|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2021‒03‒15
fifty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Angela Köppl; Margit Schratzenstaller |
| Abstract: | While environmental taxes aim at making environmentally harmful behaviour more costly, the opposite is true for environmentally beneficial tax incentives. Tax incentives imply foregone public revenues to favour less polluting consumption and investment activities in order to achieve environmental policy goals. While there is a large body of theoretical literature on environmental taxes and emissions trading, the theoretical literature on environmentally beneficial tax incentives (as well as direct subsidies) is rather slim. Most of the literature in the field of beneficial tax incentives consists of empirical case studies on concrete tax incentives that have been introduced in individual countries. The paper provides a review of theoretical and empirical literature addressing the effects of environmentally beneficial tax incentives. Hereby, the review of empirical evidence on the impact of specific tax incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions focuses on tax incentives in the transport sector and particularly on those attached to vehicle taxation aiming at supporting the decarbonisation of the car fleet. We also summarise the sparse empirical evidence on tax incentives intended to support the use of public transport, green R&D, and energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxation, environmental taxation, price-based instruments, tax incentives, climate policy |
| Date: | 2021–02–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2021:i:621&r=all |
| By: | Zhu Liu; Zhu Deng; Philippe Ciais; Jianguang Tan; Biqing Zhu; Steven J. Davis; Robbie Andrew; Olivier Boucher; Simon Ben Arous; Pep Canadel; Xinyu Dou; Pierre Friedlingstein; Pierre Gentine; Rui Guo; Chaopeng Hong; Robert B. Jackson; Daniel M. Kammen; Piyu Ke; Corinne Le Quere; Crippa Monica; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Glen Peters; Katsumasa Tanaka; Yilong Wang; Bo Zheng; Haiwang Zhong; Taochun Sun; Hans Joachim Schellnhuber |
| Abstract: | The diurnal cycle CO$_2$ emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reflect seasonality, weather conditions, working days, and more recently the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, for the first time we provide a daily CO$_2$ emission dataset for the whole year of 2020 calculated from inventory and near-real-time activity data (called Carbon Monitor project: https://carbonmonitor.org). It was previously suggested from preliminary estimates that did not cover the entire year of 2020 that the pandemics may have caused more than 8% annual decline of global CO$_2$ emissions. Here we show from detailed estimates of the full year data that the global reduction was only 5.4% (-1,901 MtCO$_2$, ). This decrease is 5 times larger than the annual emission drop at the peak of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. However, global CO$_2$ emissions gradually recovered towards 2019 levels from late April with global partial re-opening. More importantly, global CO$_2$ emissions even increased slightly by +0.9% in December 2020 compared with 2019, indicating the trends of rebound of global emissions. Later waves of COVID-19 infections in late 2020 and corresponding lockdowns have caused further CO$_2$ emissions reductions particularly in western countries, but to a much smaller extent than the declines in the first wave. That even substantial world-wide lockdowns of activity led to a one-time decline in global CO$_2$ emissions of only 5.4% in one year highlights the significant challenges for climate change mitigation that we face in the post-COVID era. These declines are significant, but will be quickly overtaken with new emissions unless the COVID-19 crisis is utilized as a break-point with our fossil-fuel trajectory, notably through policies that make the COVID-19 recovery an opportunity to green national energy and development plans. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2103.02526&r=all |
| By: | Clive L. Spash |
| Abstract: | Today, environmental economics is the response of the neoclassical economic school to the ecological crisis, but at one time its leading contributors regarded it as a revolutionary development that would change the conduct and content of economics as a discipline. Understanding and addressing environmental pollution was core to that potential paradigm shift. In tracing the history of conceptualising pollution as an externality and market failure this paper covers the development of ideas by Marshall, Pigou, Pareto, Coase, Stigler, Samuelson, Ciciacy-Wantrup and Kapp. Pollution externality theory is shown to have incorporated an elitist ethics and liberal market ideology. As a market failure pollution was deemed a minor correctible error of the price system. Monetary valuation of social and environmental harm became the means of justifying optimal levels of pollution. Neoliberal theories of spreading property rights further watered down potential interventionist aspects. Bio-physical realism, in the work of Kneese, Ayres and dÂ’Arge, and social realism in KappÂ’s theory of cost shifting were lost once environmental economics adopted a deductivist mathematical formalism. KappÂ’s alternative theory is based on a classic institutionalists economic understanding of cost shifting and power relations. It advocates a public policy response in the form of objective social minima achieved via regulation and planning. This theory has until now been successfully supressed to prevent a potential revolutionary paradigm shift in economic price theory |
| Keywords: | externalities; market failure, cost shifting; price theory; pollution; Pigou; Coase; Kapp; paradigm shift; environmental economics, neoclassical economics; institutional economics, neolibera |
| JEL: | A13 B2 B55 D61 D62 H21 H23 P16 P18 P48 Q5 Q52 Q53 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2021_01&r=all |
| By: | David Ardia; Keven Bluteau; Kris Boudt; Koen Inghelbrecht (-) |
| Abstract: | We empirically test the prediction of Pastor, Stambaugh, and Taylor (2020) that green firms outperform brown firms when concerns about climate change increase unexpectedly, using data for S&P 500 companies from January 2010 to June 2018. To capture unexpected increases in climate change concerns, we construct a Media Climate Change Concerns index using news about climate change published by major U.S. newspapers. We find that when concerns about climate change increase unexpectedly, green firms’ stock prices increase, while brown firms’ decrease. Further, using topic modeling, we conclude that climate change concerns affect returns both through investors updating their expectations about firms’ future cash flows and through changes in investors’ preferences for sustainability |
| Keywords: | Asset Pricing, Climate Change, Sustainable Investing, ESG, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Sentometrics, Textual Analysis |
| JEL: | G11 G18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:21/1011&r=all |
| By: | Anne de Bortoli; Zoi Christoforou |
| Abstract: | The indirect environmental impacts of transport disruptions in urban mobility are frequently overlooked due to a lack of appropriate assessment methods. Consequential Life Cycle Assessment (CLCA) is a method to capture the environmental consequences of the entire cause and effect chain of these disruptions but has never been adapted to transportat disruption at the city scale. This paper proposes a mathematical formalization of CLCA applied to a territorial mobility change. The method is applied to quantify the impact on climate change of the breakthrough of free-floating e-scooters (FFES) in Paris. A FFES user survey is conducted to estimate the modal shifts due to FFES. Trip substitutions from all the Parisian modes concerned are considered - personal or shared bicycles and motor scooters, private car, taxi and ride-hailing, bus, streetcar, metro and RER (the Paris metropolitan area mass rapid transit system). All these Parisian modes are assessed for the first time using LCA. Final results estimate that over one year, the FFES generated an extra thirteen thousand tons of CO2eq under an assumption of one million users, mainly due to major shifts coming from lower-emitting modes (60% from the metro and the RER, 22% from active modes). Recommendations are given to enhance their carbon footprint. A scenario analysis shows that increasing the lifetime mileage is insufficient to get a positive balance: reducing drastically servicing emissions is also required. A sensitivity analysis switching the French electricity mix for eleven other country mixes suggests a better climate change effect of the FFES in similar metropolitan areas with higher electricity carbon intensity, such as in Germany and China. Finally, the novelty and the limits of the method are discussed, as well as the results and the role of e-scooters, micromobility, and shared vehicles towards a sustainable mobility. |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2103.00680&r=all |
