|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒12‒21
eighty-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Sharma, Rajesh; Sinha, Avik; Kautish, Pradeep |
| Abstract: | Economic and demographic transitions led by the persistent increase in the per capita income have challenged the environmental conservation drive in most of the developing nations. Therefore, in recent years, policymakers emphasized the need for navigating the harmful impacts of economic growth endeavors on the established ecosystem. In this regard, the widespread usage of renewable energy solutions has helped in restoring the environmental quality in both developed and developing countries. Keeping this in mind, in the present study, we examined the long run and short-run impacts of per capita income, renewable energy, life expectancy, and population density on the ecological footprint in the eight developing countries of South and Southeast Asia from 1990-2015. In the selected nations, these variables appear to be the potential drivers of the ecological footprint. To calculate the common coefficients, we have employed the cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach, as this approach handles the cross-sectional dependency issue efficiently and provides the short-run and long-run coefficients. The long-run results supported the need for low pollution-intense energy resources because the association between per capita income and ecological footprint is found N-shaped. Further, the study established that the increased use of renewable energy has significantly reduced the ecological footprint in the region. However, the increased population density has led to an increase in pollution emissions in these countries. Similarly, the impact of life expectancy on the ecological footprint is found positive but insignificant. Based on the findings, a multipronged policy framework has been designed, so that these nations can attain the objectives of certain sustainable development goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Ecological Footprints; Renewable Energy; Life Expectancy; Per Capita Income; Population Density; SDG |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104277&r=all |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice A; Odhiambo, Nicholas M |
| Abstract: | The study examines nexuses between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, renewable energy consumption and inequality in 39 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on Quantile regressions. First, in the 25th quantile of the inequality distributions, as long as CO2 emissions metric tons per capita are kept below 4.700 (4.100), the Gini coefficient (Atkinson index) will not increase. These are avoidable CO2 emissions thresholds. Second, renewable energy consumption should be complemented with other policies to: (i) reduce the Gini coefficient when renewable energy consumption is at 50.00% of total final energy consumption and (ii) mitigate the Atkinson index when renewable energy consumption is at 62.500 % of total final energy consumption in the bottom quantiles of the Atkinson index distribution and at 50.00% of total final energy consumption in the 75th quantile of the Atkinson index distribution. These are renewable energy consumption thresholds for complementary policies. The novelty of this study in the light of extant literature is fundamentally premised on providing policy makers with avoidable thresholds of CO2 emissions as well as corresponding thresholds of renewable energy consumption for complementary policies, in the nexus between the green economy and inequality. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Inequality; Finance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:26945&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The study examines nexuses between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, renewable energy consumption and inequality in 39 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on Quantile regressions. First, in the 25th quantile of the inequality distributions, as long as CO2 emissions metric tons per capita are kept below 4.700 (4.100), the Gini coefficient (Atkinson index) will not increase. These are avoidable CO2 emissions thresholds. Second, renewable energy consumption should be complemented with other policies to: (i) reduce the Gini coefficient when renewable energy consumption is at 50.00% of total final energy consumption and (ii) mitigate the Atkinson index when renewable energy consumption is at 62.500 % of total final energy consumption in the bottom quantiles of the Atkinson index distribution and at 50.00% of total final energy consumption in the 75th quantile of the Atkinson index distribution. These are renewable energy consumption thresholds for complementary policies. The novelty of this study in the light of extant literature is fundamentally premised on providing policy makers with avoidable thresholds of CO2 emissions as well as corresponding thresholds of renewable energy consumption for complementary policies, in the nexus between the green economy and inequality. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Inequality; Finance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/097&r=all |
| By: | Andrew Eil; Jie Li; Prajwal Baral; Eri Saikawa |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy - Energy and Environment Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33727&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The study examines nexuses between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, renewable energy consumption and inequality in 39 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on Quantile regressions. First, in the 25th quantile of the inequality distributions, as long as CO2 emissions metric tons per capita are kept below 4.700 (4.100), the Gini coefficient (Atkinson index) will not increase. These are avoidable CO2 emissions thresholds. Second, renewable energy consumption should be complemented with other policies to: (i) reduce the Gini coefficient when renewable energy consumption is at 50.00% of total final energy consumption and (ii) mitigate the Atkinson index when renewable energy consumption is at 62.500 % of total final energy consumption in the bottom quantiles of the Atkinson index distribution and at 50.00% of total final energy consumption in the 75th quantile of the Atkinson index distribution. These are renewable energy consumption thresholds for complementary policies. The novelty of this study in the light of extant literature is fundamentally premised on providing policy makers with avoidable thresholds of CO2 emissions as well as corresponding thresholds of renewable energy consumption for complementary policies, in the nexus between the green economy and inequality. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Inequality; Finance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/097&r=all |
| By: | Yannick Drif; Palmira Messina² (CEREA - Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Environnement Atmosphérique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF); Pierre Valade |
| Abstract: | Air pollution is the co-occurrence of high pollutant emissions and particular meteorological conditions. Among its pollutants, fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Ozone (O3) are the most dangerous for public health. Every year, repeated or prolonged exposure to these particles leads to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancer and premature death in those exposed. Climate change has an impact on meteorological variables (temperature, pressure, winds, precipitation, etc.) that affect air quality (emissions, precipitation leaching, gas/particle balance, etc.). The objective of this synthesis report is to provide a study to shed light on the consequences of air quality variation as a function of climate change and emissions in the near future (horizons2030 and 2050), in particular on the climate scenario RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 which describes an absence of climate change policies (Riahi et al., 2011). Within the framework of this synthesis report, we are committed to: - Communicating a qualitative assessment of the variation in the main pollutants, particularly in France; - Where possible, quantifying the impact in urban agglomerations; - Studying in particular the future modification of ozone (O3), coarse particles (PM10), fine particles (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). -translating impacts into additional claims experience for insurance cover poposed under personal insurance contracts. |
| Abstract: | La pollution atmosphérique est la cooccurrence de fortes émissions de polluants et de conditions météorologiques particulières. Parmis ses polluants, les particules fines (PM2.5 et PM10), l'Oxyde d'Azote (NOx) et l'Ozone (O3) sont les plus dangereuses pour la santé publique. L'exposition répétée ou prolongée à ces particules entraîne chaque année des maladies respiratoires et cardio-vasculaires, des cancers ainsi que des morts prématurées chez les personnes exposées. L'évolution du climat a un impact sur des variables météorologiques (température, pression, vents, précipitations, ...) qui affectent la qualité de l'air (émissions, lessivage par les précipitations, équilibre gaz/particule, ...). L'objectif du présent rapport de synthèse est de fournir une étude pour éclairer les conséquences de la variation de la qualité de l'air en fonction des changements climatiques et des émissions dans un avenir proche (horizons2030 et 2050), en particulier sur le scénario climatique RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 qui décrit une absence de politiques de changement climatique (Riahi et al., 2011). Dans le cadre du présent rapport de synthèse, nous nous attachons à : -Communiquer une évaluation qualitative de la variation des principaux polluants en particulier sur la France; -lorsque cela est possible, quantifier l'impact dans les agglomérations urbaines, -étudier en particulier la modification future de l'ozone (O3), des particules grossières (PM10), des particules fines (PM2,5) et des oxydes d'azote (NOx). -traduire des impacts en sinistralité additionnelle pour les garanties d'assurance poposées dans le cadre de contrats d'assurances de personnes. |
| Keywords: | santé,pollution,particules fines,changement climatique,assurance |
| Date: | 2020–11–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02998527&r=all |
| By: | Irwin, Elena G.; Buckley, Geoffrey L.; Gnagey, Matthew; Irwin, Nicholas; Newburn, David; Pierce, Erin; Wrenn, Douglas; Zhang, Wendong |
| Abstract: | Human uses of land produce large social benefits in the form of food, fiber, shelter, and other essential goods and services, but they also generate a range of environmental impacts, including carbon emissions, soil and water degradation, alterations of habitat and hydrologic cycles, and loss of biodiversity. The scale of land use impacts has increased dramatically over time with growing global population and development. Many scientists believe that current global land use practices are undermining the Earth's long-term ability to sustain food production, freshwater and forest resources, and other provisioning ecosystem services. While these concerns are global, land use decisions occur in local settings in response to local, regional, and global factors. Thus, achieving more sustainable land use practices relies on policies that can effectively manage land use and land change processes at local and multiple scales. Because the impacts vary across space, an understanding of the spatial pattern of land use and land change at local scales is also important. |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:201901010800001779&r=all |
