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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Vo, Xuan |
| Abstract: | There is a glaring concern of income inequality in the light of the post-2015 global development agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially for countries that are in the south of the Sahara. There are also concerns over the present and future consequences of environmental degradation on development outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study provides carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions thresholds that should be avoided in the nexus between financial development and income inequality in a panel of 39 countries in SSA over the period 2004-2014. Quantile regressions are used as an empirical strategy. The following findings are established. Financial development unconditionally decreases income inequality with an increasing negative magnitude while the interactions between financial development and CO2 emissions have the opposite effect with an increasing positive magnitude. The underlying nexuses are significant exclusively in the median and top quantiles of the income inequality distribution. CO2 emission thresholds that should not be exceeded in order for financial development to continuously reduce income inequality are 0.222, 0.200 and 0.166 metric tons per capita for the median, 75th quantile and 90th quantile of the income inequality distribution, respectively. Policy implications are discussed with particular relevance to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Inequality; Finance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | H10 O11 O55 Q20 Q30 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103233&r=all |
| By: | Barbier , Edward B. |
| Abstract: | Since the 1950s, as economics has responded to new environmental challenges, views on natural resource scarcity have also evolved. Three distinct phases are discernible in this evolution. From the 1950s through the 1970s, the “Resource Depletion Era”, the concern was mainly with the environment as a source of key natural resources and a sink for waste, and thus the focus was on whether there were physical “limits” on the availability of resources as economies expand and populations grow. From the 1970s to the end of the 20th century, the “Environmental Public Goods Era”, attention shifted to the state of environment and processes of environmental degradation, such as climate change, deforestation, watershed degradation, desertification and acid rain, that resulted in loss of global and local environmental public goods and their important non-market values. Since 2000, the “Ecological Scarcity Era” has seen a growing concern with the state of the world’s ecosystems and Earth system processes, and shifted focus back to possible “limits” to economic and population expansion, but now with the emphasis on potential “planetary boundary” constraints on human activity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305259&r=all |
| By: | Fatica, Serena (European Commission); Panzica, Roberto (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | While green bonds are becoming increasingly popular in the corporate finance practice, little is known about their implications and effectiveness in terms of issuers' environmental engagement. Using matched bond-issuer data, we test whether green bond issues are associated to a reduction in total and direct (scope 1) emissions of non-financial companies. We find that, compared to conventional bond issuers with similar financial characteristics and environmental ratings, green issuers display a decrease in the carbon intensity of their assets after borrowing on the green segment. The decrease in emissions is more pronounced, significant and long-lasting when we exclude green bonds with refinancing purposes, which is consistent with an increase in the volume of climate friendly activities due to new projects. We also find a larger reduction in emissions in case of green bonds that have external review, as well as those issued after the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | climate change, green bonds, impact investing, corporate sustainability, environment |
| JEL: | G12 Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202010&r=all |
| By: | Rickels, Wilfried; Proelß, Alexander; Geden, Oliver; Burhenne, Julian; Fridahl, Mathias |
| Abstract: | Under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), operators must surrender allowances corresponding to the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from their installations. The supply of allowances in the EU ETS decreases linearly and, all else equal, is expected to end around 2057. An earlier cut-off date is likely to follow from the European Council's recent decision that the EU should reach net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. Scenarios published by the European Commission even anticipate a net-negative cap in the EU ETS from 2045 onwards, generated through carbon dioxide (CO2) removals. Upholding emissions trading, in the long run, therefore entails significant use of credits resulting from atmospheric CO2 removal activities. However, in its current form, the ETS Directive does not contain any legal basis for generating CO2 removal credits. Integrating CO2 removal into the EU ETS would, thus, require fundamental amendments of the ETS Directive, waiving the currently mandatory association binding emitting activities to the adoption of emission abatement technologies. The next policy window for such amendments will open in 2021, following the decision on a more ambitious EU 2030 emission reduction target. This conceptual paper explores various design options for integrating negative emissions technologies (NETs) into the EU ETS. We discuss their potential implications for emissions trading at large and address the specificity of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS); repealing the provision that installations exclusively using biomass are not covered by the ETS Directive, BE(CCS) installations could in principle fall within the scope of the ETS Directive. Theoretically, it would be possible to consider free allocation of biogenic credits to BE(CCS) installations. Bioenergy operators could avoid having to surrender these biogenic allowances through the use of CCS and instead sell them on the EU ETS market, having implicitly received credits for the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. |
| Keywords: | European Emission Trading,Carbon Dioxide Removal,Negative Emission Technologies |
| JEL: | K33 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2164&r=all |
| By: | Nobel, Anne; Lizin, Sebastien; Brouwer, Roy; Stern, David; B. Bruns, Stephan; Malina, Robert |
| Abstract: | Anthropogenic climate change is expected to be a major driver of worldwide biodiversity losses. Non-use values can play an important role in the evaluation of strategies to combat these losses or to reduce anthropogenic climate change. However, non-use values may not be transferrable across contexts with different pressures on biodiversity. Contrary to expectations in economic theory, they may be determined not only by outcomes, but also by what causes the outcomes. Given that no extant studies have specifically estimated the willingness to pay (WTP) for reducing the impact of climate change on biodiversity, we compare the WTP more generally for reducing anthropogenic and natural pressures on biodiversity. We conduct a meta-regression analysis informed by data obtained from stated preferences studies focusing on non-use values of biodiversity conservation. We assess whether non-use values for improving or avoiding losses of habitats and species are affected by policy responses addressing anthropogenic or natural pressures. We estimate meta-regression models in which we explain the variation in biodiversity non-use values by accounting for the observed heterogeneity in good, methodology, sample, and context characteristics. We estimate meta-regression models using 159 observations from 62 publications. The models suggest that non-use values for biodiversity conservation addressing anthropogenic pressures may be 95–131 percent larger than those facing natural pressures. We also find that non-use values are generally not sensitive to habitat types or the scope of species preservation. The evaluation of climate policy in terms of biodiversity non-use values should be based on valuations of the effect of anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity, instead of inferring these benefits from a wide variety of existing studies. Furthermore, there is a clear need for additional valuation research focusing on estimating non-use values, specifically for climate change-induced biodiversity losses. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305246&r=all |
| By: | Srihitha Baswapoor (MA Environmental Economics(student), Madras School of Economics); Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Coral reefs are the most ancient and diverse eco-systems on earth, occupying less than 1 percent of the ocean floor and host more than 25 percent of all known marine species of the world. Reefs provide wide range of economic and environmental services to millions of people. Despite their immense importance, coral reefs are being damaged and destroyed due to natural and anthropogenic activities. If the same situation continues, by 2030, 90 percent of the reefs will be in danger and are likely to cause hunger, poverty and political instability around the world as the livelihoods of millions of people would disappear. In this context, studying the status of coral reefs and increasing threats to them becomes extremely important. The objective of this study is to focus on the exploitation of corals, understand their importance and analyse government policies intended for its conservation and management. The reef formation in India is restricted to four major centres Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Reefs provide ecosystem services such as provisional, regulatory, cultural and supporting services. Climate change impacts of coral reefs are coral bleaching, sea level rise, stronger storms, ocean acidification and ozone layer depletion. The current law and policy framework for coral reefs in India is virtually non-existent except its protection through five Marine Protected Areas. Brief insights into international policy framework on coral reefs indicates that Australia has done a lot towards private sector involvement and local community participation in conservation of coral reefs, both of which India lacks. Similarly, Indonesia has good public awareness campaigns and capacity building programmes which could be implemented in India to improve reefs. Major policy suggestion made for improving the coral reef ecosystems in India is to have a separate legal status for them so as to regulate and prevent harmful activities |
| Keywords: | Coral reefs, Conservation, Ecosystem services, Climate change and Policy |
| JEL: | Q22 Q25 Q26 Q57 Q58 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-175&r=all |
