|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2021‒04‒05
sixty-four papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Daniel Nachtigall (OECD); Jane Ellis (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses quantitative estimates based on economic modelling studies of the economic and environmental benefits from different forms of international co-ordination on carbon pricing. Forms of international co-ordination include: harmonising carbon prices (e.g. through linking carbon markets), extending the coverage of pricing schemes, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, developing international sectoral agreements, and establishing co-ordination mechanisms to mitigate carbon leakage. All forms of international co-operation on carbon pricing can deliver benefits, both economic (e.g. lower mitigation costs) and/or environmental (e.g. reducing GHG emissions and carbon leakage). Benefits tend to be higher with broader participation of countries, broader coverage of emissions and sectors and more ambitious policy goals. Most, but not all, countries gain economic benefits from international co-operation, and these benefits vary significantly across countries and regions. Complementary measures outside co-operation on carbon pricing (e.g. technology transfers) could ensure that co-operation provides economic benefits for all countries. |
| Keywords: | Border carbon adjustment, Climate change mitigation, Climate-economy-modelling, Fossil fuel subsidy reforms, Harmonising carbon prices, International Co-operation, Sectoral agreements |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:173-en&r=all |
| By: | Can, Muhlis; Ben Jebli, Mehdi; Brusselaers, Jan |
| Abstract: | Environmental degradation has constantly increased over the years, and has become one of the main contributors to climate change. For this reason, researchers are increasingly on the lookout for parameters that positively impact environmental quality. Green Products are widely accepted as one of the vital tools to minimize the environmental degradation. This paper introduces a new index which is called the Green Openness Index. The index represents the importance of Green Products in a region by means of a measure of trade in Green Products. This new index revisits the trade-environment nexus in a case study of 31 Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 2007-2017. The empirical findings provide evidence that Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid, by means of Fully modified and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis. As such, the new index also opens up a wide span of opportunities for future research, as the index can be used as explanatory variable in numerous different research questions and fields of research. Additionally, the results demonstrate that the presence of Green Products in trade reduces a country’s ecological footprint. This is essential information for practitioners and policy makers involved in the design of sustainable development policies. |
| Keywords: | Green Openness Index, Green Products, Environmental Friendly Products,Environmental degradation |
| JEL: | F18 O1 O44 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106730&r=all |
| By: | Nicoletta Batini; Mario di Serio; Matteo Fragetta; Giovanni Melina; Anthony Waldron |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates multipliers for spending in clean energy and biodiversity conservation to help inform stimulus measures for a post-COVID-19 sustainable recovery. Using a new international dataset, part of which was especially assembled for this analysis, we find that every dollar spent on key carbon-neutral or carbon-sink activities—from zero-emission power plants to the protection of wildlife and ecosystems—can generate more than a dollar’s worth of economic activity. The estimated multipliers associated with green spending are about 2 to 7 times larger than those associated with non-eco-friendly expenditure, depending on sectors, technologies and horizons. These findings survive several robustness checks and suggest that ‘building back better’ could be a win-win for economies and the planet. |
| Date: | 2021–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/087&r=all |
| By: | Pierre Guérin; Felix Suntheim |
| Abstract: | The shutdown in economic activity due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis has resulted in a short-term decline in global carbon emissions, but the long-term impact of the pandemic on the transition to a low-carbon economy is uncertain. Looking at previous episodes of financial and economic stress to draw implications for the current crisis, we find that tighter financial constraints and adverse economic conditions are generally detrimental to firms’ environmental performance, reducing green investments. The COVID-19 crisis could thus potentially slow down the transition to a low-carbon economy. In light of the urgent need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, these findings underline the importance of climate policies and green recovery packages to boost green investment and support the energy transition. Policies that support the sustainable finance sector, such as improved transparency and standardization, could further help mobilize green investments. |
| Date: | 2021–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/089&r=all |
| By: | Sylvain Cail (Enerdata); Patrick Criqui (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to clarify the magnitude of the climate challenge we face globally and the role that the four largest greenhouse gas emitters – China, the U.S.A., the European Union and India – could potentially play, if they decided on a "deep collaboration". As stated in IPCC's 1.5°C report, the challenge is indeed to bring global emissions down to a level where they could be compensated for by anthropogenic carbon capture from the atmosphere. In this paper, we focus on the abatement of CO2 emissions as they represent two thirds of total GHG emissions3. By doing so, we recognise that confining our data to CO2 ignores other important gases (methane, nitrous oxides, fluorinated gases) and their emission dynamics. The paper proceeds along three stages. In section 2. "Where we stand, a global view", we recall the dynamics of atmospheric concentrations for two major GHGs, CO2 and methane. In section 3. "Looking back", we analyse in more detail the trends and bifurcations in the emissions for each of the four constituencies we are considering. Finally, in section 4. "Where we need to go", we analyse for the same constituencies representative scenarios that will allow us to contrast current developments with more constrained trajectories meeting the Paris commitments and, further on, net zero ambitions. |
| Keywords: | India,China,CO2 Emissions,GHG Emissions,Climate change,Europe,USA,Inde,Chine,GES,Gaz à effet de serre GES,Changement Climatique |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03160204&r=all |
| By: | Martin Henseler (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Micheal Gallagher |
| Abstract: | Microplastic pollution in soils is a recent challenge for environmental science and policy. Designing and implementing policies to mitigate microplastic emissions requires scientific data, which is rare because analytical methods to detect and quantify microplastics in soils are still under development. Using a normative emission model we simulate for the year 2020 a microplastic concentration in agricultural soil between 40 and 50 mg/kg, which we expect to find on 2% of Germany's utilized agricultural area. On around 20% of utilized agricultural area, we expect any microplastic pollution present from sludge or microplastic. At the regional scale, we expect the difference of pollution between sites to be close to urban regions and less urban regions. We find that for sludge, thermal recycling (end-of-the-pipe treatment) reduces the microplastic emissions more cost-efficiently and effectively than filtering the microplastic emissions from the waste-water. For compost, the application of detection systems and quality control for the biowaste collection (source of pollution) is a more costefficient abatement measure than thermal recycling. This approach is of comparable effectiveness to thermal recycling. The presented results must be updated with future research results. But these model results can contribute to research on reducing microplastic pollution in agricultural soils. |
| Keywords: | environmental assessment,normative model,abatement cost,efficiency,effectiveness |
| Date: | 2021–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03176598&r=all |
| By: | Gregor Semieniuk; Victor M. Yakovenko |
| Abstract: | Ambitious scenarios of carbon emission redistribution for mitigating climate change in line with the Paris Agreement and reaching the sustainable development goal of eradicating poverty have been proposed recently. They imply a strong reduction in carbon footprint inequality by 2030 that effectively halves the Gini coefficient to about 0.25. This paper examines feasibility of these scenarios by analyzing the historical evolution of both weighted international inequality in CO2 emissions attributed territorially and global inequality in carbon footprints attributed to end consumers. For the latter, a new dataset is constructed that is more comprehensive than existing ones. In both cases, we find a decreasing trend in global inequality, partially attributed to the move of China from the lower to the middle part of the distribution, with footprints more unequal than territorial emissions. These results show that realization of the redistributive scenarios would require an unprecedented reduction in global inequality far below historical levels. Moreover, the territorial emissions data, available for more recent years up to 2017, show a saturation of the decreasing Gini coefficient at a level of 0.5. This observation confirms an earlier prediction based on maximal entropy reasoning that the Lorenz curve converges to the exponential distribution. This saturation further undermines feasibility of the redistributive scenarios, which are also hindered by structural tendencies that reinforce carbon footprint inequality under global capitalism. One way out of this conundrum is a fast decarbonization of the global energy supply in order to decrease global carbon emissions without relying crucially on carbon inequality reduction. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2004.00111&r=all |
| By: | Nakatani, Ryota |