| By: | Zakaria Sorgho (ULaval - Université Laval [Québec], FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Tharakan Joe (HEC Liège, CORE - Center of Operation Research and Econometrics [Louvain] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to assess the effectiveness on climate change mitigation of the climate-related commitments contained in PTAs. Because of a lack of availability of detailed data on PTAs, the academic literature on the role of PTAs with environmental provisions (PTAwEP) in global climate governance remains limited. A novel and detailed database identifying nearly 300 different types of environmental provisions from more than 680 PTAs since 1947 allows us to establish per country and per year the number of PTAs by distinguishing PTAs with climate-related provisions (PTAwCP) and PTAs with provisions related to other environmental issues. Using panel data covering 165 countries over the period 1995 to 2012, controlling for endogeneity issues, our main result shows that PTAwCP statistically reduce the level of CO2, CH4 and N2O. This suggests that governments seem to comply with the climate-related commitments they made in the PTAs, what potentially helps tackling global warming. Moreover, findings show that to be effective in terms of mitigating climate change, a PTAwEP should contain climate-related commitments. |
| Keywords: | Preferential trade agreements,Climate-related provisions,Environmental policy,Greenhouse gases,Global warming,Climate change |
| Date: | 2020–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03004353&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The study investigates conclusions from the scholarly literature that for low and middle-income countries, higher income inequality is linked with lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Using a sample of 39 sub-Saharan countries consisting of lower- and middle-income countries, this study investigates how increasing inequality affects renewable energy consumption. Three income inequality indicators are used, namely: the Gini coefficient, the Palma ratio and Atkinson index. The empirical evidence is based on quadratic Tobit regressions. The investigated assumption is only partially valid because a net positive impact is apparent only in one of the three income inequality variables used in the study. Hence, it is difficult to establish whether the inequality or equality hypothesis underpinning the nexus between income inequality and renewable energy consumption hold for Sub-Saharan Africa. However, based on the significant results in terms of the threshold, the equality hypothesis is valid when the Atkinson index is below a threshold of 0.6180 while the inequality hypothesis becomes valid when the Atkinson index exceeds the threshold of 0.6180. Hence, as the main policy implication, for the equitable redistribution of income to be promoted and, therefore, for policies that favor income inequality for renewable energy consumption not to be encouraged, policy makers should keep the Atkinson index below a threshold of 0.6180. An implication for Europe and/or high income countries is provided, notably, that the equality hypothesis on the nexus between income inequality and CO2 emissions may not withstand empirical scrutiny but contingent on: (i) the measurements of income inequality and (ii) inequality thresholds when a specific income inequality measurement is retained. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Inequality; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/094&r=all |
| By: | Destek, Mehmet; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for ecological footprint with the role of renewable energy use, non-renewable energy use and trade openness in 24 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. For this purpose, we investigate the period from 1980 to 2014 using with second generation panel data methodologies which allow to cross-sectional dependence among countries. The group-mean results show that the inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis does not hold in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries because we found the U-shaped relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint. In addition, it is concluded that increasing renewable energy consumption reduces ecological footprint and increasing non-renewable energy consumption increases environmental degradation. |
| Keywords: | Ecological footprint; Environmental Kuznets curve; Renewable energy |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104246&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Philippe de Donder (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The presence of consumers able to respond to changes in wholesale electricity prices facilitates the penetration of renewable intermittent sources of energy such as wind or sun power. We investigate how adapting demand to intermittent electricity supply by making consumers price-responsive - thanks to smart meters and home automation appliances - impacts the energy mix. We show that it almost always reduces carbon emissions. Furthermore, when consumers are not too risk-averse, demand response is socially beneficial because the loss from exposing consumers to volatile prices is more than offset by lower production and environmental costs. However, the gain is decreasing when the proportion of reactive consumers increases. Therefore, depending on the costs of the necessary smart hardware, it may be non-optimal to equip the whole population. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation,Corporate social responsibility,Green consumerism,Product differentiation,Tax,Standard,Green label,Political economy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02945517&r=all |
| By: | Williams, Andy E |
| Abstract: | A recently developed framework for modelling cognition defines General Collective Intelligence or GCI as Collective Intelligence (CI) with general problem solving ability. Where CI uses the intelligence of crowds to optimize decision-making, a GCI must also optimize the choice of problem to solve. This framework represents a GCI as an adaptive problem solving system with problem solving segmented across a hierarchy of problem solving domains, one of which is adaptation through cooperation between functional components of the system. This domain defines how functionality is segmented across different components of a system in order to maximize outcomes, or in summary, balances centralization with decentralization. Where one function is more important to overall fitness than another, centralized cooperation prioritizes that function so that overall outcomes can be maximized. Decentralized cooperation maximizes outcomes for all participating components equally to remove the barriers that align decision-making with the interests of a subset of the group, which forces groups to solve the wrong problems. One such group problem is design and manufacturing for sustainability. Recent work has challenged the idea that process improvements will yield technologies with enough of an increase in efficiency to permit green growth while still reducing climate and other environmental impact. This paper proposes that designing all products and services according to the principles of GCI gives sufficient competitive advantage to businesses that cooperate to reduce consumption and increase sustainability, to make green growth not only possible but reliably achievable. This paper also provides an overview of what GCI based design and manufacturing of products and services for sustainability looks like. Leveraging GCI to achieve sustainability is explored as an example of biomimicry, and nature is shown to use the same approach to design living things. From this perspective, organisms are a collection of cells that cooperate to optimize functional designs according to well-defined principles in order to maximize the sustainability of the organism as a collective. Sustainability is represented as a mathematical pattern of stability implemented through these principles, a pattern which the 3.5 billion year history of the earth has thoroughly tested, and which therefore is robust enough to be replicated in all products and services, and once launched is stable enough as a pattern of cooperation to be sustainable in all organizations. |
| Date: | 2020–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:c4xgs&r=all |
| By: | Takaaki Masaki; Shohei Nakamura; David Newhouse |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Transport - Roads & Highways |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33801&r=all |
| By: | Agata Rzekęć (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Orsoni Agnès (IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de L'équitation); Florence Gras (European Horse Network); Celine Vial (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de L'équitation); Roly Owers (World Horse Welfare) |
| Abstract: | Horses and other equines are actors of the sustainable development. That is the opinion of the European Horse Network.Today's ecological wake up calls and the importance of sustainable development encourage stakeholders to promote the environmental assets of the agricultural sector. The equine industry is part of the agricultural sector, but it differs from standard breeding through the multiplicity of activities involved. Equines are involved through the multiplicity of activities involved: from conservation grazing to agricultural traction and production, to racing, equestrian competition or outdoor tourism.The European Horse Network (EHN) published a document about the Green Assets of Equines in Europe. FEIF is one of the founding members of EHN. |
| Keywords: | Europe,Recherche,équidé,Environnement,filière équine,Impact environmental,Développement durable,Cheval,Ecologie,Territoire |
| Date: | 2020–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02995502&r=all |
| By: | Perry, Keston K. |
| Abstract: | In the current crisis period, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have provided a framework for establishing new norms about governance of and access to external development financing that emphasize stimulating investor interest and creating a suite of innovative instruments to address major development challenges. However, the inadequacies associated with extant financing streams are in sharp relief since they do not address damages and losses associated with the climate crisis. The current global configuration aimed at generating from “billions to trillions” of development finance are awfully mute on historical responsibility for the uneven and extreme consequences facing climate-impacted communities in the Global South. This paper interrogates the role of the SDGs, in particular SDG17, in both adducing financialisation as an evolutionary process, further extracting profit from racialized communities, and a source of instability in the global economy. It points to the manner in which the “trillions” deemed necessary are ostensibly mobilized in pursuit of financial returns to be made from climate disaster that generate further debt, dispossesses populations in the global south, and thereby ushering in a new era of “bond-age” and coloniality. Current development financing arrangements under the SDGs would increase the cost burdens and compromise the Global South’s capacities to democractically manage and meet their developmental needs due to accumulating losses and damage from major extreme climate-induced events. Loss and damage compensation for marginalised developing countries at the forefront of the climate crisis must therefore come from another source: climate reparations. Climate reparations offer an appropriate encompassing philosophical and policy apparatus for first understanding the magnitude of climate breakdown, and second for mounting a response to ongoing environmental harm in vulnerable countries that is centred on climate justice. |
| Date: | 2020–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:h9s2z&r=all |
| By: | Guoping Zhang; Mwanjalolo J.G. Majaliwa; Jian Xie |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Water Resources Management Rural Development - Natural Resources Management and Rural Issues |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33911&r=all |
| By: | Yves Rannou (Groupe ESC Clermont-Ferrand - Clermont Université, CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - Clermont Auvergne - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Pascal Barneto (Universite Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV Droit, sciences sociales et politiques, sciences economiques et de gestion, IRGO - Institut de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4 - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Bordeaux); Mohamed Boutabba (Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, EPEE) |