| By: | Anubhab Pattanayak (Lecturer, Madras School of Economics); K. S. Kavi Kumar (Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | With the objective of assessing climatic impacts at the regional (i.e., subnational) level, past studies employing statistical models have largely followed the approach of uniformly applying the climate response function estimated at the aggregate (national) level to extrapolate/interpolate the impacts for the region(s) of interest. Although impact estimates based on this approach could loosely indicate the magnitude of regional impacts (or at the least the direction of such impacts), they may exhibit significant overestimation or underestimation of the true regional impacts. Thus, following this approach could be misleading and will be inappropriate if the objective is effective adaptation planning and policy implementation at the regional level to withstand future climate change impacts. The present study is an extension of this literature and examines the above issue through an assessment of regional weather sensitivity of rice crop in the Indian context. Using disaggregated (district) level weather and non-weather data during 1969-2007 and region-specific rice growing season information, the crop-yield response functions for two dominant rice growing regions (East and South) are estimated. The study finds significant adverse effects of higher daytime temperature during all phases of crop growth on rice yield for both regions. However, the effects of higher nighttime temperature and rainfall across growth phases tend to differ across regions. The paper then examines whether an aggregate (all-India) response function represents well the regional impacts on rice yield due to a hypothetical scenario of pre-1960 climatic conditions prevailing during the period of study. Accordingly, comparison is made between regional impacts simulated using the all-India yield response function and impacts simulated using the region-specific yield response functions. The analysis suggests that regional impacts are overestimated when simulated using an all-India yield response function instead of using the region-specific yield response function. Regional impacts simulation results indicate that the average yield loss for the Southern and the iv Eastern regions due to past changes in climate has been to the tune of 8 per cent and 5 per cent respectively. Regional distribution of impacts shows that majority of districts in each region, especially in the East, suffered yield losses due to climate change in the past. The study highlights the need to conduct regional crop-weather sensitivity assessment using region-specific characteristics to understand regional vulnerability to climatic and non-climatic stressors and for region-level adaptation planning to tackle climate change. |
| Keywords: | Rice; India; Climate Change; Regional Impacts; Poverty |
| JEL: | Q10 Q54 R50 I30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-162&r=all |
| By: | Ramelli, Stefano (University of Zurich); Ossola, Elisa (European Commission); Rancan, Michela (Universita Politecnica delle Marche) |
| Abstract: | The First Global Climate Strike on March 15, 2019 has represented a historical turn in climate activism. We investigate the cross-section of European stock price reactions to this event. Looking at a large sample of European firms, we find that the unanticipated success of this event caused a substantial stock price reaction on high-carbon intensity companies. These findings are likely driven by an update of investors' beliefs about the level of environmental social norms in the economy and the anticipation of future developments of climate regulation. |
| Keywords: | climate risks, stock returns, event study, environmental preferences, sustainable finance, investor attention |
| JEL: | Q01 G14 G23 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202003&r=all |
| By: | Adu-Gyamfi, Richard; Asongu, Simplice; Mmusi, Tinaye; Wamalwa, Herbert; Mangori, Madei |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research is to assess the extent to which export processing zones in Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe integrate the Sustainable Development Goals in their implementation and operations. We focused on four Sustainable Development Goals—gender equality, decent work, industry, and climate action. We interviewed four zone authorities, one in each country. A total of 12 firms in the agro-processing, textiles and garments, construction, and real estate sectors were also interviewed. All four zone authorities demonstrate a measure of environmental inclusiveness in their zone programmes. We found that firms in Kenya and Zimbabwe have a higher number of male than female employees, while zones in Tanzania employ more women. We propose that to promote sustainable development in these zones, policy action should concentrate on attracting firms that (are willing and able to) align with the particular Sustainable Development Goal that zone programmes are intended to achieve. |
| Keywords: | export processing zones, sustainable development, Botswana, Kenya, Southern Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe |
| JEL: | O25 O55 O57 Q01 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103227&r=all |
| By: | Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics); Venkatachalam; Jayakumar S; Satarup Rakshit |
| Abstract: | Land use/cover change is a major factor for global change because of its interactions with climate, ecosystem processes, biodiversity, and, even more important, human activities, research on land use/cover change has become an important aspect of global change. The present research paper aims to investigate the land use changes over the time period, 2005 to 2014, in the Ousteri wetland. The information collected through the ecological, hydrological and geological analysis was used to carry out the quantitative research on Ousteri wetland land use/cover change. The temporal changes of land use characteristics were quantitatively analyzed and then the driving forces of land use changes were examined based on natural and artificial factors. As the result of natural factors and human disturbances, the area of wetland shrunk, bringing the conversion from wetland to terrestrial land use type. The annual conversion rates indicated the land use changes in Ousteri wetland. |
| Keywords: | Land use cover, Ousteri wetland, Dynamic Degree model, Ecosystem modification |
| JEL: | O13 Q15 Q56 N55 R11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-156&r=all |
| By: | Mehling, M.; Ritz, R. |
| Abstract: | As part of its Green Deal, the European Union is currently preparing a “Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism” (CBAM). A CBAM applies carbon pricing to imports with the objective of mitigating concerns about carbon leakage. To reduce complexity, it is likely the EU will rely on “default” values in determining the carbon intensity of imports to which its CBAM will apply. In this paper, we suggest that a CBAM based solely on default intensities runs counter to the economic logic of carbon pricing by distorting the incentives for emissions abatement. Instead we propose a CBAM design with a voluntary “individual adjustment mechanism” (IAM) that allows producers to demonstrate that their actual carbon intensity lies below the default value. We argue that the use of an IAM captures additional economic benefits of carbon pricing—notably providing more efficient abatement incentives—and improves the overall legal prospects of a CBAM being found to comply with international law and WTO rules. We discuss practical considerations around the implementation of an IAM, and illustrate with a short case study on the steel sector. |
| Keywords: | Border carbon adjustment, carbon pricing, Green Deal, international law, international trade |
| JEL: | H23 K33 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2087&r=all |
| By: | Brown, Pike; Walsh, Patrick; Booth, Pam |
| Abstract: | The literature on belief regarding climate is extensive, with results showing that both personal characteristics and personal experience with the effects of climate change strongly influence future expectations. The vast majority of studies rely on cross sectional data, making it difficult to ascertain the durability of expectations regarding future climate or the effect of additional environmental cues on beliefs. The few panel studies of which we are aware exploit extreme weather events to find evidence of “confirmation bias”, in which additional environmental signalling reinforces existing beliefs. In contrast, we evaluate how normal fluctuations in soil moisture causally impact expectations of future drought using a panel of New Zealand farmers. We find that environmental cues such as soil moisture scarcely affect expectations of respondents who already expected future drought to increase but that soil moisture strongly influences respondents who did not. In particular, drier soils are associated with higher expectations of future drought among these former sceptics, whether they previously believed that future drought would decrease or simply would not change. Thus, as New Zealand moves toward IPCC forecasts of more frequent and more severe drought, farmers, foresters, and growers will increasingly agree with the scientific consensus, raising the likelihood of both farm-level and public action. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305239&r=all |
| By: | Massimiliano Mazzanti (University of Ferrara; SEEDS, Italy); Antonio Musolesi (University of Ferrara; SEEDS, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Innovation is a primary engine of sustainable growth. This paper provides a new semiparametric econometric policy evaluation framework and estimates a green knowledge production function for a large, 30-year panel dataset of high-income countries. Because of the high degree of uncertainty surrounding the data-generating process and the likely presence of nonlinearities and latent common factors, the paper considers semiparametric panel specifications that extend interactive fixed effects fully parametric models such as the multifactor error model and the random trend model. It also adopts a recently proposed information criterion for smooth model selection to compare these semiparametric models and their parametric counterparts. The results indicate that (1) the semiparametric additive specification with individual time trends is the preferred model, (2) threshold effects and nonlinearities are relevant features of the data that are obscured in parametric specifications, and (3) the effect of environmental policy is significant and clearly heterogeneous when modeled as a nonparametric function of certain knowledge inputs. The evidence shows a relevant nonlinear policy inducement effect occurring through R&D investments. |
| Keywords: | green knowledge generation, environmental policy, heterogeneous policy effect, large panels, interactive fixed effects, spline functions, model selection. |
| JEL: | C14 C23 C52 O3 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:1420&r=all |
| By: | Pannell, David; Florec , Veronique; Dempster, Fiona |
| Abstract: | Wildfires in Australia regularly cause major losses of life, property, water resources, wildlife and habitat. Various mitigation options exists and are applied to varying degrees across Australia, including : prescribed burning, land-use planning, retrofitting houses to reduce their flammability, and fire breaks. We have undertaken economic analyses of these options for diverse case studies in four Australian states and New Zealand. Fire economics is about trade-offs between various costs (of risk mitigation, fire suppression, and losses due to fire). Prescribed burning (PB) is often worth doing but it is not a panacea. The big costs are from catastrophic fires, but PB makes little difference to them. Even so, the main benefits of PB can be from small effects on catastrophic fires. The optimal area of prescribed burning is not clear-cut but around 5% per year is indicated in several of our case studies. Fire risk is highly sensitive to weather so climate change is relevant. Land-use planning to keep assets out of the highest risk areas has been under-emphasised in the current debate. Retrofitting has costs well in excess of benefits in two cases studies. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305260&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report reviews progress on technical standards for heavy vehicles that could enable trucks and buses with zero or near-zero emissions. It focuses on plug-in and fuel cell electric vehicles that use technologies at the forefront of green and inclusive economic development. It includes information on technical standards on charging and refueling infrastructure, and identifies remaining barriers and opportunities for their future development. The report offers valuable insights for all stakeholders involved in the transition to carbon-free mobility and clean energy. |