| Abstract: | How should small states formulate a countercyclical fiscal policy to achieve economic stability and fiscal sustainability when prone to natural disasters, climate change, commodity price changes, and uncertain donor grants? We study how natural disasters and climate change affect long-term debt dynamics and propose cutting-edge fiscal policy rules. We find the advantages of a recurrent expenditure rule based on non-resource and non-grant revenue, interdependently determined by government debt and budget balance targets with expected disaster shocks. Our rule-based fiscal policy framework is practically applicable for many developing countries facing increasing frequency and impact of devastating natural hazards and climatic change. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Rule; Natural Disaster; Climate Change; Pacific Islands; Debt Sustainability; Recurrent Expenditure; Resource Revenue; Papua New Guinea; Countercyclical Fiscal Policy; Grants |
| JEL: | E32 E62 H5 H6 O23 O44 Q22 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106020&r=all |
| By: | Geiger, Charlotte; Lehmann, Paul |
| Abstract: | With the expansion of renewable energy sources (RES) in countries all over the world, policy design to address the negative impacts of RES plants on their local and regional environment gains in importance. We analyse whether policy design should be spatially-differentiated or uniform when negative RES environmental externalities are spatially heterogeneous and display interregional cumulative effects. In a theoretical model of the RES electricity generation sector, we compare the welfare differential between both regulatory designs and analyse how it is affected by cumulative environmental effects. While we confirm that the welfare costs of attaining a RES deployment target are lower under a spatially-differentiated than a spatiallyuniform regulation, we find that the welfare costs are contingent on the presence of cumulative environmental effects. This depends on the heterogeneity of region-specific generation cost parameters and social cost parameters of RES electricity generation. If heterogeneity is more (less) pronounced in regional generation cost parameters than in regional social cost parameters, positive (negative) cumulative effects decrease the welfare costs of a uniform instrument. |
| Keywords: | environmental regulation,renewable energy subsidies,regional environmental damages,interregional environmental damages,renewable energy deployment |
| JEL: | D61 D62 H21 H23 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:12021&r=all |
| By: | Bleeker, Amelia; Escribano, Pablo; Gonzales, Candice; Liberati, Cristina; Mawby, Briana |
| Abstract: | Disaster displacement and environmental migration are among the most serious humanitarian challenges facing the Caribbean. As a subregion of small island developing States (SIDS) which are vulnerable and prone to extreme weather events and the impacts of climate change, the Caribbean is constantly faced with population displacement resulting from these events. Individuals experience these migration processes uniquely on account of their gender-specific inequalities, vulnerabilities, and access to resources and opportunities. It is critical to understand how the consequences of environmental migration and disaster displacement are gendered in order to address and prevent harm and to protect the rights of women and girls and people of all genders who experience intersecting forms of discrimination. |
| Keywords: | DESASTRES NATURALES, PERSONAS DESPLAZADAS, MIGRACION, MUJERES, DERECHOS DE LA MUJER, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, NATURAL DISASTERS, DISPLACED PERSONS, MIGRATION, WOMEN, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, GENDER EQUALITY, CASE STUDIES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2021–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:46737&r=all |
| By: | Can Askan Mavi (University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg]); Nicolas Quérou (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Motivated by recent discussions about the issue of risk perceptions for climate change related events,we introduce a non-cooperative game setting where agents manage a common pool resource under a po-tential risk, and agents exhibit different risk perception biases. Focusing on the effect of the polarizationlevel and other population features, we show that the type of bias (overestimation versus underestimationbiases) and the resource quality level before and after the occurrence of the shift have first-order impor-tance on the qualitative nature of behavioral adjustments and on the pattern of resource conservation.When there are non-uniform biases within the population, the intra-group structure of the populationqualitatively affects the degree of resource conservation. Moreover, unbiased agents may react in non-monotone ways to changes in the polarization level when faced with agents exhibiting different types ofbias. The size of the unbiased agents' sub-population does not qualitatively affect how an increase inthe polarization level impacts individual behavioral adjustments, even though it affects the magnitudeof this change. Finally, it is shown how perception biases affect the comparison between centralized anddecentralized management. |
| Keywords: | Conservation,Perception bias,Environmental risk,Renewable resources,Dynamic games,Dynamic games JEL Classification: Q20,Q54,D91,C72 |
| Date: | 2020–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03052114&r=all |
| By: | Jesus Ochoa Robles (LGC - Laboratoire de Génie Chimique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Catherine Azzaro-Pantel (LGC - Laboratoire de Génie Chimique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Guillem Martinez Garcia (LGC - Laboratoire de Génie Chimique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Alberto Aguilar Lasserre (Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba) |
| Abstract: | A lot of recent studies have concluded that hydrogen could gradually become a much more significant component of the European energy mix for mobility and stationary fuel cell system applications. Yet, the challenge of developing a future commercial hydrogen economy still remains through the deployment of a viable hydrogen supply chain and an increasing fuel cell vehicle market share, which allows to nar- row the existing cost difference regarding the conventional fossil fuel vehicle market. In this paper, the market penetration of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, as substitutes for internal combustion engine vehicles has been evaluated from a social and a subsidy-policy perspective from 2020 to 2050. For this purpose, the best compromise hydrogen supply chain network configuration after the sequential application of an optimization strategy and a multi-criteria decision-making tool has been assessed through a Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA) to determine whether the hydrogen mobility deployment increases enough the social welfare. The scientific objective of this work is essentially based on the development of a method- ological framework to quantify potential societal benefits of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The case study of the Occitania Region in France supports the analysis. The externality costs involve the abatement cost of CO2 , noise and local pollution as well as platinum depletion. A subsidy policy scenario has also been im- plemented. For the case study considered, the results obtained that are not intended to be general, show that CO2 abatement dominates the externalities, platinum is the second largest externality, yet reduc- ing the benefits obtained by the CO2 abatement. The positive externalities from air pollution and noise abatement almost reach to compensate for the negative costs caused by platinum depletion. The exter- nalities have a positive effect from 2025. Using a societal cost accounting framework with externalities and subsidies, hydrogen transition timing is reduced by four years for the example considered. |
| Keywords: | Social cost-benefit analysis,Hydrogen mobility,Fuel cell vehicles,Hydrogen supply chain |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03118656&r=all |
| By: | Nicholas J. Sanders; Alan Barreca |
| Abstract: | The Acid Rain Program (ARP) cut sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from power plants in the United States, with considerable benefits. We show this also reduced ambient sulfate levels, which lowered agriculture productivity through decreased soil sulfur. Using plant-level SO2 emissions and an atmospheric transport model, we estimate the relationship between airborne sulfate levels and yields for corn and soybean. We estimate crop revenue losses for these two crops around $1-1.5 billion per year, with accompanying decreases in land value. Back of the envelope calculations of the costs to replace lost sulfur suggest producer responses were limited and suboptimal. |
| JEL: | Q15 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28591&r=all |
| By: | Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We develop an integrated assessment model with endogenous population dynamics accouting for the impact of global climate change on mortality through five channels (heat, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, dengue, undernutrition). An age-dependent endogenous mortality rate, which depends linearly on global temperature increase, is introduced and calibrated. We consider three emission scenarios (business-as-usual, 3°C and 2°C scenarios) and find that the five risks induce deaths in the range from 160,000 per annum (in the near term) to almost 350,000 (at the end of the century) in the business-as-annual. We examine the number of life-years lost due to the five selected risks and find figures ranging from 5 to 10 millions annually. These numbers are too low to impact the aggregate dynamics and we do not find significant feedback effects of climate mortality to production, and thus emissions and temperature increase. But we do find interesting evolution patterns. The number of life-years lost is constant (business-as-usual) or decreases over time (3°C and 2°C). For the stabilisation scenarios, we find that the number of life-years lost is higher today than in 2100, due to improvements in generic mortality conditions, the bias of those improvements towards the young, and an ageing population. From that perspective, the present generation is found to bear the brunt of the considered climate change impacts. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Impacts,Integrated assessment model,Mortality risk,Endogenous population |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03048602&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Taconet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Céline Guivarch (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antonin Pottier (EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Is climate change concerning because of its expected damages, or because of the risk that damages could be very high? Climate damages are uncertain, in particular they depend on whether the accumulation of greenhouse gas emissions will trigger a tipping point. In this article, we investigate how much risk contributes to the Social Cost of Carbon in the presence of a tipping point inducing a higher-damage regime. To do so, we decompose the eect of a tipping point as an increase in expected damages plus a zero-mean risk on damages. First, using a simple analytical model, we show that the SCC is primarily driven by expected damages, while the eect of pure risk is only of second order. Second, in a numerical experiment using a stochastic Integrated Assessment Model, we show that expected damages account for most of the SCC when the tipping point induces a productivity shock lower than 10%, the high end of the range commonly used in the literature. It takes both a large productivity shock and high risk aversion for pure risk to signicantly contribute to the SCC. Our analysis suggests that the risk aversion puzzle, which is the usual nding that risk aversion has a surprisingly little eect on the SCC, occurs since the SCC is well estimated using expected damages only. However, we show that the risk aversion puzzle does not hold for large productivity shocks, as pure risk greatly contributes to the SCC in these cases. Keywords Climate change • Tipping points • Expected utility • Integrated Assessment Models • |