| Abstract: | Europe has been the first continent to create a large-scale carbon market to reduce the level of carbon emissions and to create a green bond market to finance the transition to low-carbon economies concomitantly. In this chapter, we study the respective roles of these instruments, their price trajectories, their interaction and their potential complementarities over a six-year period (2014-2019). We enrich the literature on environmental markets in several respects. First, significant short-run and long-run persistence of shocks to the conditional correlation between the European carbon and the European Green bond markets are reported. Second, we detect bi-directional shock transmission effects between those markets but no significant spillover effects. Taken together, these results suggest that a green bond issued in Europe may be used to hedge against the carbon price risk. |
| Keywords: | Green Bond,European Allowances (EUA),Spillover effects,Asset Complementarity |
| Date: | 2020–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02981422&r=all |
| By: | Masako Ikefuji; Yoshiyasu Ono |
| Abstract: | Using a dynamic optimization model of a monetary economy where persistent unemployment can prevail, we examine the effects of environmental policies on consumption and pollution emissions in a full-employment and a stagnant economy. If full employment prevails, environmental policies such as environmental tax and public pollution abatement naturally crowd out commodity production and hence decrease consumption. However, if unemployment appears, they stimulate consumption and production by increasing total employment and mitigating deflation, thus yielding additional pollution emissions. Net pollution emissions may eventually increase. The optimal environmental policy mix is also examined. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:1110&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report analyses future energy-use in the shipping sector of the Nordic region. It centres on pathways that could allow the Nordic shipping sector to meet energy and environmental policy goals, including energy diversification, cutting air pollution and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It details the feasible technology options currently available, the status of their adoption and government plans aimed at influencing future developments in this sector. Finally, it assesses implications for policy making for a rapid transition to cleaner maritime shipping. The Nordic region is pioneering efforts to reduce the environmental impact of maritime shipping, making the findings of this report relevant around the globe. |
| Date: | 2020–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:80-en&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Philippe de Donder (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Is green consumerism beneficial to the environment and the economy? To shed light on this question, we study the political economy of environmental regulations in a model with neutral and green consumers where the latter derive some warm glow from buying a good of higher environmental quality produced by a pro…t-maximizing monopoly, while the good bought by neutral consumers is provided by a competitive fringe. Consumers unanimously vote for a standard set at a lower than first-best level, or for a tax delivering the first-best environmental protection level. Despite its under-provision of environmental protection, the standard dominates the tax from a welfare perspective due to its higher productive efficiency, i.e., a smaller gap between the environmental qualities of the two goods supplied. In stark contrast, voters unanimously prefer a tax to a standard when the willingness to pay for greener goods is small enough. |
| Keywords: | environmental regulation,corporate social responsibility,green consumerism,product differentiation,tax,standard,green label,political economy JEL codes: D24,D62,Q41,Q42,Q48 |
| Date: | 2020–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02993200&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy and Natural Resources Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34097&r=all |
| By: | Duong, Van Anh Thi; Pushkareva, Lyudmila |
| Abstract: | Development society brings many benefits to people and also brings many challenges. Those challenges seriously affect sustainable economic development, the life and health of all people in society. At present, issues that the whole society has been facing are: hygiene, food safety, environmental pollution, new epidemics, and exhaust of natural resources as well as warming up of the earth... To limit and solve the aforementioned issues, it needs close cooperation and support from all people and enterprises. Every individual, every organization is a part of society. The development of each individual and each enterprise is also the development of society and vice versa. The rise of society will also have a positive impact on each member of it. Therefore, enterprises need to raise awareness about sustainable development and act responsibly with the community and society. It is necessary and useful not only for enterprises themselves but also for the whole society. In this thesis, the author focuses on addressing the following issues: Carrying out social responsibilities associated with environmental protection in order to sustainably develop of Vietnamese enterprises, thereby finding the causes and proposing solutions to help enterprises fulfill their social responsibilities and protect the green, clean and beautiful environment in accordance with the standards prescribed by the Law on Environment of Vietnam in 2014. |
| Keywords: | environment; sustainable development; social responsibilities; enterprises. |
| JEL: | H00 |
| Date: | 2020–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:102112&r=all |
| By: | Berigüete, Rafael; Ramírez Tejada, Omar; Galindo, Luis Miguel; Alatorre, José Eduardo |
| Abstract: | Este documento presenta el estado actual del sistema eléctrico interconectado de la República Dominicana y sus perspectivas para alcanzar las metas nacionales de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) establecidas en la contribución determinada a nivel nacional (CDN), así como los desafíos que enfrenta el sector para la adaptación a los impactos del cambio climático. El objetivo del documento es contribuir a empoderar a los actores clave del sector, responsables de la toma de decisiones y de la formulación de políticas, mediante la exposición de las medidas que pueden tomarse en el corto y el mediano plazo para que el sector logre ser más sostenible, genere menos emisiones y sea más resiliente a los impactos climáticos y los desastres naturales. |
| Keywords: | POLITICA ENERGETICA, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, CARBONO, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY RESOURCES, ELECTRIC POWER, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, CARBON, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46482&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claude Crampes (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The presence of consumers able to respond to changes in wholesale electricity prices facilitates the penetration of renewable intermittent sources of energy such as wind or sun power. We investigate how adapting demand to intermittent electricity supply by making consumers price-responsive-thanks to smart meters and home automation appliances-impacts the energy mix. We show that it almost always reduces carbon emissions. Furthermore , when consumers are not too risk-averse, demand response is socially beneficial because the loss from exposing consumers to volatile prices is more than offset by lower production and environmental costs. However, the gain is decreasing when the proportion of reactive consumers increases. Therefore, depending on the costs of the necessary smart hardware, it may be non-optimal to equip the whole population. |
| Keywords: | smart meters,demand response,dynamic pricing,renewables,intermittency,electricity |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02945519&r=all |
| By: | Jens Horbach (Faculty of Business, University of Applied Sciences Augsburg) |
| Abstract: | Eco-innovation activities are crucial for the mitigation of climate change and further envi-ronmental problems. Start-up firms might play an important role for this relatively new in-novation field as they are predestinated for realizing completely new ideas compared to in-cumbent firms that are not willing to abandon their established innovation paths. On the oth-er side, start-ups have limited resources and need external regionally available input of knowledge. Based on data of the German IAB/ZEW Start-up Panel in combination with re-gional data at the NUTS 3 level, the paper analyzes the determinants of eco-innovation in start-up firms. The econometric results show that regional spill-over effects seem to be very important for eco-innovation activities of start-up firms. In regions where the existing stock of environmentally related patents is already high, the probability that a start-up firm realiz-es eco-innovations is significantly higher. Furthermore, eco-innovative start-ups show dis-proportionally more difficulties to get financing from external investors. |
| Keywords: | Regional spill-over effects, environmental innovation, probit models |
| JEL: | Q55 R11 C25 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:1620&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34095&r=all |
| By: | Hintermann, Beat (University of Basel); Zarkovic, Maja (University of Basel); di Maria, Corrado; Wagner, Ulrich J. |
| Abstract: | We investigate productivity and cost pass-through of German manufacturing firms using administrative data from 2001 to 2014. Our framework allows for the estimation of quantity-based production functions for multi-product firms while controlling for unobserved productivity shocks and unobserved input quality. Using our parameter estimates, we can compute total factor productivity, markups and marginal costs. We find no effect of the EU ETS on firm productivity or profits for the whole sector, and a positive effect for some industries. Firms pass on shocks to materials costs completely, or even more than completely, whereas pass-through of energy costs is around 35-60%. Although pass-through of energy costs is incomplete, it nevertheless allowed firms to recover more than their total carbon costs due to generous free allocation of allowances. Our results add to the recent literature concerning the causal effects of climate policy on firms and are relevant for policy makers when defining the level of free allowance allocation to industry. |
| Keywords: | Productivity; production function; markup; cost pass-through; EU ETS; climate policy |
| JEL: | D24 H23 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2020/11&r=all |
| By: | Frondel, Manuel; Schubert, Stefanie |
| Abstract: | In 2021, Germany will launch a national emissions trading system (ETS) in its road transport and housing sectors. This climate policy instrument aims at raising the energy cost burden of those households and firms that consume fossil fuels, the major source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. A promising approach to secure public acceptance for such a carbon pricing would be to entirely reallocate the resulting "carbon" revenues to consumers. This article discusses three alternatives: a) a per-capita reallocation to private households, b) the reduction of electricity prices by, e.g., decreasing the electricity tax, as well as c) targeted financial aid for vulnerable consumers, such as increasing housing benefits. To estimate both the revenues originating from carbon pricing and the resulting emission savings, we use price elasticities on individual energy consumption in the road transport and housing sector from the empirical literature. Most effective with respect to alleviating the burden of poor households would be increasing housing benefits. While this measure would not require large monetary resources, we argue that the remaining revenues should be preferably employed to reduce Germany's electricity tax, given the steadily increasing amount of electricity generated by renewable energy technologies. |
| Keywords: | Electricity tax,housing benefits,distributional effects |