| Date: | 2020–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:77-en&r=all |
| By: | Jafino,Bramka Arga; Walsh,Brian James; Rozenberg,Julie; Hallegatte,Stephane |
| Abstract: | Thousands of scenarios are used to provide updated estimates for the impacts of climate change on extreme poverty in 2030. The range of the number of people falling into poverty due to climate change is between 32 million and 132 million in most scenarios. These results are commensurate with available estimates for the global poverty increase due to COVID-19. Socioeconomic drivers play a major role: optimistic baseline scenarios (rapid and inclusive growth with universal access to basic services in 2030) halve poverty impacts compared with the pessimistic baselines. Health impacts (malaria, diarrhea, and stunting) and the effect of food prices are responsible for most of the impact. The effect of food prices is the most important factor in Sub-Saharan Africa, while health effects, natural disasters, and food prices are all important in South Asia. These results suggest that accelerated action to boost resilience is urgent, and the COVID-19 recovery packages offer opportunities to do so. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Science of Climate Change,Climate Change and Health,Climate Change and Environment,Climate Change Impacts,Social Aspects of Climate Change,Health Care Services Industry |
| Date: | 2020–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9417&r=all |
| By: | Samyuktha Ashokkumar (MA Environmental Economics(student), Madras School of Economics); Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Mangroves are one of the world’s most productive ecosystems which are at present in it’s threatened state. They provide a wide range of goods and services some of which have a direct value but more often provides many indirect benefits that seem to be hidden. The indiscriminate and exploitative nature towards extracting it’s resources have led to severe loss in area throughout the world. In India, Mangroves were exploited indiscriminately during the 1960s.Traditionally considered as wastelands and dump yards, its importance were understood only over time. Hence, active conservation and regeneration activities were undertaken since the beginning of 1980s, yet the present area cover is only a modest remaining of the past. Such activities are undertaken by both the government in terms of legislative measures and active local community involvement. In addition, threats from Global Climate Change pose additional concerns for it’s regeneration and restoration. The paper throws light on the status of mangrove cover in India, the benefits, threats and the existing policy framework .Existing legal and non-legal measures pose their own shortcomings and drawbacks in terms of lack of effective implementation of many such policies, lax of local communities towards continuous restoration activities, improper resources allocations between the two and thus lays the path for some measures that could in turn be adopted as lessons learnt from international case study examples |
| Keywords: | Mangroves, Conservation, Ecosystem services, Climate change and Policy |
| JEL: | Q22 Q25 Q26 Q50 Q57 Q58 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-174&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Pierre Amigues (Toulouse School of Economics (INRA)); Ujjayant Chakravorty (Tufts University and Toulouse School of Economics); Gilles Lafforgue (Toulouse Business School); Michel Moreaux (Toulouse School of Economics) |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy mandates; Fossil fuels; Energy transition; Subsi- dies; Carbon tax |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2020.18&r=all |
| By: | Santosh Kumar Sahu (Assistant Professor, Madras School of Economics); Arjun Shatrunjay (Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The paper attempts to understand the significance of the Green Solow Model, in the context of a developing country such as India. It gives particular importance to the role of population density, in understanding the drawbacks of the Green Solow Model. It further extends the argument to analyse the impacts of the emission regulations on a developing country, by proving relationship between price level on one hand, and abatement costs and emissions on the other. Lastly, interactions between countries, given different price scenarios are studied. |
| Keywords: | Green Solow Model, abatement costs, technology, emission regulations, India |
| JEL: | C70 O44 Q52 Q56 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-160&r=all |
| By: | Isabelle Chort (CATT - Centre d'Analyse Théorique et de Traitement des données économiques - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour); Maëlys de la Rupelle (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université, CRED - Centre de recherche en économie du développement - UNamur - Université de Namur [Namur]) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses state-level data on migration flows between Mexico and the U.S. from 1999 to 2011 to investigate the migration response to climate shocks and the mitigating impact of an agricultural cash-transfer program (PROCAMPO) and a disaster fund (Fonden). While lower than average precipitations increase undocumented migration, especially from the most agricultural states, Fonden amounts decrease the undocumented migration response to abnormally low precipitations during the dry season. Changes equalizing the distribution of PROCAMPO and favoring vulnerable producers in the non irrigated ejido sector mitigate the impact of droughts on migration, especially for a high initial level of inequality. |
| Keywords: | International migration,Climate,Public policies,Weather variability,Natural disasters,Mexico-U.S. migration,Inequality |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02938034&r=all |
| By: | Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics); Venkatachalam; Jayakumar S; Satarup Rakshit |
| Abstract: | Wetlands play a key role in the ecological conservation, in environmental quality improvement, and in human habitat environment improvement. Primer field investigations, primary survey and series of stakeholder meetings were utilised to valuate the performance of the wetland. It was done using the complex index system covering wider aspect to correlate the comparative status of both Tamil Nadu and Puducherry zone of the Ousteri wetland. Compared with the researches applying the ecosystem service evaluation method, the proposed scoring method in this study can evaluate on some important performance indices (aquatic vegetation coverage, plant community integrity, integrity of management operating system, stakeholders feedback on the wetland protection, public satisfaction) that cannot be ignored and unable to be transformed to a monetary form. The Delphi method was used to screen preset 35 subindicators prior to evaluation. By using Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process method, as well as the weighted linear combination model, the ecological-economic-social performances were obtained. This indices system was applied to the case of Ousteri wetland with respect to Puducherry and Tamil Nadu scenario separately. With the help of the Evaluation Index system (EIS) established in this study, decision makers can obtain more omni-visual information so that an ecological subsidy policy by incorporating rewards and punishments mechanisms according to the performance evaluations can be formulated to enable the greatest returns on investment in the wetland conservative measure. |
| Keywords: | Wetland, Performance Evaluation, Evaluation Index System, Conservation |
| JEL: | O13 Q15 Q56 N55 R11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-155&r=all |
| By: | Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics); Divya Jain,; Ashwin Ram; Satarup Rakshit |
| Abstract: | Due to rapid economic expansion, India has one of the world's fastest growing energy markets and is expected to be the second-largest contributor to the increase in global energy demand by 2035, accounting for 18% of the rise in global energy consumption. Household sector is one of the largest users of energy in India, counting for about 30 per cent of final energy consumption (excluding energy used for transport) reflecting the importance of that sector in total national energy scenario. The pattern of household energy consumption represents the status of welfare as well as the stage of economic development. Household energy consumption is expected to increase in future along with growth in economy and rise in per capita incomes. This paper analysis the manifold aspects of anthropogenic activities with focus on household characteristics influencing the residential carbon dioxide emissions. Data on expenditure incurred for purchase used for both indoor and outdoor use as well as the socio-economic indicators have been taken into account to estimate their contribution to the level of emissions. The various indicators of household expenditure have been categorized separately under technological innovations, affluence, household demographics, biophysical characteristics and control variables. The theories of Ecological Modernization, Political Economy and Human Ecology have been highlighted to discuss the significance of household energy consumption pattern. Household income in India has increased considerably in line with economic growth over the last decades. In this study, household data has been extracted from India Human Development Survey- II (IHDS – II), 2011- 12 which is a cross sectional survey conducted by ICPSR 36151. The expenditures on energy consumption and emission factors are to a great extent influenced by the factors that are beyond the control of humans such as development trends regarding urban forms and infrastructure. In this study we have used household data which makes it an expanding literature to anthropogenic environmental degradation |
| Keywords: | urbanization, carbon emission, ecological modernization, energy consumption, economic expansion, human ecology, political economy |
| JEL: | C01 O31 Q4 Q55 Q18 R21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-169&r=all |
| By: | Grazia PACILLO |
| Abstract: | Is climate variability regressive? One argument could be as follows: People living in areas with high risk of climate hazards usually correspond to the most disadvantaged populations. Due to existing structural inequalities, they have limited opportunities to cope with climate hazards and often fall into a spiral of further poverty and social exclusion. In this paper, we investigate whether climate variability indeed has a regressive effect in Vietnam and Indonesia where both climate variability and inequality have been increasing. We directly analyse the effect of annual and seasonal temperature on income and income inequality across years. |
| Keywords: | Indonésie, Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en11522&r=all |
| By: | Buckwell, Andrew; Fleming, Christopher; Muurmans, Maggie; Smart, James; Mackey, Brendan |