| Date: | 2021–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03167567&r=all |
| By: | Douglas Nelson; Laura Puccio |
| Abstract: | US-Renewable Energy is the last in a series of WTO disputes involving subsidies schemes with local content requirements. Local content requirements (LCRs) are highly discriminatory and trade distortive instruments and therefore all cases concerning green energy have been found to violate WTO law. However, recent jurisprudence has developed a different definition of prohibited LCRs under the GATT and the SCM agreement, the latter allowing for some leeway to define origin of products under a government subsidy scheme. Depending how the subsidy scheme is framed, it will be able to be excused from the GATT’s more stringent prohibition of LCRs, this raises question of consistency in the application of the LCRs prohibition. Moreover, we review a simple and robust approach that modern welfare economics suggests for framing discussions of subsidy policy. We apply this approach to the case of renewable energy subsidies and discuss some complexities with respect to local content requirements. In conclusion, this allows us to critically assess and review proposals to increase coherence between WTO subsidy policy and green energy promotion policies and submit proposals to achieve better suited WTO subsidy rules. |
| Keywords: | Local content, subsidies, renewable energy, WTO rules, environmental policy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2021/32&r=all |
| By: | Wang, Ying |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes how the Green Climate Fund (GCF) should raise and allocate funds to achieve Pareto optimality in climate governance globally and its own fiscal balance. To make the conclusion more suitable for global climate governance analysis, this study modifies the hypothesis of the public externality model constructed by Baumol and Oates. Subsequently, by comparing the Pareto optimality model of global climate governance and market equilibrium model, this study infers the unique price conditions to induce the market to satisfy Pareto-optimality requirements. Subsequently, this study deduces the rules and the possible ways that must be followed for raising capital and allocating of GCFs while considering global Pareto optimality and fiscal balance. The study observes that the equilibrium results of the international climate game will not achieve the global Pareto-optimality and the financial balance of GCF simultaneously when each country anticipates that the GCF aims to Pareto optimality in climate governance globally and its own fiscal balance. |
| Keywords: | Green Climate Fund; Capital Raising and Allocation; Global Pareto Optimality; Fiscal Balance; Mathematical Model |
| JEL: | C62 H23 P45 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106861&r=all |
| By: | Mohamed Boly (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | The objective of the present paper is to study the factors associated with environmental bilateral aid to recipient countries over the 1990-2013 period, to assess whether it is motivated by non-environmental factors such as donors' self-interest. Environmental ODA is measured using the AidData's Core Research Release, Version 3.1. Three kinds of variables that might influence environmental aid allocation are considered: the environmental and non-environmental needs and merits of recipient countries, and the economic and political interests of donors. Environmental needs and merits variables include vulnerability to extreme climate events and the stringency of climate policy. The Poisson and Fractional regressions find that while vulnerability to climate change seems to be a key determinant of environmental aid, its allocation is poorly linked to recipients' climate mitigation policies. We also find weak evidence of association between donors' interest variables and environmental aid on average, exception made for trade. But a donor-by-donor analysis allows to get deep dive into all the relations above and unveils that some donors are more sensitive to environmental variables, while others rather seem focused on their economic and political interests. |
| Keywords: | Bilateral aid,Environmental aid,Aid allocation |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03174770&r=all |
| By: | Yves Crozet (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon); Georgina Santos (Cardiff University); Jean Coldefy (ATEC ITS France) |
| Abstract: | Urban mobility is a daily challenge. People are increasingly faced with significant time and money costs to access their workplaces and other urban amenities (school, shopping, leisure activities, etc.). The external costs of road transport (i.e. accidents, congestion, noise, air pollution, and CO2 emissions) are an important area of concern. The Paris Agreement (United Nations, 2015) commits all signatories to reducing CO2 emissions with the aim of keeping the global temperature rise this century below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Efforts are being made at national, state/provincial and local government levels. The road transport sector, which is responsible for 19% of total GHG emissions in Europe, will play an especially important role in this respect. The external costs of road transport have been scrutinised and measured for decades, and the idea of encouraging car drivers to switch to public transport has also been embedded in local transport policies across countries for a long time. Although some progress has been made, the missing piece in the puzzle has typically been linked to the disutility of changing mode, foregoing the convenience that the private car brings, and the financial problems linked to public transport provision in areas of dispersed and low demand. An answer to these problems may come via the concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS), which today is gaining momentum in a number of countries. |
| Keywords: | Mobility as a Service,Urban mobility,Transport policies,Reducing CO2 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03169805&r=all |
| By: | Jacqueline Doremus (Department of Economics, California Polytechnic State University); Irene Jacqz (IAI, Harvard University and Department of Economics, Iowa State University); Sarah Johnston (Department of Agricultrual and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the relationship between temperature and energy spending for both low and higher-income US households. We find both groups respond similarly (in percentage terms) to moderate temperatures, but low-income households' energy spending is half as responsive to extreme temperatures. Consistent with low-income households cutting back on necessities to afford their energy bills, we find similar disparities in the food spending response to extreme temperature. These results suggest adaptation to extreme weather, such as air conditioning use, is prohibitively costly for households experiencing poverty. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpl:wpaper:2101&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Le Coent (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Raphaële Preget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the role played by social norms in farmers' decisions to enroll into an agri-environmental scheme (AES). First, it develops a simple theoretical model highlighting the interplay of descriptive and injunctive norms in farmers' utility functions. Second, an empirical valuation of the effect of social norms is provided based on the results of a stated preference survey conducted with 98 wine-growers in the South of France. Proxies are proposed to capture and measure the weight of social norms in farmers' decision to sign an agri-environmental contract. Our empirical results indicate that the injunctive norm seems to play a stronger role than the descriptive norm. |
| Keywords: | social norms,behaviour,agri-environmental contracts,payments for environmental services,voluntary contribution to a public good,farmers |
| Date: | 2020–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03060492&r=all |
| By: | Jens F. Peters; Mercedes Burguillo; Jose M. Arranz |
| Abstract: | This study analyses the actual effect of a representative low-emission zone (LEZ) in terms of shifting vehicle registrations towards alternative fuel technologies and its effectiveness for reducing vehicle fleet CO2 emissions. Vehicle registration data is combined with real life fuel consumption values on individual vehicle model level, and the impact of the LEZ is then determined via an econometric approach. The increase in alternative fuel vehicles (AFV) registration shares due to the LEZ is found to be significant but fosters rather fossil fuel powered AFV and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles than zero emission vehicles. This is reflected in the average CO2 emissions of newly registered vehicles, which do not decrease significantly. In consequence, while the LEZ is an effective measure for stimulating the shift towards low emission vehicles, the support of non-electric AFV as low emission vehicles jeopardizes its effectiveness for decarbonizing the vehicle fleet. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2103.13801&r=all |