| JEL: | D12 Q21 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:869&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Environmental markets distribute tradable rights on natural resources that are available for free on the earth such as water, biomass or clean air. In a framework where users differ solely in respect of their access to the resource, I investigate the allocation of rights that are accepted in the sense that, after trading, users obtain at least what they can achieve by sharing the resources they control. I show that, among all accepted rights, the more egalitarian ones do not allow any redistribution among users. Consequently, compared to an efficient allocation of resources, the net trading of rights always increases inequality. |
| Keywords: | Common-pool resources,Environmental externalities,Property rights,Cooperative game,Fairness,Tradable quotas,Emission permits |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02945513&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jessica Coria (GU - University of Gothenburg) |
| Abstract: | We propose informational spillovers as a new rationale for the use of multiple policy instruments to mitigate a single externality. We investigate the design of a pollution standard when the firms' abatement costs are unknown and emissions are taxed. A firm might abate pollution beyond what is required by the standard by equalizing its marginal abatement costs to the tax rate, thereby revealing information about its abatement cost. We analyze how a regulator can take advantage of this information to design the standard. In a dynamic setting, the regulator relaxes the initial standard in order to induce more information revelation, which would allow her to set a standard closer to the first best in the second period. Updating standards, though, generates a ratchet effect since the low-cost firms might strategically hide their cost by abating no more than required by the standard. We provide conditions for the separating equilibrium to hold when firms act strategically. We illustrate our theoretical results with the case of NO x regulation in Sweden. We find evidence that the firms that are taxed experience more frequent standard updates. |
| Keywords: | pollution,externalities,asymmetric information,environmental regulation,tax,standards,multiple policies,ratchet effect,nitrogen oxides |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02945523&r=all |
| By: | Vishwas Satgar |
| Abstract: | The world is running out of time to prevent catastrophic climate change. In South Africa grassroots campaigning by the South African Food Sovereignty over the past six years, during the worst drought in the history of the country, produced a Climate Justice Charter(CJC). This CJC is unique in the world and is serving as the basis to build convergences between unions committed to a deep just transition and wider climate justice forces. It is laying the basis for red-green alliances to drive the deep just transition from below and constitute a climate justice project for the country. Many challenges face this process but crucial catalytic steps have been taken, with immense potential, to remake climate justice politics. This working paper serves as an introduction to the South African CJC and the systemic alternatives it is advancing. The CJC is included as an annexure to serve as a political resource for innovation and further development as unions attempt to build red-green alliances in other parts of the world to decarbonize and adapt their societies in the interests of the most vulnerable. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajy:icddwp:31&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33894&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report examines the climate impact of personal and shared electric kick-scooters, bicycles, e-bikes, electric mopeds, as well as car-based ride-sharing services. Users in cities across the globe are rapidly adopting new mobility forms, helped by digital connectivity and electrification technologies. New urban mobility services are often sold as “green” solutions. But what is their real impact on energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions? This study analysesthe life-cycle performance of a range of new vehicles and services based on their technical characteristics, operation and maintenance, and compares it with that of privately owned cars and public transport. Finally, the report identifies solutions to make new mobility a useful part of the urban transport mix while helping to reduce energy use and limit climate change. |
| Date: | 2020–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:86-en&r=all |
| By: | Emilio Cerdá; Javier Campos |
| Abstract: | El cambio climático afecta y se ve afectado por losrecursos hídricos mundiales. En este trabajo se parte del marco conceptual dela seguridad hídrica, elaborado por el Banco Mundial. A continuación, seanalizan los capítulos correspondientes a hidrología y recursos hídricoscontenidos en los diferentes informes del IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC), se presentan y comentan algunosaspectos importantes contenidos en el informe mundial de Naciones Unidas de2020 sobre agua y cambio climático en el contexto de desarrollo sostenible, yse considera el enfoque de adaptación basado en el desarrollo de los serviciosecosistémicos. En el trabajo se consideran elementos de mitigación, impactos,vulnerabilidad y adaptación. El trabajo continúa, restringido al ámbito de laUnión Europea, presentando los resultados fundamentales de un importante informede la Agencia Europea del Medio Ambiente sobre adaptación de recursos hídricosy de un trabajo del Joint Research Centre (JRC) dela Unión Europea sobre impactos climáticos relacionados con los recursoshídricos. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaddt:2020-16&r=all |
| By: | Solikin M. Juhro (Bank Indonesia); A. Farid Aulia (Bank Indonesia); Dessy Aliandrina (Bank Indonesia); Donni Hadiwaluyo (Bank Indonesia); Edo Lavika (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the impact of a catalytic collaboration as a tool on the leverage of transformational leadership competencies to generate a sustainable innovation by developing a Sustainable Innovation Matrix (SIM) leadership model. We observe it by employing a unique data set of the behaviors of fifty regional heads (mayors and regents) in Indonesia. The results of the analysis show us that the transformational leaders who made a catalytic collaboration have proven able to create significant impacts on their regions. The leaders with good transformational leadership competencies who make a catalytic collaboration can generate innovations that not only create relevant impacts on the needs of their regions, but they were also sustainable in terms of economic and environmental aspects. The results also suggest that leaders must be courageous to make innovation and strongly care for their regional development despite limited resources there. In doing so, those leaders must collaborate catalytically with other parties to optimize all available opportunities for the progress of the regions that they lead. |
| Keywords: | Transformational Leadership, Catalytic Collaboration, Sustainable Innovation, Leadership Model |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp112019&r=all |
| By: | Christopher Costello; Matthew Kotchen |
| Abstract: | We examine the interplay between environmental policy instrument choice (i.e., prices vs. quantities) and private provision of public goods, which in this context we denote "Coasean provision." Coasean provision captures private provision of environmental public goods due to consumer preferences for environmentally friendly goods and services, incentives for corporate environmental management, environmental philanthropy, and even overlapping jurisdictions of policy. We show theoretically that even in a world of perfect certainty, the presence of Coasean provision distinctly affects instrument choice, based on both the efficiency criterion and distributional consequences. We also generalize the analysis to account for uncertainty using the classic Weitzman (1974) framework. Our findings suggest that the increasing prevalence of Coasean provision motivates a need to rethink the design of effective and efficient environmental policy instruments. This arises because policy instrument choice can have a significant impact on the environmental commitments of individuals, companies, and states, and vice-versa, with clear implications for overall economic welfare and policy preferences among polluters, citizens, and government revenue. |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28130&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34094&r=all |
| By: | François Cohen; Giulia Valacchi |
| Abstract: | Climate policy will predominantly affect industries that primarily rely on fossil fuels, such as steelmaking. Within these industries, exposure may be different by country according to the energy-intensity of national plants. We estimate the effect of coal prices on steel plant location worldwide and production preferences for BOF, a polluting technology, and EAF, a greener one. A 1% increase in national coal prices reduces BOF installed capacity by around 0.37%, while it has no statistically significant impact on EAF capacity. We simulate the implementation of a stringent European carbon market with no border adjustment and find a non-negligible shift in steel production outside Europe, with a concomitant impact on the technologies employed to produce steel. If applied worldwide, the same policy would primarily affect production in Asia, which relies on BOF and currently benefits from lower coal prices than those expected to emerge in the future. |
| Keywords: | Steel industry; firm relocation; technological change; energy prices; carbon market; coal. |
| Date: | 2020–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_65&r=all |
| By: | Wong, Stephen D. |
| Abstract: | Evacuations are a primary transportation strategy to protect populations from natural and humanmade disasters. Recent evacuations, particularly from hurricanes and wildfires, have exposed three critical evacuation challenges: 1) persistent evacuation non-compliance to mandatory evacuation orders; 2) poor transportation response, leading to heavy congestion, slow evacuation clearance times, and high evacuee risk; and 3) minimal attention in ensuring all populations, especially those most vulnerable, have transportation and shelter. With ongoing climate change and increasing land development and population growth in high-risk areas, these evacuation challenges will only grow in size, frequency, and complexity, further straining transportation response in disaster situations. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2020–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9b51w7h6&r=all |
| By: | Berger, Johannes; Strohner, Ludwig; Thomas, Tobias |