| Abstract: | Communities in Pacific small island states face a range of threats to their management of natural resources, exacerbated by change-related risks, all against the backdrop of social and economic transition. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) describes a class of interventions that manage climatic change-related risks, which is argued to be relevant for such communities. Understanding local constraints and enabling conditions for EbA implementation is important in informing project implementation. We used Q-methodology to reveal principle discourses within a community in Vanuatu and among stakeholders with knowledge of the challenges confronting that community. We analysed stakeholders to determine whether particularly-held discourses correlate with demographic attributes. Our research revealed three principle discourses we called Strong Kastom, Kastom + Health and Tentative Modernity. Perspectives from each discourse need to be taken into account when identifying and evaluating adaptation options. Our results suggest adaptation interventions are more likely to resonate with the community if they support customary natural resource management, reflect traditional knowledge, provide opportunities for generating income, and promote gender equity in decision-making. Our results also suggest external practitioners do not necessarily consider income generation as being important to community livelihoods. Ignoring a community’s perspectives, values, and priorities risks undermining the viability of EbA projects. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305231&r=all |
| By: | Elsasser, Peter; Rock, Joachim; Rüter, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Eine Honorierung von Umweltleistungen der Forstwirtschaft wird in letzter Zeit verstärkt gefordert; u. a. wurden jüngst vier unterschiedliche Honorierungsvorschläge zur Diskussion gestellt, welche insbesondere an der Klimaschutzleistung der Wälder anknüpfen. Im vorliegenden Arbeitsbericht werden die möglichen Auswirkungen dieser vier Vorschläge abgeschätzt und verglichen. Diskutiert werden mögliche Anreiz- und Verteilungseffekte; Auswirkungen auf Forstbetriebe, nachgelagerte Märkte und das bestehende Fördersystem; die jeweiligen Kriterien zur Klimastabilisierung der Wälder; die Administrierbarkeit der Vorschläge; sowie die Fragen, wieweit die Vorschläge mit Regeln des internationalen Klimaregimes vereinbar sind und inwieweit sie die tatsächliche (evidenzbasierte) CO2-Bilanz von Wald und Holz abbilden. |
| Keywords: | Wald,Ökosystemleistungen,Klimaschutz,Honorierung,Folgenabschätzung,forestry,ecosystem services,climate protection,subsidisation,impact assessment |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:151&r=all |
| By: | Hannah Goozee (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "The seventh goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is dedicated to ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all by 2030. While energy was only implicit in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the SDGs emphasise the direct linkage between household energy access and consumption and poverty and development. This attention is closely related to the expanded understanding of poverty, as it moves beyond a monetary definition, to be seen as a holistic measure of overall quality of life". (...) |
| Keywords: | Energy, poverty, Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:oparab:351&r=all |
| By: | Ordoñez, Pablo J. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304284&r=all |
| By: | Ekong, Olabisi |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304541&r=all |
| By: | Wilts, Rienne; Latka, Catharina; Britz, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | Climate change impacts on agricultural production will shape the challenges of reaching food security and reducing poverty across households in the future. Existing literature lacks analysis of these impacts on different household groups under consideration of changing socio-economic developments. Here, we analyze how crop yield shifts induced by climate change will affect different household types in three low and low middle-income countries, namely Vietnam, Ethiopia and Bolivia. The long-run analysis is based on a recursive-dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model. We first construct a baseline scenario projecting global socio-economic developments up to 2050. From there, we implement business-as-usual climate change shocks on crop yields. In the baseline, all households benefit from welfare increases over time. Adding climate change induced yield changes reveals impacts different in size and direction depending on the level of the households’ income and on the share of income generated in agriculture. We find that the composition of the factor income is of large importance for the vulnerability of households to climate change, as, the loss for non-agricultural households is highest in absolute terms. The complementary comparative static analysis shows smaller absolute and relative effects for most households as the differentiated factor income growth over time is not considered, which makes household types more or less vulnerable. A sensitivity analysis varying the severity of climate change impacts on yields confirms that more negative yield shifts exacerbate the situation of the most vulnerable households. Furthermore, it underlines that yield shocks on staple crops are of major importance for the welfare effect. Our findings reveal the need for differentiated interventions to mitigate consequences especially for the most vulnerable households. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2020–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubfred:305631&r=all |
| By: | Kitts, Nolan; Bush, Glenn |
| Abstract: | The Conserv Project, started by the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), aims to establish a novel market-based mechanism in the state of Mato Grosso which incentivizes farmers to conserve land that could otherwise be legally deforested. This study applies a choice experiment (CE) to elicit a farmer’s willingness to accept (WTA) compensation indirectly, by asking respondents to choose between strategically designed alternatives, assuming that people's’ preferences are revealed through the choices they make. CEs have become an increasingly popular method to generate information to support the design of environmental markets. The CE survey was implemented in two distinct and interrelated parts. Part 1 composed of focus group discussion exercises to establish the key attributes of the mechanism which would influence farmer decision and their levels, as well as explore other operational aspects of the program affecting the design of the CE. Phase 2 was the implementation of the CE in the Araguaia Valley utilizing a sample of 40 farmers split between cattle ranchers and soy producers. In conclusion, the choice model estimated provides encouraging results. From the limited sample in this preliminary study, model results clearly show that both livestock and soy farmers are likely to be responsive to a market mechanism as proposed by the Conserv project at least in the short to medium term. However, to get widespread adoption the precise policy mechanisms need to be adapted to the specific conditions of heterogeneous rural farm businesses in the two production classes. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305237&r=all |
| By: | Doidge, Mary |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304369&r=all |
| By: | Petcharat, Areeyapat; Lee, Yohan |
| Abstract: | Bang Ka Chao, the largest green area in the Bangkok metropolitan area, delivers significant ecosystem services to sustain society free of charge. It is therefore difficult to achieve socially optimal services because of inefficient allocation of resources, over-consumption, and negative externalities resulting from market failures. This study assesses the value, or consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP), for enhanced ecosystem services from the Bang Ka Chao Green Area and to investigate factors influencing the WTP of Bangkok residents. The choice experiment approach was applied by interviewing 200 respondents living in the Bangkok metropolitan area. The data were collected between July and September 2016 and analyzed using a conditional logit model. The results reveal that the respondents are willing to pay USD41.5 per year to improve the ecosystem services provided by the Green Area. The respondents identified air purification as the most important service, while food products and recreational benefits were somewhat important, and bird habitat was the least important. We therefore suggest that the government take immediate steps to establish restoration projects with the concrete objective of enhancing regulating services, especially air purification. Traditional agricultural practices (mixed fruit orchards), agroforestry, and agritourism should also be implemented and promoted in the green area. Therefore, a payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme funded by Bangkok and recreational users should be a possible approach to guarantee the quality of the ecosystem services provided by the landowners within the Bang Ka Chao Green Area. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305234&r=all |
| By: | Elena Kühne (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | This One Pager examines social protection's role in building climate resilience based on evidence from the Garantia Safra programme, a public index-based climate risk insurance scheme in Brazil. |
| Keywords: | protection; resilience; climate change adaptation; disaster risk management; climate risk insurance; smallholders; rural development; Garantia Safra |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:445&r=all |
| By: | Zhao, Xiaobing |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304371&r=all |
| By: | Shiraj, Molla Mursaleen |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304396&r=all |
| By: | Kevin Techer (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon) |
| Abstract: | We consider a class of social cost problems where one polluter interacts with an arbitrary number of potential victims. Agents are supposed to cooperate and negotiate an optimal pollution level together with monetary transfers. We examine multi-choice cooperative games associated with a social cost problem and an assignment (or mapping) of rights. We introduce a class of mappings of rights that takes into account the pollution intensity and we consider three properties on mappings of rights: core compatibility, Kaldor-Hicks core compatibility and no veto power for a victim. We demonstrate that there exist only two families of mappings of rights that satisfy core compatibility. However, no mapping of rights satisfies Kaldor-Hicks core compatibility and no veto power for a victim. |
| Keywords: | Externality,Liability rules,Multi-choice cooperative game,Core |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02939246&r=all |
| By: | Moffette, Fanny; Alix-Garcia, Jennifer; Shea, Katherine; Hudson Pickens, Amy |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304666&r=all |
| By: | Gocht, Alexander; Consmüller, Nicola; Thom, Ferike; Grethe, Harald |