| By: | Treich, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | Cultured meat involves producing meat from animal cells, not from slaughtered animals. This innovation has the potential to revolutionize the meat industry, with wide implications for the environment, health and animal welfare. The main purpose of this paper is to stimulate some economic research on cultured meat. In particular, this paper includes a prospective discussion on the demand and supply of cultured meat. It also discusses some early results on the environmental impacts of cultured meat, emphasizing the promises (e.g., regarding the reduction in land use) but also the uncertainties. It then argues that cultured meat is a moral improvement compared to conventional meat. Finally, it discusses some regulatory issues, and the need for more public support to the innovation. |
| Keywords: | Meat; cultured meat; food innovation; meat consumption; meat production; climate change; pollution; land use; animal welfare; regulation |
| JEL: | Q16 Q18 Q52 Q11 L31 L66 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:125434&r=all |
| By: | Chris Belmert Milindi (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa); Roula Inglesi-Lotz (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the complex relationship between carbon emissions and technological progress in a sample of 60 countries, divided into four categories based on their per capita income between the periods of 1989-2018. For robustness purposes and due to the broad definition of technology, we use six different proxies to represent technology; namely: Information and telecommunication technology (ICT); patents; public R&D expenditure; total factor of productivity (TFP); and a number of science and technology publications. After applying the fixed-effect method with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors, for the full sample, the results show that the ICT variables are a good instrument for carbon abatement, while R&D expenditure and patents do not have a clear impact on carbon emissions, TFP increases carbon emissions, and science and technology publications are negatively related to carbon emissions. The impact of the indicators on the various income levels groups of countries vary which has significant policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Technological progress, Income groups, rebound effect, fixed effect methodology with Driscoll and Kraay standards errors |
| JEL: | O30 O32 C23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202123&r=all |
| By: | G. Debucquet (Audencia Business School); P. Guillotreau (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes); Gilles Lazuech (CENS - Centre Nantais de Sociologie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UN - Université de Nantes); Frédéric Salladarré (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes); Julien Troiville (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Community-supported agriculture/fisheries (CSA/CSF) create both market and nonmarket values, including environmental and social benefits. When shared by a community of users, these values generate identity and sense of belonging for the members who are prone to accept conditions they would not bear in conventional markets (e.g., higher prices, inconvenient delivery time and location, lack of choice, and supply risk). We argue that longevity of CSA/CSF depends on their capacity to create such a sense of belonging. For this reason and because of some CSF peculiarities compared to CSA, analyzing the sense of belonging to a CSF becomes an interesting challenge to understand the nature and extent of the community and its underlying social characteristics and motives. A qualitative-quantitative mixed methodology was used. Data come from an original online survey of 556 French seafood consumers belonging to the Yeu Island CSF, and from individual, semi-directive interviews. An ordered probit model with endogenous treatment effects for commitment experience was developed, and the evidence of results was related with a content analysis from qualitative materials. The sense of belonging to CSF is positively influenced by the relational dimension and negatively by the demand for high-quality goods, but not by the credence attributes (support of fishers and the local economy, origin of products, environmental outcomes…). Moreover, commitment as volunteer member tends to have a positive influence on belongingness. Interviews with members highlight the social and cultural entanglement of their relationship. They show notably the importance of the sociability built around fish – leading to an increase of knowledge around species, ways of cooking, and to the strengthening of a food identity – on the sense of belonging. The long-term sustainability of CSF may highly depend on these relational dimensions, acting as cohesive factors in the community. |
| Keywords: | Consumer motives,Volunteer commitment,Sense of belonging,Community-supported fishery (CSF),Consumers community |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02875497&r=all |
| By: | James Jolliffe; Claire Jolly; Barrie Stevens |
| Abstract: | Sustainably managing the ocean requires reliable measures of the ocean’s contributions to society and the effects that human activities have on the marine environment. This paper informs current international discussions on the measurement of ocean economic activities. It summarises the extent to which the ocean is crucial to society, outlines national approaches to measuring ocean economies, establishes an OECD definition of ocean economic activities for statistical purposes, and introduces a plan to improve international ocean economy statistics through the pragmatic development of satellite accounts. By measuring the full range of ocean economic activities, this framework will improve evidence on ocean sustainability and lay the foundations for ocean accounts that include economic-environmental linkages. |
| Date: | 2021–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/04-en&r=all |
| By: | Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano; Miljkovic, Dragan; Lamonaca, Emilia |
| Abstract: | Climate change, the agri-food sector and trade are closely related. This contribution aims at present issues related to the economic impacts of climate changes on international trade. The agri-food sector is one of the most hit by changes in climate, and it is also responsible of substantial environmental impacts. In a globalised world, these effects do not alter only the agri-food domestic markets but propagate across countries. While climate change may trigger changes in trade patterns by altering food availability and access as well as comparative advantages across countries, trade itself may constitute an adaptation strategy. Our note provides elements to be considered in the future debate that will likely be focused on the interrelations between, climate change, trade and global value chains of agri-food products. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation; development; global value chain; trade |
| JEL: | F17 Q17 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106754&r=all |
| By: | Stéphan Marette (Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, UMR Economie Publique, France, ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Anne-Célia Disdier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); John Beghin (Yeutter Institute of International Trade and Finance and Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln NE 68583, USA) |
| Abstract: | We compare consumers' attitude towards and willingness to pay (WTP) for gene-edited (GE) apples in Europe and the US. Using hypothetical choices in a lab and different technology messages, we estimate WTP of 162 French and 166 US consumers for new apples, which do not brown upon being sliced or cut. Messages center on (i) the social and private benefits of having the new apples, and (ii) possible technologies leading to this new benefit (conventional hybrids, GE, and genetically modified (GMO)). French consumers do not value the innovation and actually discount it when it is generated via biotechnology. US consumers do value the innovation as long as it is not generated by biotechnology. In both countries, the steepest discount is for GMO apples, followed by GE apples. Furthermore, the discounting occurs through "boycott" consumers who dislike biotechnology. However, the discounting is weaker for US consumers compared to French consumers. Favorable attitudes towards sciences and new technology totally offset the discounting of GE apples. |
| Abstract: | Nous comparons l'attitude des consommateurs et leur consentement à payer (CAP) pour des pommes modifiées via l'édition génétique (GE) en Europe et aux États-Unis. À partir de choix hypothétiques dans un laboratoire et de différents messages sur la technologie, nous estimons le CAP de 162 Français et 166 Américains pour les nouvelles pommes, qui ne brunissent pas après avoir été tranchées. Les messages sont centrés sur (i) les avantages sociaux et privés d'avoir de nouvelles pommes, et (ii) sur les technologies possibles menant à ces nouveaux avantages (hybrides conventionnelles, GE et génétiquement modifiés (OGM)). Les consommateurs français ne valorisent pas l'innovation, et ils la minimisent lorsqu'elle est générée par la biotechnologie. Les consommateurs américains apprécient l'innovation tant qu'elle n'est pas générée par la biotechnologie. Dans les deux pays, la diminution de CAP la plus forte concerne les pommes OGM, suivies par les pommes GE. Cependant, la diminution de CAP est plus faible pour les consommateurs américains que pour les consommateurs français. Les attitudes favorables envers les sciences et les nouvelles technologies compensent totalement la réduction des CAP pour les pommes GE. |
| Keywords: | willingness to pay,experimental economics,consumer information,hybrids,genetically modified organisms,Willingness to pay,Experimental economics,Consumer information,Hybrid,Genetically modified organisms,Gene editing,Information du consommateur,Hybride,OGM,Economie expériementale,Consentement a payer |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03126073&r=all |
| By: | Ghai, Rahul |
| Abstract: | Abstract The paper attempts to understand relation between pastoral cultures and irrigation based intensive farming regimes promoted by modern development represented by the Indira Gandhi Canal (IGNP) in western Rajasthan. Participant observation and development practice engagement with pastoral communities over last three decades gives opportunity to reflect on epistemic rationality that constitutes the discourse of modern development, formal statecraft of technocracy and rule by experts. Historical markers of pastoralism in the interconnected regions of north-west Rajasthan and bordering regions of Multan and Bahawulpur in Pakistan are situated to trace the longuee duree of pastoral life systems in Thar. This oscillation between enhanced moisture regimes following inundation and increased desiccation of a moisture deficient arid region has been at the core of sustaining culture of pastoralism among semi nomadic pastoralists of Muslim communities in north- west Rajasthan. The IGNP canal produces a space for modern development that opens up irrigated farming and an intensive natural resource use regime. This political economy of the IGNP canal systematically marginalizes pastoral natural resource use that was ecologically embedded. The varied experiences of adaptation responses of pastoral communities to this state led marginalization points to the tenacious ability of pastoralism to continually adapt to the radically changing ecology. The paper argues for a complementarity of pastoral and farming use as an inclusive development vision. Begininnings can be made with a compassionate engagement with cultures of pastoralism that are endowed with resilience rooted in a historically constituted rationality to adapt, innovate with changing times. This may hold cues for a sustainable future of Thar. |