| Abstract: | Der Klimawandel ist eines der bestimmenden Themen der öffentlichen Debatte. Österreich hat sich auf internationaler Ebene verpflichtet, einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Reduktion der CO2 Emissionen zu leisten. Derzeitige Prognosen gehen davon aus, dass Österreich seine nationalen Vorgaben bis zum Jahr 2030 nicht erfüllen wird. Entsprechend sind weitere Maßnahmen notwendig, um diese Ziele zu erreichen. In der vorliegenden Policy Note werden die klimapolitischen Instrumente a) Emissionszertifikatehandel, b) CO2 Steuer und c) Regulierungsmaßnahmen anhand verschiedener Kriterien analysiert. Die Gesamtbewertung hängt davon ab, welchen der Kriterien besonderer Stellenwert beigemessen wird. In Hinblick auf die Zielerreichung hat der Emissionshandel Vorteile, da über die Menge der ausgegebenen Zertifikate das Emissionsziel treffsicher erreicht werden kann. Bei der CO2 Steuer ist die Höhe der Steuer, mit der das vorgegebene CO2-Reduktionsziel erreicht wird, hingegen ex ante bestenfalls abschätzbar. Es besteht demnach die Gefahr, dass der Staat die Steuer zu niedrig oder zu hoch ansetzt und damit das Ziel verfehlt wird oder private Haushalte und Unternehmen unnötig belastet werden. Auch die Vielzahl von Auflagen und Regulierungen sind in der Praxis mit erheblichen Unsicherheiten bezüglich der Zielerreichung verbunden. Kosteneffizienz bedeutet, dass die Klimaziele zu möglichst niedrigsten Kosten für private Haushalte und Unternehmen erreicht werden. Der Emissionshandel und die CO2 Steuer erfüllen das Effizienzkriterium, da die Emissionsvermeidung dort vollzogen wird, wo dies am kostengünstigsten möglich ist. Idealtypisch würden alle Sektoren und Staaten von einem Klimainstrument umfasst. Dies ist in der Praxis allerdings wenig realistisch. Regulierungen berücksichtigen in der Regel die unterschiedlichen Vermeidungskosten von privaten Haushalten und Unternehmen allenfalls unzureichend und führen daher zu ineffizienten Ergebnissen. In Hinblick auf die Verteilungswirkung zeigen CO2-Steuern und Emissionszertifikate eine eher regressive Wirkung, da Haushalte mit niedrigerem Einkommen einen größeren Anteil ihres Einkommens für mit CO2- Emissionen verbundene Produkte wie Strom oder Heizen ausgeben. Je nach Rückerstattung, kann allerdings auch eine progressive Wirkung erzielt werden. Regulierungen können ebenso zu regressiven Wirkungen führen. In Hinblick auf die Umsetzbarkeit sind Klimainstrumente mit relativ geringen Transaktionskosten verbunden. Sollen Maßnahmen rasch umgesetzt werden, spricht dies eher für CO2 Steuern. Der Emissionshandel bedarf einer Implementierungsphase. Regulierungen sehen häufig Bestandsschutz vor, mit entsprechend verzögerter Wirkung. Die volkswirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen der klimapolitischen Instrumente hängen entscheidend von der Kosteneffizienz, der Überwälzung der Kosten auf die Preise sowie der Verwendung der Einnahmen ab. Internationale Studien zeigen, dass die Wachstumswirkung einer CO2 Bepreisung je nach Höhe und Art der Rückerstattung zwischen plus vier und minus acht Prozent auf 40 Jahre kumuliert ausmachen kann. Auch die Verteilungswirkung ist hiervon abhängig. Zusätzlich erhöht die Überwälzung der CO2 Bepreisung in die Verbraucherpreise die Inflation, was über höhere Lohnabschlüsse die Arbeitskosten erhöhen kann. Auch dies sollte bei der Rückvergütung der Einnahmen berücksichtigt werden. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ecoapn:39&r=all |
| By: | Divya Sadana |
| Abstract: | Past literature has shown that 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act (CAA) led to significant reduction in air pollution early 1970s, and that it had positive infant health consequences for the cohorts treated by CAA. Because effects of in-utero and early childhood conditions are persistent, and the health effects can remain latent for years, CAA may impact the future adult outcomes. In this paper, I investigate the impact of the CAA on the future crime. In a difference-in-differences framework, I find that the cohorts that were born in the year of the CAAâs first implementation commit fewer crimes 15 to 24 years later. The magnitude of this impact is about 4 percent. Property crimes rather than violent crimes are impacted. I also estimate that CAA reduced the ambient air pollution by 14 percent. These reduced form estimates suggest that a one percent reduction in air pollution reduces future crime rate by 0.3 percent. |
| JEL: | I15 I25 J24 K42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jmp:jm2020:psa1864&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Green Issues Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance Poverty Reduction - Development Patterns and Poverty Poverty Reduction - Equity and Development Poverty Reduction - Inequality Private Sector Development - Business Environment Social Protections and Labor - Skills Development and Labor Force Training |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33831&r=all |
| By: | Yannick Drif; Benjamin Roche (IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Pierre Valade |
| Abstract: | Climate change, which is largely linked to human activities, is already having a considerable impact on our societies. Based on current trends, climate change is expected to accelerate in the coming decades. Beyond its impact on the pace of natural disasters (floods, hurricanes, etc.), climate change may have catastrophic consequences for human life and health. One of the concerns is the increase in the transmission of viruses spread by mosquitoes. Indeed, rising temperatures have a direct positive impact on the viability of mosquitoes in ecosystems, leading to their abundance and thus the risk of exposure of human populations to these pathogens. This study quantifies the consequences of global warming on the risk of epidemics of viruses transmitted by the Aedes Albopictus mosquito in metropolitan France. This mosquito, which is a vector for the Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika viruses, among others, arrived in mainland France in 2004 and has since spread throughout the country. Thanks to the association previously established between the probability of the presence of the mosquito and the average temperature combined with a mathematical model, the probability of an epidemic and the number of people who could be infected and die during a season in each department are estimated. If there is a high degree of heterogeneity in metropolitan France, nearly 2,000 deaths per year could be expected by 2040. |
| Abstract: | Le changement climatique, grandement relié aux activités humaines, a d'ores et déjà un impact considérable sur nos sociétés. Au vu des tendances actuelles, le changement climatique devrait s'accélérer durant les prochaines décennies. Au-delà de son impact sur le rythme des catastrophes naturelles (inondations, ouragans, etc…), le changement climatique peut avoir des conséquences catastrophiques pour la vie et la santé humaine. Une des préoccupations avérées est l'augmentation de la transmission des virus diffusés par les moustiques. En effet, l'augmentation des températures a un impact positif direct sur la viabilité du moustique dans les écosystèmes, ce qui conduit à son abondance et donc au risque d'exposition des populations humaines à ces pathogènes. Cette étude quantifie les conséquences du réchauffement climatique sur le risque d'épidémies de virus transmis par le moustique Aedes Albopictus en France Métropolitaine. Ce moustique, vecteur, entre autres, des virus de la Dengue, du Chikungunya ou du Zika, est arrivé sur le territoire métropolitain en 2004 et s'étend depuis à tout l'Hexagone. Grâce à l'association précédemment établie entre la probabilité de la présence du moustique et la température moyenne combiné avec un modèle mathématique, la probabilité d'épidémie, le nombre de personnes pouvant être infectées et pouvant décéder durant une saison dans chaque département sont estimées. S'il existe une hétérogénéité forte sur le territoire métropolitain, près de 2,000 décès par an pourrait être à déplorer à l'horizon 2040. |
| Keywords: | dengue,moustique,pandémie,vecteur,climat,assurance |
| Date: | 2020–11–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02998538&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, ENERGIA SOSTENIBLE, POLITICA ENERGETICA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENERGY RESOURCES, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, ENERGY POLICY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, PROJECT EVALUATION |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:44786&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education - Educational Institutions & Facilities Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change and Environment |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33840&r=all |
| By: | Laurie Laybourn-Langton (Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)) |
| Abstract: | The emergency measures undertaken in response to the COIVD-19 pandemic constitute an unprecedented break from the norms and practice of the prevailing political-economic paradigm—the predominant set of economic theory, policies and narratives. Public health has always been a major driver of changes in political economy because it is a systems-focused approach, providing an effective mechanism for conceiving of and acting against the failings of socioeconomic systems. Into the future, the nature of crisis is changing, foremost as a result of critical anthropogenic destabilisation of climate system and the wider biosphere. The resultant increasing frequency and severity of environmental shocks can be transmitted across socio-economic systems, which are already experiencing acute stress, destabilising them over a period in which they must undergo rapid structural change—all of which presents unprecedented threats and opportunities to those seeking paradigmatic change. |
| Keywords: | political-economic paradigm; pandemics; environmental breakdown |
| JEL: | B20 E65 N14 N92 N94 Q00 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agz:wpaper:2006&r=all |
| By: | John Aoga; Juhee Bae; Stefanija Veljanoska; Siegfried Nijssen; Pierre Schaus |
| Abstract: | A growing attention in the empirical literature has been paid to the incidence of climate shocks and change in migration decisions. Previous literature leads to different results and uses a multitude of traditional empirical approaches. This paper proposes a tree-based Machine Learning (ML) approach to analyze the role of the weather shocks towards an individual's intention to migrate in the six agriculture-dependent-economy countries such as Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. We perform several tree-based algorithms (e.g., XGB, Random Forest) using the train-validation-test workflow to build robust and noise-resistant approaches. Then we determine the important features showing in which direction they are influencing the migration intention. This ML-based estimation accounts for features such as weather shocks captured by the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for different timescales and various socioeconomic features/covariates. We find that (i) weather features improve the prediction performance although socioeconomic characteristics have more influence on migration intentions, (ii) country-specific model is necessary, and (iii) international move is influenced more by the longer timescales of SPEIs while general move (which includes internal move) by that of shorter timescales. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2012.02794&r=all |
| By: | di Maria, Corrado; Zarkovic, Maja (University of Basel); Hintermann, Beat (University of Basel) |
| Abstract: | The use of price instruments is often advocated by economists, based on their ability to bring about marginal abatement cost equalisation, and hence to achieve targets at least cost. We use the EU ETS as a case study and test this theoretical prediction. We parametrically estimate separate hyperbolic and enhanced hyperbolic distance functions for various industries of the German manufacturing sector and are therefore able to compute the shadow value of CO2 emissions. We are the first to provide firm-level estimates of the marginal cost of CO2 emissions using confidential administrative data for German manufacturing firms between 2005 and 2014. This allows for an unprecedented insight into the cost of the EU flagship climate policy for manufacturing firms. We are able to describe the evolution of the abatement costs over time and across industries, tracking the impact of changes in the policy design and its stringency on the behaviour of the firms in our panel. Our findings provide valuable information for policy makers in the European Union and beyond on the actual level of the costs imposed by climate change policy, and its distributional impacts across firms and industries. |
| Keywords: | Hyperbolic Distance Function, Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Cost-eectiveness, Emissions Trading |
| JEL: | C23 D24 L60 Q52 |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2020/13&r=all |
| By: | Abhishek Saurav; Peter Kusek; Ryan Kuo |
| Keywords: | International Economics and Trade - Foreign Direct Investment Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Taxation & Subsidies Private Sector Development - Legal Regulation and Business Environment Social Protections and Labor - Labor Policies |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33774&r=all |
| By: | Anne-Lorene Vernay (GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management); Carine Sebi (GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management) |