| Abstract: | Genome edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulation, however, diverges regarding the classification of genome edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome edited crops, while in the European Union they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish products from genome edited plants compared to non-genome edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose to not import anymore agricultural and food products based on crops, for which genome edited varieties are available. As a consequence, crop products, for which the EU is currently a net importer, would become more expensive in the EU and production would intensify. Furthermore, strong substitu-tion among products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production and trade. We analyse the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy on the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CA-PRI. Our results indicate that effects on agricultural and food prices as well as farm income are strong, and the intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as increases in global greenhouse gas emissions. This suggests that the trade effects should be taken into account when developing domestic regulation for genome edited crops. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:305512&r=all |
| By: | Li, Liqing; Ando, Amy W. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304235&r=all |
| By: | Pierre Magontier |
| Abstract: | While natural hazards have never been so frequent in modern history, the political economy of disaster preparation remains largely understudied. To prepare for natural disasters, local governments can adopt mitigation measures (e.g., infrastructure elevation, retrofitting, shelter construction, etc.). However, in doing so, there is a trade-off between risk reduction and risk disclosure as these initiatives may signal latent dangers of a place to unsuspecting homebuyers. Increased media coverage may ease this trade-off by revealing these dormant risks. I develop a measure of newspaper coverage of storms using data on newspapers’ circulation and occurrence of storms at the ZIP code level in the United States. Using the variation in this measure, I identify the effects of heightened media attention on local governments’ mitigation efforts under the Hazard Mitigation Grant program managed by FEMA. I find that when newspaper coverage is high, jurisdictions that have experienced severe storms tend to implement significantly more mitigation projects. Conversely, when coverage of storms is low, jurisdictions do not undertake mitigation projects after being hit by a storm. My results are primarily driven by ZIP codes with high pre-treatment levels of vacant housing units, housing units occupied by renters, and housing units owned with a mortgage. I argue that local governments may be strategically underinvesting in disaster preparation to avoid revealing their jurisdictions’ inherent risk to otherwise uninformed property investors. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rdv:wpaper:credresearchpaper29&r=all |
| By: | Kwon, Ohyun (School of Economics LeBow College of Business Drexel University); Zhao, Hao (Chapman University); Zhao, Min Qiang (MOE Key Laboratory of Econometrics) |
| Abstract: | This paper finds that both importing and exporting can effectively reduce firm-level emission intensities. In our theoretical contribution, we develop a model in which firms endogenously determine whether or not to import foreign intermediate inputs and the extent of investment in emissions abatement. The model shows that the complementarity between import and abatement decisions reduces firm-level emission intensities when firms import foreign intermediate inputs. In our empirical contribution, we estimate a theory-guided regression model using Chinese firm-level data on emissions and trade. Our IV regression results show that when a firm starts importing, its emission intensities drop by approximately 30% across the types of emissions that we study. The estimate of the export margin, despite being statistically significant in the OLS results, appears to be more sensitive to regression specification in the IV results and is lower in magnitude than that of the import margin |
| Keywords: | International trade; Emissions; China |
| JEL: | D22 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:drxlwp:2020_013&r=all |
| By: | Li, Zhiyun |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304650&r=all |
| By: | Elena Kühne (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | Esse One Pager examina o papel da proteção social na construção da resiliência ’mudanças climáticas com base no programa Garantia Safra, um esquema público de seguro de risco brasileiro. |
| Keywords: | proteção social; resiliência; adaptação ’mudanças climáticas; gestão de risco de desastres; agricultura familiar; desenvolvimento rural; Garantia Safra |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:445&r=all |
| By: | Petcharat, Areeyapat; Lee, Yohan |
| Abstract: | The dugong is an herbivorous marine mammal species, being vulnerable to extinction throughout its range in the Indo-Pacific region. This paper used the choice experiment method to elicit the non-use value, or the non-users’ willingness to pay (WTP) for conserving the dugongs in Thailand. A face-to-face interview was used to obtain data from 300 residents in five selected districts of Bangkok. The results show that the average WTP for the most preferred dugong conservation scheme (a marker buoy system, recreating habitats, and slowing down the population decline) was 4,382 Thai Baht (USD122) annually per household. Significantly, developing the marker buoy system to identify dugong habitats was the most valued by the general public. However, the respondents were not willing to pay for educating local fishers about the conservation of dugongs. Our results implies that a conservation policy should concentrate on the participation of key fishers in dugong protection projects using incentive measures. We also suggest the government to create protected areas as dugong sanctuaries that consistently support the remaining dugong population. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305232&r=all |
| By: | Takuro Miyamoto (Tohoku Gakuin University); Naonari Yajima (Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.); Takahiro Tsukahara (Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.); Toshi H. Arimura (Faculty of Political Science and Economics & Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management (RIEEM), Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to identify (1) the categories in which it is easier or more difficult for local municipalities to implement green purchasing and (2) the role and extent of green purchasing policy (GPP) in promoting green purchasing. To characterize the green purchasing potential of different categories, we examine the green purchasing rate, or the ratio of green products/services to total products/services purchased, of 21 categories of items. We employ data from a unique survey conducted by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment, which provides data on green procurement in municipalities. We observe that air conditioners suffer from low green purchasing rates, whereas most municipalities purchase green products in the paper products and stationery categories. We also examine the relationship between green purchasing rates and GPPs to identify the role and extent of GPPs. Our regression analyses reveal that the presence of a GPP is associated with higher implementation and measurement rates of green purchasing. This pattern is particularly evident for the categories in which many municipalities without GPPs purchase green products but, in most cases, do not measure their green purchasing rate. |
| Keywords: | green purchasing, local municipalities, green purchasing policy, green purchasing rate by category of items |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:2005&r=all |
| By: | Tamechika, Hanae |
| Abstract: | As part of the environment-related stimulus package implemented in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, the Japanese government introduced tonnage and acquisition tax breaks and a subsidy programme for eco-friendly vehicles. However, there has been limited research on their economic effects. Therefore, this paper employs the event study methodology to examine not only the direct economic effects on automobile firms’ performance but also the spillover economic effects on automobile parts firms’ performance of the eco-car tax breaks and eco-car subsidy programme. Our results show that the eco-car tax breaks had lower positive economic direct effects and no positive spillover effects. The eco-car subsidy programme had more significantly positive direct economic effects and positive spillover effects. The eco-car tax breaks and eco-car subsidy programme had dissimilar economic effects because the length of the implementation period and preferential monetary benefits were different in each case. A mixed policy that combines the eco-car tax breaks and the eco-car subsidy programme is preferable to the eco-car tax breaks alone. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305244&r=all |
| By: | Juan C. FARFÁN R |
| Abstract: | Para lograr un mayor crecimiento y desarrollo económico en Colombia es esencial que el país logre una adaptación efectiva al cambio climático. Para ello es necesario estimar los recursos financieros suficientes para implementar proyectos con criterios de adaptación. Por esta razón, el presente documento tiene como propósito realizar un estimativo de la financiación efectiva en adaptación al cambio climático en Colombia. Esta estimación se basó en una metodología de función de producción macroeconómica y por lo tanto es una aproximación top-down. En esencia, y desde la perspectiva económica adaptarse al cambio climático requiere una mayor inversión en capital físico y humano para recuperar la senda de crecimiento potencial. Esa diferencia arroja la inversión efectiva en adaptación teniendo en cuenta los impactos económicos por el cambio climático en el país. El resultado es que la inversión en adaptación anual debe ser 0.2% del PIB hasta el 2030, que a pesos del 2019 corresponde a 2 billones de pesos anuales aproximadamente. Esta cifra debe tomarse como cota inferior pues metodológicamente incluye la inversión en capital físico, pero no incluye medidas de capital natural u otras que son también cruciales para la adaptación efectiva en el país. |
| Keywords: | Cambio Climático; adaptación climática; función de producción. |
| Date: | 2020–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000118:018433&r=all |
| By: | Javier Aliaga Lordemann (Full Fellow Member at ABCE); Alejandra Terán Orsini (Junior Researcher at INESAD) |
| Abstract: | This paper seeks to analyze the evolution of the Bolivian vehicle stock in the mid-term and its policy implications. First, we analyze the relationship between income and vehicle ownership in the country during the period 1970 - 2017 through robust econometric techniques. Based on these results, we use an energy-mix accounting model programmed in General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) to analyze how the vehicle fleet and the derived demand of gasoline, natural gas and diesel oil evolved over time. Finally, we observe the trajectory of CO2eq in the transport sector for different types of vehicle categories. Our results prove that the relationship between vehicle ownership and per capita income is highly non-linear and we observe an excessive increase in the vehicle fleet during the last decade. Both of these results will speed up the saturation level of the vehicle fleet in Bolivia. With more equivalented vehicles (EV) on the roads, we expect that the consumption of derivatives will increase over the next years. Hence, we assume imbalances in diesel oil and gasoline production and a lower decarbonization path. Without an energy policy in the transport sector or any energy efficiency measures, the consumption of derivatives would grow 6.9 times and the total emissions of CO2eq would increase 7.93 times in the 2000-2035 period. |
| Keywords: | Car ownership, integrated energy-transport modelling, energy-mix, emissions . |
| JEL: | H23 C25 L62 L9 O3 Q47 Q5 R4 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adv:wpaper:202004&r=all |