| Keywords: | Muslim pastoralists, Bikaner, Sustainable Thar, Sufi Mysticism, ecological impact, IGNP canal, |
| JEL: | Q0 Q25 Z1 Z12 |
| Date: | 2021–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106615&r=all |
| By: | Mariam Sy (UMR MARBEC - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Helene Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Charles Figuières (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Monique Simier (UMR MARBEC - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Rutger de Wit (UMR MARBEC - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Preferences elicitation can be a challenging exercise for citizens participating in assessment surveys. It is even more challenging when it comes to complex and unfamiliar ecosystems and the threatened ecosystem services they provide. Making people aware of the characteristics of the ecosystem services being valued is determinant for the assessment process. We investigated the impact of familiarity and academic information supply on people's preferences for twenty selected ecosystem services of French Mediterranean coastal lagoons. The results show that regardless of familiarity and information supply, there is a strong consensus about the highest importance of regulation and maintenance ecosystem services as well as environmental education and research opportunity ecosystem services. By contrast, nine of the cultural ecosystem services, together with two provisioning ecosystem services showed heterogeneous preferences among the different citizen groups. Using a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics these eleven ecosystem services split up into three clusters characterized as (i) contemplative leisure, (ii) heritage, and (iii) consumptive activities. Familiarity and academic information supply had a strong impact on the preferences for these three clusters of ecosystem services. |
| Keywords: | preference elicitation,coastal lagoons,citizens' workshop,paternalism,cultural ecosystem services (CES),veil of ignorance |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03119760&r=all |
| By: | Pape, Helpe |
| Abstract: | This short article represents the first attempt to define a new core cultural value that will enable engaging the business sector in humankind’s mission to heal nature. First, I start with defining the problem of the current business culture and the extant thinking on how to solve environmental problems, which I called “the eco-deficit culture.” Then, I present a solution to this problem by formulating the “semiconducting principle” of monetary and environmental values exchange, which I believe can generate “an eco-surplus business culture.” This work adds one new element, the eleventh cultural value, to the ten core values of progressive cultures postulated by Harrison (2000). |
| Date: | 2021–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zp9jv&r=all |
| By: | Tamara Sheldon; Rubal Dua; Omar Al Harbi (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Various subsidies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have been implemented worldwide at the federal, state and regional levels. These subsidies aim to promote PEV adoption to help reduce both local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (Hardman 2019). In the United States (U.S.), the federal government began subsidizing PEVs in 2010. |
| Keywords: | Fleet fuel economy, Plug-in electric vehicles, Subsidies |
| Date: | 2021–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2021-dp04&r=all |
| By: | Paul Frijters; David W. Johnston; Rachel J Knott; Benno Torgler |
| Abstract: | As the severity and frequency of natural disasters become more pronounced with climate change and the increased habitation of at-risk areas, it is important to understand people’s resilience to them. We quantify resilience by estimating how natural disasters in the US impacted individual wellbeing in a sample of 2.2 million observations, and whether the effect sizes differed by individual- and county-level factors. The event-study design contrasts changes in wellbeing in counties affected by disasters with that of residents in unaffected counties of the same state. We find that people’s hedonic wellbeing is reduced by approximately 6% of a standard deviation in the first two weeks following the event, with the effect diminishing rapidly thereafter. The negative effects are driven by White, older, and economically advantaged sub-populations, who exhibit less resilience. We find no evidence that existing indices of community resilience moderate impacts. Our conclusion is that people in the US are, at present, highly resilient to natural disasters. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cra:wpaper:2021-13&r=all |
| By: | Helene Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Maurel (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Chady Jabbour (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Camille Cousin (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sandra Luque (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Olivier Billaud (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | La planification territoriale est au coeur de l'aménagement et du développement territorial, notamment pour la répartition territoriale des biens publics locaux qui sont au fondement de l'économie spatiale (Derycke et Gilbert, 1988), et plus récemment de la nouvelle économie géographique (Krugman, 1991). Elle s'appuie sur des documents de planification territoriale dont les Schémas de cohérence territoriale (SCoT) sont emblématiques. Différents domaines sont concernés : la planification des réseaux de transports (Gauthier, 2005), la gestion des risques et des services écosystémiques (SE) (De Groot et al., 2010) tant pour l'identification des enjeux que le suivi des évolutions ou le contrôle des mesures de régulation (Choy et al., 2016). Ces travaux illustrent l'intérêt des cartes comme ressource commune que l'on peut qualifier de capital informationnel (Akoka et al., 2019). |
| Date: | 2020–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03110013&r=all |
| By: | Faber, Malte; Frick, Marc; Manstetten, Reiner |
| Abstract: | The sustainable management of natural resources is one of the most important tasks humanity faces. The interdisciplinary online platform MINE-Mapping the Interplay between Nature andEconomy (www.nature-economy.de) aims to contribute to this. MINE can be understood as a bridge between social sciences, economics and the natural sciences. Important building blocks of this bridge are considerations from the fields of political philosophy and ethics. For socioecological transformation processes, MINE offers foundations that are theoretically comprehensive and at the same time practical for politics and economics. Our considerations show how the ideas of MINE came into being, what constitutes the peculiarity of its approach and what it is capable of achieving. In this way, interested persons from the scientific community as well as ecologically engaged citizens should be led towards a fruitful work with the online platform. After the introduction in Part I, in Part II, from the perspective of Malte Faber, who speaks in first-person, motives and experiences are recounted that have led him to found an interdisciplinary research cooperation since 1980. The methods and insight generated in this cooperation became groundbreaking for MINE. Part III deals with the importance of philosophical reasoning for MINE and addresses some guiding ideas and basic building blocks of MINE's approach from a philosophical perspective. In Part IV, five concepts of MINE - three aspects of time, ignorance, joint production, political responsibility and, power of judgment - are introduced to illustrate the MINE-approach by a concrete transformation problem, namely the river Emscher; which was the central sewer of the Ruhr area around 1900 and was completely renaturalized after several decades in 2020. In Part V, Malte Faber illustrates, again in the firstperson perspective, the orientation of MINE through three messages on transformation. In an addendum, Part VI, we critically comment on the five-before-twelve rhetoric that is widespread especially in discourses of climate protection. |
| Keywords: | ecological economics; environmental economics; concepts of time; sustainability; joint production; homo politicus; ignorance; power of judgement; responsibility; five-beforetwelve rhetoric; socio-ecological transformations; restoration of the river Emscher. |
| Date: | 2021–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0701&r=all |
| By: | Gaston Clément Nyassoke Titi (Université de Douala); Jules Sadefo Kamdem (MRE - Montpellier Recherche en Economie - UM - Université de Montpellier); Louis Aimé Fono (Université de Douala); Nyassoke Titi; Gaston Clément; Sadefo Kamdem; Louis Fono (Université de Douala) |
| Abstract: | In this article, we provide a general framework for analyzing the optimal harvest of a renewable resource(i.e. fish, shrimp) assuming that the price and biomass evolve stochastically and harvesters have a constantrelative risk aversion (CRRA) . In order to take into account the impact of a sudden change in the environ-ment linked to the ecosystem, we assume that the biomass are governed by a stochastic differential equationof the ‘Gilpin-Ayala' type, with regime change in the parameters of the drift and variance. Under the aboveassumptions, we find the optimal effort to be deployed by the collector (fishery for example) in order tomaximize the expected utility of its profit function. To do this, we give the proof of the existence anduniqueness of the value function, which is derived from the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations associatedwith this problem, by resorting to a definition of the viscosity solution. |
| Keywords: | Stochastic Gilpin-Ayala,CRRA utility,Viscosity solutions,Renewable Resources,Optimal Effort |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03169348&r=all |