| By: | Umed Temursho (IOpedia, Seville, Spain); Matthias Weitzel (European Commission - JRC); Toon Vandyck (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report enriches economy-wide modelling with household-level microdata to assess the distributional impacts of climate policy in the broader context of the EU Green Deal. The first part of the report provides a detailed exploration of the EU Household Budget Survey data in the light of its use in analysing climate policy impacts across households with heterogeneous consumption patterns. The second part of the report describes the macro-micro framework to combine the Household Budget Survey with the JRC-GEM-E3 model. The third part studies scenarios that cover three different policy configurations –ranging from a regulation-based to a pricing-based approach – all of which reach a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 55% in 2030 relative to 1990. Results provide insights into the potential distributional implications across EU households of an upward revision of the 2030 targets, a key aspect in achieving a Just Transition to climate neutrality. Regulation-based policies can mitigate price changes observed by households, while pricing-based policies raise revenue that have the potential to offset regressive impacts. Careful design of targeted complementary measures will therefore be required to reconcile social and environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Just Transition, Climate Policy, Distributional Impacts, Household Budget Survey, Computable General Equilibrium |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc121765&r=all |
| By: | Tiphaine Chevallier; Maud Loireau; Romain Courault; lydie chapuis-lardy; Thierry Desjardins; Cécile Gomez; Alexandre Grondin; Frédéric Guérin; Didier Orange; Raphaël Pélissier; Georges Serpantié; Marie Hélène Durand; Pierre Derioz; Goulven Gildas Laruelle; Marie Hélène Schwoob; Nicolas Viovy; Olivier Barrière; Eric Blanchart; Vincent Blanfort; Michel Brossard; Julien Demenois; Mireille Fargette; Thierry Heulin; Gil Mahe; Raphaël Manlay; Pascal Podwojewski; Cornélia Rumpel; Benjamin Sultan; Jean Luc Chotte |
| Abstract: | The Paris Climate Agreements and Sustainable Development Goals, signed by 197 countries, present agendas and address key issues for implementing multi-scale responses for sustainable development under climate change-an effort that must involve local, regional, national, and supra-national stakeholders. In that regard, Continental Carbon Sequestration (CoCS) and conservation of carbon sinks are recognized increasingly as having potentially important roles in mitigating climate change and adapting to it. Making that potential a reality will require indicators of success for various stakeholders from multidisciplinary backgrounds, plus promotion of long-term implementation of strategic action towards civil society (e.g. law and policy makers, economists, and farmers). To help meet those challenges, this discussion paper summarizes the state of the art and uncertainties regarding CoCS, taking an interdisciplinary, holistic approach toward understanding these complex issues. The first part of the paper discusses the carbon cycle's bio-geophysical processes, while the second introduces the plurality of geographical scales to be addressed when dealing with landscape management for CoCS. The third part addresses systemic viability, vulnerability, and resilience in CoCS practices, before concluding with the need to develop inter-disciplinarity in sustainable science, participative research, and the societal implications of sustainable CoCS actions. |
| Keywords: | Carbon modelling; Climate change and sustainable development; Continental carbon sequestration; Multi-scalar management; Participative research |
| Date: | 2020–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/312984&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | I propose a new conceptual framework to disentangle the impacts of weather and climate on economic activity and growth: A stochastic frontier model with climate in the production frontier and weather shocks as a source of inefficiency. I test it on a sample of 160 countries over the period 1950-2014. Temperature and rainfall determine production possibilities in both rich and poor countries; positively in cold countries and negatively in hot ones. Weather anomalies reduce inefficiency in rich countries but increase inefficiency in poor and hot countries; and more so in countries with low weather variability. The climate effect is larger that the weather effect. |
| Keywords: | climate change, weather shocks, economic growth, stochastic frontier analysis |
| JEL: | D24 O44 O47 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0521&r=all |
| By: | Runst, Petrik; Höhle, David |
| Abstract: | Many countries have only recently introduced carbon taxation to reduce emissions and the time series data for evaluating these policies is not available yet. Consequently, we use the imposition quasi-carbon-taxes in the German transportation sector, i.e. taxes on fuel that are not calculated based on actual CO2content but which raise the implicit price of carbon emissions, to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental taxation. Our results indicate that the carbon price increase by about 66 €/t CO2led toa considerable decline of transport emissions by 0.2 to 0.35 t per person and year. Our quantitative results as well as a detailed qualitative analysis of a German car manufacturer's business reports suggests that the tax triggered an improvement in engine technology as well as an increased share of diesel engines. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxation,transport sector,carbon emissions |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 R48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhwps:292021&r=all |
| By: | ; ; William B. Peterman |
| Abstract: | Uncertainty surrounding if and when the U.S. government will implement a federal climate policy introduces risk into the decision to invest in capital used in conjunction with fossil fuels. To quantify the macroeconomic impacts of this climate policy risk, we develop a dynamic, general equilibrium model that incorporates beliefs about future climate policy. We find that climate policy risk reduces carbon emissions by causing the capital stock to shrink and become relatively cleaner. Our results reveal, however, that a carbon tax could achieve the same reduction in emissions at less than half the cost. |
| Date: | 2021–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:90131&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Carattini; Garth Heutel; Givi Melkadze |
| Abstract: | We study climate and macroprudential policies in an economy with financial frictions. Using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model featuring both a pollution market failure and a market failure in the financial sector, we explore transition risk – whether ambitious climate policy can lead to macroeconomic instability. It can, but the risk can be alleviated through macroprudential policies – taxes or subsidies on banks’ assets. Then, we explore efficient climate and macroprudential policy in the long run and over business cycles. The presence of financial frictions affects the steady-state value and dynamic properties of the efficient carbon tax. Macroprudential policy alone, without a carbon tax, is not very effective at addressing the pollution externality. |
| JEL: | E32 G18 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28525&r=all |
| By: | Etienne ESPAGNE; Thi Phuong Linh HUYNH; Stéphane LAGREE; Alexis DROGOUL |
| Abstract: | How do accelerating environmental changes impact inequalities and how do rising inequalities affect in reverse environmental dynamics? This paper is built on a systematic mapping (2019-2021) studying the relationship between those two crucial aspects in five Mekong Countries: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. 14570 scientific and grey literatures were collected and screened by title and abstract, and full text. 2355 items (1978-2020) are included for the systematic mapping. Overall, articles that directly discuss inequalities in relation with environmental changes are rare and recent. Three domains are dominant: resource access and right issues (967 items); climate change and disaster impacts (533 items); and a growing interest on pollution (299 items). Gaps in knowledge are identified in various realms. A repository is built with an open access to all abstract selected references to support further research and projects on sub-topics of the inequality environmental change nexus, and support science-based policy decisions. |
| Keywords: | Birmanie, Cambodge, Laos, Thaïlande, Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2021–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en12270&r=all |
| By: | Patrick Bolton; Marcin Kacperczyk |
| Abstract: | Companies are exposed to carbon-transition risk as the global economy transitions away from fossil fuels to renewable energy. We estimate the market-based premium associated with this transition risk at the firm level in a cross-section of over 14,400 firms in 77 countries. We find a widespread carbon premium—higher stock returns for companies with higher levels of carbon emissions (and higher annual changes)—in all sectors over three continents, Asia, Europe, and North America. Short-term transition risk is greater for firms located in countries with lower economic development, greater reliance on fossil energy, and less inclusive political systems. Long-term transition risk is higher in countries with stricter domestic, but not international, climate policies. However, transition risk cannot be explained by greater exposure to physical (or headline) risk. Yet, raising investor awareness about climate change amplifies the level of transition risk. |
| JEL: | G12 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28510&r=all |