| By: | Bruno Bosco |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to offer an analysis of the price behavior of Phase III (2013–2020) EU- ETS emission allowances of CO2, by focusing on the dynamics of daily auction equilibrium prices and on the changes of the volatility of the underlying stochastic process. The paper initially investigates the characteristics of equilibrium prices as they result from auction rules and bidders' behavior and uses them as a theoretical basis of the statistical hypothesis–common to the empirical literature active in this field– of a changing conditional variance of prices. Then, different versions of a GARCH model are employed to estimate both mean and variance equations of price dynamics and to evaluate what factors affect price volatility, recorded excess supply, and bidders’ surplus. Brief policy considerations are also offered. |
| Keywords: | EU-ETS emission auctions; Equilibrium prices volatility; GARCH |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:448&r=all |
| By: | Saenz, Mayra A. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304626&r=all |
| By: | Cheng, Yu Shing |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304491&r=all |
| By: | Ma, Wanglin |
| Abstract: | Relatively little is known about the association between Internet use and agricultural innovation adoption. To fill this void, this study examines the impact of Internet use on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) and their heterogeneous effects on farm income and household income. Unlike previous studies that analyse the dichotomous decision of agricultural innovation adoption, this study captures the number of SAPs adopted. We apply both endogenous-treatment Poisson regression model and unconditional quantile regression model to analyse unique farm-level data collected from China. The empirical results show that Internet use exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on the number of SAPs adopted, and the joint effects of Internet use and SAP adoption on farm income and household income are heterogeneous. In particular, we show that households with lower farm income tend to benefit more from SAP adoption, while those with higher household income appear to benefit more from Internet use. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305240&r=all |
| By: | Amina Said Alsayyad (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | At the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, financing is recognised as an essential means of implementation included in all Sustainable Development Goals and their corresponding targets. Official development assistance (ODA) is considered one of the most important means of implementation in financing for development. This One Pager addresses two issues with ODA: donor performance and statistical methodology. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development goals; official development assistance |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:446&r=all |
| By: | Amina Said Alsayyad (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | At the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, financing is recognised as an essential means of implementation included in all Sustainable Development Goals and their corresponding targets. Official development assistance (ODA) is considered one of the most important means of implementation in financing for development. This One Pager addresses two issues with ODA: donor performance and statistical methodology. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development goals; official development assistance |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:oparab:446&r=all |
| By: | Sioux F. MELO L; Leidy RIVEROS; Germán ROMERO; Juan Camilo FARFÁN; Andrés ÁLVAREZ-ESPINOSA; Carolina DÍAZ |
| Abstract: | El documento hace un análisis de los impactos debidos al cambio climático dependiendo del cumplimiento de los compromisos en reducción emisiones (mitigación) y den las acciones de adaptación nacional en agricultura y seguridad alimentaria en el marco del Acuerdo de París. A partir de las funciones de daño a los rendimientos de ocho cultivos en escenarios de mitigación y adaptación y vistos bajo tres perspectivas (toda la economía, industria y hogares). Teniendo en cuenta que Colombia es un tomador de clima, los resultados del modelo refuerzan la idea de que Colombia debe adaptarse, con impactos hasta del 0.14% en el PIB. Se evidencia, que el bienestar se verá impactado de forma negativa por escenarios de no cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París, con pérdidas en la utilidad de los compradores de los productos hasta en 10 veces del valor sin choque climático. Para la seguridad alimentaria, desde la perspectiva del ingreso de los hogares, un choque en los alimentos sin procesar implica pérdidas en el ingreso hasta del 20%. En cuanto al consumo de calorías, hay un impacto negativo entre el 2,4 % y el 5% debido al choque sufrido por los alimentos procesados por la industria. |
| Keywords: | Cambio climático, Agricultura, Seguridad alimentaria |
| JEL: | A30 B41 C01 C68 Q54 N5 |
| Date: | 2019–12–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000118:018418&r=all |
| By: | Sioux F. MELO L; Leidy RIVEROS; Germán ROMERO; Juan Camilo FARFÁN; Andrés ÁLVAREZ-ESPINOSA; Carolina DÍAZ |
| Abstract: | El documento hace un análisis de los impactos debidos al cambio climático dependiendo del cumplimiento de los compromisos en reducción emisiones (mitigación) y den las acciones de adaptación nacional en agricultura y seguridad alimentaria en el marco del Acuerdo de París. A partir de las funciones de daño a los rendimientos de ocho cultivos en escenarios de mitigación y adaptación y vistos bajo tres perspectivas (toda la economía, industria y hogares). Teniendo en cuenta que Colombia es un tomador de clima, los resultados del modelo refuerzan la idea de que Colombia debe adaptarse, con impactos hasta del 0.14% en el PIB. Se evidencia, que el bienestar se verá impactado de forma negativa por escenarios de no cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París, con pérdidas en la utilidad de los compradores de los productos hasta en 10 veces del valor sin choque climático. Para la seguridad alimentaria, desde la perspectiva del ingreso de los hogares, un choque en los alimentos sin procesar implica pérdidas en el ingreso hasta del 20%. En cuanto al consumo de calorías, hay un impacto negativo entre el 2,4 % y el 5% debido al choque sufrido por los alimentos procesados por la industria. |
| Keywords: | Cambio climático, Agricultura, Seguridad alimentaria |
| JEL: | A30 B41 C01 C68 Q54 N5 |
| Date: | 2019–12–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000118:018420&r=all |
| By: | Zhang, Wendan |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304665&r=all |
| By: | Bahman Rostami-Tabar; Mohammad M Ali; Tao Hong; Rob J Hyndman; Michael D Porter; Aris Syntetos |
| Abstract: | Forecasting plays a critical role in the development of organisational business strategies. Despite a considerable body of research in the area of forecasting, the focus has largely been on the financial and economic outcomes of the forecasting process as opposed to societal benefits. Our motivation in this study is to promote the latter, with a view to using the forecasting process to advance social and environmental objectives such as equality, social justice and sustainability. We refer to such forecasting practices as Forecasting for Social Good (FSG) where the benefits to society and the environment take precedence over economic and financial outcomes. We conceptualise FSG and discuss its scope and boundaries in the context of the "Doughnut theory". We present some key attributes that qualify a forecasting process as FSG: it is concerned with a real problem, it is focused on advancing social and environmental goals and prioritises these over conventional measures of economic success, and it has a broad societal impact. We also position FSG in the wider literature on forecasting and social good practices. We propose an FSG maturity framework as the means to engage academics and practitioners with research in this area. Finally, we highlight that FSG: (i) cannot be distilled to a prescriptive set of guidelines, (ii) is scalable, and (iii) has the potential to make significant contributions to advancing social objectives. |
| Keywords: | forecasting, social good, social foundation, ecological ceiling, sustainability |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msh:ebswps:2020-37&r=all |
| By: | Pierre M. Picard (Department of Economics and Management, Université du Luxembourg); Thi Thu Huyen Tran (Department of Finance) |
| Abstract: | Urban green areas cover more than 6% of urban land in Europe. This paper quanti- fies the impact of urban green areas on city structures for more than 300 European cities. It discusses the economic effects of the local amenity produced by green urban areas using an urban economics model with various set of preferences. It estimates those models using data on detailed residential land uses, green urban areas and population density. It finally assesses the economic effects of reducing urban green areas in counterfactual exercises where cities are closed and open to migration and green urban land is converted to residential plots or not. By this strategy, the economic assessment accounts for the general equilibrium effects through endogenous land prices and residential space and location choices. It shows that the gross benefits of urban green areas are substantial. A uniform removal of half of the urban green areas is equivalent to 6-9% reduction of household annual income. However, the conversion of those areas to residential plots brings a net gain of approximately 4%. |
| Keywords: | Urban green areas, urban spatial structure, land use policy, amenities, optimal locations, public facilities, structural estimation |
| JEL: | C61 D61 D62 R14 R53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:20-21&r=all |
| By: | Orr, Lia; Schmidt, Thomas G. |
| Abstract: | Die Lebensmittelverschwendung (würde sie als ein Land gewertet) ist nach China und den USA weltweit der größte Treibhausgasemittent. Insgesamt werden etwa ein Drittel aller Lebensmittel, die für den menschlichen Verzehr produziert wurden, entsorgt und gehen verloren (FAO, 2015). In Deutschland waren es 2015 11,9 Millionen Tonnen Lebensmittelabfälle (Schmidt et al., 2019). Die Vereinten Nationen haben 2015 mit den Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), insbesondere durch das Unterziel 12.3, festgehalten, dass Lebensmittelverschwendung bis 2030 reduziert wer-den soll (VN, 2015). Für den Konsum- und Handelsbereich ist das Ziel mit einer 50-prozentigen Reduzierung quantifiziert worden. Um die Erfolge der Reduzierung der Lebensmittelverluste in Deutschland quantifizieren zu können, bedarf es eines differenzierten Monitorings. Die Baseline 2015 (Schmidt et al. 2019) liefert eine Methode und erste Zahlen als Grundlage für die Trendermittlung, um bestimmte Bereiche der Lebensmittelversorgungskette zu bewerten und damit effiziente Strategien zur Reduzierung zu bestimmen. Dafür sind direkte Messungen der Lebensmittelverluste erforderlich. Dieses Working Paper bezieht sich auf den Lebensmittelhandel. Monitoring-Methoden zu Lebensmittelabfällen sind in den verschiedenen Sektoren sehr individuell, da sie unterschiedliche Herausforderungen mit sich bringen. Die Methoden zur Erhebung werden auf Basis der Literatur sowie Expert*innen-Einschätzungen erläutert und hinsichtlich ihrer Aussagekraft und ihres Aufwandes verglichen mit dem Ziel, eine geeignete Methode für den deutschen Lebensmittelhandel zu finden. Aus dem Methodenvergleich konnten folgende Kernaussagen herausgearbeitet werden: * Zusammenarbeit: Die Zusammenarbeit der Personen, die die Daten erfassen/verarbeiten, mit den Unternehmen, die die primären Daten liefern können, ist unabdingbar. * Definition: Alle unverkauften Lebensmittel (Lebensmittelabfall, Tierfutter, Lebensmittelspenden) sollten in die Analysen miteinbezogen werden. * Marktbeschaffenheit: Ein Überblick über die Struktur des Lebensmittelhandels auf nationaler Ebene ist unentbehrlich. * Methode: Abschriften (Abzählen/Scannen) haben sich durch die Abwägung von Aussagekraft und Aufwand als besonders geeignete Methode erwiesen. * Zusätzliche Parameter: Um auch die Verwertung der entsorgten Lebensmittel zu erfassen, sind zusätzliche Erhebungen über die für das Monitoring erforderlichen hinaus notwendig. |