| Abstract: | Energy communities—groups of citizens, social entrepreneurs and public authorities who jointly invest in producing, selling and managing enewable energy are expected to play a prominent role in the energy transition. Energy communities are fragile individually and they need to pool resources and coordinate their actions to become robust collectively. This paper adopts an ecosystem perspective and aims to identify characteristics that an energy community ecosystem should exhibit to help energy communities emerge, grow and eventually fully realise their potential to transform the energy sector. It compares energy communities in two countries, France and the Netherlands, where energy community ecosystems have attained uneven levels of maturity. We argue that an energy community ecosystem can fully realize its potential if: 1) it revolves around keystone actors that can foster diversity; 2) it is structured around local capacity builders that can act as catalysers; and 3) it develops both competing and symbiotic relations with incumbent energy actors. |
| Keywords: | Energy communities,Ecosystem,Renewable energy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02987790&r=all |
| By: | Fajardy, M.; Reiner, D M. |
| Abstract: | Heating and cooling are responsible for over 50% of the world’s final energy consumption, and over 40% of global CO2 emissions. With an increasingly decarbonised electricity grid, the electrification of heating offers one potential alternative to the incumbent, heavily fossil-fuel dominated heating system. However, the high penetration of renewables, the high seasonality and hourly variability of heat demand, and an increasing domestic demand for energy services, including cooling, pose significant balancing challenges for both hourly system operation and the long-term investment decision planning of electricity systems. The combination of both demand-response measures and the integration of flexible systems will be required to deliver low carbon heating and cooling, while integrating an increasing share of renewable electricity, and managing peak load. We provide a global overview of the technical, economic and policy challenges and opportunities to decarbonise heating demand through electrification, in the context of rising demand for cooling services. |
| Keywords: | Heating, cooling, electrification, decarbonisation, peak load management, demand response |
| JEL: | L95 O13 Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2020–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:20120&r=all |
| By: | Chiara Falduto (OECD); Sina Wartmann; Marcia Rocha (OECD) |
| Abstract: | The Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs) included in Decision 18/CMA.1 adopted at COP24 in 2018 require all Parties to the Paris Agreement to report national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories using “common reporting tables” (CRTs). The same decision requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) is to develop CRTs for consideration and adoption by COP26. This paper focuses on key issues related to the potential structure of the CRTs and approaches to filling them in. The paper assesses different CRT reporting scenarios through worked examples. Overall, the paper finds that all the tables contained in the set of Common Reporting Formats (CRFs) currently in use by Annex I Parties provide a valuable starting point for the development of CRTs. A number of improvements and adjustments, however, need to be applied to current CRFs to better reflect reporting guidance outlined in the MPGs. This paper finds that it is important to ensure that the CRTs are designed in a way that allows for a reporting that is as standardised as possible. This may include allowing for the use of standardised reporting elements (e.g. notation keys) and amending the tables according to a new, commonly agreed structure to allow for the reporting of new reporting elements. Using a common format while also facilitating standardised reporting can positively affect a number of processes, including the technical expert review and automated processing of information, thereby promoting transparency, comparability and consistency of GHG-inventory reporting. |
| Keywords: | climate change, emissions, GHG inventories, reporting, transparency |
| JEL: | F53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2020/03-en&r=all |
| By: | Giuliano, Genevieve; Dessouky, Maged; Dexter, Sue; Fang, Jiawen; Hu, Shichun; Steimetz, Seiji; O'Brien, Thomas; Miller, Marshall; Fulton, Lewis |
| Abstract: | The potential for zero emission heavy duty trucks (ZEHDTs) is examined via simulation modeling, case studies, interviews and a survey. Impacts of ZEHDTs on freight operations are assessed. Costs and benefits of using diesel, natural gas hybrid and battery electric vehicles are compared for 2020, 2025, 2030. ZE applications are limited in the near term due to range and charging limitations, but as ZE performance improves and prices go down, they are viable for a larger segment of the market. Hybrid vehicles are the most cost effective alternative for reducing air toxics, but ZEHDTs reduce air toxics the most by 2025. The report presents recommendations for promoting and increasing the market share of ZEHDTs and hybrids. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Engineering, Heavy duty trucks, alternative fuels, short haul trucking, emissions reduction |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0nw4q530&r=all |
| By: | Langinier, Corinne; Ray Chaudhuri, A. (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:03e766c3-0046-4ddf-b9aa-44fb81ed9458&r=all |
| By: | Arnaud Abad (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UL - Université de Lorraine - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); P Ravelojaona (UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyse environmental Total Factor Productivity (TFP) change. Indeed, innovative environmental TFP measures are introduced through convex and non convex environmental production processes. Hence, the impacts of input and output quality change on environmental productivity variation are underscored. In addition, general decomposition of the new ratio-and difference-based environmental TFP measures is proposed. |
| Keywords: | Environmental efficiency,Non Convexity,Pollution-generating Technology,Total Factor Productivity Indices |
| Date: | 2020–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02964799&r=all |
| By: | Pascale Ertus (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Christine Petr (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Date: | 2020–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03000562&r=all |
| By: | Bocklet, Johanna (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | To tackle structural supply-demand imbalances and to increase price stability in times of economic crises, policy makers reformed the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) substantially in 2015 and 2018. As the COVID-19 pandemic led to an unforeseen contraction of the economy, it serves as an example to evaluate if the reforms can live up these goals. The paper at hand uses a partial equilibrium model that depicts current EU ETS regulation to determine the impact of the pandemic on allowance prices and emissions the EU ETS. The results indicate that due to the Market Stability Reserve (MSR) and the Cancellation Mechanism, the Corona crisis reduces aggregate emissions in the EU ETS. This finding holds even if the crisis is followed by an economic rebound in the same or larger magnitude than the initial recession. Further, the new regulation increases the robustness of the ETS towards economic shocks as the reforms increase the relative price stability in the market. While these findings hold for the COVID-19 pandemic, the results can yet not be generalized to a generic economic crisis since they strongly depend on the shape, size and timing of the exogenous shock. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic Optimization; EU ETS; COVID-19; Market Stability Reserve; Economic Shock |
| JEL: | D25 D91 H32 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2020_010&r=all |
| By: | Giovanna Messina (Bank of Italy); Antonella Tomasi (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | Solid waste management is one of the most important functions performed by Italian municipalities and is mostly financed through local property taxes. Alternative financing schemes, known as ‘pay-as-you throw’ (PAYT), are designed to price each additional unit of waste and are becoming increasingly frequent at international level. Their advantages in terms of efficiency and equity, as well as of care for the environment, have been investigated both theoretically and empirically. This paper estimates the impact of PAYT schemes on the amount of waste produced and on the costs of its disposal for Italian municipalities. Results show that PAYT schemes deeply affect user behavior: total waste decreases (unsorted waste almost halves). Overall, the costs incurred by municipalities adopting PAYT fall by roughly 10 to 20 per cent in per capita terms, reflecting a reduction of one third in the cost of managing undifferentiated waste. |
| Keywords: | pay-as-you-throw, municipal solid waste management, policy evaluation |
| JEL: | D78 H23 H71 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_584_20&r=all |
| By: | Arik Levinson (Department of Economics, Georgetown University) |
| Abstract: | I pose three questions: Does pollution make people unhappy? How much? And is the effect proportional to pollution’s estimated effects on mortality and productivity? Answers to those three questions must overcome three obstacles: unobserved characteristics of locales correlated with both pollution and happiness; selection by pollution-averse individuals to less polluted areas; and habituation by residents to local circumstances. Since 2010, when the initial few studies relating happiness to pollution were last surveyed, thirty more have been published. I discuss how the new studies tackle each of those three problems and I devise a method of comparing their findings despite their different measures of both happiness and pollution. I combine the happiness and income coefficients from each study into a willingness-to-pay measure, for a one-day, one-standard-deviation pollution reduction. Finally, I document a surprising concordance between those calculated willingness-to-pay measures and new research assessing the effects of pollution on mortality and productivity |
| Keywords: | Stated well-being, willingness-to-pay, habituation, short-termism |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 H41 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:geo:guwopa:gueconwpa~20-23-10&r=all |
| By: | Ghamsi Deffo, Salomon Leroy; Ajoumessi Houmpe, Donal; Dasi Yemkwa, Gyslin Hermann |
| Abstract: | Recent studies have shown that economies rich in natural resources (NR) are generally less developed than those which do not have them. However, the CEMAC countries are not excluded from this observation; hence the aim of our study is to determine on the first hand the effects of natural resources on economic development in CEMAC countries and on the other hand, analyze the contribution of human capital in the transmission of these effects. Results of the estimation by the fixed-effect method show that the abundance of natural resources measured by: total rent, oil rent and forest rent has a negative and significant effect on economic development. Likewise, human capital contributes to the transmission of these effects. The minimum education rate beyond which natural resources no longer have a negative effect on economic development, measured by the logarithm of GDP, is approximately 0.52, 0.51 and 0.48 respectively when considering total rent, oil rent and forest rent. This result is confirmed when using two stages least squared and maximum likelihood method. |
| Keywords: | Natural rent, economic development, human capital |
| JEL: | A1 E0 Q0 Q3 |
| Date: | 2020–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104663&r=all |
| By: | Amila O. De Silva; James M. Armitage; Thomas A. Bruton; Clifton Dassuncao; Wendy Heiger†Bernays; Cindy Hu; Anna Kärrman; Barry Kelly; Carla Ng; Anna Robuck; Mei Sun; Thomas F. Webster; Elsie M. Sunderland |