| By: | Ignaciuk, Ada; Scognamillo, Antonio; Sitko, Nick |
| Abstract: | In many developing countries the adoption of climate sustainable practices is hindered by resource and risk barriers. This paper assesses the interactions between participation in Malawi’s largest public works programme, the Malawi Social Action Fund (MASAF), and three widely promoted climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices. The underlying hypotheses to be tested are: (a) that participation in the MASAF programme reduce both the budget and the risk constraints to the adoption of sustainable management practices; and (b) the joint treatment effect of MASAF and CSA increases household farms’ productivity and welfare. Drawing on three waves of national panel household survey data, we find that participation in MASAF significantly increases the probability that farm households adopt all the CSA practices considered for this study. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–03–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:309808&r=all |
| By: | Damien BAZIN; Sylvie FERRARI; Richard B. HOWARTH |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses how Hans Jonas’ Imperative of Responsibility may provide useful insights into the analysis of sustainability issues. The challenges of environmental and social sustainability in terms of inter-generational fairness are analysed and involve a moral duty that is applicable to economic governance. To what extent responsibility is an alternative to utilitarianism and as a principle facilitating the coordination of the agents involved? Exploring this question may be a first step towards the long-term and sustainable conservation of Nature. |
| Keywords: | Environmental ethics, intergenerational fairness, responsibility principle, self-binding behaviour, sustainability. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q20 Q32 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-03&r=all |
| By: | Pierre-Alain Jayet (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, UMR Economie Publique, France); Ancuta Isbasoiu (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, UMR Economie Publique, France); Stéphane de Cara (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, UMR Economie Publique, France) |
| Abstract: | We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. |
| Abstract: | Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule les variations des émissions de gaz à effet de serre agricoles associées au niveau de production requis. Dans le cadre d'une approche prospective réalisée dans les conditions techniques et économiques de la période 2007-2012, nous calculons l'ampleur des changements d'un système de production agricole, auquel nous assignons l'objectif d'augmenter la production nette de calories. En France, pour une augmentation de 40 à 60% selon les années, les trois quarts des prairies disparaîtraient, une grande partie des prairies temporaires se transformeraient en céréales, et les jachères pourraient dépasser 20% de la surface agricole totale. Ces changements résulteraient de la forte baisse du cheptel, notamment des bovins de boucherie. Le facteur clé de l'analyse est l'alimentation animale qui, outre la diminution de la consommation d'herbe, entraînerait une légère augmentation des fourrages et des céréales produits et consommés dans l'exploitation, et une forte diminution d'environ 50 % des achats d'aliments concentrés. La réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre est substantielle, du moins en ce qui concerne le méthane, et pourrait dépasser 30 % des émissions de référence en équivalent dioxyde de carbone. |
| Keywords: | food calories,Agricultural production,Livestock,Feed,Greenhouse gas,mathematical programming model,Food calories,Livestock and feed,Greenhouse gas emissions,Mathematical programming model |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03132547&r=all |
| By: | Julie Thomas; Marielle Brunette; Antoine Leblois |
| Abstract: | Climate change seriously impacts forest ecosystems. In order to maintain forest cover, adaptation strategies should be implemented. In France, adaptation decisions are mainly in the hands of private forest owners. However, little is known about the way they perceive climate change or about their decisions related to adaptation. The aim of this article is precisely to obtain such information through a survey conducted among more than 900 French private forest owners. We identified determinants to the adoption of adaptation (gender, area, profession, having a management document, perception of climate change impact). More importantly, we show that the decision of adaptation should not be thought of in general but strategy-by-strategy because we identified strategy-dependent drivers. The article concludes with a discussion about the public policy implications of the results. |
| Keywords: | adaptation, forest, survey, French private forest owners. |
| JEL: | Q23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2021-05&r=all |
| By: | Florian, Violeta; Rusu, Marioara; Roşu, Elisabeta |
| Abstract: | Ecological agriculture provides a favourable framework for maintaining biodiversity by using economically and socially efficient friendly farming practices, generating modern attributes to rural communities and offering a different lifestyle and a different quality of life to the entire society. In two counties ranking in the top ten counties with areas cultivated under organic farming system, Cluj and Suceava, there are positive implications of these farming practices on biological diversity. Qualitative research methods were used to see the local/rural actors’ opinion on this topic: hybrid forum and in-depth-interviews. Farmers’ decisions to adopt sustainable practices for the environment, which provide positive externalities for biodiversity, water, soil and landscapes, are generated by business-specific economic and social rationality tending to achieve profit specific objectives by using traditional knowledge and skills from the intangible rural heritage. |
| Keywords: | ecological agriculture, biodiversity, rural communities, local actors. |
| JEL: | Q15 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–11–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106313&r=all |
| By: | Jasmien De Winne; Gert Peersman (-) |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events are known to be detrimental for local economic activity, but could also affect countries that are not directly exposed to the extreme weather conditions through global agricultural production shortfalls and price surges induced by such events. For a panel of 75 countries, we show that increases in global agricultural commodity prices that are caused by harvest disruptions or unfavourable weather conditions in other regions of the world significantly curtail economic activity. The impact is considerably stronger in advanced countries, despite the lower shares of food in household expenditures these countries have compared to low-income countries. Furthermore, we find weaker effects in countries that are net exporters of agricultural products, have large domestic agricultural sectors and/or are less integrated in global markets for non-agricultural trade. Once we control for these characteristics, the effects on economic activity become smaller when the country’s income per capita is higher. Overall, these findings suggest that the consequences of climate change on advanced countries may be larger than previously thought. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural commodity prices, economic activity, harvest disruptions, weather shocks, climate change |
| JEL: | E32 F44 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:21/1012&r=all |
| By: | Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We develop an integrated assessment model with endogenous population dynamics accouting for the impact of global climate change on mortality through five channels (heat, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, dengue, undernutrition). An age-dependent endogenous mortality rate, which depends linearly on global temperature increase, is introduced and calibrated. We consider three emission scenarios (business-as-usual, 3°C and 2°C scenarios) and find that the five risks induce deaths in the range from 160,000 per annum (in the near term) to almost 350,000 (at the end of the century) in the business-as-annual. We examine the number of life-years lost due to the five selected risks and find figures ranging from 5 to 10 millions annually. These numbers are too low to impact the aggregate dynamics and we do not find significant feedback effects of climate mortality to production, and thus emissions and temperature increase. But we do find interesting evolution patterns. The number of life-years lost is constant (business-as-usual) or decreases over time (3°C and 2°C). For the stabilisation scenarios, we find that the number of life-years lost is higher today than in 2100, due to improvements in generic mortality conditions, the bias of those improvements towards the young, and an ageing population. From that perspective, the present generation is found to bear the brunt of the considered climate change impacts. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Impacts,Integrated assessment model,Mortality risk,Endogenous population |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03048602&r=all |
