurance services. This requires a strong legal and regulatory environment. This paper reviews the empirical literature to find that government quality and democracy reduce vulnerability to natural disasters while corruption of public officials increases vulnerability. The paper complements the literature by including tax revenue as an explanatory variable for vulnerability to natural disasters, and by modelling both the probability of natural disaster and the damage done. Countries with a larger public sector are better at preventing extreme events from doing harm. Countries that take more of their revenue in income taxes are better that reducing harm from natural disasters. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.13425&r= |
| By: | Imelda Revilla Molina; Katelyn Castillo; Klarizze Anne Martin Puzon |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a framed field experiment on ecological altruism in Mindoro, Philippines. Behavioural differences between ethnic groups in Mindoro?the Tagalogs and the Mangyans?were investigated. We designed a two-part donation task (i.e. dictator game) where the recipient of the donation was a local reforestation project. There were two treatments: participants played either the giving game (GG) or the taking game (TG). |
| Keywords: | Field experiment, Forests and forestry, Altruism, Behaviour, Ethnicity, Ethnic group |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2021-73&r= |
| By: | Ferretti, Johanna |
| Abstract: | Interactions of humans and wildlife are a global phenomenon. Management plans can mitigate occurring conflicts and reduce impacts of these interactions. Thereby not only ecological factors have to be considered and financial and technical solutions have to be found. Crucial for a successful conflict management is also the process that leads to the development of a conflict management plan. Previous experience on the development of conflict management plans dealing with human-wildlife interactions demonstrated that certain elements contribute to a successful process. Successful in this context means that solutions are enabled which go beyond compromises and which are beneficial for all involved. The key elements of successful processes are: •an understanding of conflicts which reflects that conflicts mostly have many causes, that positions of conflicting parties are partially contrasting and partially overlapping, and that positions are dynamic with time; •an appropriate stakeholder involvement throughout all steps of the process (from objective setting to monitoring); •a transparent, appreciative, and quality communication between all stakeholders as well as externals; •the consideration of various modes and opportunities to take decisions in a group and that it is decisive for process outcomes of how decisions are made and who can decide; •co-development of (parts of) the evidence-base for taking decisions regarding the conflict management plan; •the choice of methods to produce knowledge as they entail different opportunities to promote transparency or trust; •professional facilitation of the process, especially if more than 15 persons are involved. Processes for dealing with human-wildlife interactions are moreover effective, if −they are fair and transparent; −they promote trust building between those involved; −they consider opportunities and not only problems related to the process; −they find links to existing networks; −they are adaptively managed. For the development of conflict management plans one can learn from other countries. We examined selected plans that address human-wildlife interactions in the marine realm. The analysis found that management plans of other countries mostly have a comprehensive approach, i.e. they address interactions of human activities and seals collectively and not exclusively fisheries-related aspects. They define research needs or contain statements on cooperation between actors and their communication, including measures for outreach and public engagement. The management plans of other countries and the interviews conducted in the context of this study demonstrate that each process proceeds differently. Consequently, this study should not be understood as a template. It is aimed at providing suggestions and orientation for processes dealing with human-wildlife interactions. To what extent and in which form the success elements are applied resides with those responsible for the process and the actors involved. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:310728&r= |
| By: | Pascal Lièvre (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Eléonore Mérour (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Benjamin van Wyk de Vries (LMV - Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OPGC - Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers) |
| Abstract: | Le laboratoire Magma et Volcans de l'Université Clermont Auvergne travaille depuis une trentaine d'années sur les dispositifs de gestion des risques liés au volcan à Arequipa au Pérou. L'objet de cette contribution exploratoire est de rendre compte de l'histoire de ces différentes actions entreprises par les volcanologues et de leur ancrage territorial avec le prisme théorique des communautés épistémique et du middleground. Après avoir rappelé ces canevas théoriques, nous documentons les activités d'un chercheur qui a joué un rôle majeur depuis les années 90 en introduisant le paradigme de la vulnérabilité autour de la gestion du risque volcanique. Nous retraçons cette histoire à travers trois périodes distinctives : 1) 1990 – 2000 : La prise en compte de la surveillance des volcans du sud du Pérou et à Arequipa ; 2) 2000 – 2010 : une structuration balbutiante mais progressive autour de la surveillance des volcans et de la gestion des risques volcaniques ; 3) 2010 – 2020 : le développement d'un ancrage territorial significatif dans la surveillance des volcans et de la prise en compte de la gestion du risque volcanique à Arequipa. A partir de ses contributions sur le paradigme de la vulnérabilité considérées comme un manifeste (Thouret & D'ercole, 1996 ; Thouret, 2002), il va enrôler un ensemble d'acteurs et permettre le développement d'initiatives à travers des projets et des événements dans la région d'Arequipa. Nous discutons en conclusion la possibilité de rendre compte de ces activités dans les cadres théoriques des communautés épistémiques et du middleground. |
| Keywords: | Communauté épistémique,Middleground,Vulnérabilité,Risques volcaniques,Arequipa |
| Date: | 2021–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03196819&r= |
| By: | Murielle Djiguemde (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a survey on the literature using dynamic games to analyse the decision-making processes of common pool resources (CPRs) users. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the application of dynamic games in laboratory experiments. In this way, we focus on articles presenting both a theoretical model with laboratory experiments, by making a distinction between discrete time and continuous time. Therefore, we put a particular attention to subjects' classication according to their observed behavior, the dierent channels by which cooperation can occur and the econometric tools used to analyse experimental data. |
| Keywords: | Experimental Economics,Dynamic games,Common Pool Resources,Experimetrics.,Experimetrics |
| Date: | 2021–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03022377&r= |
| By: | Murielle Djiguemde (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a survey on the literature using dynamic games to analyse the decision-making processes of common pool resources (CPRs) users. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the application of dynamic games in laboratory experiments. In this way, we focus on articles presenting both a theoretical model with laboratory experiments, by making a distinction between discrete time and continuous time. Therefore, we put a particular attention to subjects' classication according to their observed behavior, the dierent channels by which cooperation can occur and the econometric tools used to analyse experimental data. |
| Keywords: | Experimental Economics,Dynamic games,Common Pool Resources,Experimetrics.,Experimetrics |
| Date: | 2021–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03022377&r= |
| By: | Pierre Levasseur (SADAPT - Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christelle Gramaglia (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Erdlenbruch (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Aim: This article aims at providing a better understanding of the health and socioeconomic costs induced by soil pollution exposure. Subject: We conduct quantitative surveys in households living near mining and/or industrial sites in France, Spain, and Portugal, as well as those located in cleaner neighboring areas. Method: We employ a complementary estimation approach based on ordinary least squares, instrumental variables, and propensity score matching. Results: Our results confirm significant life-long health risks for residents of polluted areas compared to those in control areas. We find lower birth weight and lower childhood health status, as well as a higher risk of chronic disease in adulthood and higher premature mortality. Regarding the socioeconomic costs, we find higher rates of school absenteeism and health service demand among residents from polluted areas compared to control areas. Furthermore, we observe heterogeneous effects according to sociodemographic characteristics. As expected, children and the elderly are the most sensitive age groups; in addition, materially deprived and uneducated households are particularly vulnerable to pollution. More surprisingly, there is some evidence of higher vulnerability of educated households with regard to birth outcomes. Conclusion: Our results have important implications for public policy: they allow alerting about actually observed health risks in the exposed areas, but they also call for designing awareness campaigns and remedial strategies that are targeted towards the most vulnerable |
| Keywords: | Mining and industrial sites,Pollution,Absenteeism,Reported health outcomes,Southwestern Europe |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03205207&r= |