| By: | Achmad Faqih (Swadaya Gunung Jati University); Mukarto Siswoyo (Swadaya Gunung Jati University) |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector plays a great role in the economy of several countries and their economic sustainability is also majorly dependent on the agricultural performance of the country. There are various aspects related to agriculture sector that might have the impact on economic sustainability in one way or the other. In continuation of this issue, the researcher has conducted this study so that the impact casted by climate change, agricultural growth, and food production on the economic sustainability of the ASEAN countries can be studied effectively. For this research, the researcher has gathered relevant data from six ASEAN countries i.e. Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Philippines. The period for which the data has been collected comprises of 29 years. For analysis of this data, the researcher has applied tests such as panel unit root test, panel cointegration test, AMG estimation and panel casualty test and has obtained the desired results. The results make it clear that the independent variables i.e. climate change, agricultural growth and food production have significant impact on economic sustainability for most of the selected ASEAN countries. Moreover, various variables have also shown unidirectional and bidirectional casualty among them. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change,Agricultural Growth and Food Production,Economic Sustainability,ASEAN Countries |
| Date: | 2020–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03121067&r=all |
| By: | Eduarda Miller de Figueiredo; Andre Luis Squarize Chagas, Daniel de Abreu Pereira Uhr, Julia Gallego Ziero Uhr |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the presence of the female gender in the composition of the board of directors of business companies affects the environmental behavior of Brazilian companies. Identified data from the Annual List of Social Information (RAIS) are used, which are cross-checked with data from environmental infraction records from the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA) for the period from 2011 to 2015. The identification strategy it is based on the method of Poisson e Probit. The results show that the presence of women in management positions reduces the number of notices of environmental infractions and the likelihood of notices of infractions being drawn up against Brazilian firms for violations of environmental legislation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Infraction; Gender Diversity; Poisson; Probit |
| JEL: | J16 K32 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2021wpecon11&r=all |
| By: | Cecilia Adrogué; María Eugenia |
| Abstract: | Contemporary global environmental problems have highlighted the importance of acting responsibly towards natural resources and the environment. The role of science education in shaping how people interact with the environment, therefore, has gained importance. In line with this concern, in 2005, UNESCO launched its Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) (2005-2014), by which educational institutes around the world would focus on educating individuals for a more sustainable future. The main purpose of this study is to present the results of the changes in environmental literacy of students before and after the implementation of this policy, as well as to analyze which are the main features that affect the probability of being environmentally aware. For this aim, we estimate a probit model with data provided by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006 and 2015. The estimation suggests that in 2015 students are more aware of the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than in 2006, and that those from more disadvantaged socio-economic classes are less aware of the three environmental awareness analyzed; this difference is deeper in the case of upper-middle and lower-middle income countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental awareness, environmental literacy, Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), socio-economic variables |
| JEL: | I29 Q59 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aep:anales:4300&r=all |
| By: | Aedo, Marcela |
| Abstract: | El enfoque NEXO es un modelo que integra a los sectores agua, energía y producción de alimentos en la implementación de políticas públicas, sean estas regulaciones o proyectos de desarrollo. La premisa de base es que estos tres sectores no pueden analizarse separadamente pues los impactos en un sector afectan a los otros, tendencia que se intensifica si consideramos que estas interrelaciones son cada vez más estrechas por efectos del cambio climático. La agricultura familiar en el sur-sureste de México se desarrolla principalmente en las laderas de las zonas montañosas, donde las interrelaciones antes señaladas son más diversas y complejas, con altos niveles de degradación del medio ambiente, pobreza y marginación. En el presente documento se hace un análisis de la situación en la cual se encuentran estos tres sectores y se presenta una propuesta para abordar el desarrollo del riego en la agricultura familiar, estableciendo las posibles fuentes de agua y energía para abastecer el riego en esas condiciones. En el marco de los ODS definidos en la Agenda 2030, se busca incrementar la producción de alimentos de una manera más eficiente y sostenible, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población que vive en estos territorios rurales. |
| Keywords: | RIEGO, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, AGUA, USO DE LA TIERRA, CALIDAD DEL AGUA, CUENCAS, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, AGRICULTURA, PEQUEÑAS EXPLOTACIONES AGRICOLAS, DERECHOS SOBRE LAS AGUAS, POLITICA DE AGUA, ZONAS RURALES, IRRIGATION, WATER RESOURCES, WATER, LAND USE, WATER QUALITY, BASINS, ENERGY RESOURCES, AGRICULTURE, SMALL FARMS, WATER RIGHTS, WATER POLICY, RURAL AREAS |
| Date: | 2021–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46749&r=all |
| By: | Lesly Cassin (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Paolo Melindi-Ghidi (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fabien Prieur (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes the impact of income inequality on environmental policy in the presence of green consumers. We develop a theory with three main ingredients: first, citizens have different income capacities; second they have access to two different commodities whose consumption differs in terms of price and environmental impact, and third, they have to vote on the environmental policy. In this setting, there exists a unique political equilibrium such that the population is split in two groups, depending on whether there is positive consumption of the green good. The analysis shows that higher income inequality is generally associated with lower public spending in environmental protection. We then test this prediction in a fixed-effect model with robust standard errors using a panel of European countries over the period 1996-2019. We indeed find that income inequality negatively affects both public expenditures in environmental protection. |
| Keywords: | income distribution,inequality,green consumption,environmental policy,probabilistic voting,political equilibrium |
| Date: | 2021–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03146526&r=all |
| By: | Amira Elayouty (Cairo University); Hala Abou-Ali (Cairo University) |
| Date: | 2021–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1456&r=all |
| By: | Cristina Cattaneo (RFF†CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (EIEE), Centro Euro†Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici); Timothy Foreman (RFF†CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (EIEE), Centro Euro†Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici) |
| Abstract: | A number of factors contribute to interstate conflicts. One social element that has received little attention in the literature is the role of international migration. At the same time, the contribution of climate stress on interstate disputes has been underresearched. This paper analyses if climate stress represents a direct driver of interstate disputes and, at the same time, an indirect driver to conflicts through its effect on international migration. To do so, we use climate shocks to instrument for migration flows in a gravity setting in order to study its causal effect on international conflict. We find that a 1% increase in climate-induced migration increases the probability that the destination of the flows initiates conflict against the origin by 0.001 percentage points over a mean incidence of conflict of 0.13 percentage point per year. The results are consistent across different migration datasets and different specifications of defining the initiator in the conflict. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2109&r=all |
| By: | Lamia Varawala; Mohammad Reza Hesamzadeh; Gy\"orgy D\'an; Derek Bunn; Juan Rosell\'on |
| Abstract: | The electricity sector has tended to be one of the first industries to face technology change motivated by sustainability concerns. Whilst efficient market designs for electricity have tended to focus upon market power concerns, environmental externalities pose extra challenges for efficient solutions. Thus, we show that ad hoc remedies for market power alongside administered carbon prices are inefficient unless they are integrated. Accordingly, we develop an incentive-based market clearing design that can include externalities as well as market power mitigation. A feature of the solution is that it copes with incomplete information of the system operator regarding generation costs. It is uses a network representation of the power system and the proposed incentive mechanism holds even with energy limited technologies having temporal constraints, e.g., storage. The shortcomings of price caps to mitigate market power, in the context of sustainability externalities, are overcome under the proposed incentive mechanism. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.00578&r=all |
| By: | Jaime de Melo (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, UNIGE - Université de Genève) |
| Abstract: | Despite Mauritius' history of resilience, Jaime de Melo highlights some of the country's fragilities in terms of governance, environmental protection and human capital. In the short-run, he calls on the country to improve its governance by committing to external scrutiny and to resist protectionist winds. In the longer-run, the article highlights three imperatives: 1) a substantial boost in education to enable the country to grab opportunities brought about by the 4th industrial revolution, 2) the development of a services hub for Africa and 3) greater preservation of the environment to reverse the current rapid environmental degradation on the island. |