| By: | Ancuta Isbasoiu (Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, UMR Economie Publique, France, ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, UMR Economie Publique, France, ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphane de Cara (Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, UMR Economie Publique, France, ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on the links between food production and greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. The analysis relies on two sets of simulations of AROPAj, a supply-side model of EU agriculture: (i) a carbon price affecting agricultural GHG emissions (from 0 to 200 EUR/tCO2eq), and (ii) a lower limit on the net quantity of food calories provided by EU agriculture (200 to 450 Mt soft wheat equivalent). The model is calibrated on six annual datasets 2007–2012. The results show that a moderate increase in the price of carbon would lead to an increase in total areas and outputs of crops. Animal production decreases over the explored range of carbon price. At 200 EUR/tCO2eq, the reduction in GHG emissions ranges from 25 to 35% depending on the year of calibration. The results also show that current net calorie production from food can be more than doubled, while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions by 10–15%. The compatibility between a reduction in GHG emissions and an increase in food calorie production relies on substantial changes in animal production and feed, which implies significant variations in grassland and fallow land. These effects are contrasted between the regions of the EU. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude se concentre sur les liens entre la production alimentaire et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l'Union européenne. L'analyse s'appuie sur deux séries de simulations d'AROPAj, un modèle de l'agriculture européenne axé sur l'offre : (i) un prix du carbone affectant les émissions de GES agricoles (de 0 à 200 EUR/tCO2eq), et (ii) une limite inférieure de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires fournies par l'agriculture de l'UE (200 à 450 Mt d'équivalent blé tendre). Le modèle est calibré sur six séries de données annuelles 2007-2012. Les résultats montrent qu'une augmentation modérée du prix du carbone entraînerait une augmentation des superficies totales et de la production des cultures. La production animale diminue dans la fourchette explorée du prix du carbone. À 200 EUR/tCO2eq, la réduction des émissions de GES varie de 25 à 35 % selon l'année de calibrage. Les résultats montrent également que la production actuelle de calories nettes provenant de l'alimentation peut être plus que doublée, tout en réduisant simultanément les émissions de GES de 10 à 15 %. La compatibilité entre une réduction des émissions de GES et une augmentation de la production de calories alimentaires repose sur des changements substantiels dans la production et l'alimentation animale, ce qui implique des variations importantes dans les prairies et les jachères. Ces effets sont contrastés entre les régions de l'UE. |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse gas emissions,Food production,Carbon price,European Union,Mathematical programming model,greenhouse gas emissions,food production,carbon price,mathematical programming model JEL Classification: Q18,Q54,Emission de gaz à effet de serre,Production alimentaire,Prix du carbone,Union européenne,Programmation mathématique |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03151982&r=all |
| By: | Seungki Lee; Yongjie Ji (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)); GianCarlo Moschini (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the major threats to the global food supply, and adaptation by technological progress is believed to be essential. What is the scope of the required innovation tasks? To address this question, we estimate the yield gain in US maize production due to a major novel technology: genetically engineered (GE) varieties. Next, the yield model is used to extrapolate future expected yields given climate change projections from twenty large-scale models and two warming scenarios. We find that climate change entails significant yield shortfalls. The scale of these yield gaps, by the end of the century, ranges from about 2.7 to 6.3 times the total yield gains from GE varieties. These results suggest that the scope of adaptation is challenging. Ambitious and targeted R&D efforts, and innovation breakthroughs, may be required to close the yield gaps likely to arise from climate change. |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:21-wp616&r=all |
| By: | Maria Eugenia Ibarraran; Romeo A. Saldana-Vazquez; Tamara Perez-Garcia |
| Abstract: | The Atoyac River is among the two most polluted in Mexico. Water quality in the Upper Atoyac River Basin (UARB) has been devastated by industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as from effluents from local dwellers, that go through little to no treatment, affecting health, production, ecosystems and property value. We did a systematic review and mapping of the costs that pollution imposes on different sectors and localities in the UARB, and initially found 358 studies, of which 17 were of our particular interest. We focus on estimating the cost of pollution through different valuation methods such as averted costs, hedonic pricing, and contingent valuation, and for that we only use 10 studies. Costs range from less than a million to over $16 million dollars a year, depending on the sector, with agriculture, industry and tourism yielding the highest costs. This exercise is the first of its kind in the UARB that maps costs for sectors and localities affected, and sheds light on the need of additional research to estimate the total cost of pollution throughout the basin. This information may help design further research needs in the region. |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2103.00095&r=all |
| By: | Polemis, Michael; Fotis, Panagiotis; Tzeremes, Panagiotis; Tzeremes, Nickolaos |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to examine the convergence patterns of decoupling factors of three environmental hazards (CO2, SO2, and NOX) from economic growth across the U.S. regions over the period 1990-2017. By applying the Phillips and Sul (2007, 2009) methodology, we unravel convergence clubs and illustrate their transition paths. The generic algorithm rejects the convergence hypothesis for the whole sample, justifying the existence of several formulated convergence clubs among the US regions. The empirical findings further elucidate the existence of two “large” spatial clusters concerning the CO2 and SO2 decoupling indicators (Club 2 and Club 1 respectively). Lastly, the transition paths validate the P-S convergence test results, while we provide some useful policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Decoupling; Ecological footprint; Convergence analysis; Air pollutants; Economic growth. |
| JEL: | O44 O51 R11 |
| Date: | 2021–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106412&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Joseph Nnanna (The Development Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses how globalization modulates the effect of governance on CO2 emissions in sub-Saharan African countries. The empirical evidence is based on Generalized Method of Moments. The minimum level (or negative threshold) of FDI required for it to interact with political stability and contribute towards the green economy is 45% of GDP, while 90% of GDP is the maximum level (or positive threshold) required for trade to complement “voice & accountability†in mitigating CO2 emissions. 76 % of GDP and 80 % of GDP are respectively negative trade thresholds for government effectiveness and economic governance. The corresponding negative trade thresholds for the rule of law, corruption-control and institutional governance are respectively, 230% of GDP, 63.5% of GDP and 106.5% of GDP. Actionable openness policy thresholds are provided to inform policy makers on how governance interacts with globalization to promote the green economy. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/015&r=all |
| By: | Grover, Charu (Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi, India); Bansal, Sangeeta (Centre for International Trade and Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India); Martinez-Cruz, Adan L. (CERE - the Center for Environmental and Resource Economics) |
| Abstract: | India's contribution to global CO2 emissions makes it a priority case for policy makers worldwide. The Indian government is considering the adoption of energy labels for new passenger cars to tackle CO2 emissions. This paper's first aim is to asses New Delhi's car buyers' preferences for cars displaying energy labels. To do so, a discrete choice experiment (DCE) has been designed to document both WTP for energy efficiency (212 USD for one kilometer per liter) and WTP for the best efficiency label (4.93 thousand USD). The informational nudge embedded in a labeling system may not be enough to boost uptake of efficient cars. Thus this paper investigates the potential of combining a labeling system and car driving restrictions. Via a split-sample approach, this paper documents an increase of 2.55 thousand USD in stated WTP for the best efficiency label. This number can be interpreted as reflecting the costs imposed by the driving restrictions on car drivers. Under this interpretation, 2.55 thousand USD fall within the range of estimations reported in previous studies. The results in this paper suggest that a combination of driving restrictions and a labeling system may deliver an increase in energy efficient cars in New Delhi. |