| Keywords: | Lebensmittelabfälle,Lebensmittelverluste,Lebensmittelverschwendung,Lebensmittelabfallvermeidung,Monitoring,food waste,food loss,measures,food waste prevention |
| JEL: | R12 O14 O18 L16 C31 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:154&r=all |
| By: | Singh, Sriramjee |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Agribusiness, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304595&r=all |
| By: | Liski, Matti; Salanié, François |
| Abstract: | How to plan for catastrophes that may be under way? In a simple but general model of experimentation, a decision-maker chooses a flow variable contributing to a stock that may trigger a catastrophe at each untried level. Once triggered, the catastrophe itself occurs only after a stochastic delay. Consequently, the rhythm of past experimentations determines the arrival of information. This has strong implications for policies in situations where the planner inherits a history of experiments, like climate change and pandemic crisis. The structure encompasses canonical approaches in the literature. |
| Keywords: | catastrophes, experimentation, delays |
| JEL: | C61 D81 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:124745&r=all |
| By: | Elsasser, Peter; Köthke, Margret; Dieter, Matthias |
| Abstract: | In diesem Arbeitsbericht wird ein detailliertes Konzept zur Honorierung der Ökosystemleistungen der Wälder in Deutschland vorgestellt und konkretisiert, welches anstelle von Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen die tatsächlichen Leistungen der jeweiligen Wälder und Forstbetriebe honoriert und dazu deren Produktivität wie auch die gesellschaftliche Nachfrage nach den einzelnen Leistungen in den Vordergrund rückt. Das Konzept sieht zwei Stufen vor. Stufe 1 umfasst überregionale Leistungen, namentlich für den Klima- und Biodiversitätsschutz; die Ermittlung von Leistungsumfang und -vergütung wird hier, soweit möglich, aus entsprechenden internationalen Vertragswerken und den darauf aufbauenden nationalen Strategien abgeleitet. Stufe 2 umfasst weitere Erholungs- und Schutzleistungen, für die die Nachfrage stärkere regionale und lokale Unterschiede aufweist; Leistungsumfang und -vergütung werden hier über Einzelverträge bestimmt, die einen mindestens anteiligen Finanzierungsbeitrag der Interessenten voraussetzen. Durchgehend wird die demokratische Legitimation des Vorschlags selbst und seiner einzelnen Elemente anhand der Gesetzeslage und den Ergebnissen demokratischer Entscheidungsfindung begründet. Abschließend werden die absehbaren Anreiz- und Lenkungswirkungen des Vorschlags sowie die dafür nötigen Reformen des existierenden forstlichen Fördersystems diskutiert. |
| Keywords: | Wald,Ökosystemleistungen,forstliche Förderung,PES,Honorierung,forestry,ecosystem services,subsidisation,PES |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:152&r=all |
| By: | Lanshina, Tatiana (Ланьшина, Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The mechanisms of regulation and support of RES in Russia and abroad have been investigated, proposals have been developed for the implementation of a policy in the field of RES for the period from 2025 to 2035, taking into account the best world experience and the characteristics of the Russian energy industry. The results of the study provide recommendations for the period up to 2035. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:052011&r=all |
| By: | Magnus Ericsson; Olof Löf |
| Abstract: | The first objective of this paper is to update earlier assessments of mineral dependence in lower-income countries. In 2018, the mining of metals and coal continued to be an important contributor to the economies of several low- and middle-income countries. As in our previous calculations of the Mining Contribution Index, African countries in particular benefit from this fact. When oil and gas are also included in estimates of export dependence on extractive industries, a number of new countries appear among those with the greatest dependence?again mostly African countries. |
| Keywords: | Extractives, low-carbon future, Mining, Oil |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2020-120&r=all |
| By: | Roggendorf, Wolfgang; Schwarze, Stefan |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305604&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Carattini; Matthias Roesti |
| Abstract: | This paper combines several large-scale surveys with different identification strategies to shed new light on the determinants of cooperative behavior. We provide evidence indicating that the well-being maximizing level of trust is above the income maximizing level. Higher trust is also linked to more cooperative and pro-social behaviors, including the private provision of global public goods such as climate change mitigation. Consistent with “warm glow” theories of pro-social behavior, our results show that individuals may enjoy being more cooperative than what would lead them to maximize their income, which is reflected in higher levels of well-being. |
| Keywords: | cooperation, generalized trust, pro-social behaviour, pro-environmental behavior, well-being |
| JEL: | Q50 H41 I31 D64 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8562&r=all |
| By: | Zhumadilov, Daniyar |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agribusiness, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304289&r=all |
| By: | Iost, Susanne; Geng, Natalia; Schweinle, Jörg; Banse, Martin; Brüning, Simone; Jochem, Dominik; Machmüller, Andrea; Weimar, Holger |
| Abstract: | The transition of the current economic system from non-renewable and fossil-based towards a more sustainable system using renewable resources is a dedicated objective of the German National Bioeconomy Strategy. In order to provide sound information on the status of the bioeconomy, a monitoring concept that assesses the bio-based resources and sustainability effects associated with German bioeconomy was developed. The general monitoring approach includes a definition of the bioeconomy and its implementation in terms of material flows and economic sectors at a given point in time. Based on this, available data is collected and bio-based material flows and economic sectors are quantified. These quantifications are used in the following sustainability assessment of material flows and economic sectors. This procedure can be repeated, starting again with a definition of bioeconomy that may change over time according to changing policies, market development and public perceptions of bioeconomy. Thus, bioeconomy monitoring considers the dynamics of the bioeconomy transition concerning processes, products, available data and connected sustainability goals. Understanding and quantifying material flows provides the foundation for comprehending the processing of biomass along value chains and final biomass uses. They also provide information for sustainability assessment. For biomass from agriculture, forests and fisheries including aquaculture, relevant material flows are compiled. Material flow data is not available consistently but must be collected from a broad variety of sources. Consequently, inconsistencies regarding reference units and conversion factors arise that need to be addressed further in a future monitoring. Bio-based shares of economic sectors can be quantified using mostly official statistics, but also empirical data. Bio-based shares vary considerably between economic activities. The manufacture of food products, beverages and wooden products has the highest bio-based shares. Bioeconomy target sectors like chemicals, plastics and construction still have rather small bio-based shares. The suggested assessment of sustainability effects foresees two complimentary levels of evaluation: material flows and economic sectors. The latter quantifies total effects of bioeconomy in a country and relates them to the whole economy or parts of it. The presented indicators were selected based on the Sustainability Development Goal Framework, the German Sustainable Development Strategy and the availability of data. The selection of effects and indicators to be measured in a future monitoring is a crucial point of any quantification. With sustainability being a normative concept, societal perceptions of sustainability should be taken into consideration here. In that context, we suggest to follow the approach of LOFASA for indicator selection. Sustainability assessment of material flows is demonstrated on the example of softwood lumber material flow and its core product EPAL 1 pallet using a combination of material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. Major challenges for a future monitoring of the bioeconomy's resource base and sustainability are availability of detailed and aggregated data, identification of bio-based processes and products within the economic classifications, identification and quantification of interfaces between biomass types, selection of indicators for sustainability assessment and the inclusion of bio-based services. |
| Keywords: | bioeconomy,material flow,sustainability,monitoring,bio-based,assessment,Bioökonomie,Stofffluss,Nachhaltigkeit,biobasiert,Bewertung |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:149&r=all |
| By: | Artner-Nehls, Astrid; Uthes, Sandra; Zscheischler, Jana |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305621&r=all |
| By: | LEE, SEUNGHYUN |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304197&r=all |
| By: | Trindade, Federico J.; Fuginiti, Liyan E.; Perrin, Richard K. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:305568&r=all |
| By: | Gerullis, Maria; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305589&r=all |
| By: | Wang, Haoluan |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304382&r=all |
| By: | Dr Sally Driml (Business School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia); Associate Professor Richard Brown (School of Economics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia); Ms Claudia Moreno Silva (Business School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia) |
| Date: | 2020–08–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uq2004:636&r=all |
| By: | Bastola, Sapana; Penn, Jerrod |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304613&r=all |
| By: | Saha, Bijeta Bijen |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304656&r=all |
| By: | Amina Said Alsayyad (IPC-IG); Abdel-Hameed Hamdy Nawar (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Parmi les valeurs fondamentales inscrites dans la Charte des Nations Unies figurent légalité hommes/femmes face au développement, lautonomisation des femmes et lélimination de la discrimination à leur encontre. Pour atteindre légalité des genres, il faut commencer par disposer de solides données probantes permettant de repérer les différences et inégalités qui les caractérisent dans tous les domaines de la vie". (...) |
| Keywords: | statistiques, ventilées, sexe, peuvent-elles, combler, lacunes, objectifs, développement, durable en matière de suivi et de responsabilisation ? |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opfran:433&r=all |