| Date: | 2020–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03109082&r=all |
| By: | Maranzano, Paolo; Cerdeira Bento, Joao Paulo; Manera, Matteo |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of human capital and the level of education on the pollution-income relationship controlling for income inequality in 17 OECD countries. By applying an innovative approach to country grouping, based on the temporal evolution of income inequality and clustering techniques to feature the annual value of the Gini Index on disposable income from 1987 to 2015, we have estimated panel data models by distinguishing between low and high levels of income inequality country clusters. Robustness checks and endogeneity tests are further performed considering as the discriminant factor the income inequality aecting the countries in the sample. The findings highlight the role of the educational level and years of schooling in validating the EKC hypothesis. We recommend that this variable should not be neglected in future EKC studies. Therefore, any EKC theory should also acknowledge a new EKC model specification that we named the Educational EKC. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:310225&r=all |
| By: | Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Climate change-related mortality may strongly affect human well-being. By reducing life expectancy, it reduces the well-being of some infividuals. This may exacerbate existing inequalities: ex-ante inequality among people in different groups or regions of the world; ex-post inequality in experienced well-being by people in the same generation. But mortality may also reduce total population size by preventing some individuals from having children. This raises the population-ethical problem of how total population size should be valued. This paper proposes a methodology to measure te welfare effects of climate change through population and inequality change. We illustrate the methodology using a climate-economy integrated assessment model involving endogenous population change due to climate change-related mortality. |
| Keywords: | Climate change-related mortality,fairness,inequality,population ethics |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03048370&r=all |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van; Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Pham, Phu; Nguyen, My-Hien; Ngo, Cong-Thang; Tran, Phuong-Mai |
| Abstract: | rural livelihood, plantation forests, primary data, sustainable rural development, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2m8cb&r=all |
| By: | Magali Aubert (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Joël Huat (UPR HORTSYS - Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Laurent Parrot (UPR HORTSYS - Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | ‘Ultra-peripheral' region of Europe since 2014 and French outre-mer department since 2011, Mayotte has to comply with European and national phytosanitary requirements. Our study focuses on collective organization on the implementation of more environmental-friendly practices. We focus on the tomato production that is the most sensitive production to pests. The empirical originality of the study is the constitution of an exhaustive database of formal producers. The theoretical originality is to have considered and demonstrated the importance of the cognitive, structural and relational dimensions of social capital in achieving the common goal of reducing pesticide; and the collective dimension role in the individual decision-making process. |
| Abstract: | Du fait de son statut de département d'outre-mer depuis 2011 et de région « ultra-périphérique » de l'Europe depuis 2014, Mayotte doit se mettre en conformité avec les exigences phytosanitaires européennes et nationales. Notre étude s'intéresse au rôle des organisations de producteurs dans la mise en œuvre de pratiques alternatives. La tomate, production la plus sensible aux ravageurs et maladies, est étudiée. L'originalité empirique de l'étude repose sur la constitution d'une base de données exhaustive des producteurs formels mahorais. L'originalité théorique est d'avoir considéré et démontré l'importance des dimensions cognitives, structurelles et relationnelles du capital social dans la réalisation de l'objectif commun de réduction des pesticides ; et du rôle de la dimension collective dans la prise de décision individuelle. |
| Keywords: | Chain organization,Agroecology,Phytosanitary products,Tomato,Social capital,Mayotte,Capital social,Filière,Organisation collective,Produits phytosanitaires,Agroécologie,Tomate |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03130303&r=all |
| By: | Ben McWilliams; Georg Zachmann |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen is seen as a means to decarbonise sectors with greenhouse gas emissions that are hard to reduce, as a medium for energy storage, and as a fallback in case halted fossil-fuel imports lead to energy shortages. Hydrogen is likely to play at least some role in the European Union's achievement by 2050 of a net-zero greenhouse gas emissions target. However, production of hydrogen in the EU is currently emissions... |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:41782&r=all |
| By: | Tarufelli, Brittany L. |
| Abstract: | The Gulf Coast has gained a foothold as a low-cost region for chemical production. In this study, I leverage the arguably exogenous shock to natural gas prices and proximity to the Port of South Louisiana as instrumental variables to identify the impact of industrial development on air pollution and respiratory morbidity. I find that a $1 decrease in natural gas prices decreased PM10 pollution by 44% of the sample average, but these effects decreased with proximity to the Port. Switching to natural gas as a feedstock improved pollution and health outcomes, but pollution exposure in industrial corridors remains an issue. |
| Date: | 2021–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4nvzd&r=all |
| By: | Ho, Thong Quoc; Hoang, Vincent; Wilson, Clevo |
| Abstract: | Analysis of economic and environmental performance of agricultural production has received increasing attention in both the theoretical and empirical literature (Aldieri et al., 2019). Several methodological approaches have been proposed to measure environmental efficiency and to analyse trade-offs between economic and environmental performance (e.g., Fang, 2020; Shuai and Fan, 2020; Azad and Ancev, 2014; Picazo-Tadeo and Prior, 2009; Reinhard et al., 2000). Within this literature strand, Coelli et al., (2007) offer a distinct approach that utilises the material balance principle to derive cost and environmental efficiency measures. Empirical applications of Coelli et al. (2007) for the purpose of environmental and economic analysis have flourished recently (Hoang and Alauddin, 2012; Nguyen et al., 2012; Hoang and Rao, 2010). However, these empirical applications focus only on the economic and environmental trade-off of technically efficient farms, not all the farms. |
| Keywords: | Coffee production, Cost efficiency, Environmental efficiency, Trade-off, Vietnam. |
| JEL: | O13 |
| Date: | 2020–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106898&r=all |
| By: | Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.; Nitsch, Volker; Wendland, Nicolai |
| Abstract: | For a complete cost-benefit analysis of durable infrastructures, it is important to understand how the value of non-market goods such as transit time and environmental quality changes as incomes rise in the long-run. We use difference-in-differences and spatial differencing to estimate the land price capitalization effects of metro rail in Berlin, Germany today and a century ago. Over this period, the negative implicit hedonic price of rail noise tripled. Our results imply income elasticities of the value of noise reduction and transport access of 2.2 and 1.4, substantially exceeding cross-sectional contingent valuation estimates. |
| Keywords: | accessibility; spatial differencing; noise; difference-in-differences; income elasticity; land price |
| JEL: | R12 R14 R41 N73 N74 |
| Date: | 2019–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:101736&r=all |
| By: | Jiaxiong Yao |
| Abstract: | Past studies on the relationship between electricity consumption and temperature have primarily focused on individual countries. Many regions are understudied as a result of data constraint. This paper studies the relationship on a global scale, overcoming the data constraint by using grid-level night light and temperature data. Mostly generated by electricity and recorded by satellites, night light has a strong linear relationship with electricity consumption and is correlated with both its extensive and intensive margins. Using night light as a proxy for electricity consumption at the grid level, we find: (1) there is a U-shaped relationship between electricity consumption and temperature; (2) the critical point of temperature for minimum electricity consumption is around 14.6°C for the world and it is higher in urban and more industrial areas; and (3) the impact of temperature on electricity consumption is persistent. Sub-Saharan African countries, while facing a large electricity deficit already, are particularly vulnerable to climate change: a 1°C increase in temperature is estimated to increase their electricity demand by 6.7% on average. |
| Keywords: | Electricity;Consumption;Climate change;Population and demographics;Income;Electricity consumption,temperature,night light,climate change.,WP,electricity access,electricity demand,term E |
| Date: | 2021–02–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/022&r=all |
| By: | Ole Boysen (School of Agriculture & Food Science and Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin); Kirsten Boysen-Urban (Department of International Agricultural Trade & Food Security, University of Hohenheim); Alan Matthews (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin) |
| Abstract: | No reliable supports protect EU farmers from the catastrophic risks which are expected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change. We propose three transparent, predictable, and fair safety net policies which operate with indices on the Member State level. Simulations with a tailored global model of a series of historic yield shocks as observed over past decades serve as a test bed to quantify the costs and benefits of these policies in EU Member States using various risk metrics. The results highlight properties of and rankings among these polices useful for guiding future policy design and assessment. |
| Keywords: | Safety nets, risk management, income stabilisation, climate change, EU Common Agricultural Policy |
| JEL: | Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucd:wpaper:202103&r=all |