| Abstract: | The authors synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly†and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). |
| Keywords: | organofluorine , exposure assessment , bioaccumulation , drinking water , toxicants , wildlife |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:877612bc88e34f70950fe82fd0b67f93&r=all |
| By: | Kolev, Galina V.; Schaefer, Thilo |
| Abstract: | Der Ausgang der Präsidentschaftswahl in den USA wird eine wichtige Signalwirkung für die globale Klimapolitik haben. Zwar erscheint die Klimabilanz des amtierenden US-Präsidenten Donald Trump erstaunlich positiv. Doch die Einsparungen bei energiebedingten CO2-Emissionen sind nicht auf die Politik der Regierung in Washington zurückzuführen, sondern vielmehr auf den Erfolg der einheimischen Erdgasförderung sowie die lokale Energie- und Klimapolitik einzelner Bundesstaaten. Nach einem Machtwechsel ist somit nicht damit zu rechnen, dass sich die US-Emissionswerte wesentlich verbessern. Durch ein erneutes klimapolitisches Engagement des zweitgrößten CO2-Emittenten weltweit kann der globale Klimaschutz jedoch ein neues Momentum erfahren. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:1092020&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Commodity Risk Management Agriculture - Food Security Finance and Financial Sector Development - Insurance & Risk Mitigation |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34164&r=all |
| By: | Georgios A. Panos; Theocharis Kromydas; Michael Osborne; Robert E. Wright |
| Abstract: | Literacy is a multi-dimensional concept. In this chapter, seven potential dimensions of literacy are considered: (1) Mathematical literacy, (2) Foreign language literacy, (3) Digital literacy, (4) Financial literacy, (5) Political literacy, (6) Environmental literacy, and (7) Health literacy. Data from the Glasgow-based Integrated Multimedia City Data (iMCD) project included information that allows for the operationalization of these dimensions. Multiple-regression analysis is used to explore the correlates of these dimensions of literacy. One key finding is that there are gender differences in all the dimensions of literacy. There are large advantages in favour of males with respect to political, digital, financial, and environmental literacy, health and mathematical literacy. The only advantage in the favour of females is foreign language literacy. |
| JEL: | G53 I22 O33 Z13 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gla:glaewp:2020_27&r=all |
| By: | Tensay Meles; L. (Lisa B.) Ryan |
| Abstract: | Concern about climate change and dependence on fossil fuels is inducing countries to develop and deploy renewable energy technologies. Heat pump systems, which extract heat either from the air, water, or ground sources, are among the viable options for space heating and domestic hot water production in the residential sector. In this paper, we develop an agent-based model to analyze the adoption process of heat pump systems and the underlying diffusion factors. Uniquely, we use a recent nationally representative Irish household survey data to derive parameters for decision rules for technology adoption in the model. In this research, we explore how financial aspects, psychological factors and social networks influence the adoption and diffusion of heat pump systems. We also discuss how individual household socio-demographic characteristics, building characteristics, geographical location of household and policy incentives affect the adoption process. The research should be of interest to policymakers, as we use the model to test the impact of various policies on technology adoption rates. |
| Keywords: | Agent-based model; Heat pump systems; Energy economics; Renewable energy technology adoption; Ireland |
| JEL: | D12 D91 Q41 Q28 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucn:wpaper:202030&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Fisheries & Aquaculture Water Resources - Coastal and Marine Resources |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33839&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy Policies & Economics Energy - Fuels Environment - Brown Issues and Health |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33833&r=all |
| By: | Majid Eskandarpour (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IESEG - School of Management); Pierre Dejax (SLP - Systèmes Logistiques et de Production - LS2N - Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes - Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], IMT Atlantique - DAPI - Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], LS2N - Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes - Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Olivier Péton (SLP - Systèmes Logistiques et de Production - LS2N - Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes - Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], IMT Atlantique - DAPI - Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], LS2N - Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes - Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we propose a bi-objective MILP formulation to minimize logistics costs as well as CO 2 emissions in a supply chain network design problem with multiple layers of facilities, technology levels and transportation mode decisions. The proposed model aims at investigating the trade-off between cost and CO 2 emissions through supply chain activities (i.e., raw material supply, manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation). To this end, a multi-directional local search (MDLS) metaheuristic is developed. The proposed method provides a limited set of non-dominated solutions ranging from a purely cost effective solution to a purely environmentally effective one. Each iteration of the MDLS consists in performing local searches from all non-dominated solutions. To do so, a Large Neighborhood Search (LNS) algorihtm is used. Extensive experiments based on randomly generated instances of various sizes and features are described. Three classic performance measures are used to compare the set of non-dominated solutions obtained by the MDLS algorithm and by directly solving the MILP model with the epsilon-constraint approach. This paper is concluded by managerial insights about the impact of using greener technology on the supply chain * Corresponding author. Olivier Péton, IMT Atlantique, |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02407741&r=all |
| By: | Catherine Darrot (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UA - Université d'Angers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université); Bernard Pecqueur (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....]); Maxime Marie (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UA - Université d'Angers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université); Luc Bodiguel (DCS - Droit et changement social - UN - Université de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Séverine Saleilles (COACTIS - COACTIS - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne]); Christine Margetic (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UA - Université d'Angers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université); Jennifer Buyck (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....]); Claire Delfosse (LER - Laboratoire d'Études Rurales - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2); Camille Hochedez (RURALITES - RURALITES - Université de Poitiers); Pierre Guillemin (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UA - Université d'Angers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université); Adrien Baysse-Lainé (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....]); Julien Noel (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux] - Université de Liège); Gilles Maréchal (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UA - Université d'Angers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université) |
| Date: | 2020–10–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02983281&r=all |
| By: | Yassin Sabha; Yan Liu; Wim Douw |
| Keywords: | International Economics and Trade - Foreign Direct Investment International Economics and Trade - Globalization and Financial Integration International Economics and Trade - Trade Finance and Investment Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Taxation & Subsidies |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33760&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Agriculture & Farming Systems Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems Agriculture - Food Security Rural Development - Rural Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33832&r=all |
| By: | Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on development of rural women’s traditional enterprises in the Niger Delta region. A total of 2400 women were sampled across the region. Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that the GMoU model of the CSR has recorded significant success in supporting farming and fishing transformation generally; but has also undermined those initiatives that focused on empowering rural women in traditional enterprises, due to the cultural and traditional context in the region. This causes both direct harm to women and their children, and wider costs to African economies. It implies that if the GMoU interventions are not targeted to raise women’s economic status and to deter aggression, invariably they may contribute towards reducing the participation of women in economic, political and social development and, by extension, dampen efforts in deterring poverty and achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | Traditional enterprises, corporate social responsibility, rural women transformation, multinational oil companies, propensity score matching, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/096&r=all |
| By: | Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on development of rural women’s traditional enterprises in the Niger Delta region. A total of 2400 women were sampled across the region. Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that the GMoU model of the CSR has recorded significant success in supporting farming and fishing transformation generally; but has also undermined those initiatives that focused on empowering rural women in traditional enterprises, due to the cultural and traditional context in the region. This causes both direct harm to women and their children, and wider costs to African economies. It implies that if the GMoU interventions are not targeted to raise women’s economic status and to deter aggression, invariably they may contribute towards reducing the participation of women in economic, political and social development and, by extension, dampen efforts in deterring poverty and achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | Traditional enterprises, corporate social responsibility, rural women transformation, multinational oil companies, propensity score matching, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/096&r=all |
| By: | Reich, Stephanie K.; Hintermann, Beat (University of Basel); Zischg, Andreas |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effect of multiple flood events on property prices in Zurich canton of Switzerland. By merging property transaction data with records from universal and mandatory building insurance, we are able to identify the effect of the informational content of floods separately from the damage caused. Our rich data allows us to control for a wide range of housing characteristics, thus reducing the bias from unobserved heterogeneity that routinely plagues hedonic regressions. We find that houses located in flood hazard zones sell at a discount relative to houses located outside, despite the presence of mandatory insurance that covers most (but not all) costs. Providing flood hazard information increases the value of houses that are assigned a low risk. Last, we look at the effect of floods on property prices and find that in the aftermath of flood events, properties that narrowly escaped damage were sold at a significant discount relative to houses located out of harm's way. This pure information effect decays shortly. |
| Keywords: | Flood risk; hedonic pricing; amenity value; availability bias; spatial hedonic model |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 R21 |