| Keywords: | Energy labeling system; driving restrictions; willingness to pay; discrete choice experiment; split-sample approach; New Delhi. |
| JEL: | Q48 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2021_004&r=all |
| By: | Langthaler, Margarita; McGrath, Simon; Ramsarup, Presha |
| Abstract: | The human capability to learn is widely regarded as one of the most important resources for achieving an environmentally and socially sustainable and equitable society. Yet, traditional institutions of learning are lagging behind in transmitting such kind of transformative skills. As for Vocational Education and Training (VET), there is still little debate on what the systemic changes of a transition to a greener economy will mean beyond the provision of specific technical skills. In this Briefing Paper, we aim at providing a critical overview of existing debates on skills for just transitions to a greener economy. In the first section, we will initially discuss the main notions of the green economies and skills discourses. Subsequently, the orthodox approach to VET will be critically analysed and we will outline suggestions for alternative approaches to sustainability and VET. In the second section, we will have a look at the policy level in summarising donor approaches and in giving a brief account of South Africa's experience investigating the responsiveness of the skills system to the green economy. Conclusions will sum up. |
| Keywords: | Green economy,green skills,vocational education and training,just transitions,transformative learning |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefseb:30&r=all |
| By: | Beiser-McGrath, Liam F. |
| Abstract: | This PECC Lab Research Brief examines public opinion on the Green Industrial Revolution. It uses a nationally representative survey experiment to estimate how the various components of the Green Industrial Revolution affect public support, and which policy proposals are most popular. Executive Summary: - The Prime Minister has recently unveiled a ten-point plan for a Green Industrial Revolution to meet net-zero emissions targets. - We conducted an original survey experiment to causally identify the public’s support for particular points of this plan and their overall level of support. - Public support is increased substantially by consumer grants for electric vehicles, funding of electric public transport, planting of trees, and wind power. - Investment in air and sea vehicles and nuclear power does not meaningfully increase the public’s support. - An ambitious version of the Green Industrial Revolution sees majority support amongst the public, while taking no action is widely opposed. - This ambitious version of the Green Industrial Revolution sees support across party lines, being similarly popular amongst Conservative and Labour supporters. https://www.pecclab.com/publication/publ ic-support-for-green-industrial-revoluti on-pecc-lab-research-brief/ |
| Date: | 2021–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xpkh4&r=all |
| By: | Lars Ludolph (London School of Economics and Political Science); Barbora Šedová (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, University of Potsdam) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the effect of exogenous global crop price changes on migration from agricultural and non-agricultural households in Sub-Saharan Africa. We show that, similar to the effect of positive local weather shocks, the effect of a locally-relevant global crop price increase on household out-migration depends on the initial household wealth. Higher international producer prices relax the budget constraint of poor agricultural households and facilitate migration. The order of magnitude of a standardized price effect is approx. one third of the standardized effect of a local weather shock. Unlike positive weather shocks, which mostly facilitate internal rural-urban migration, positive income shocks through rising producer prices only increase migration to neighboring African countries, likely due to the simultaneous decrease in real income in nearby urban areas. Finally, we show that while higher producer prices induce conflict, conflict does not play a role for the household decision to send a member as a labor migrant. |
| Keywords: | labour migration, food prices, climate, Africa |
| JEL: | O15 O55 Q56 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:26&r=all |
| By: | Ohnishi, Kazuhiro |
| Abstract: | This paper considers a mixed Cournot duopoly model comprising a private firm and a partially privatized public firm to reassess the effect of an increase in ambient charges, and compares the result of this study with that obtained from private Cournot duopoly competition. The paper demonstrates that our result is about the same as that of private Cournot duopoly competition. |
| Keywords: | ambient charge; Cournot duopoly; environmental regulation; partial privatization; pollution |
| JEL: | C72 D21 L33 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106319&r=all |
| By: | Goeschl, Timo; Oestreich, Marcel; Soldà, Alice |
| Abstract: | In a simplifying analytical framework with endogenous levels of actual and self-reported emissions, we consolidate the existing literature into three main hypotheses about the relative merits, for a resource-constrained regulator, of random (RAM) and competitive (CAM) audit mechanisms in the presence or absence of peer information about actual emissions. Testing the three hypotheses in a quasi-laboratory experiment (N = 131), we find supportive evidence that CAM always induce more truthful reporting than RAM. Moreover, we provide the empirical validation of the theoretical prediction that CAM can succeed in aligning actual emissions more closely with the social optimum in the presence of peer information when RAM cannot. Behavioral mechanisms prevent reaching the first-best outcome. |
| Keywords: | environmental regulation; regulatory compliance; tournament theory; mechanism design; Laboratory experiment |
| Date: | 2021–03–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0699&r=all |
| By: | Julia Heinrichs; Julia Jouan (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christoph Pahmeyer; Wolfgang Britz |
| Abstract: | Legumes, which currently show low production levels in the European Union, can reduce negative environmental externalities of agricultural systems by lowering nitrogen (N) fertilization and increasing protein self-sufficiency. This has led to the introduction of coupled support in France, in contrast to Germany. However, the German implementation of the Nitrates Directive is more favorable for legumes. Our study assesses economic and environmental impacts of these two policies affecting legume production. We employ the bio-economic model FarmDyn, representing French and German dairy farms. The results suggest that relatively low levels of coupled support can lead to modest increases in legume production, but that more substantial changes require considerable subsidies. Allowing the French farm to apply manure on legumes, as is already possible in Germany, fosters legume production while considerably reducing the use of synthetic N fertilizer and imported protein-rich feed. However, environmental benefits are limited. |
| Keywords: | Global warming potential,Leaching,Bio-economic model,Mathematical programming,Protein crop,Nitrates Directive |
| Date: | 2021–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03142612&r=all |
| By: | Hafni, Nur |
| Abstract: | Batu City is known as one of the leading tourist cities in Indonesia because of its extraordinary potential of natural beauty. The purpose of this research is to analysize the actor network in tourism management based on sustainable development in Batu City. This study used a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. As a result it is recommended to strengthen the role Department of Environmental Service in tourism development policies in Batu City. Batu City Government needs to establish a forum for “Community Conscious Environment” as a controlling agent. Batu City Government also needs to expand cooperation with academics, especially in environmental assessment cooperation. |
| Date: | 2020–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cs3t4&r=all |
| By: | Dorothée CHARLIER; Mouez FODHA; Djamel KIRAT |
| Keywords: | , CO2 emissions, Residential Sector, Panel data, Energy prices, Carbon tax |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2849&r=all |
| By: | Ferretti, Johanna |