| By: | Müller, Berndt; Nuppenau, Ernst-August |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305585&r=all |
| By: | Wang, Haoying |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agribusiness, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304621&r=all |
| By: | Zapana Mestas, Luis Pedro; Ríos Pita Diez, José Antonio; Canales Quispe, Juan Javier |
| Abstract: | En 2002 el Estado peruano promulgó la Ley N° 27651 “Ley de Formalización y Promoción de la Pequeña Minería y la Minería Artesanal” y su reglamento D.S. N° 013-2002-EM, que incorporó la categoría de la pequeña minería y minería artesanal a la estructura de la minería peruana y en la Ley General de Minería, con el objetivo de formalizar esta actividad. En el año 2011, el Decreto Legislativo N° 1105 estableció 6 pasos para que un minero informal alcance la formalidad, partiendo de la presentación de una declaración de compromiso. El Ministerio del Ambiente del Perú (Minam, 2016, pp. 237), señala que 77,723 mineros informales habían declarado su intención de formalizarse hasta enero 2013, de los cuales 40,648 mineros informales estaban vigentes en el registro de saneamiento creado en abril del 2014 por el DS. 029-2014-PCM. Hasta diciembre 2016 lograron formalizarse 102 mineros informales en todo el Perú, entre empresas, cooperativas o personas naturales; lo cual solo representa el 0.25% del total del registro de saneamiento a nivel nacional, mientras que en Puno solo 11 mineros informales lograron alcanzar la formalidad, lo cual representa el 0.29% del total de 3,771 mineros informales vigentes en la Región de Puno. El estudio se realizó con la finalidad de identificar los factores que afectaron este proceso de formalización de la pequeña minería y minería artesanal en la región de Puno y con el propósito también de conocer por qué no se alcanzó el objetivo de formalizar a todos o a la mayoría de los 6,983 mineros informales, que declararon su voluntad de formalizarse hasta enero del año 2013. Es importante resaltar que la actividad minera, especialmente la del oro, representa el 97% de las exportaciones de la región de Puno, con valores promedio en los últimos cinco años de 1,200 millones de dólares anuales (Perú. Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo [Mincetur], 2018). Los factores identificados y que afectaron al proceso de formalización, se clasificaron como factores internos y externos; como factores internos se identificó factores estratégicos, organizacionales, legales, burocráticos, económicos, asistencia técnica y tecnológica, de control y fiscalización y de la voluntad de formalizarse; como factores externos se identificó el precio del oro, la corrupción y el factor relacionado a los recursos geológicos, los cuales han tenido un impacto directo en los resultados obtenidos por el Estado durante el proceso de formalización de la pequeña Minería y Minería Artesanal entre los años 2012 al 2016. |
| Keywords: | Mining, Extraction, and Refining; Other Nonrenewable Resources; Formal and Informal Sectors; Minería ilegal; Minería informal; Formalización minera |
| JEL: | L72 O17 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ger:tesmgm:0008&r=all |
| By: | Ioannis Bournakis (Middlesex University); Mona Said (American University in Cairo); Antonio Savoia (University of Manchester); Francesco Savoia (University of Bologna) |
| Abstract: | Income distribution is seen as instrumental to human development and to a number of development outcomes through a variety of channels. It is also considered important in itself, as testified by its inclusion in the Sustainable Development Goals. Yet existing research on income inequality in developing economies has not devoted much attention to the regional dimension. This is important, as progress in reducing income inequality at national level on SDG Goal 10 is only a partial success if a country presents large regional variation, where very unequal regions coexist alongside relatively equal ones. This paper contributes to fill this gap by offering a case study on Egypt, and adds to our knowledge of income inequality in the Arab region, an area that has not seen extensive empirical analysis. Using newly assembled data by LIS and a range of inequality measures, the paper shows that there has generally been an increase in income inequality during 1999-2015 and finds evidence of unconditional convergence in income distribution across Egyptian Governorates. This result implies that income inequality in less unequal regions grows faster than in more equal regions, regardless of regional characteristics. Second, the speed of convergence has not been uniform: sustained for most regions, but significantly slower or even lacking for some regions. Finally, convergence across regions has been significant also for the bottom forty per cent and proportion of people living below 50% median income, implying that maintaining this convergence process will be an important policy avenue to guarantee that progress on SDG 10 will be geographically widespread, achieving shared prosperity at both the national and regional level. |
| Date: | 2020–08–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1400&r=all |
| By: | Heinrichs, Julia; Kuhn, Till; Pahmeyer, Christoph; Britz, Wolfgang |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305628&r=all |
| By: | Sponagel, Christian; Back, Hans; Angenendt, Elisabeth; Bahrs, Enno |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305578&r=all |
| By: | Feindt, Peter H.; Dietze, Victoria; Krämer, Christine; Thomas, Fabian; Lukat, Evelyn; Häger, Astrid |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305584&r=all |
| By: | Rodrigo Fagundes Cezar (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | Quando um país membro da OMC é acusado por outro de implementar medidas comerciais discriminatórias, o país afetado pode acionar o Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC. Este One Pager explora o porquê de certas disputas demorarem mais tempo que outras para serem resolvidas. |
| Keywords: | Organização Mundial do Comércio; disputas comerciais; proteção ambiental; organizações da sociedade civil |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:444&r=all |
| By: | Harold M. Hastings; Tai Young-Taft; Chih-Jui Tsen |
| Abstract: | In a seminal 1972 paper, Robert M. May asked: "Will a Large Complex System Be Stable?" and argued that stability (of a broad class of random linear systems) decreases with increasing complexity, sparking a revolution in our understanding of ecosystem dynamics. Twenty-five years later, May, Levin, and Sugihara translated our understanding of the dynamics of ecological networks to the financial world in a second seminal paper, "Complex Systems: Ecology for Bankers." Just a year later, the US subprime crisis led to a near worldwide "great recession," spread by the world financial network. In the present paper we describe highlights in the development of our present understanding of stability and complexity in network systems, in order to better understand the role of networks in both stabilizing and destabilizing economic systems. A brief version of this working paper, focused on the underlying theory, appeared as an invited feature article in the February 2020 Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences newsletter (Hastings et al. 2020). |
| Keywords: | Stability; Complexity; May-Wigner; Noise; Subprime Crisis; Liquidity Shock |
| JEL: | C02 C62 E17 H12 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_971&r=all |
| By: | Claire ZANUSO; Mingiedi BOAZ |
| Abstract: | Le projet PILAEP 2 (2017-2020) vise à l’amélioration des conditions d’assainissement et d’accès à l’eau de 400 000 habitants situés dans 26 quartiers périphériques de Kinshasa. Ce projet fait l’objet d’une évaluation rigoureuse et scientifique de ses impacts sur la population. Ce papier de recherche présente les résultats de la première enquête sur les conditions de vie menée en 2018 dans les zones bénéficiaires du projet et les zones de contrôle.Ce rapport a pour objectif de décrire les données de la première d’une série d’enquêtes visant à établir la situation de référence. Il expose la situation avant-projet de la population de ces quartiers et la compare lorsque cela est possible avec la situation globale des habitants de Kinshasa, notre point de repère pour évaluer le niveau de précarité dans la zone enquêtée. Le deuxième objectif est de comparer les zones de contrôle et futures zones bénéficiaires (dites traitées), pour vérifier leur similitude, ou pour identifier leurs éventuelles différences afin d’anticiper les potentiels biais de l’évaluation et les manières d’y remédier. |
| Keywords: | Afrique, Congo |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr11486&r=all |
| By: | Janker, Judith; Becker, Talea; Feindt, Peter H. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305623&r=all |
| By: | Weng, Weizhe; Cobourn, Kelly M.; Kemanian, Armen R.; Boyle, Kevin J.; Shi, Yuning; Stachelek, Joseph; White, Charles |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304667&r=all |
| By: | Degol Hailu (IPC-IG) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opfran:59&r=all |
| By: | Charles Raux (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Éric Charmes (RIVES - Laboratoire de Recherches Interdisciplinaires Ville, Espace, Société - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lény Grassot (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marie Sévenet (EIFER - European Institute For Energy Research - TH - Universität Karlsruhe - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF); Mindjid Maizia (CITERES - Cités, Territoires, Environnement et Sociétés - Université de Tours - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Le projet PERITHEL vise à définir ce que pourraient être les organisations spatiales et les configurations urbaines souhaitables – ou du moins, acceptables –, aux plans économique, social et environnemental, en tenant compte : des impacts environnementaux, et notamment les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, liés à la mobilité des personnes, mobilité qui doit tenir compte de la localisation des ménages et des coûts supportés par les ménages pour leurs mobilités et leur logement. Ces questions sur les formes urbaines durables sont inscrites dans des échelles temporelles et spatiales bien définies : • deux échelles de temps long. Un horizon 2030 d'une part, et 2050 d'autre part, horizon du « facteur 4 » ; • l'échelle spatiale des territoires étudiés : agglomérations de Lyon, Strasbourg et Mulhouse, ainsi que leurs territoires périurbains. Au plan empirique mais aussi prospectif, le projet simule divers scénarios de formes urbaines contrastées définies dans le cadre du projet. |
| Keywords: | Projet PERITHEL,Formes urbaines,Scénarios,Lyon,Strasbourg,Mulhouse,Mobilité,Formes périurbains,Configurations spatio-fonctionnelles |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02936767&r=all |
| By: | Amina Said Alsayyad (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | No cerne da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, o financiamento é reconhecido como um método de implementação essencial, incluído em todos os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável temáticos, bem como suas metas correspondentes. A assistência oficial ao desenvolvimento (AOD) é considerada um dos principais meios de implementação no financiamento para o desenvolvimento. Este One Pager aborda duas questões relacionadas à AOD: desempenho dos doadores e metodologia estatística. |
| Keywords: | Objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável; assistência oficial ao desenvolvimento |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:446&r=all |