| Date: | 2020–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2020/18&r=all |
| By: | Ismail Doga Karatepe; Christoph Scherrer; Henrique Tizzot |
| Abstract: | - |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajy:icddwp:27&r=all |
| By: | Joshua Blonz; Jacob Williams |
| Abstract: | Electricity is used by all businesses in the United States. During quickly moving economic shocks—for example, a pandemic or natural disaster—changes in electricity consumption can provide insight to policymakers before traditional survey-based metrics, which can lag weeks or months behind economic conditions and typically only show a snapshot of when the survey was conducted. |
| Date: | 2020–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfn:2020-10-21-2&r=all |
| By: | Trevor Breen; Alessandro Tavoni |
| Abstract: | This paper uses replicator dynamics to compare the steady states arising from two types of common property regimes - one in which over-exploiters are punished by the resource users themselves, and another where enforcement is handled by guards who collect a tax from the users. The use of guards requires a less restrictive set of parametric conditions in order to maintain an equilibrium with no over-exploiters. However, it can also stabilize an outcome in which all users over-exploit and are punished, but not enough to induce more cooperation (less resource extraction). These results can be used in guiding and structuring the formation of new common property regimes. |
| JEL: | C7 Q2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1157&r=all |
| By: | Beverelli, Cosimo; Ticku, Rohit |
| Abstract: | We collect a novel dataset that covers about 130 countries and the six four-digit live animal categories in the Harmonized System (HS) over a sixteen-year period, to study the link between illicit trade in live animals and threat to animal health from infectious diseases. Our results imply that a one percent increase in illicit imports in an HS four-digit live animal category is associated with a 0.3 to 0.4 percent rise in infections amongst related species in the importing country. We explore the mechanisms and find that mis-classifying or under-pricing an imported species are the channels through which illicit trade impacts animal health. |
| Keywords: | illicit trade,missing imports,disease,live animals |
| JEL: | F14 F18 I18 K42 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:ersd202013&r=all |
| By: | Markus Eyting (Johannes Gutenberg University) |
| Abstract: | Using a unique dataset from a German health check-up provider including detailed individual questionnaire data as well as medical test data, I apply a random forest to predict several health risk factors. I evaluate the prediction performance using various metrics and find decent prediction qualities across all outcomes. By identifying the most relevant predictor variables, I compile concise and validated questionnaire tools to identify individuals’ blood pressure, blood glucose, and cholesterol levels, their risk of a coronary heart disease, whether or not they suffer from plaque or a metabolic syndrome as well as their relative fitness levels. In a second step, I compare the prediction results to physician predictions of the same patient observations. I find that the random forest outperforms the physicians if predictions are based on the same information set. When additionally providing the physicians with the random forest predictions for a particular patient observation, the physicians align with the random forest predictions. Finally, while the random forest considers various psychological scales, the physicians focus on family health history information instead. |
| Date: | 2020–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:2026&r=all |
| By: | Anjum Munir; Oliver Hensel |
| Abstract: | Thermal energy storage technologies are gaining attention nowadays for uninterrupted supply of solar power in off-sunshine hours. An indigenized solar phase change material (PCM) system was developed and performance evaluated in the current study to efficiently store solar thermal power using a latent heat storage approach, which can be utilized in any subsequent decentralized food processing application. A 2.5 m2 laying Scheffler reflector is used to precisely focus the incoming direct normal irradiance (DNI) on a casted aluminum heat receiver (220 mm diameter) from where this concentrated heat energy is absorbed and conducted to the PCM unit by the flow of thermal oil (Fragoltherm-32 thermo-oil). During the circulation around PCM pipes inside the PCM unit, thermal oil discharges heat energy to the PCM, which undergoes change of phase from solid to liquid. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the PCM unit were also performed according to the actual boundary conditions, which gave satisfactory results in terms of temperature and velocity distribution. With an average DNI of 781 W/m2, the highest temperature of the receiver surface during the trials was observed at about 155 C that produces thermal oil at 110°C inside the receiver and around 48°C of PCM in the PCM unit. The heat energy losses per unit time (W) due to the lack of reflectivity from the Scheffler reflector, out-of-focus radiations at the targeted area, absorptivity of heat receiver, piping system losses, and cylinder losses (in the form of conduction, convection, and radiations using 50 mm insulation thickness) were found to be 110 W (10 %), 99 W (9 %), 89 W (8 %), 128 W (12 %), 161 W (15 %), and 89 W (8 %), respectively. These findings of CFD analysis and mathematical modeling were also consistent with real-time data, which was logged through an online Control and Monitoring Interface portal. The final energy available to the PCM was 414W with an overall system efficiency of 38 %, which can be improved by decreasing thermal losses of the system and using other PCM materials. |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajy:icddwp:26&r=all |
| By: | Peride K. Blind |
| Abstract: | As the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development enters its fifth year of implementation, it is opportune to ask how governance is understood and implemented around the world. In fact, one can go further to probe the extent to which governments are cognizant of the principles undergirding effective governance. This paper examines the ways in which governance has been operationalized by countries, major groups and other stakeholders since the first round of Voluntary National Reviews at the High-level Political Forum (HLPF) of 2016. It does this based on the qualitative overview of the Synthesis reports of Voluntary National Reviews (2016–2019), and the quantitative analysis of three SDG databases: Voluntary National Reviews, SDG Good Practices and the SDG Acceleration Actions. It starts with a literature review of the multidimensional concept of governance. The three databases are then scoped through a series of keywords associated with the SDG16 governance targets. It finds that although SDG 16 is catalytic to progress on all other SDGs, its governance dimension does not receive due focus. The article concludes with several action areas to mainstream the governance dimension of SDG16 in sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs, development, SDG 16, public policy, governance, institutions, peace, justice, rule of law, triple nexus, nexus |
| JEL: | G38 O19 Q01 P48 D73 H41 H83 J18 J68 J78 L38 Z18 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:une:wpaper:165&r=all |
| By: | Inma Martínez-Zarzoso (University of Göttingen); Shampa Roy-Mukherjee (University of East London); Finn-Ole Semrau (IFW, Kiel Institute for the World Economy); Anca M. Voicu (Rollins College) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses data for Indian firms over the period 1987 to 2016 to estimate a panel data model that considers firm heterogeneity to estimate the relationship between energy intensity and internationalization strategies of the firm. Both, the extensive and intensive margins of exports are considered as explanatory factors of energy intensity together with a number of control variables including estimated total factor productivity, foreign ownership, size and innovation activities. The main results indicate that exporters are more energy efficient than non-exporters and that there is heterogeneity between industries. More energy-intensity industries present a higher reduction in energy intensity for exporters in comparison to non-exporters. |
| Keywords: | Indian firms; energy intensity; exporting firms; trade liberalization; panel data |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inf:wpaper:2020.01&r=all |
| By: | Masako Ikefuji; Jan R. Magnus |
| Abstract: | A Bayesian typically uses data and a prior to produce a posterior. In practice, the data and the posterior are often observed but not the prior. We shall follow the opposite route, using data and the posterior information to reveal the prior. We then apply this theory to (equilibrium) climate sensitivity as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in an attempt to get some insight into their prior beliefs. It appears that the IPCC scientists have agreed a priori on a value for the climate equilibrium between 3 and 4 degrees Celsius, while judging the occurrence of a real disaster much more likely than the previous report predicts. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:1111&r=all |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the literature on the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in oil extraction communities of developing countries. It specifically examines the impact of Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) interventions of multinational oil companies (MOCs) on preventing a resurgence of violence in the Ogoniland of Nigeria. One thousand, two hundred respondent households were sampled across the six kingdoms of Ogoniland. Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching (PSM) and logit model show that GMoUs of MOCs generate significant reductions on key drivers of insurgence in Ogoniland. This suggests that taking on more Cluster Development Boards (CDBs) should form the basis for CSR practice in Ogoniland with the objective of equipping young people with entrepreneurship skills, creating employment, promoting environmental clean-up, and checking the return of violent conflicts. This in turn provides the enabling environment for businesses to thrive in the Nigeria’s oil producing region. |
| Keywords: | Oil extraction, Resurgence of violence, Corporate social responsibility, Propensity matching score, Logit model, Nigeria’s Ogoniland |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/088&r=all |
| By: | Kene Boun My; Phu Nguyen-Van; Thi Kim Cuong Pham; Anne Stenger; Tuyen Tiet; Nguyen To-The |
| Abstract: | This study examines farmers’ investments in organic farming using the data from a contextualized lab-in-the-field experiment in Northern Vietnam. We analyze how network structures, information nudge and social comparison between farmers impact their decisions. Results show that networks play a key role in encouraging the adoption of organic farming. However, this effect differs depending on the type of network (circle, star or complete), indicating that the role of individuals and the number of individual connections matter. We find that the cooperation incentivized by social comparison can be more easily achieved in decentralized networks like circle networks than in star networks or complete networks. Our results suggest that policymakers can rely on social interaction and social comparison between farmers as well as on information nudge to encourage farmers to make decisions that support sustainable agriculture in Vietnam. |
| Keywords: | Lab-in-the-field; Network; Nudge; Organic agriculture; Social comparison.. |
| JEL: | C91 C93 O13 Q12 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2020-54&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - Municipal Financial Management Urban Development - Urban Governance and Management Urban Development - Urban Water & Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management Finance and Financial Sector Development - Public & Municipal Finance |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33783&r=all |