| Abstract: | Interaktionen von Menschen und Wildtieren treten weltweit auf. Managementpläne können die auftretenden Konflikte mildern und Auswirkungen der Interaktionen minimieren. Dabei sind nicht nur ökologische Faktoren zu betrachten und finanzielle und technische Lösungen zu finden. Entscheidend für ein erfolgreiches Konfliktmanagement ist auch der Weg, der Prozess, der zur Erstellung des Konfliktmanagementplans führt. Frühere Erfahrungen zur Entwicklung von Konfliktmanagementplänen im Umgang mit Mensch-Wildtier-Interaktionen haben gezeigt, dass bestimmte Elemente zu einem erfolgreichen Prozess beitragen. Erfolgreich bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang, dass Lösungen möglich werden, die über einen Kompromiss hinausgehen und Vorteile für alle Beteiligten liefern. Die erfolgsbestimmenden Elemente sind: * ein Konfliktverständnis, dass berücksichtigt, dass Konflikte zumeist auf viele Ursachen zurückzuführen sind, dass Positionen von Konfliktparteien zum Teil gegensätzlich und überlappend sind, und dass Positionen über die Zeit veränderbar sind * eine angemessene Beteiligung der relevanten Akteure entlang des gesamten Prozesses (von der Zielformulierung bis zum Monitoring) * die Ermöglichung einer qualitätsvollen, transparenten und wertschätzenden Kommunikation zwischen den Beteiligten und auch Externen * die Berücksichtigung, dass es unterschiedliche Wege gibt, zu einer Entscheidung zukommen, und dass die Frage entscheidend ist, wie in einem Prozess entschieden wird und wer entscheiden darf * das gemeinsame Erarbeiten von Wissen, das als Basis der Entscheidungen zum Konfliktmanagementplan dient * die Auswahl der verwendeten Methoden zur Produktion von Wissen, denn Methoden sind unterschiedlich geeignet, Aspekte wie Transparenz oder Vertrauen zu fördern * die professionelle Moderation und Begleitung eines Prozesses, v.a. wenn mehr als 15 Personen beteiligt sind. Prozesse im Umgang mit Mensch-Wildtier-Interaktionen sind zudem besonders effektiv, - wenn sie fair und transparent verlaufen - wenn sie die Vertrauensbildung zwischen den Beteiligten fördern - wenn Chancen und nicht ausschließlich Probleme betrachtet werden, die mit einem solchen Prozess einhergehen - wenn sie an bestehende Netzwerke anknüpfen und - wenn sie anpassungsfähig gemanagt werden. [...] |
| Keywords: | Mensch-Wildtier-Interaktionen,Managementpläne,Prozesse,Bewirtschaftung natürlicher Ressourcen,Küstenfischerei,Biodiversität,Naturschutz,Hering,Ostsee,human-wildlife interactions,management plans,processes,natural resource management,coastal fisheries,bio diversity,nature conservation,herring,Baltic Sea |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:164&r=all |
| By: | Erik Ansink (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Carmine Ornaghi (University of Southampton); Mirco Tonin (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano) |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of audits on water conservation, distinguishing between the information and technological components. We observe water consumption for up to 18 months for 10,000 households in the South East of England who received the visit of a so-called Green Doctor. We find that water-saving devices decrease water consumption by 2-4%, with an effect that is persistent over 18 months. Devices reducing water pressure are particularly effective, while shower timers are ineffective. The information component of the water audit has a large initial impact, but this gradually fades to a drop in consumption of 2% after 12 months. Technology appears to be more cost-effective than information provision and this can help in the design of policy interventions. |
| Keywords: | Water audits, Green Doctors, conservation, information, technology |
| JEL: | Q25 H42 D12 L95 |
| Date: | 2021–02–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20210014&r=all |
| By: | Nathaly M Rivera; Cristobal Ruiz Tagle, Elisheba Spiller |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy can yield social benefits through local air quality improvements and their subsequent effects on human health. We estimate some of these benefits using data gathered during the rapid adoption of large-scale solar power generation in Chile over the last decade. Relying on exogenous variation from incremental solar generation capacity over time, we find that solar energy displaces fossil fuel generation (primarily coal-fired generation) and curtails hospital admissions, particularly those due to lower respiratory diseases. These effects are noted mostly in cities downwind of displaced fossil fuel generation and are present across all age groups. Our results document the existence of an additional channel through which renewable energy can increase social welfare. |
| Keywords: | Coal-fired power plants; coal displacement; solar generation; power plants; pollution; morbidity; developing countries; Latin America |
| JEL: | I18 L94 Q42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2021wpecon04&r=all |
| By: | Fiona Burlig (University of Chicago); James B. Bushnell; David Rapson (University of California, Davis); Catherine D. Wolfram (University of California, Berkeley - Economic Analysis & Policy Group; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)) |
| Abstract: | We provide the first at-scale estimate of electric vehicle (EV) home charging. Previous estimates are either based on surveys that reach conflicting conclusions, or are extrapolated from a small, unrepresentative sample of households with dedicated EV meters. We combine billions of hourly electricity meter measurements with address-level EV registration records from California households. The average EV increases overall household load by 2.9 kilowatt-hours per day, less than half the amount assumed by state regulators. Our results imply that EVs travel 5,300 miles per year, under half of the US fleet average. This raises questions about transportation electrification for climate policy. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfi:wpaper:2021-17&r=all |
| By: | Felix Holub (University of Mannheim); Laura Hospido (Banco de España); Ulrich J. Wagner (University of Mannheim) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the causal impact of air pollution on the incidence of sick leaves in a representative panel of employees affiliated to the Spanish social security system. Using over 100 million worker-by-week observations from the period 2005-2014, we estimate the relationship between the share of days an individual is on sick leave in a given week and exposure to particulate matter (PM10) at the place of residence, controlling for weather, individual effects, and a wide range of time-by-location controls. We exploit quasi-experimental variation in PM10 that is due to Sahara dust advection in order to instrument for local PM10 concentrations. We estimate that the causal effect of PM10 on sick leaves is positive and varies with respect to worker and job characteristics. The effect is stronger for workers with pre-existing medical conditions, and weaker for workers with low job security. Our estimates are instrumental for quantifying air pollution damages due to changes in labor supply. We estimate that improved ambient air quality in urban Spain between 2005 and 2014 saved at least €503 million in foregone production by reducing worker absence by more than 5.55 million days. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, health, sickness insurance, labor supply |
| JEL: | I12 I13 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2041&r=all |
| By: | Tatiana Homonoff; Lee-Sien Kao; Javiera Selman; Christina Seybolt |
| Abstract: | Regulation of goods associated with negative environmental externalities may decrease consumption of the targeted product, but may be ineffective at reducing the externality itself if close substitutes are left unregulated. We find evidence that plastic bag bans, the most common disposable bag regulation in the US, led retailers to circumvent the regulation by providing free thicker plastic bags which are not covered by the ban. In contrast, a regulation change that replaced the ban with a small tax on all disposable bags generated large decreases in disposable bag use and overall environmental costs. Our results suggest that narrowly-defined regulations (like plastic bag bans) may be less effective than policies that target a more comprehensive set of products, even in the case when the policy instrument itself (a tax rather than a ban) is not as strict. |
| JEL: | H23 H71 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28499&r=all |
| By: | Gereben, Áron; Wruuck, Patricia |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the growth and convergence of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern European EU countries (CESEE). We argue that the factors behind the pre-crisis growth model of the region - skilled yet affordable labour force, foreign direct investment, imports of productivity-enhancing technology - are petering out, and are yet to be substituted. We propose a new growth model centred around a shift towards more home-grown innovation, digitalisation, climate change mitigation and a strong focus on skills, labour and social inclusion to leave the middle income trap behind for good and to boost economies' growth prospects in a post-COVID world. Based on analysis of firm-level data, we highlight the prerequisites of making this transition happen. |
| Keywords: | climate change,convergence,economic policy,digitalisation,innovation,labourmarket,long-term growth,productivity,skills |
| JEL: | J24 O14 O33 O40 P27 P28 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:eibwps:202101&r=all |
| By: | Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Climate change-related mortality may strongly affect human well-being. By reducing life expectancy, it reduces the well-being of some infividuals. This may exacerbate existing inequalities: ex-ante inequality among people in different groups or regions of the world; ex-post inequality in experienced well-being by people in the same generation. But mortality may also reduce total population size by preventing some individuals from having children. This raises the population-ethical problem of how total population size should be valued. This paper proposes a methodology to measure te welfare effects of climate change through population and inequality change. We illustrate the methodology using a climate-economy integrated assessment model involving endogenous population change due to climate change-related mortality. |