| By: | Allison Loconto (LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel); Francisco Garrido-Garza (LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | Recent consumer research demonstrates that trust-worthiness of food chain actors and the openness of food manufacturers are strongly related to consumer confidence in food (Macready et al., 2020). Thus, the assumption of SFSC promoters is that this greater transparency translates into greater consumer confidence in producers and as a result more social, equitable and fairer trading practices between producers and consumers. Quality assurance and certification are the most common means used to communicate transparency and openness in both conventional and sustainable supply chains (UN environment, 2017). Prior research demonstrates that there are a variety of ways in which assurance and certification can be organized in order to credibly guarantee quality (Loconto, 2017a). Within this context, the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture has commissioned AGRI KULTI to develop an information and quality assurance system, that identifies management patterns across the connection of local production and gastronomy, both in Hungary and in the European Union (Food Track project). For this reason, a comprehensive and comparative data analysis is required. Thus, this study consisted of exploring and analysing initiatives, businesses or organizations in the EU that can be classified as SFSCs and that communicate their sustainability quality attributions (e.g., organic, local, healthy, agro-ecological, traditional, etc.) through a variety of forms of certification.The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of how to reconnect cities and rural areas by establishing transparent and close links between local (and small-scale) producers with urban gastronomy. In order to achieve this aim, the following objectives were established: 1. Conduct a baseline study of quality assurance and information systems used across Europe in short circuit food chains using internet resources and an online survey when feasible 2. Elaborate 10 in-depth case studies that analyse the types of qualities and forms of quality assurance that have worked in practice. |
| Keywords: | Short food chain,Certification,Alternative Agrifood Networks,Social innovation and entrepreneurship,Circuit court alimentaire |
| Date: | 2021–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03173144&r=all |
| By: | Christophe Bontemps (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Douadia Bougherara (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Celine Nauges (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Even if there exists an extensive literature on the modeling of farmers' behavior under risk, actual measurements of the quantitative impact of risk aversion on input use are rare. In this article, we use simulations to quantify the impact of risk aversion on the optimal quantity of input and farmers' welfare when production risk depends on how much of the input is used. The assumptions made on the technology and form of farmers' risk preferences were chosen such that they are fairly representative of crop farming conditions in the USA and Western Europe. In our benchmark scenario featuring a traditional expected utility model, we find that less than 4% of the optimal pesticide expenditure is driven by risk aversion and that risk induces a decrease in welfare that varies from −1.5 to −3.0% for individuals with moderate to normal risk aversion. We find a stronger impact of risk aversion on quantities of input used when farmers' risk preferences are modeled under the cumulative prospect theory framework. When the reference point is set at the median or maximum profit, and for some levels of the parameters that describe behavior toward losses, the quantity of input used that is driven by risk preferences represents up to 19% of the pesticide expenditure. |
| Keywords: | Pesticides,Production risk,Risk preferences |
| Date: | 2021–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03182253&r=all |
| By: | Andrés López; Martín Obaya; Paulo Pascuini |
| Abstract: | La discusión sobre el vínculo entre recursos naturales y desarrollo económico vuelve de manera recurrente a los debates académicos y de política pública. Los momentos de resurgimiento están motivados, particularmente, por los ciclos de auge de los precios de las materias primas (como el que transcurrió por buena para de la década de los 2000), por el descubrimiento de grandes fuentes de recursos (por ejemplo, el Presal en Brasil o Vaca Muerta en Argentina) o bien cuando, como producto cambios tecnológicos, se presentan nuevas oportunidades para el uso de recursos. |
| Keywords: | Recursos naturales, litio |
| JEL: | Q32 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aep:anales:4166&r=all |
| By: | Geir Asheim (UiO - University of Oslo); Kohei Kamaga (Sophia University [Tokyo]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | It has been claimed that climate policies can be evaluated by the Pareto principle. However, climate policies lead to different identities and different numbers of future people. Even if one assumes that the number of future people is countably infinite independently of policy choice, the problem is that there exists no natural one-to-one correspondence between the components of the compared alternatives. This non-existence means that the components of streams are indexed by natural numbers that do not correspond to particular people, making a case for impartiakity in the sense of Strong anonymity. Strong anonymity is incompatible with Strong Pareto. The paper re-examines this incompatibility and investigates how far sensitivity for the well-being at any one component can be extended without contradicting Strong anonymity. We show that Strong anonymity combined with four rather innocent axioms has two consequences: (i) There can be sensitivity for the well-being at a particular component of the stream if and only if a finite set of people have higher well-beings, and (ii) adding people to the population cannot have positive social value. |
| Keywords: | Infinite streams,Intergenerational equity,Population ethics |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03048406&r=all |
| By: | Jeffrey D. Michler; Frederi G. Viens; Gerald E. Shively |
| Abstract: | We investigate the sources of variability in agricultural production and their relative importance in the context of weather index insurance for smallholder farmers in India. Using parcel-level panel data, multilevel modeling, and Bayesian methods we measure how large a role seasonal variation in weather plays in explaining yield variance. Seasonal variation in weather accounts for 19-20 percent of total variance in crop yields. Motivated by this result, we derive pricing and payout schedules for actuarially fair index insurance. These calculations shed light on the low uptake rates of index insurance and provide direction for designing more suitable index insurance. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2103.11047&r=all |
| By: | Fuller, Sam; Kunz, Tatjana; Brown, Austin L.; D'Agostino, Mollie C. |
| Abstract: | Cities and states across the U.S. are assessing fees or taxes on transportation network company (TNC) platforms, such as Uber and Lyft. The goals of these policies include traffic and emissions mitigation, as well as revenue generation, among other objectives. This research aims to assess the goals and effectiveness of these fees in achieving some of these policy objectives, primarily congestion and emissions mitigation. The analysis addresses a core difficulty in comparing TNC fees—some fees are assessed per mile and others per trip. The researchers compared 21 fees implemented by state and local governments across the United States and apply a methodology to compare these diverse fees and taxes based on a hypothetical ride informed by Uber’s fare calculator, as well as other sources. The findings show that when adjusted for comparison, the highest fees, by a wide margin, are assessed in downtown New York City and Chicago (during peak hours). A key policy implication of this research is that most fees or taxes are not large enough to affect enough travelers' choices to hail a TNC, and most do not differentiate between solo and pooled/shared rides. Only San Francisco, Chicago, New York City, and New Jersey differentiate between solo and shared rides, which is likely to influence travelers in choosing to share a ride. This is problematic given that increasing passengers per vehicle mile traveled is an essential strategy in managing congestion and reducing emissions associated with all vehicle travel, including TNCs. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Pooling, Transportation Network Companies, Sustainability, Emissions, Congestion |
| Date: | 2021–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3wd145hq&r=all |
| By: | Wijaya, Felicya Christina |
| Abstract: | Regulation of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 12 of 2020 has a negative impact on the sustainability of lobsters in Indonesia and may not be enforced in 2020 and should be implemented in mid-2021 |
| Date: | 2021–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:eaxf2&r=all |
| By: | rahmadanti, wina illirian sevi |
| Abstract: | Lobster itself is an organism that lives at the bottom of the water,and its distribution depends on substrates in nature, the availability of food,and other organisms in the waters. Opens up opportunities for the cultivation of lobsters which is very interesting. |
| Date: | 2021–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:w4dep&r=all |
| By: | Francis Declerck (ESSEC Business School Paris - Essec Business School); Jean-Pierre Indjehagopian (ESSEC Business School Paris - Essec Business School); Frédéric Lantz (IFP School, IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at explaining the major drivers of biodiesel market prices by examining agricultural resource prices and gasoil prices for automotive fuels in the context of the EU environmental policy. The EU policy has enhanced biodiesel production since 2006. Biodiesel prices are impacted by the EU policy as well as rapeseed and oil prices which have fluctuated a lot over the last decade. An econometric analysis was performed using monthly data from November 2006 to January 2016. However, tests for structural breaks show several changes in price behavior. This leads us to estimate a regime-switching model which reveals two main regimes for the biodiesel price pattern. When oil prices are high, biodiesel, rapeseed and diesel oil prices are related, mainly driven by oil prices. When oil prices are low, biodiesel prices are mostly related to rapeseed prices according to EU regulations requiring the blending of biodiesel and gasoil. |
| Keywords: | biofuel,oil market,structural changes,switching regime model |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03179984&r=all |