| Keywords: | Climate change-related mortality,fairness,inequality,population ethics |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03048370&r=all |
| By: | Zhou Hui; Jun Nagayasu |
| Abstract: | Local protectionism is a severe problem in Chinese environmental governance that offers enterprises various levels of protection from environmental regulations according to different ownership types. Therefore, we examine the effectiveness of corporate environmental responsibility (CER) engagement on firm value with emphasis on the moderating role of ownership type. The study period is split into a period with a steady institutional background (2006-2015) and a shaky period of environmental reforms (2016-2019) to capture the difference in legal circumstances. We find that, first, the impact of CER on firm value changed significantly from negative to positive over the two periods. Second, ownership type played a moderating role that influenced CER effectiveness on firm value. Third, given the environmental reforms, CER effectiveness for state-owned enterprises af- filiated with the central government increased the most while that for private enterprises increased the least. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:dssraa:121&r=all |
| By: | Trindade, Federico; Fulginiti, Lilyan E.; Perrin, Richard K. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaece:309756&r=all |
| By: | Treich, Nicolas; Yang, Yuting |
| Abstract: | Standard benefit-cost analysis often ignores distortions caused by taxation and the heterogeneity of taxpayers. In this paper, we theoretically and numerically explore the effect of imperfect taxation on the public provision of mortality risk reductions (or public safety). We show that this effect critically depends on the source of imperfection as well as on the individual utility and survival probability functions. Our simulations based on the calibration of distributional weights and applied to the COVID-19 example suggest that the value per statistical life, and in turn the optimal level of public safety, should be adjusted downwards because of imperfect taxation. However, we also identify circumstances under which this result is reversed, so that imperfect taxation cannot generically justify less public safety. |
| Keywords: | Public safety; Environmental health; Imperfect taxation; Value per statistical life; Distortionary taxation; Wealth inequality; Risk aversion |
| JEL: | D61 H21 H41 I18 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:125273&r=all |
| By: | Ruben Bibas (OECD); Jean Chateau (OECD); Elisa Lanzi (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Global materials use is expected to grow in the coming decades in the absence of new policies, bearing substantial negative impacts for the environment. This report analyses the mechanisms through which resource efficiency and circular economy policies can achieve a decoupling between economic growth and material use. Using the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model, the report examines the economic and environmental impacts of a global material fiscal reform, which implements taxes on primary metal and mineral resources, and uses the revenue of these taxes to finance subsidies to recycled goods and to secondary metal production. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, general equilibrium model, resource efficiency, trade and environment |
| JEL: | C68 F18 O13 O44 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:169-en&r=all |
| By: | Werner Gueth (Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung von Gemeinschaftsguetern); Hartmut Kliemt (University of Giessen) |
| Abstract: | Directly non-profit-seeking CSR strategies can be indirectly profitable and sustainable provided their presence can be detected by other actors with sufficient reliability at sufficiently low costs. This creates a niche for implementing CSR procedures in ways that are compatible with shareholder approaches to responsible corporate governance. Though ethical norms of equal interpersonal respect for all stakeholders are appealing, spelling them out in concrete procedural terms renders them ethically less attractive than they appear in theory. If ethical ideals of equal respect for all stakeholders in CSR do not have the extreme implications laid out here where are the alternatives? |
| Keywords: | Equal Ethical Respect, Corporate Social Responsibility, Obliquity, Shareholder and Stakeholder Conceptions |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202108&r=all |
| By: | Martin, R.; de Haas, Ralph (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research); Muuls, Mirabelle; Schweiger, Helena |
| Keywords: | Financial frictions; management practices; CO2 emissions; energy efficieny |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:d95224cf-6fd8-486b-b9d7-4bda91530e50&r=all |
| By: | Geir Asheim (UiO - University of Oslo); Kohei Kamaga (Sophia University [Tokyo]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | It has been claimed that climate policies can be evaluated by the Pareto principle. However, climate policies lead to different identities and different numbers of future people. Even if one assumes that the number of future people is countably infinite independently of policy choice, the problem is that there exists no natural one-to-one correspondence between the components of the compared alternatives. This non-existence means that the components of streams are indexed by natural numbers that do not correspond to particular people, making a case for impartiakity in the sense of Strong anonymity. Strong anonymity is incompatible with Strong Pareto. The paper re-examines this incompatibility and investigates how far sensitivity for the well-being at any one component can be extended without contradicting Strong anonymity. We show that Strong anonymity combined with four rather innocent axioms has two consequences: (i) There can be sensitivity for the well-being at a particular component of the stream if and only if a finite set of people have higher well-beings, and (ii) adding people to the population cannot have positive social value. |
| Keywords: | Infinite streams,Intergenerational equity,Population ethics |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03048406&r=all |
| By: | Schlund, David (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Schulte, Simon (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Sprenger, Tobias (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | The interest in low-carbon hydrogen technologies is growing fast in politics and the economy.The ramp-up of a hydrogen market is a critical phase, which requires the engagement and coordination of many heterogeneous stakeholders. A better understanding of who these stakeholders are and what relationships, chances, and risks they perceive is crucial to guide a hydrogen market ramp-up. This paper conducts a stakeholder analysis for Germany with a focus on the market ramp-up period. Interviews with 36 hydrogen experts, literature, and stakeholders from 78 real-world hydrogen research and demonstration projects are analysed with qualitative content analysis and social network analysis. In total, 49 stakeholder groups are identified and defined accordingly. Our results indicate that established stakeholders’ roles will significantly change in a future hydrogen market. Risks range from economic and supply chain risks to impacts on international policy. Chances are found along economic, ecological, and political dimensions. Political intervention during the market ramp-up should mostly focus on the economic gap between low-carbon hydrogen and fossil alternatives and on prioritising the allocation of scarce hydrogen supply on heterogeneous demand. Simultaneously, a long-term strategy should be envisaged to guarantee a competitive and non- discriminatory hydrogen market in the future. |
| Keywords: | Hydrogen market; Hydrogen economy; Stakeholder analysis |
| JEL: | L52 L94 L95 M21 Q40 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2021_002&r=all |
| By: | Peter Martey ADDO; Dominik BAUMANN; Juliet McMURREN; Stefaan G. VERHULST; Andrew YOUNG; Andrew J. ZAHURANEC |
| Abstract: | À seulement dix ans de l’échéance fixée pour atteindre les Objectifs de développement durable (ODD), les agences et organisations de développement ont besoin d’innover rapidement dans leurs approches en matière de processus décisionnels et de résolution des problèmes. De nouveaux enseignements et de nouvelles conceptions, nés des usages émergents des technologies, peuvent servir de vecteurs à certaines innovations. Ce document d’orientation applique le nouveau paradigme des intelligences – qui comprend l’intelligence des données, l’intelligence artificielle, l’intelligence collective et l’intelligence incorporée – pour présenter une vue d’ensemble des risques et bénéfices associés à différents usages émergents des technologies aux praticiens du développement ainsi qu’aux responsables et décideurs politiques. Ces analyses sont, dans la mesure du possible, illustrées d’exemples issus du terrain. Nous recommandons dans ce Policy Paper de créer un cadre décisionnel pour aider les praticiens à déterminer s’ils doivent investir dans des technologies émergentes et comment ces dernières peuvent être efficacement mises au service des objectifs de développement. Cette première itération du cadre décisionnel cherche à définir précisément les objectifs de développement pertinents tout en prenant en compte le contexte existant avant d’aborder la question des solutions en évaluant la maturité, les défis, les implications financières et les risques posés par l’usage des technologies, ainsi que la présence de facteurs limitants et de catalyseurs qui pourraient en moduler l’impact et l’adéquation. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2021–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr11683&r=all |
| By: | Keijiro Otsuka (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | Traditionally, a major role of agriculture in Asia was to produce enough staple foods for food security through intensification of farming system. Today, however, agriculture is expected to contribute to multiple development goals. First, since wage rate h as been increasing in high performing Asian countries, including Indonesia, farm size expansion to introduce labor saving mechanization must be promoted to reduce production cost, particularly in rice farming. Second, considering increasing demand for palm oil and global concern with decreasing forest environment, achieving intensification of oil palm production without extensification is an urgent issue. Third, responding to increasing demand for high value agricultural products (HVPs), such as fresh fruit s and vegetables, for better nutrition and health, agricultural resources must be shifted to the production of these products. Fourth, considering that urban areas are excessively congested, rural areas must provide increased employment opportunities by pr omoting rural industrialization. Based on the literature review, this article proposes strategies (1) to maintain comparative advantage in rice farming, (2) to intensify oil palm production in a sustainable fashion, (3) to increase production of HVPs,and (4) to promote rural industrialization simultaneously in the context of Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koe:wpaper:2108&r=all |
| By: | Deka, Anubrata; Yiannaka, Emie; Giannakas, Konstantinos |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaece:309759&r=all |
| By: | Allen, Osvalso; Brown, Ava; Wang, Ersong |
| Abstract: | This paper explores disparities in the effect of pollution on confirmed cases of Covid-19 based on counties’ socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Using data on all US counties on a daily basis over the year 2020 and applying a rich panel data fixed effect model, we document that: 1) there are discernible social and demographic disparities in the spread of Covid-19. Blacks, low educated, and poorer people are at higher risks of being infected by the new disease. 2) The criteria pollutants including Ozone, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 have the potential to accelerate the outbreak of the novel coronavirus. 3) The disadvantaged population is more vulnerable to the effects of pollution on the spread of coronavirus. Specifically, the effects of pollution on confirmed cases become larger for blacks, low educated, and counties with lower average wages in 2019. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, Racial Disparities, Education, Health, Pandemic, Pollution, Environment |
| JEL: | H51 J15 K32 P36 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105151&r=all |
| By: | Abigail Morton; Yü Wang; Wendong Zhang (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | Demand response uses smart technologies to lower peak electricity load by either shifting demand to non-peak hours or directly shaving peak demand. DR is a fast-growing market in which commercial and industrial customers are the primary providers of resources; however, DR helps heavy electrical consumers save energy and avoid demand charges, and it helps utilities save money and deter investment on expensive transmission and distribution lines. DR also has great potential to balance renewables by providing ramping and flexibility services to the electricity market. This capacity is increasingly important to electrical grids, as is the integration of more renewable energy. This study assesses the potential demand response resources that utilities can harness from residential customers. We use a contingent valuation method survey to discover residential customers' willingness to accept demand response programs offered by utilities. We test for three types of demand response programs: air conditioner cycling, smart thermostats, and an automated real-time pricing program. Air conditioner cycling uses switch controls to turn off customers' air conditioning units for a short period. Smart thermostats allow utilities to adjust the setting point of customers' thermostats to reduce peak load. Automated real-time pricing is a hypothetical program that allows changing load in response to real-time electricity prices. In the survey, we describe how the program works and solicit willingness to participate if offered an annual incentive or no incentive. In addition to the willingness to accept questions, we also collect information on occupancy, home characteristics, knowledge about demand response, prior experience with smart technologies, demographics, and relevant attitudes, such as trust in utilities, attitudes toward demand response, willingness to give a utility control of appliances, and attitudes on energy conservation and climate change. These questions provide important measurements of key factors that affect customers' willingness to participate in demand response programs. From July 10 to October 30, 2020, we distributed the survey to a random sample of 3,165 Midwest residents both online and by mail. We received a total of 417 responses (60% online and 40% mail responses), a 13.1% response rate. Data from valid survey responses suggests that 50% of the respondents are willing to enroll in a demand response program. This rate suggests great potential for utilities to harness demand response resources to curb residential peak load in summer, as half of surveyed Midwest residents are willing to participate in one of the programs for a less-than-$50 annual incentive or no incentive. Overall, respondents show a varied degree of intention to participate for the three types of programs: 54% for air conditioner cycling, 50% for smart thermostats, and 46% for automated real-time pricing. This result indicates that customer participation rate drops when the demand response technology is less mature. Respondents' participation intention differs significantly when offered no incentive versus a certain level of incentive. When offered a random annual incentive from $10 to $50, 47% are willing to enroll in the program. Specifically, respondent participation intention is 38%, 47%, 48%, 43%, and 56% for programs offering a $10, $20, $30, $40, and $50 annual incentive, respectively. However, when asked about willingness to enroll without mentioning any incentive, 63% of respondents are still willing, which suggests that a low level of incentive decreases willingness to participate. Thus, offering the demand response program without incentives is more efficient at recruiting customers than offering an annual incentive of less than $50. Alternatively, the incentive has to be high enough, probably higher than $50/year, to effectively recruit customers. Respondents' willingness to give a utility control varies by time of the day, day of the week, and type of equipment/appliances. Survey data suggests about 20% of residents are willing to let utilities control their home equipment and appliances anytime of the day and an additional 3%-15% of respondents are fine with utilities controlling their appliances at different times of the day. |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:21-pb31&r=all |
| By: | Nathalie Audigier (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | Nathalie Audigier (surtitre) Risque climatique (titre) L'assureur engagé, obligation versus opportunité (chapô) La prise en compte du risque climatique constitue un enjeu pour les assureurs en tant que facteur potentiel d'amplification des risques traditionnels auxquels ils sont soumis. Cette évolution se traduit par des obligations et certaines opportunités, tant dans la gestion de l'actif de leur bilan (leurs investissements), que celle de leur passif (leurs engagements auprès des assurés). |
| Date: | 2020–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03143872&r=all |
| By: | Lubben, Bradley |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2020–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaece:309749&r=all |
| By: | Benjamin M. Bolker; Matheus R. Grasselli; Emma Holmes |
| Abstract: | We conduct a sensitivity analysis of a new type of integrated climate-economic model recently proposed in the literature, where the core economic component is based on the Goodwin-Keen dynamics instead of a neoclassical growth model. Because these models can exhibit much richer behaviour, including multiple equilibria, runaway trajectories and unbounded oscillations, it is crucial to determine how sensitive they are to changes in underlying parameters. We focus on four economic parameters (markup rate, speed of price adjustments, coefficient of money illusion, growth rate of productivity) and two climate parameters (size of upper ocean reservoir, equilibrium climate sensitivity) and show how their relative effects on the outcomes of the model can be quantified by methods that can be applied to an arbitrary number of parameters. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2103.06227&r=all |
| By: | Pegels, Anna; Heyer, Stefanie; Ohlig, David; Kurz, Felix; Laux, Lena; Morley, Prescott |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:102021&r=all |